Scilab Companion Electric Machinery and Transformers - B. S. Guru and H. R. Hiziroglu

Scilab Textbook Companion for
Electric Machinery And Transformers

by B. S. Guru And H. R. Hiziroglu1
Created by
Rishabh Narayan
B.tech
Electrical Engineering
College Of Engineering Roorkee
College Teacher
Akhilendra Singh Yadav
Cross-Checked by
Madhu Belur
August 10, 2013
1 Funded
by a grant from the National Mission on Education through ICT,

http://spoken-tutorial.org/NMEICT-Intro. This Textbook Companion and Scilab
codes written in it can be downloaded from the Textbook Companion Project
section at the website http://scilab.in
Book Description
Title: Electric Machinery And Transformers
Author: B. S. Guru And H. R. Hiziroglu
Publisher: Oxford University Press, New York
Edition: 3
Year: 2004
ISBN: 9780195138900
Scilab numbering policy used in this document and the relation to the
above book.
Exa Example (Solved example)
Eqn Equation (Particular equation of the above book)
AP Appendix to Example(Scilab Code that is an Appednix to a particular
Example of the above book)
For example, Exa 3.51 means solved example 3.51 of this book. Sec 2.3 means
a scilab code whose theory is explained in Section 2.3 of the book.
Contents
List of Scilab Codes
1 Review of electric circuit theory
2 Review of basic laws of electromagnetism
18
3 Principles of Electromechanical Energy Conversion
25
4 Transformers
33
5 Direct Current Generators
46
6 Direct Current Motors
54
7 Synchronous Generators
63
8 Synchronous motors
72
9 Polyphase Induction Motor
79
10 Analysis of a single phase induction Motor
89
11 Synchronous Generator Dynamics
97
12 Permanent magnet motors
100
List of Scilab Codes

Exa 1.1
Exa 1.2
Exa 1.3
Exa 1.4
Exa 1.6
Exa 1.7
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
2.1
2.6
2.10
2.11
Exa 2.12
Exa 2.13
Exa 2.14
Exa 3.1
Exa 3.3
Exa 3.4
Exa 3.5
finding the max power delivered . . . . . . . . . . . .

Finding the current in the circuit and plot V vs T and
I vs T curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Finding the value of capacitor . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Determine the line current and phase currents and power
absorbed by the load and power dessipated by transmission line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Determine load current load voltage load power and
power factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Determine the reading of two wattmeters total power
and power factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Find the induced emf in coil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Find the magnetic flux density . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Find the percentage of flux setup by coil 1 links coil 2
Find the Inductance of each coil mutual inductance and
coefficient of coupling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Find effective inductance when connected in parallel
aiding and parallel opposing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Find hysteresis loss and eddy current loss . . . . . . .
Find the minimum length of magnet for maintaining
max energy in air gap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Find the mass of object and energy stored in the feild
Find the energy stored in the magnetic feild . . . . . .
Find the current in the coil and energy stored in the
system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Find the current in the coil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9
10
12
13
15
16
18
19
19
20
21
22
23
25
26
26
28
Exa 3.6
Exa 3.7
Exa 3.8
Exa 3.9
Exa 4.2
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
4.3
4.4
4.6
4.7
4.9
Exa 4.10
Exa 4.11
Exa 4.13
Exa 4.14
Exa 5.1
Exa 5.3
Exa 5.4
Exa 5.5
Exa 5.6
Exa 5.7
Exa 5.9
Exa 6.1
Find the frequency of induced emf max value of induced

emf rms value of induced emf average value of induced
emf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Find the synchronous speed and percent slip of the motor
Find the rotor speed and average torque developed by
motor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Find the restraining force of the spring . . . . . . . . .
Find the a ratio and current in primary and the power
supplied to load and the flux in the core . . . . . . . .
Find the efficiency of transformer . . . . . . . . . . . .
Find the efficiency of transformer . . . . . . . . . . . .
Find efficiency and voltage regulation of transformer .
Find the KVA rating at max efficiency . . . . . . . . .
Find the generator voltage generator current and efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Find the primary winding voltage secondary winding
voltage ratio of transformation and nominal rating of
transformer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Find the efficiency and voltage regulation . . . . . . .
Find the line voltages and line currents and efficiency of
the transformer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Find the line current line voltage and power . . . . . .
Find the coil pitch for 2 pole winding and 4 pole winding
Find the induced emf in the armature winding induced
emf per coil induced emf per turn induced emf per conductor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Find the current in each conductor the torque developed
the power developed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Find induced emf at full load power developed torque
developed applied torque efficiency external resistance
in feild winding voltage regulation . . . . . . . . . . .
Find Rfx and terminal voltage voltage regulation Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Find the voltage between far end of feeder and bus bar
Find maximum efficiency of generator . . . . . . . . .
Find armature current at rated load efficiency at full
load no of turns per pole new speed of motor and driving
torque when armature current reduces . . . . . . . . .
5
29
30
30
31
33
34
35
36
37
38
40
42
43
45
46
47
48
49
50
52
53
54
Exa 6.3
Exa 6.4
Exa 6.5
Exa 6.6
Exa 6.7
Exa 6.8
Exa 6.9
Exa 7.2
Exa 7.3
Exa 7.5
Exa 7.6
Exa 7.7
Exa 7.8
Exa 7.9
Exa 7.10
Exa 8.1
Exa 8.2
Exa 8.3
Exa 8.4
Exa 8.6
Exa 8.7
Exa 9.1
Exa 9.2
Exa 9.3
Find power developed and speed for cumulative compound motor differential compound motor . . . . . . .
Find the motor speed power loss in external resistance
efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Find the new motor speed power loss in external resistance efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Find the value of external resistance when motor develops torque of 30 Nm at 2000rpm torque of 30Nm at 715
rpm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Find the torque and efficiency of the motor . . . . . .
Find the reading on the scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Find the external resistance breaking torque at the instant of plugging when the speed of motor approaches
zero . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Find the pitch factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Find the distribution factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Find the frequency of induced voltage phase voltage line
voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Find the voltage regulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Find the voltage regulation efficiency torque developed
Find synchronous reactance per phase and voltage regulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Find the voltage regulation and power developed by the
generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Find per phase terminal voltage armature current power
supplied total power output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Find the generated voltage and efficiency of motor . .
Find the excitation voltage and power developed . . .
Find power factor power angle line to line excitation
voltage torque developed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Find the excitation voltage and other parameters . . .
Find the new armature current and new power factor .
Find the overall power factor and power factor of motor
to improve overall power factor . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Find the synchronous speed and slip and rotor frequency
Find the efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Find the efficiency of the motor . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55
56
57
58
60
61
61
63
64
64
65
66
67
68
69
72
73
74
75
76
77
79
80
81
Exa 9.4
Exa 9.5
Exa 9.6
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
9.7
9.8
9.10
10.1
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
10.2
10.3
10.4
10.5
11.7
Exa 11.8
Exa 12.1
Exa 12.2
Exa 12.3
Find the max power developed and slip and the torque
developed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
82
Find the breakdown slip and the breakdown torque and
power developed by the motor . . . . . . . . . . . . .
83
Find the breakdown slip and the breakdown torque and
starting torque and the value of external resistance . .
84
Find the torque range and current range . . . . . . . .
85
Find Eqv circuit parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
86
Find the equivalent rotor impedance as reffered to stator 87
Find the per unit slip in the direction of rotation and in
opposite direction and effective rotor resistance in each
branch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
89
Find the shaft torque and the efficiency of the motor .
90
Find the line current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
91
Find the equivalent circuit parameters . . . . . . . . .
94
Find the induced emf in the armature . . . . . . . . .
95
Find the rms value of symmetric subtransient and transient currents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
97
Find per unit power and critical fault clearing time . .
98
Find the speed of motor and torque under blocked rotor
condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Find the magnetic flux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Find the developed power and copper loss in the secondary side . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
List of Figures
1.1
Finding the current in the circuit and plot V vs T and I vs T

curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10
Chapter 1
Review of electric circuit
theory
Scilab code Exa 1.1 finding the max power delivered

1 // C a p t i o n : f i n d i n g t h e max power d e l i v e r e d
2 // Exa : 1 . 1
3 close ;
4 clc ;
5 clear ;
6 // on a p p l y i n g KVL we g e t
7 i =75/50; // i n Amperes
8 v_th =(30* i ) +25; // E q u i v a l e n t T h e v e n i n v o l t a g e ( i n
Volts )
r_th =(20*30) /(20+30) ; // E q u i v a l e n t t h e v e n i n
r e s i s t a n c e ( i n Ohms )
10 R_load = r_th ; // Load r e s i s t a n c e =t h e v e n i n r e s i s t a n c e (
i n Ohms )
11 disp ( R_load , l o a d r e s i s t a n c e ( i n ohms )= ) // i n ohms
12 i_load = v_th /( r_th + R_load ) ; // i n Amperes
9
Figure 1.1: Finding the current in the circuit and plot V vs T and I vs T
curve
13
14
p_max =( i_load ^2) * r_th ; // i n Watts

disp ( p_max , max power ( i n w a t t s )= ) //maximum power
dissipiated
Scilab code Exa 1.2 Finding the current in the circuit and plot V vs T
and I vs T curve
// C a p t i o n : F i n d i n g t h e c u r r e n t i n t h e c i r c u i t and
p l o t V v s T and I v s T c u r v e
2 // Exa : 1 . 2
3 clc ;
1
10
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
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29
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31
32
33
34
35
36
clear ;
close ;
// R e f e r t o f i g u r e 1 . 5 a
L =1*10^ -3; // h e n e r y
R =3; // ohms
C =200*10^ -6; // f a r a d a y
disp ( v ( t ) = 1 4 . 1 4 2 c o s 1 0 0 0 t )
V_m =14.142; // Peak v a l u e o f a p p l i e d v o l t a g e ( i n V o l t s
)
V = V_m / sqrt (2) ; //RMS v a l u e o f a p p l i e d v o l t a g e ( i n
Volts )
//On c o m p a r i n g w i t h s t a n d a r d e q u a t i o n v ( t )=a c o s w t
w =1000; // i n r a d i a n / s e c o n d
// I n d u c t i v e i m p e d a n c e=jwL
Z_L = %i * w * L ; // i n ohms
// c a p a c i t i v e i m p e d a n c e=j /wC
Z_c = - %i /( w * C ) ; // i n ohms
// Impedance o f t h e c i r c u i t i s g i v e n by
Z = Z_L + Z_c + R ; // i n ohms
I = V / Z // C u r r e n t i n t h e c i r c u i t // i n Amperes
r = real ( I ) ;
i = imag ( I ) ;
magn_I = sqrt (( r ^2) +( i ^2) ) ; // m a g n i t u d e o f c u r r e n t ( i n
Amperes )
phase_I = atand ( i / r ) ; // p h a s e o f c u r r e n t ( i n d e g r e e )
disp ( magn_I , m a g n i t u d e o f c u r r e n t ( i n Amperes ) ) ;
disp ( phase_I , p h a s e o f c u r r e n t ( i n D e g r e e s ) ) ;
xset ( window ,1) ;
xtitle ( c u r r e n t t i m e p l o t , t i m e ( i n S e c o n d s ) ,
c u r r e n t ( i n Amperes ) ) ;
z = linspace (0 ,20 ,10) ;
x = linspace (0 , %pi ,100) ;
z =2.828* cos ((1000* x ) +( atan ( i / r ) ) ) ;
plot (x , z ) ;
xset ( window ,2) ;
xtitle ( v o l t a g e t i m e p l o t , t i m e ( i n S e c o n d s ) ,
v o l t a g e ( i n V o l t s ) );
x = linspace (0 , %pi ,100) ;
11
37 y = linspace (0 ,20 ,10) ;

38 y =14.142* cos (1000* x ) ;
39 plot (x , y ) ;
Scilab code Exa 1.3 Finding the value of capacitor

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
// C a p t i o n : F i n d i n g t h e v a l u e o f c a p a c i t o r
// Ex no . 1 . 3
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
I =10; // C u r r e n t drawn by t h e l o a d ( i n Amperes )
pf1 =0.5; // l a g g i n g power f a c t o r
pf2 =0.8;
Q1 = acosd ( pf1 ) ;
Q2 = acosd ( pf2 ) ;
I_L =10*( cosd ( - Q1 ) + %i * sind ( - Q1 ) ) ; // i n Amperes
V =120; // s o u r c e v o l t a g e ( i n V o l t s )
f =60; // f r e q u e n c y o f s o u r c e ( i n H e r t z )
// R e f e r t o f i g 1 . 6 ( b )
// I L c=I L+ I c
S = V * conj ( I_L ) ; // c o m p l e x power a b s o r b e d by l o a d ( i n
Watts )
//On c o n n e c t i n g c a p a c i t o r a c r o s s l o a d c u r r e n t ( I )
have 0 . 8 p f l a g g i n g
I_Lco = real ( S ) /( V * pf2 ) ; // c u r r e n t s u p p l i e d by l o a d
a f t e r c o n n e c t i n g c a p a c i t o r ( i n Amperes )
I_Lc = I_Lco *( cosd ( - Q2 ) + %i *( sind ( - Q2 ) ) ) ; // i n Amperes
I_c = I_Lc - I_L ; // i n Amperes
Z_c = V / I_c ; // c a p a c i t i v e i m p e d a n c e ( i n Ohms )
// Z c=j X c
12
23 X_c = Z_c /( - %i ) ; // C a p a c i t i v e r e a c t a n c e
24 C =1/(2* %pi * f * X_c ) ;
25 disp ( real ( C ) , V a l u e o f c a p a c i t a n c e ( i n Farad )
i s= )
Scilab code Exa 1.4 Determine the line current and phase currents and
power absorbed by the load and power dessipated by transmission line
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
// C a p t i o n : D e t e r m i n e t h e l i n e c u r r e n t and p h a s e
c u r r e n t s , power a b s o r b e d by t h e l o a d and power
d e s s i p a t e d by t r a n s m i s s i o n l i n e
// Ex no : 1 . 4
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// Make d e l t a s t a r c o n v e r s i o n o f l o a d
Z_L =1+ %i *2; // Impedance o f e a c h w i r e ( i n Ohms )
Z_p =(177 - %i *246) ; // per p h a s e i m p e d a n c e ( i n Ohms )
Z_pY =(177 - %i *246) /3; // per p h a s e i m p e d a n c e i n Y
c o n n e c t i o n ( i n Ohms )
Z = Z_L + Z_pY ; // T o t a l p e r p h a s e i m p e d a n c e ( i n Ohms )
V =866/ sqrt (3) ; // Perp h a s e v o l t a g e ( i n V o l t s )
V_phase =0;
I = V / Z ; // C u r r e n t i n t h e c i r c u i t ( i n Ampere )
r = real ( I ) ;
i = imag ( I ) ;
I_mag = sqrt (( r ^2) +( i ^2) ) ; // m a g n i t u d e o f c u r r e n t ( i n
Amperes )
I_phase = atand ( i / r ) ; // p h a s e o f c u r r e n t ( i n D e g r e e s )
pf = cosd ( I_phase ) ; // power f a c t o r
// R e f e r t o f i g : 1 . 1 3 ( b )
// S o u r c e a r e c o n n e c t e d i n s t a r , s o p h a s e c u r r e n t s =
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28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
line currents
I_na_mag = I_mag ; // Magnitude o f S o u r c e c u r r e n t t h r o u g h
na ( i n Amperes )
I_nb_mag = I_mag ; // Magnitude o f S o u r c e c u r r e n t t h r o u g h
nb ( i n Amperes )
I_nc_mag = I_mag ; // Magnitude o f S o u r c e c u r r e n t t h r o u g h
nc ( i n Amperes )
I_na_phase = I_phase +(0) ; // p h a s e a n g l e o f c u r r e n t
t h r o u g h na ( i n D e g r e e )
I_nb_phase = I_phase +( -120) ; // p h a s e a n g l e o f c u r r e n t
t h r o u g h nb ( i n D e g r e e )
I_nc_phase = I_phase +(120) ; // p h a s e a n g l e o f c u r r e n t
t h r o u g h nc ( i n D e g r e e )
disp ( I_na_mag , I n a m a g ( i n Amperes )= ) ;
disp ( I_na_phase , I n a p h a s e ( i n D e g r e e s )= ) ;
disp ( I_nb_mag , I n b m a g ( i n Amperes )= ) ;
disp ( I_nb_phase , I n b p h a s e ( i n D e g r e e s )= ) ;
disp ( I_nc_mag , I n c m a g ( i n Amperes )= ) ;
disp ( I_nc_phase , I n c p h a s e ( i n D e g r e e s )= ) ;
// Load i s c o n n e c t e d i n d e l t a n e t w o r k
I_AB_mag = I_mag / sqrt (3) ; // m a g n i t u d e o f c u r r e n t
t h r o u g h AB ( i n Amperes )
I_BC_mag = I_mag / sqrt (3) ; // m a g n i t u d e o f c u r r e n t
t h r o u g h BC ( i n Amperes )
I_CA_mag = I_mag / sqrt (3) ; // m a g n i t u d e o f c u r r e n t
t h r o u g h CA ( i n Amperes )
I_AB_phase = I_na_phase +30; // p h a s e a n g l e o f c u r r e n t
t h r o u g h AB ( i n D e g r e e s )
I_BC_phase = I_nb_phase +30; // p h a s e a n g l e o f c u r r e n t
t h r o u g h BC ( i n D e g r e e s )
I_CA_phase = I_nb_phase -90; // p h a s e a n g l e o f c u r r e n t
t h r o u g h CA ( i n D e g r e e s )
disp ( I_AB_mag , I AB mag ( i n Amperes )= ) ;
disp ( I_AB_phase , I A B p h a s e ( i n D e g r e e s )= ) ;
disp ( I_BC_mag , I BC mag ( i n Amperes )= ) ;
disp ( I_BC_phase , I B C p h a s e ( i n D e g r e e s )= ) ;
disp ( I_CA_mag , I CA mag ( i n Amperes )= ) ;
disp ( I_CA_phase , I C A p h a s e ( i n D e g r e e s )= ) ;
14
46
47
48
49
50
I_AB = I_AB_mag *( cosd ( I_AB_phase ) + %i * sind ( I_AB_phase ) )

; // ( i n Amperes )
P_load =3* I_AB_mag ^2* real ( Z_p ) ; // i n w a t t s
disp ( real ( P_load ) , Power d i s s i p a t e d ( i n Watts )= ) ;
P_line =3* I_mag ^2* real ( Z_L ) ; // i n w a t t s
disp ( P_line , Power d i s s i p a t e d by t r a n s m i s s i o n l i n e (
i n Watts )= )
Scilab code Exa 1.6 Determine load current load voltage load power and
power factor
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
// C a p t i o n : D e t e r m i n e l o a d c u r r e n t , l o a d v o l t a g e , l o a d
power and power f a c t o r
// Exa : 1 . 6
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// R e f e r t o t h e f i g : 1 . 1 6
R =40; // i n ohms
L = %i *30; // i n ohms
V =117*(( cosd (0) + %i * sind (0) ) ) ; // i n V o l t s
// E q u i v a l e n t l o a d i m p e d a n c e i s o b t a i n e d by p a r a l l e l
c o m b i n a t i o n o f R e s i s t a n c e R and I n d u c t a n c e L
Z_L =( R * L ) /( R + L ) ; // l o a d i m p e d a n c e ( i n Ohms )
Z1 =0.6+ %i *16.8; // i n Ohms
Z = Z_L + Z1 ; // E q u i v a l e n t i m p e d a n c e o f c i r c u i t ( i n Ohms )
I = V / Z ; // c u r r e n t t h r o u g h l o a d ( i n Amperes )
r1 = real ( I ) ;
i1 = imag ( I ) ;
I_mag = sqrt ( r1 ^2+ i1 ^2) ; // m a g n i t u d e o f c u r r e n t f l o w i n g
t h r o u g h l o a d ( i n Amperes )
15
18 disp ( I_mag , R e a d i n g o f ammeter ( i n Amperes )= ) ;

19 V_L = I * Z_L ; // v o l t a g e a c r o s s l o a d ( i n V o l t s )
20 r2 = real ( V_L ) ;
21 i2 = imag ( V_L ) ;
22 V_L_mag = sqrt ( r2 ^2+ i2 ^2) ; // m a g n i t u d e o f v o l t a g e
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25
26
27
across load ( in Volts )

disp ( V_L_mag , R e a d i n g o f v o l t m e t e r ( i n V o l t s )= ) ;
P = real ( V_L * conj ( I ) ) ; // Power d e v e l o p e d ( i n Watts )
disp (P , R e a d i n g o f w a t t m e t e r ( i n Watts )= ) ;
pf = P /( V_L_mag * I_mag ) ; // Power f a c t o r
disp ( pf , power f a c t o r = )
Scilab code Exa 1.7 Determine the reading of two wattmeters total power
and power factor
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13
14
// C a p t i o n : D e t e r m i n e t h e r e a d i n g o f two w a t t m e t e r s ,
t o t a l power and power f a c t o r
// Exa : 1 . 7
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// t r a n s f o r m i n g d e l t a c o n n e c t e d s o u r c e i n t o an
e q u i v a l e n t S t a r c o n n e c t e d s o u r c e
V_s =1351; // s o u r c e v o l t a g e ( i n V o l t s )
V =1351/ sqrt (3) ; // i n v o l t s
V_phase =0;
Z =360+ %i *150; // per p h a s e i m p e d a n c e ( i n ohms )
I = V / Z ; // c u r r e n t i n t h e c i r c u i t ( i n Amperes )
r = real ( I ) ;
i = imag ( I ) ;
I_mag = sqrt ( r ^2+ i ^2) ; // i n ampere
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21
22
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25
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I_phase = atand ( i / r ) ; // d e g r e e
// R e f e r t o f i g 1 . 1 9 ( a )
V_ab =1351*( cosd ( -30) + %i * sind ( -30) ) ; // i n V o l t s
I_aA =2*( cosd ( I_phase ) + %i * sind ( I_phase ) ) ; // i n Amperes
V_cb =1351*( cosd ( -90) + %i * sind ( -90) ) ; // i n V o l t s
I_cC =2*( cosd ( I_phase -120) + %i * sind ( I_phase -120) ) ; // i n
Amperes
P1 = real ( V_ab * conj ( I_aA ) ) ; // r e a d i n g o f w a t t m e t e r 1 (
i n Watts )
disp ( P1 , R e a d i n g o f w a t t m e t e r W1 ( i n Watts ) = ) ;
P2 = real ( V_cb * conj ( I_cC ) ) ; // r e a d i n g o f w a t t m e t e r 2 (
i n Watts )
disp ( P2 , R e a d i n g o f w a t t m e t e r W2 ( i n Watts )= ) ;
P = P1 + P2 ; // t o t a l power d e v e l o p e d ( i n Watts )
disp (P , T o t a l power d e v e l o p e d ( i n Watts )= ) ;
pf = cosd ( I_phase ) ; // power f a c t o r
disp ( pf , power f a c t o r = )
17
Chapter 2
Review of basic laws of
electromagnetism
Scilab code Exa 2.1 Find the induced emf in coil

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12
// C a p t i o n : Find t h e i n d u c e d emf i n c o i l
// Exa : 2 . 1
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
N =1000; // Number o f t u r n s
phy_1 =100*10^ -3; // i n i t i a l m a g n e t i c f l u x ( i n w e b e r s )
phy_2 =20*10^ -3; // f i n a l m a g n e t i c f l u x ( i n w e b e r s )
phy = phy_2 - phy_1 ; // c h a n g e i n m a g n e t i c f l u x
t =5; // ( i n s e c o n d s )
e =( -1) * N *( phy / t ) ; // i n d u c e d emf ( i n v o l t s )
disp (e , I n d u c e d emf ( i n v o l t s )= )
18
Scilab code Exa 2.6 Find the magnetic flux density

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// C a p t i o n : Find t h e m a g n e t i c f l u x d e n s i t y
// Exa : 2 . 6
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
u_o =4* %pi *10^ -7; // p e r m e a b l i t y o f a i r
u_r =1200; // p e r m e a b l i t y o f m a g n e t i c m a t e r i a l
N =1500; //No . o f t u r n s
I =4; // c u r r e n t i n t h e c o i l ( i n Amperes )
r_i =10*10^ -2; // i n n e r r a d i i o f m a g n e t i c c o r e ( i n
meters )
r_o =12*10^ -2; // o u t e r r a d i i o f m a g n e t i c c o r e ( i n
meters )
r_m =( r_i + r_o ) /2; // mean r a d i i o f m a g n e t i c c o r e ( i n
meters )
l_g =1*10^ -2; // l e n g t h o f a i r gap ( i n m e t e r s )
l_m =2* %pi *( r_m - l_g ) ; // i n m e t e r s
// R e f e r t o f i g : 2 . 1 4
A_m =( r_o - r_i ) ^2; // c r o s s s e c t i o n a l
area of magnetic
path ( i n meter 2)
R_m = l_m /( u_o * u_r * A_m ) ; // r e l u c t a n c e o f m a g n e t i c
material
R_g = l_g /( u_o * A_m ) ; // r e l u c t a n c e o f a i r gap
//R m and R g i n s e r e i s
R = R_m + R_g ;
B_m = N * I /( R * A_m ) ; // m a g n e t i c f l u x d e n s i t y ( i n T e s l a )
disp ( B_m , m a g n e t i c f l u x d e n s i t y ( i n T e s l a )= )
19
Scilab code Exa 2.10 Find the percentage of flux setup by coil 1 links coil
2
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12
13
14
// C a p t i o n : Find t h e p e r c e n t a g e o f f l u x s e t u p by c o i l
1 l i n k s c o i l 2
// Exa : 2 . 1 0
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// R e f e r t o eqn 2 . 2 6
e_21 =20; // v o l t a g e i n d u c e d i n c o i l 2 ( i n v o l t s )
I1 =2000; // r a t e o f c h a n g e o f c u r r e n t i n c o i l 1 ( i n
Amperes / s e c o n d )
M = e_21 / I1 ; // i n h e n r y
L1 =25*10^ -3; // i n h e n r y
L2 =25*10^ -3; // i n h e n r y
// R e f e r t o eqn 2 . 3 2
k =( M / L1 ) *100; // c o e f f i c i e n t o f c o u p l i n g
disp (k , p e r c e n t a g e (%)= )
Scilab code Exa 2.11 Find the Inductance of each coil mutual inductance
and coefficient of coupling
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
// C a p t i o n : Find ( a ) I n d u c t a n c e o f e a c h c o i l ( b ) mutual
inductance ( c ) c o e f f i c i e n t of coupling
// Exa : 2 . 1 1
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// L1 , L2=i n d u c t a n c e s o f c o i l 1&2
//M=mutual i n d u c t a n c e b /w c o i l 1&2
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L_aid =2.38; // e f f e c t i v e i n d u c t a n c e when c o n n e c t e d i n

sereis aiding
L_opp =1.02; // e f f e c t i v e i n d u c t a n c e when c o n n e c t e d i n
s e r e i s opposing
// L1+L2+2M=L a i d
// L1+L22M=L opp
M =( L_aid - L_opp ) /4; // i n h e n r y
disp (M , mutual i n d u c t a n c e ( i n h e n r y )= )
// L1=16L2
L1 =( L_aid -2* M ) /17; // i n h e n r y
disp ( L1 , i n d u c t a n c e o f c o i l 1 ( i n h e n r y )= )
L2 = L_aid -(2* M ) - L1 ; // i n h e n r y
disp ( L2 , i n d u c t a n c e o f c o i l 2 ( i n h e n r y )= )
k = M /( sqrt ( L1 * L2 ) ) ;
disp (k , c o e f f i c i e n t o f c o u p l i n g= )
Scilab code Exa 2.12 Find effective inductance when connected in parallel
aiding and parallel opposing
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8
9
10
// C a p t i o n : Find e f f e c t i v e i n d u c t a n c e when c o n n e c t e d
in ( a ) p a r a l l e l aiding (b) p a r a l l e l opposing
// Exa : 2 . 1 2
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
L1 =1.6; // s e l f i n d u c t a n c e o f c o i l 1 ( i n Henry )
L2 =0.1; // s e l f i n d u c t a n c e o f c o i l 2 ( i n Henry )
M =0.34; // mutual i n d u c t a n c e ( i n Henry )
// R e f e r t o eqn 2.45
L_aid =(( L1 * L2 ) -M ^2) *10^3/( L1 + L2 -(2* M ) ) ; // i n m i l i
Henry
21
disp ( L_aid , e f f e c t i v e i n d u c t a n c e i n p a r a l l e l a i d i n g
( i n m i l i Henry )= )
12 // R e f e r t o eqn 2.46
13 L_opp =(( L1 * L2 ) -M ^2) *10^3/( L1 + L2 +(2* M ) ) ; // i n m i l i
henry
14 disp ( L_opp , e f f e c t i v e i n d u c t a n c e i n p a r a l l e l
o p p o s i n g ( i n mini Henry )= )
11
Scilab code Exa 2.13 Find hysteresis loss and eddy current loss
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// C a p t i o n : Find h y s t e r e s i s l o s s and eddyc u r r e n t l o s s

// Exa : 2 . 1 3
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// r e f e r t o eqn 2.50
// eqn : 2 . 5 1 , 2 . 5 2 & 2 . 5 3 a r e o b t a i n e d
f =[25 25 60]; // i n h e r t z
disp (f , f r e q u e n c y ( i n h e r t z )= ) ;
B_m =[1.1 1.5 1.1];
P_m =[0.4 0.8 1.2];
//On s o l v i n g eqn : 2 . 5 1 & eqn : 2 . 5 3
k_e =(0.016 -0.02) /(30.25 -72.6) ;
// on s o l v i n g eqn : 2 . 5 1 & eqn : 2 . 5 2
n =( log ((0.016 -(30.25* k_e ) ) /(0.032 -(56.25* k_e ) ) ) ) /(
log (1.1/1.5) ) ;
k_h =(0.016 -(30.25* k_e ) ) /1.1^ n ;
P_h = k_h * f .* B_m ^ n // h y s t e r e s i s l o s s
disp ( P_h , H y s t e r e s i s l o s s ( i n Watts )= ) ;
P_eddy = k_e *( f ^2) .* B_m ^2 // eddy c u r r e n t l o s s
disp ( P_eddy , eddy c u r r e n t l o s s ( i n Watts )= ) ;
22
Scilab code Exa 2.14 Find the minimum length of magnet for maintaining
max energy in air gap
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// C a p t i o n : Find t h e minimum l e n g t h o f magnet f o r

m a i n t a i n i n g max e n e r g y i n a i r gap
// Exa : 2 . 1 4
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
u_r =500; // p e r m e a b l i t y o f s t e e l
l_g =1*10^ -2; // l e n g t h o f a i r gap s e c t i o n ( i n m e t e r )
A_g =10*10^ -4; // c r o s s s e c t i o n a l a r e a o f a i r gap
s e c t i o n ( i n meter 2)
A_m =10*10^ -4; // c r o s s s e c t i o n a l a r e a o f magnet
s e c t i o n ( i n meter 2)
A_s =10*10^ -4; // c r o s s s e c t i o n a l a r e a o f s t e e l
s e c t i o n s ( i n meter 2)
l_s =50*10^ -2; // l e n g t h o f s t e e l s e c t i o n ( i n m e t e r )
// R e f e r t o f i g : 2 . 2 9 ( D e m a g n e t i z a t i o n and e n e r g y
p r o d u c t c u r v e s o f a magnet )
H_m = -144*10^3; // ( i n Ampere / m e t e r )
B_m =0.23; // M a g n e t i c f l u x d e n s i t y ( i n T e s l a )
// r e f e r t o eqn : 2 . 5 5
l_m =( -1*100) *((( l_g * A_m ) /( u_o * A_g ) ) +((2* l_s * A_m ) /(
u_o * u_r * A_s ) ) ) *( B_m / H_m ) ; // ( i n c e n t i m e t e r )
disp ( l_m , minimum l e n g t h o f magnet ( i n c e n t i m e t e r )=
)
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24
Chapter 3
Principles of Electromechanical
Energy Conversion
Scilab code Exa 3.1 Find the mass of object and energy stored in the feild
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9
10
11
12
// C a p t i o n : Find t h e mass o f o b j e c t and e n e r g y s t o r e d

in the f e i l d
// Exa : 3 . 1
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
A =20*10^ -4; // s u r f a c e a r e a o f e a c h c a p a c i t o r s p l a t e
d =5*10^ -3; // s e p a r a t i o n b e t w e e n t h e p l a t e s
e =(10^ -9) /(36* %pi ) ; // p e r m e t i v i t y o f a i r
V =10*10^3; // p o t e n t i a l d i f f . b e t w e e n t h e p l a t e s
F_e =( e * A * V ^2) /(2* d ^2) ; // e l e c t r i c f o r c e
g =9.81; // a c c e l e r a t i o n due t o g r a v i t y ( i n m e t e r /
second 2)
// For c o n d t o f b a l a n c i n g e l e c t r i c f o r c e =w e i g h t o f
object
25
13 // F e=m g
14 m = F_e / g ;
15 disp ( m *1000 , mass o f o b j e c t ( i n grams )= ) ;
16 W_f =( e * A * V ^2) /(2* d ) ;
17 disp ( W_f *1000000 , e n e r g y s t o r e d i n t h e f e i l d
( in
micro j o u l e s )= )
Scilab code Exa 3.3 Find the energy stored in the magnetic feild
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5
6
7
8
9
10
11
// C a p t i o n : Find t h e e n e r g y s t o r e d i n t h e m a g n e t i c
feild
// Exa : 3 . 3
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// i =c u r r e n t i n t h e c k t ( i n Amperes )
// x= t o t a l f l u x l i n k a g e
function i = f ( x ) ,i = x /(6 -(2* x ) ) , endfunction ;
// R e f e r t o eqn : 3 . 1 8
W_m = intg (0 ,2 , f ) ; // Energy s t o r e d i n m a g n e t i c f e i l d
disp ( W_m , Energy s t o r e d i n m a g n e t i c f e i l d ( i n J o u l e s
)= )
Scilab code Exa 3.4 Find the current in the coil and energy stored in the
system
26
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// C a p t i o n : Find t h e c u r r e n t i n t h e c o i l and e n e r g y
s t o r e d in the system
// Exa : 3 . 4
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
N =100; // no . o f t u r n s o f c o i l
A =10^ -4; // a r e a
x =1*10^ -2; // l e n g t h o f a i r gap
u_r =2000; // p e r m e a b l i t y o f m a g n e t i c m a t e r i a l
D =7.85*10^3; // d e n s i t y o f m a t e r i a l ( i n kg /m 3 )
V =11*10^ -6; // volume o f m a t e r i a l
m = D * V ; // mass o f m a t e r i a l
g =9.81; // a c c e l e r a t i o n due t o g r a v i t y
// R e f e r t o f i g : 3 . 7
R_o =(15.5*10^ -2) /( u_o * u_r * A ) ; // r e l u c t a n c e o f o u t e r
legs
R_c =(5.5*10^ -2) /( u_o * u_r * A ) ; // r e l u c t a n c e o f c e n t r a l
leg
function y = L ( x ) ; // i n d u c t a n c e
y = ( N ^2) / R ( x ) ;
endfunction ;
function y = R ( x ) ; // t o t a l r e l u c t a n c e
y = R_c + R_g ( x ) +(0.5*( R_o + R_g ( x ) ) ) ;
endfunction ;
function y = R_g ( x ) ; // r e l u c t a n c e o f a i r gap
y = x /( u_o * A ) ;
endfunction ;
x = [0.01 ] ;
// P o i n t s o f i n t e r e s t
t =[ diag ( derivative (L , x ) ) ]; // t=dL/ dx ( a t x =0.01m)
// s i n c e t<o , i . e , F m i s a c t i n g i n opp d i r e c t i o n t h a t
of weight
// f o r e q u i l i b r i u m F m=m g
I = sqrt (( m * g ) /(0.5* t *( -1) ) ) ; // R e f e r t o eqn3 . 2 3
disp (I , c u r r e n t i n t h e c o i l ( i n Amperes )= ) ;
L_o = L (.01) ;
W_f =0.5* L_o * I ^2;
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35
disp ( W_f *10^3 , e n e r g y s t o r e d i n t h e m a g n e t i c f e i l d

( i n m i l i J o u l e s )= )
Scilab code Exa 3.5 Find the current in the coil

// C a p t i o n : Find t h e c u r r e n t i n t h e c o i l
// Exa : 3 . 5
clc ;
clear ;
T =20; // t o r q u e e x e r t e d by s p r i n g ( i n Newtonm e t e r )
r =0.2; // r a d i u s o f s p r i n g ( i n m e t e r )
F_s = T / r ; // f o r c e e x e r t e d by s p r i n g on m a g n e t i c p l a t e
N =1000; // no . o f t u r n s i n c o i l
u_o =4* %pi *10^ -7; // p e r m a b l i t y o f a i r
A =9*10^ -4; // a r e a ( i n m e t e r 2 )
function y = L ( x ) ; // i n d u c t a n c e
y = ( N ^2) / R ( x ) ;
endfunction ;
function y = R ( x ) ; // r e l u c t a n c e o f a i r gap
y = (2* x ) /( u_o * A ) ;
endfunction ;
x = [0.001 ] ;
// P o i n t s o f i n t e r e s t
t =[ diag ( derivative (L , x ) ) ]; // t=dL/ dx ( a t x = 0 . 0 0 1m)
// s i n c e t<o i . e , F m i s a c t i n g i n opp d i r e c t i o n t h a t
of weight
20 // f o r e q u i l i b r i u m F m=F s
21 I = sqrt ((2* F_s ) /( t *( -1) ) ) ; // R e f e r t o eqn3 . 2 3
22 disp (I , c u r r e n t i n t h e c o i l ( i n Amperes )= )
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28
Scilab code Exa 3.6 Find the frequency of induced emf max value of induced emf rms value of induced emf average value of induced emf
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// C a p t i o n : Find t h e ( a ) f r e q u e n c y o f i n d u c e d emf ( b )
max v a l u e o f i n d u c e d emf ( c ) rms v a l u e o f i n d u c e d
emf ( d ) a v e r a g e v a l u e o f i n d u c e d emf
// Exa : 3 . 6
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
N =100; // no . o f t u r n s i n c o i l
P =4; // number o f p o l e s
N_m =1800; // r o t o r s p e e d ( i n rpm )
flux_p =4.5*10^ -3; // f l u x p e r p o l e ( i n Wb)
f =( P * N_m ) /120; // R e f e r t o eqn : 3 . 3 0 a
disp (f , ( a ) f r e q u e n c y o f i n d u c e d emf ( i n H e r t z )= ) ;
// r e f e r t o eqn : 3 . 3 1
E_m =(2* %pi * P * flux_p * N_m ) /120; //max v a l u e o f i n d u c e d
emf p e r t u r n
E_mc = N * E_m ;
disp ( E_mc , ( b ) max v a l u e o f i n d u c e d emf i n c o i l ( i n
V o l t s )= ) ;
E_rms = E_mc / sqrt (2) ;
disp ( E_rms , ( c ) rms v a l u e o f i n d u c e d emf ( i n V o l t s )=
);
E_avg =(2* E_mc ) / %pi ;
disp ( E_avg , ( d ) a v e r a g e v a l u e o f i n d u c e d emf ( i n
V o l t s )= )
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Scilab code Exa 3.7 Find the synchronous speed and percent slip of the
motor
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// C a p t i o n : Find t h e s y n c h r o n o u s s p e e d and p e r c e n t
s l i p o f t h e motor
// Exa : 3 . 7
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
P =4; // no . o f p o l e
f =50; // f r e q u e n c y ( i n Hz )
N_r =1200; // s p e e d o f r o t o r ( i n rpm )
N_s =(120* f ) / P ;
disp ( N_s , s y n c h r o n o u s s p e e d ( i n rpm )= ) ;
s =( N_s - N_r ) / N_s ; // s l i p
s_p = s *100;
disp ( s_p , p e r c e n t s l i p o f t h e motor (%)= )
Scilab code Exa 3.8 Find the rotor speed and average torque developed
by motor
// C a p t i o n : Find t h e r o t o r s p e e d and a v e r a g e t o r q u e
d e v e l o p e d by motor
2 // Exa : 3 . 8
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clc ;
clear ;
close ;
N =2; // no . o f p o l e s
f =60; // f r e q u e n c y i n Hz
I_rms =10; // c u r r e n t i n t a k e
L_q =1; // min i n d u c t a n c e ( i n H)
L_d =2; //max i n d u c t a n c e ( inH )
w =2* %pi * f ;
disp (w , r o t o r s p e e d ( i n r a d / s e c )= ) ;
// R e f e r t o eqn : 3 . 5 2
T_avg =( -1) *0.125*( L_d - L_q ) *(( I_rms * sqrt (2) ) ^2) * sind
(2*45) ;
if ( T_avg <0 ) then ;
disp (( T_avg *( -1) ) , a v e r a g e t o r q u e d e v e l o p e d by
motor ( i n Newtonm e t e r )= ) ;
else ;
disp ( T_avg , a v e r a g e t o r q u e d e v e l o p e d by motor ( i n
Newtonm e t e r )= ) ;
end
Scilab code Exa 3.9 Find the restraining force of the spring
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// C a p t i o n : Find t h e r e s t r a i n i n g f o r c e o f t h e s p r i n g
// Exa : 3 . 9
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
N =500; // no . o f t u r n s
u_o =4* %pi *10^ -7; // P e r m e a b l i t y o f a i r
I =4.2; // main w i n d i n g c u r r e n t ( i n A)
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A =2.25*10^ -4; // a r e a o f a i r gap ( i n m 2 )

x =0.002; // l e n g t h o f a i r gap ( i n m)
i = I *1.50; // min c u r r e n t n e e d e d f o r a c t i v a t i n g r e l a y
F_m = u_o * A *0.5*(( N * i ) / x ) ^2; // R e f e r t o eqn 3 . 5 3
disp ( F_m , r e s t r a i n i n g f o r c e o f t h e s p r i n g ( i n Newton )
=)
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Chapter 4
Transformers
Scilab code Exa 4.2 Find the a ratio and current in primary and the power
supplied to load and the flux in the core
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// C a p t i o n : Find t h e ( a ) ar a t i o ( b ) c u r r e n t i n
p r i m a r y ( c ) t h e power s u p p l i e d t o l o a d ( d ) and
the f l u x in the core
// Exa : 4 . 2
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
N_p =150; // no . o f t u r n s i n p r i m a r y w i n d i n g
N_s =750; // no . o f t u r n s i n s e c o n d a r y w i n d i n g
I_2 =4; // l o a d c u r r e n t ( i n Amperes )
V_1 =240; // v o l t a g e on p r i m a r y s i d e ( i n V o l t s )
pf =0.8; // power f a c t o r
a = N_p / N_s ;
disp (a , ( a ) ar a t i o = ) ;
I_1 = I_2 / a ;
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15 disp ( I_1 , ( b ) c u r r e n t i n p r i m a r y ( i n Amperes )= ) ;

16 V_2 = V_1 / a ;
17 disp ( V_2 , ( c ) v o l t a g e on s e c o n d a r y s i d e ( i n V o l t s )=
);
18 P_L = V_2 * I_2 * pf ;
19 disp ( P_L , ( d ) power s u p p l i e d t o t h e l o a d ( i n Watts )=
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);
flux = V_1 /(4.44* f * N_p ) ;
disp ( flux *10^3 , ( e ) f l u x i n t h e c o r e ( i n m i l i Weber )
= );
Scilab code Exa 4.3 Find the efficiency of transformer

// C a p t i o n : Find t h e e f f i c i e n c y o f t r a n s f o r m e r
// Exa : 4 . 3
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
R_1 =4; // i n ohms
R_2 =0.04; // i n ohms
X_1 =12; // i n ohms
X_2 =0.12; // i n ohms
pf =0.866; // power f a c t o r
V_p =2300; // p r i m a r y v o l t a g e i n v o l t s
V_s =230; // S e c o n d a r y v o l t a g e i n v o l t s
S =23000; //VA
theta = acosd ( pf ) ;
I_2 =( S *0.75/ V_s ) *( cosd ( theta ) + %i * sind ( theta ) ) ; //
s e c o n d a r y c u r r e n t ( i n Amperes )
16 Z_2 = R_2 + %i * X_2 ; // s e c o n d a r y w i n d i n g i m p e d a n c e ( i n
ohms )
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17 E_2 = V_s + I_2 * Z_2 ; // i n d u c e d emf i n s e c o n d a r y w i n d i n g (
in Volts )
18 a = V_p / V_s ; // t r a n s f o r m a t i o n r a t i o
19 E_1 = a * E_2 ; // i n d u c e d emf i n p r i m a r y w i n d i n g ( i n V o l t s
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)
I_1 = I_2 / a ; // c u r r e n t i n p r i m a r y w i n d i n g
Z_1 = R_1 + %i * X_1 ; // p r i m a r y w i n d i n g i m p e d a n c e ( i n ohms )
V_1 = E_1 + I_1 * Z_1 ; // s o u r c e v o l t a g e
P_o = real ( V_s * conj ( I_2 ) ) ; // o u t p u t power ( i n Watts )
P_in = real ( V_1 * conj ( I_1 ) ) ; // i n p u t power
Eff = P_o / P_in ;
disp ( Eff *100 , E f f i c i e n c y (%)= ) ;
Scilab code Exa 4.4 Find the efficiency of transformer

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// C a p t i o n : Find t h e e f f i c i e n c y
// Exa : 4 . 4
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// From Exa : 4 . 3
V_2 =230; // i n V o l t s
Z_1 =4+ %i *12;
I_s =75*( cosd (30) + %i * sind (30) ) ; // i n Amperes
a =10; // t r a n s f o r m a t i o n r a t i o
E_1 =2282.87*( cosd (2.33) + %i * sind (2.33) ) ; // i n V o l t s
E_2 =228.287*( cosd (2.33) + %i * sind (2.33) ) ; // i n V o l t s
I_p =7.5*( cosd (30) + %i * sind (30) ) ; // i n Amperes
P_o =14938.94; // i n Watts
R_c1 =20000; // c o r e l o s s r e s i s t a n c e on p r i m a r y s i d e
X_m1 =15000; // m a g n e t i z i n g r e a c t a n c e on p r i m a r y s i d e
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I_c = E_1 / R_c1 ; // i n Amperes

I_m = E_1 /( %i * X_m1 ) ; // i n Amperes
I_phy = I_c + I_m ; // i n Amperes
I_1 = I_p + I_phy ; // i n Amperes
V_1 = E_1 + Z_1 * I_1 ; // i n V o l t s
P_in = real ( V_1 * conj ( I_1 ) ) ; // i n Watts
Eff = P_o / P_in ;
disp ( Eff *100 , E f f i c i e n c y (%)= )
Scilab code Exa 4.6 Find efficiency and voltage regulation of transformer
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// C a p t i o n : Find e f f i c i e n c y and v o l t a g e r e g u l a t i o n o f
transformer
// Exa : 4 . 6
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
S =2200; // Volt Ampere
V_s =220; // s e c o n d a r y s i d e v o l t a g e ( i n V o l t s )
V_2 = V_s ;
V_p =440; // p r i m a r y s i d e v o l t a g e ( i n V o l t s )
R_e1 =3; // i n ohms
X_e1 =4; // i n ohms
R_c1 =2.5*1000; // i n ohms
X_m1 =2000; // i n ohms
a = V_p / V_2 ; // t r a n s f o r m a t i o n r a t i o
pf =0.707; // l a g g i n g power f a c t o r
theta = - acosd ( pf ) ;
I_2 =( S / V_2 ) *( cosd ( theta ) + %i * sind ( theta ) ) ; // ( i n
Amperes )
// R e f e r t o e q u i v a l e n t c i r c u i t ( f i g : 4 . 1 6 )
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I_p = I_2 / a ; // i n Amperes

V_2p = a * V_2 ;
V_1 = V_2p + I_p *( R_e1 + %i * X_e1 ) ;
I_c = V_1 / R_c1 ; // c o r e l o s s c u r r e n t ( i n Amperes )
I_m = V_1 /( %i * X_m1 ) ;
I_1 = I_p + I_c + I_m ; // c u r r e n t s u p p l i e d by s o u r c e ( i n
Amperes )
P_o = real ( V_p * conj ( I_p ) ) ; // o u t p u t power ( i n Watts )
P_in = real ( V_1 * conj ( I_1 ) ) ; // i n p u t power ( i n Watts )
Eff = P_o / P_in ; // E f f i c i e n c y
VR =( abs ( V_1 ) - abs ( V_p ) ) / V_p ;
disp ( VR *100 , v o l t a g e r e g u l a t i o n (%)= )
Scilab code Exa 4.7 Find the KVA rating at max efficiency
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// C a p t i o n : Find ( a )KVA r a t i n g a t max e f f i c i e n c y ( b )

max e f f i c i e n c y ( c ) E f f i c i e n c y a t f u l l l o a d and
0.8 pf lagging (d) equivalent core r e s i s t a n c e
// Exa : 4 . 7
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
S =120000; // Volt Ampere
V_p =2400; // i n v o l t s
V_s =240; // i n v o l t s
R_1 =0.75; // i n ohms
R_2 =0.01; // i n ohms
X_1 =0.8; // i n ohms
X_2 =0.02; // i n ohms
pf =0.8; // l a g g i n g
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14 theta = - acosd ( pf ) ;
15 a = V_p / V_s ; // t r a n s f o r m a t i o n r a t i o
16 I_p = S / V_p ; // r a t e d l o a d c u r r e n t ( i n Amperes )
17 I_p_eta =0.7* I_p ; // l o a d c u r r e n t a t max e f f i c i e n c y
18 KVA = I_p_eta * V_p /1000;
19 disp ( KVA , ( a ) KVA r a t i n g a t max e f f i c i e n c y = ) ;
20 P_cu_eta = I_p_eta ^2*( R_1 + a ^2* R_2 ) ; // c o p p e r l o s s ( i n
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Watts )
P_m = P_cu_eta ; // c o r e l o s s
P_o = V_p * I_p_eta * pf ; // power o u t p u t a t max e f f i c i e n c y
P_in = P_o + P_m + P_cu_eta ; // power i n p u t a t max
efficiency
eta = P_o / P_in ;
disp ( eta *100 , ( b ) max e f f i c i e n c y (%)= ) ;
P_o_FL = V_p * I_p * pf ; // power o u t p u t a t f u l l l o a d
P_cu_FL = I_p ^2*( R_1 + a ^2* R_2 ) ; // c o p p e r l o s s a t f u l l
load
P_in_FL = P_cu_FL + P_o_FL + P_m ;
Eff = P_o_FL / P_in_FL ;
disp ( Eff *100 , ( c ) E f f i c i e n c y a t f u l l l o a d (%)= ) ;
R_c1 = V_p ^2/ P_cu_eta ;
disp ( R_c1 , ( d ) e q u i v a l e n t c o r e r e s i s t a n c e ( i n ohms )=
);
Scilab code Exa 4.9 Find the generator voltage generator current and efficiency
// C a p t i o n : Find t h e ( a ) g e n e r a t o r v o l t a g e ( b )
generator current ( c ) e f f i c i e n c y
2 // Exa : 4 . 9
3 clc ;
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clear ;
close ;
// R e f e r t o f i g : 4 . 2 9
// For r e g i o n A
V_bA =230; // i n V o l t s
S_bA =.46000; // Volt Ampere
I_bA = S_bA / V_bA ; // i n Amperes
Z_bA = V_bA / I_bA ; // i n ohms
Z_g_pu =(0.023+ %i *0.092) / Z_bA ;
R_L_pu =0.023/ Z_bA ;
X_L_pu =0.069/ Z_bA ;
// For r e g i o n B
// Per u n i t p a r a m e t e r s on h i g h v o l t a g e s i d e o f t h e
s t e p up t r a n s f o r m e r
V_bB =2300; // i n V o l t s
S_bB =46000; // Volt Ampere
I_bB = S_bB / V_bB ; // i n Amperes
Z_bB = V_bB / I_bB ; // i n ohms
R_H_pu =2.3/ Z_bB ;
X_H_pu =6.9/ Z_bB ;
R_cH_pu1 =13800/ Z_bB ;
X_mH_pu1 =6900/ Z_bB ;
Z_l_pu =(2.07+ %i *4.14) / Z_bB ; // Peru n i t i m p e d a n c e o f
transmission line
// Per u n i t p a r a m e t e r s on h i g h v o l t a g e s i d e o f t h e
s t e p down t r a n s f o r m e r
X_mH_pu2 =9200/ Z_bB ;
R_cH_pu2 =11500/ Z_bB ;
// For r e g i o n C
V_bC =115; // i n V o l t s
S_bC =46000; // Volt Ampere
I_bC = S_bC / V_bC ; // i n Amperes
Z_bC = V_bC / I_bC ; // i n ohms
R_L_pu =0.00575/ Z_bC ;
X_L_pu =0.01725/ Z_bC ;
V_L_pu =1*( cosd (0) + %i * sind (0) ) ;
I_L_pu =1*( cosd ( -30) + %i * sind ( -30) ) ;
E_l_pu = V_L_pu +( R_L_pu + %i * X_L_pu ) * I_L_pu ;
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I_l_pu = I_L_pu + E_l_pu *(0.01 - %i *(1/80) ) ;

E_g_pu = E_l_pu + I_l_pu *(0.02+ %i *0.06+0.018+ %i
*0.036+0.02+ %i *0.06) ;
I_g_pu = I_l_pu + E_g_pu *((1/120) - %i *(1/60) ) ;
V_g_pu = E_g_pu + I_g_pu *(0.02+0.02+ %i *0.08+ %i *0.06) ;
V_g = V_bA * V_g_pu ;
disp ( abs ( V_g ) , ( a ) G e n e r a t o r V o l t a g e ( i n V o l t s )= ) ;
disp ( atand ( imag ( V_g ) / real ( V_g ) ) , Phase o f g e n e r a t e d
v o l t a g e ( i n d e g r e e )= ) ;
I_g = I_bA * I_g_pu ;
disp ( abs ( I_g ) , ( b ) G e n e r a t o r c u r r e n t ( i n Amperes )= )
;
disp ( atand ( imag ( I_g ) / real ( I_g ) ) , Phase o f g e n e r a t o r
c u r r e n t ( i n d e g r e e )= ) ;
P_o_pu =0.866; // r a t e d power o u t p u t a t p f = 0 . 8 6 6
lagging
P_in_pu = real ( V_g_pu * conj ( I_g_pu ) ) ;
Eff = P_o_pu / P_in_pu ;
disp ( Eff *100 , ( c ) E f f i c i e n c y (%)= ) ;
Scilab code Exa 4.10 Find the primary winding voltage secondary winding voltage ratio of transformation and nominal rating of transformer
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// C a p t i o n : Find ( a ) p r i m a r y w i n d i n g v o l t a g e ( b )
secondary winding v o l t a g e ( c ) r a t i o of
t r a n s f o r m a t i o n ( d ) nominal r a t i n g o f t r a n s f o r m e r
// Exa : 4 . 1 0
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
V_1 =2400; // i n V o l t s
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V_2 =240; // i n V o l t s
S_o =24*1000; // Volt Ampere
I_1 =10; // i n Amperes
I_2 =100; // i n Amperes
// R e f e r t o f i g : 4 . 3 1 ( a )
V_1a = V_1 + V_2 ;
V_2a = V_2 ;
a_T1 = V_1a / V_2a ;
a_T2 = V_2a / V_1a ;
a_T3 = V_1a / V_1 ;
a_T4 = V_1 / V_1a ;
S_oa_1 = V_1a * I_1 ;
S_oa_2 = V_1a * I_1 ;
S_oa_3 = V_1a * I_2 ;
S_oa_4 = V_1a * I_2 ;
disp ( R e f e r t o f i g : 4 . 3 1 a ) ;
disp ( V_1a , ( a ) p r i m a r y w i n d i n g v o l t a g e ( i n V o l t s )= )
;
disp ( V_2a , ( b ) s e c o n d a r y w i n d i n g v o l t a g e ( i n V o l t s )=
);
disp ( a_T1 , ( c ) r a t i o o f t r a n s f o r m a t i o n= ) ;
disp ( S_oa_1 /1000 , ( d ) n o m i n a l r a t i n g o f t r a n s f o r m e r
(KVA)= ) ;
disp ( R e f e r t o f i g : 4 . 3 1 b ) ;
;
);
(KVA)= ) ;
disp ( R e f e r t o f i g : 4 . 3 1 c ) ;
;
disp ( V_1 , ( b ) s e c o n d a r y w i n d i n g v o l t a g e ( i n V o l t s )=
);
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(KVA)= ) ;
disp ( R e f e r t o f i g : 4 . 3 1 d ) ;
disp ( V_1 , ( a ) p r i m a r y w i n d i n g v o l t a g e ( i n V o l t s )= ) ;
);
(KVA)= ) ;
Scilab code Exa 4.11 Find the efficiency and voltage regulation
1 // C a p t i o n : Find t h e e f f i c i e n c y and v o l t a g e r e g u l a t i o n
2 // Exa : 4 . 1 1
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5 close ;
6 V_2a =480; // i n v o l t s
7 pf =0.707; // l e a d i n g
8 theta = acosd ( pf ) ;
9 a_T =120/480; // r a t i o o f t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f s t e p up
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transformer
a =360/120; // r a t i o o f t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f twow i n d i n g
transformer
R_cH =8.64*1000; // i n ohms
R_H =18.9; // i n ohms
X_H =21.6; // i n ohms
X_L =2.4; // i n ohms
R_L =2.1; // i n ohms
X_mH =6.84*1000; // i n ohms
R_cL = R_cH / a ^2; // e q u i v a l e n t c o r e l o s s r e s i s t a n c e i n
ohms
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18 X_mL = X_mH / a ^2; // m a g n e t i z i n g r e a c t a n c e

19 I_2a =(720/360) *( cosd ( theta ) + %i * sind ( theta ) ) ;
20 I_H = I_2a ;
21 I_pa = I_2a / a_T ;
22 I_com = I_pa - I_2a ; // c u r r e n t t h r o u g h common w i n d i n g ( i n
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Amperes )
// on a p p l y i n g KVL t o t h e o u t p u t l o o p
E_L =( I_2a *( R_H + %i * X_H ) + V_2a - I_com *( R_L + %i * X_L ) ) /4;
V_1a = E_L + I_com *( R_L + %i * X_L ) ;
I_ca = V_1a / R_cL ; // c o r e l o s s c u r r e n t i n Amperes
I_ma = - %i * V_1a / X_mL ; // m a g n e t i z i n g c u r r e n t i n Amperes
I_phy_a = I_ca + I_ma ; // e x c i t a t i o n c u r r e n t
I_1a = I_pa + I_phy_a ;
P_o = real ( V_2a * conj ( I_2a ) ) ;
P_in = real ( V_1a * conj ( I_1a ) ) ;
Eff = P_o / P_in ;
V_2anL = V_1a / a_T ; // no l o a d v o l t a g e
VR =( abs ( V_2anL ) - V_2a ) / V_2a ;
disp ( VR *100 , V o l t a g e r e g u l a t i o n (%)= ) ;
Scilab code Exa 4.13 Find the line voltages and line currents and efficiency of the transformer
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5
6
// C a p t i o n : Find t h e l i n e v o l t a g e s , t h e l i n e c u r r e n t s
and e f f i c i e n c y o f t h e t r a n s f o r m e r
// Exa : 4 . 1 3
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
R_H =133.5*10^ -3; // i n ohms
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X_H =201*10^ -3; // i n ohms

R_L =39.5*10^ -3; // i n ohms
X_L =61.5*10^ -3; // i n ohms
R_cL =240; // i n ohms
X_mL =290; // i n ohms
pf =0.8; // l a g g i n g
V_2n =138.564*( cosd (0) + %i * sind (0) ) ; // r a t e d l o a d
v o l t a g e f o r Y/Y c o n n e c t i o n
I_2A =86.6*( cosd ( theta ) + %i * sind ( theta ) ) ; // l o a d
current
a =120/138.564; // t r a n s f o r m a t i o n r a t i o
I_pA =( I_2A / a ) *( cosd (30) + %i * sind (30) ) ; // p e r p h a s e
c u r r e n t in primary winding
E_2n = V_2n + I_2A *(0.0445+ %i *0.067) ; // v o l t a g e i n d u c e d
in secondary winding
E_2L = sqrt (3) * E_2n *( cosd (30) + %i * sind (30) ) ;
E_1n = a * E_2n *( cosd (30) + %i * sind (30) ) ; // v o l t a g e i n d u c e d
in primary winding
I_1A = I_pA + E_1n *((1/240) - %i *(1/290) ) ;
disp ( abs ( I_2A ) , L i n e c u r r e n t i n s e c o n d a r y s i d e ( i n
Amperes )= ) ;
disp ( atand ( imag ( I_2A ) / real ( I_2A ) ) , p h a s e a n g l e o f
i n d u c e d l i n e c u r r e n t i n s e c o n d a r y ( i n D e g r e e )= ) ;
disp ( abs ( I_1A ) , L i n e c u r r e n t i n p r i m a r y s i d e ( i n
Amperes )= ) ;
disp ( atand ( imag ( I_1A ) / real ( I_1A ) ) , p h a s e a n g l e o f
induced l i n e c u r r e n t i n primary ( i n Degree ) = );
disp ( abs ( E_2L ) , L i n e v o l t a g e i n d u c e d i n s e c o n d a r y
s i d e ( i n V o l t s )= ) ;
disp ( atand ( imag ( E_2L ) / real ( E_2L ) ) , p h a s e a n g l e o f
i n d u c e d l i n e v o l t a g e i n s e c o n d a r y ( i n D e g r e e )= ) ;
V_1n = E_1n + I_1A *( R_L + %i * X_L ) ;
V_1L = sqrt (3) * V_1n *( cosd (30) + %i * sind (30) ) ;
disp ( abs ( V_1L ) , L i n e v o l t a g e i n d u c e d i n p r i m a r y
s i d e ( i n V o l t s )= ) ;
disp ( atand ( imag ( V_1L ) / real ( V_1L ) ) , p h a s e a n g l e o f
induced l i n e voltage
i n p r i m a r y ( i n D e g r e e )= ) ;
44
32 P_o =3* real (138.564* conj ( I_2A ) ) ;

33 P_in =3* real ( V_1n * conj ( I_1A ) ) ;
34 Eff = P_o / P_in ;
35 disp ( Eff *100 , E f f i c i e n c y (%)= ) ;
Scilab code Exa 4.14 Find the line current line voltage and power
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// C a p t i o n : Find t h e l i n e c u r r e n t , l i n e v o l t a g e and
power
// Exa : 4 . 1 4
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
I_L =4*80/5;
disp ( I_L , L i n e c u r r e n t ( i n Amperes )= ) ;
V_L =110*100/1;
disp ( V_L , L i n e v o l t a g e ( i n V o l t s )= ) ;
P =(100/1) *(80/5) *352;
disp (P , Power on t h e t r a n s m i s s i o n l i n e ( i n Watts )= )
;
45
Chapter 5
Direct Current Generators
Scilab code Exa 5.1 Find the coil pitch for 2 pole winding and 4 pole
winding
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// C a p t i o n : Find t h e c o i l p i t c h f o r ( a ) 2 p o l e w i n d i n g
( b ) 4 p o l e w i n d i n g
// Exa : 5 . 1
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
P1 =2;
P2 =4;
S =10; // no . o f s l o t s
S_p1 = S / P1 ; // s l o t s p e r p o l e
y1 = int ( S_p1 ) ; // c o i l p i t c h i n s l o t s
S_s1 =180/ S_p1 ; // s l o t s p a n
C_p1 = S_s1 * y1 ; // c o i l p i t c h ( e l e c t r i c a l )
disp ( C_p1 , c o i l p i t c h f o r 2 p o l e w i n d i n g ( e l e c t r i c a l
)= ) ;
S_p2 = S / P2 ; // s l o t s p e r p o l e
46
15 S_s2 =180/ S_p2 ; // s l o t s p a n

16 y2 = int ( S_p2 ) ; // c o i l p i t c h i n s l o t s
17 C_p2 = S_s2 * y2 ; // c o i l p i t c h ( e l e c t r i c a l )
18 disp ( C_p2 , c o i l p i t c h f o r 4 p o l e w i n d i n g ( e l e c t r i c a l )
= );
Scilab code Exa 5.3 Find the induced emf in the armature winding induced emf per coil induced emf per turn induced emf per conductor
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// C a p t i o n : Find t h e ( a ) i n d u c e d emf i n t h e a r m a t u r e
w i n d i n g ( b ) i n d u c e d emf p e r c o i l ( c ) i n d u c e d emf
p e r t u r n ( d ) i n d u c e d emf p e r c o n d u c t o r
// Ex : 5 . 3
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
C =24; // no . o f c o i l s
N_c =18; // no . o f t u r n s p e r c o i l
P =2; // no . o f p o l e
W_m =183.2; // a n g u l a r v e l o c i t y ( i n r a d / s e c )
Z =2* C * N_c ; // t o t a l a r m a t u r e c o n d u c t o r s
a =2; // no . o f p a r a l l e l p a t h s
L =0.2; // e f f e c t i v e l e n g t h o f machine ( i n m e t e r )
r =0.1; // r a d i u s o f a r m a t u r e ( i n m e t e r )
A_p =(2* %pi * r * L ) / P ; // a c t u a l p o l e a r e a
A_e = A_p *0.8; // e f f e c t i v e p o l e a r e a
B =1; // f l u x d e n s i t y p e r p o l e ( i n T e s l a )
Phy = B * A_e ; // e f f e c t i v e f l u x p e r p o l e
K_a =( Z * P ) /(2* %pi * a ) ; // machine c o n s t a n t
E_a = K_a * Phy * W_m ;
disp ( E_a , ( a ) i n d u c e d emf i n a r m a t u r e w i n d i n g ( i n
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V o l t s )= ) ;
E_coil = E_a /( C / a ) ;
disp ( E_coil , ( b ) i n d u c e d emf p e r c o i l
( i n V o l t s )= )
;
E_turn = E_coil / N_c ;
disp ( E_turn , ( c ) i n d u c e d emf p e r t u r n ( i n V o l t s )= )
;
E_cond = E_turn /2;
disp ( E_cond , ( d ) i n d u c e d emf p e r c o n d u c t o r ( i n
V o l t s )= ) ;
Scilab code Exa 5.4 Find the current in each conductor the torque developed the power developed
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// C a p t i o n : Find t h e ( a ) c u r r e n t i n e a c h c o n d u c t o r ( b )
t h e t o r q u e d e v e l o p e d ( c ) t h e power d e v e l o p e d
// Exa : 5 . 4
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
K_a =137.51; // R e f e r t o e x a : 5 . 3
Phy =0.05; // f l u x p e r p o l e ( R e f e r t o e x a : 5 . 3 )
E_a =1259.6; // i n d u c e d emf ( R e f e r t o e x a : 5 . 3 )
I =25; // c u r r e n t i n t h e machine ( i n Amperes )
a =2; // no . o f p a r a l l e l p a t h s
I_cond = I / a ;
disp ( I_cond , ( a ) c u r r e n t i n e a c h c o n d u c t o r ( i n
Amperes )= ) ;
T_d = K_a * Phy * I ;
disp ( T_d , ( b ) t o r q u e d e v e l o p e d by machine ( i n Newton
m e t e r )= ) ;
48
15 P_d = E_a * I ;
16 disp ( P_d , ( c ) Power d e v e l o p e d ( i n Watts )= ) ;
Scilab code Exa 5.5 Find induced emf at full load power developed torque
developed applied torque efficiency external resistance in feild winding voltage regulation
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// C a p t i o n : Find ( a ) i n d u c e d emf a t f u l l l o a d ( b ) power

developed ( c ) torque developed (d) applied torque (
e ) e f f i c i e n c y ( f ) external r e s i s t a n c e in f e i l d
winding ( g ) v o l t a g e r e g u l a t i o n
// Exa : 5 . 5
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
N_m =600; // s p e e d o f r o t o r ( i n rpm )
R_a =0.01; // a r m a t u r e r e s i s t a n c e ( i n ohms )
R_fw =30; // f e i l d w i n d i n g r e s i s t a n c e ( i n ohms )
V_f =120; // v o l t a g e o f e x t e r n a l s o u r c e ( i n v o l t s )
N_f =500; // no . o f t u r n s p e r p o l e
P_r =10000; // i n w a t t s
V_t =240; // t e r m i n a l v o l t a g e ( i n v o l t s )
P_o =240*10^3; // r a t e d power ( i n w a t t s )
I_L = P_o / V_t ; // l o a d c u r r e n t
I_a = I_L ; // a r m a t u r e c u r r e n t
E_afl = V_t +( I_a * R_a ) ; // r e f e r t o eqn : 5 . 2 7
disp ( E_afl , ( a ) i n d u c e d emf a t f u l l l o a d ( i n V o l t s )=
);
P_d = E_afl * I_a ;
disp ( P_d , ( b ) power d e v e l o p e d ( i n w a t t s )= ) ;
W_m =(2* %pi * N_m ) /60; // a n g u l a r v e l o c i t y ( R e f e r t o Eqn
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:5.5&5.6)
T_d = P_d / W_m ;
disp ( T_d , ( c ) t o r q u e d e v e l o p e d ( i n Newtonm e t e r )= ) ;
P_inm = P_d + P_r ; // m e c h a n i c a l power i n p u t
T_s = P_inm / W_m ;
disp ( T_s , ( d ) A p p l i e d t o r q u e ( i n Newtonm e t e r )= ) ;
// R e f e r f i g : 5 . 2 1 ( m a g n e t i z a t i o n c u r v e )
I_f =2.5; // e f f e c t i v e f e i l d c u r r e n t
mmf =(2.5* N_f ) +(0.25* I_a ) ; // t o t a l mmf
I_fa = mmf / N_f ; // a c t u a l f e i l d c u r r e n t
P_in = P_inm +( V_f * I_fa ) ; // t o t a l power i n p u t
Eff =( P_o / P_in ) *100;
disp ( Eff , ( e ) e f f i c i e n c y (%)= ) ;
R_f = V_f / I_fa ;
R_fx = R_f - R_fw ;
disp ( R_fx , ( f ) e x t e r n a l r e s i s t a n c e i n f e i l d w i n d i n g
( i n ohms )= ) ;
VR =((266 - V_t ) / V_t ) *100; // R e f e r t o f i g : 5 . 2 1
disp ( VR , ( g ) v o l t a g e r e g u l a t i o n (%)= ) ;
Scilab code Exa 5.6 Find Rfx and terminal voltage voltage regulation Efficiency
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3
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5
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7
// C a p t i o n : Find R f x and ( a ) t e r m i n a l v o l t a g e ( b )
voltage regulation ( c ) Efficiency
// Exa : 5 . 6
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
R_fw =30; // i n ohms
R_a =0.2; // i n ohms
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N_f =200; // t u r n s / p o l e
P_r =1200; // i n Watts
I_L =100;
D_mmf =0.5* I_L ; // d e m a g n e t i z i n g mmf
V_nL =170; // no l o a d v o l t a g e ( i n V o l t s )
// R e f e r t o f i g : 5 . 2 6 ( m a g n e t i z a t i o n c u r v e )
I_f =3.5; // f i e l d c u r r e n t i n Amperes
R_f = V_nL / I_f ;
R_fx = R_f - R_fw ;
disp ( R_fx , R f x ( i n ohms )= ) ;
// F i r s t i t e r a t i o n :
// Assume
E_a =170;
V_t1 = E_a -103.5* R_a ;
// S e c o n d i t e r a t i o n :
I_f2 = V_t1 / R_f ; // a c t u a l f i e l d c u r r e n t
I_fe2 =( N_f * I_f2 - D_mmf ) / N_f ;
// R e f e r t o f i g : 5 . 2 6
E_a2 =165;
V_t2 = E_a2 -103.07* R_a ;
// t h i r d i t e r a t i o n
I_f3 = V_t2 / R_f ; // a c t u a l f i e l d c u r r e n t
I_fe =( N_f * I_f - D_mmf ) / N_f ;
// R e f e r t o f i g :
E_a3 =163;
V_t3 = E_a3 -102.97* R_a ;
V_t = V_t3 ;
disp ( V_t , ( a ) T e r m i n a l v o l t a g e ( i n V o l t s )= ) ;
I_f = V_t / R_f ;
E_a = E_a3 ;
VR =( V_nL - V_t ) *100/ V_t ;
disp ( VR , ( b ) V o l t a g e R e g u l a t i o n (%)= ) ;
P_o = V_t * I_L ; // power o u t p u t
P_cu = R_a *( I_L + I_f ) ^2+ R_f * I_f ^2; // c o p p e r l o s s
P_d = P_o + P_cu ; // power d e v e l o p e d
P_in = P_d + P_r ; // power i n p u t
Eff = P_o *100/ P_in ;
disp ( Eff , ( c ) E f f i c i e n c y (%)= ) ;
51
Scilab code Exa 5.7 Find the voltage between far end of feeder and bus
bar
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// C a p t i o n : Find t h e v o l t a g e b e t w e e n f a r end o f f e e d e r
and bus b a r
// Exa : 5 . 7
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
V_o =240; // bus b a r v o l t a g e ( i n V o l t s )
I_d =0;
I_s =300; // c u r r e n t i n s e r i e s w i n d i n g ( i n Amperes )
R_s =0.03; // r e s i s t a n c e o f s e r i e s f e i l d w i n d i n g ( i n
ohms )
R_a =0.02; // r e s i s t a n c e o f a r m a t u r e w i n d i n g ( i n ohms )
R_fe =0.25; // r e s i s t a n c e o f f e e d e r ( i n ohms )
// R e f e r t o eqn : 5 . 3 3
I_a = I_s ;
E_a =0.4* I_s ; // i n d u c e d emf
V_d = I_s *( R_s + R_a + R_fe ) ; // v o l t a g e d r o p ( i n V o l t s )
V_t = V_o + E_a - V_d ;
disp ( V_t , v o l t a g e b e t w e e n f a r end o f f e e d e r and bus
b a r ( i n V o l t s )= )
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Scilab code Exa 5.9 Find maximum efficiency of generator

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// C a p t i o n : Find maximum e f f i c i e n c y o f g e n e r a t o r
// Exa : 5 . 9
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
R_a =50*10^ -3; // a r m a t u r e r e s i s t a n c e ( i n ohms )
R_s =20*10^ -3; // s e r i e s f i e l d r e s i s t a n c e
R_sh =40; // s h u n t f i e l d r e s i s t a n c e
P_rot =2000; // r o t a t i o n a l l o s s ( i n w a t t s )
V =120; // v o l t a g e ( i n v o l l t s )
I_f = V / R_sh ; // s h u n t f i e l d c u r r e n t
// R e f e r t o e q n 5 . 4 9
I_Lm = sqrt (( P_rot +( R_a + R_s + R_sh ) *( I_f ^2) ) /( R_a + R_s ) ) ;
P_o = I_Lm * V ; // power o u t p u t a t max e f f i c i e n c y
P_cu =((( I_Lm ^2) *( R_a + R_s ) ) +(( I_f ^2) * R_sh ) ) ; // t o t a l
copper l o s s
P_d = P_o + P_cu ; // Power d e v e l o p e d a t max e f f i c i e n c y
P_in = P_d + P_rot ;
Eff =( P_o / P_in ) *100;
disp ( Eff , Max e f f i c i e n c y o f g e n e r a t o r
(%)= ) ;
53
Chapter 6
Direct Current Motors
Scilab code Exa 6.1 Find armature current at rated load efficiency at full
load no of turns per pole new speed of motor and driving torque when armature current reduces
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12
// C a p t i o n : Find ( a ) a r m a t u r e c u r r e n t a t r a t e d l o a d ( b )
e f f i c i e n c y a t f u l l l o a d ( c ) no . o f t u r n s p e r p o l e
( d ) new s p e e d o f motor and d r i v i n g t o r q u e when
a r m a t u r e c u r r e n t r e d u c e s t o 1 6 . 6 7A
// Exa : 6 . 1
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
P_o =10*746; // o u t p u t power ( i n Watts )
V_s =220;
P_rot =1040; // r o t a t i o n a l l o s s ( i n Watts )
R_a =0.75; // a r m a t u r e r e s i s t a n c e ( i n ohms )
R_s =0.25; // s e r i e s w i n d i n g r e s i s t a n c e ( i n ohms )
N_m = 1200; // ( i n rpm )
P_d = P_o + P_rot ;
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13 function y = root (a ,b , c ) ;
14
y =(( - b ) - sqrt (( b ^2) -(4* a * c ) ) ) /(2* a ) ;
15 endfunction ;
16 I_a = root (1 , -220 ,8500) ;
17 disp ( I_a , ( a ) a r m a t u r e c u r r e n t a t r a t e d l o a d ( i n
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Amperes )= ) ;
P_in = V_s * I_a ;
disp (( P_o / P_in ) *100 , ( b ) E f f i c i e n c y a t f u l l l o a d (%)
= );
N_s =150/ I_a ;
disp ( N_s , ( c ) no . o f t u r n s p e r p o l e= ) ;
I_an =16.67;
E_an = V_s -( I_an *( R_a + R_s ) ) ;
N_mn =( E_an * N_m ) /90;
disp ( int ( N_mn ) , ( d ) new s p e e d o f motor ( i n rpm )= ) ;
T_dn =( E_an * I_an ) /283.9;
disp ( T_dn , d r i v i n g t o r q u e ( i n Newtonm e t e r )= ) ;
Scilab code Exa 6.3 Find power developed and speed for cumulative compound motor differential compound motor
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// C a p t i o n : Find power d e v e l o p e d and s p e e d f o r ( a )

c u m u l a t i v e compound motor ( b ) d i f f e r e n t i a l
compound motor
// Exa : 6 . 3
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
disp ( ( a ) For C u m u l a t i v e compound motor ) ;
V =240; // i n v o l t s ( R e f e r t o e x a : 6 . 2 )
R_a =0.4; // a r m a t u r e r e s i s t a n c e ( R e f e r t o e x a : 6 . 2 )
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9 T =20.68; // t o r q u e ( R e f e r t o e x a : 6 . 2 )
10 R_x =0.1; // i n ohms
11 I_a =22.5; // a r m a t u r e c u r r e n t o f s h u n t motor ( R e f e r t o
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exa : 6 . 2 )
I_ac = I_a /(1+0.125) ; // a r m a t u r e c u r r e n t o f c u m m u l a t i v e
compound motor
E_ac =V -( I_ac *( R_a + R_x ) ) ;
P_dc = E_ac * I_ac ;
disp ( P_dc , Power d e v e l o p e d ( i n Watts )= ) ;
N_mc =( P_dc *60) /( T *2* %pi ) ;
disp ( int ( N_mc ) , s p e e d ( i n rpm )= ) ;
disp ( ( b ) For d i f f e r e n t i a l compound motor ) ;
I_ad = I_a /(1 -0.125) ; // a r m a t u r e c u r r e n t o f c u m m u l a t i v e
compound motor
E_ad =V -( I_ad *( R_a + R_x ) ) ;
P_dd = E_ad * I_ad ;
disp ( P_dd , Power d e v e l o p e d ( i n Watts )= ) ;
N_md =( P_dd *60) /( T *2* %pi ) ;
disp ( int ( N_md ) , s p e e d ( i n rpm )= ) ;
Scilab code Exa 6.4 Find the motor speed power loss in external resistance efficiency
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// C a p t i o n : Find t h e ( a ) motor s p e e d ( b ) power l o s s

in external r e s i s t a n c e ( c ) e f f i c i e n c y
// Exa : 6 . 4
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
V =120
N_mfL =2400; // f u l l l o a d s p e e d o f motor
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8 R_a =0.4; // a r m a t u r e r e s i s t a n c e ( i n ohms )

9 R_sh =160; // s h u n t f i e l d w i n d i n g r e s i s t a n c e
10 I_fL =14.75; // c u r r e n t drawn a t f u l l l o a d ( i n Amperes )
11 I_nL =2; // c u r r e n t drawn a t no l o a d ( i n Amperes )
12 R_x =3.6; // e x t e r n a l r e s i s t a n c e
13 I_f = V / R_sh ; // f e i l d c u r r e n t
14 I_anL = I_nL - I_f ; // a r m a t u r e c u r r e n t a t no l o a d
15 E_anL =V -( I_anL * R_a ) ; // no l o a d back emf
16 P_dnL = E_anL * I_anL ; // power d e v e l o p e d a t no l o a d
17 I_afL = I_fL - I_f ; // a r m a t u r e c u r r e n t a t f u l l l o a d
18 E_afL =V -( I_afL * R_a ) ; // f u l l l o a d back emf
19 P_dfL = E_afL * I_afL ; // power d e v e l o p e d a t f u l l l o a d
20 N_mnL =( E_anL / E_afL ) * N_mfL ; // no l o a d s p e e d
21 P_in_fL = V * I_fL ; // power i n p u t a t f u l l l o a d
22 E_a_n =V -( I_afL *( R_a + R_x ) ) ; // new back emf
23 P_d_n = E_a_n * I_afL ; // new power d e v e l o p e d
24 N_m_n = ceil (( E_a_n / E_afL ) * N_mfL ) ;
25 disp ( A f t e r i n s e r t i o n o f e x t e r n a l r e s i s t a n c e i n t h e
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armature ckt );
disp ( N_m_n , ( a ) motor s p e e d ( i n rpm )= ) ;
P_rot_n =( N_m_n / N_mnL ) * P_dnL ;
P_o_n = P_d_n - P_rot_n ;
P_x =( I_afL ^2) * R_x ;
disp ( P_x , ( b ) power l o s s i n e x t e r n a l r e s i s t a n c e ( i n
Watts )= ) ;
Eff = P_o_n / P_in_fL ;
disp ( Eff *100 , ( c ) e f f i c i e n c y (%)= ) ;
Scilab code Exa 6.5 Find the new motor speed power loss in external resistance efficiency
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// C a p t i o n : Find t h e new ( a ) motor s p e e d ( b ) power

l o s s in external r e s i s t a n c e ( c ) e f f i c i e n c y
// Exa : 6 . 5
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
R_x =80; // e x t e r n a l r e s i s t a n c e
// R e f e r t o Exa 6 . 4
R_sh =160; // s h u n t r e s i s t a n c e
V =120; // i n v o l t s
E_a =114.4; // back emf a t f u l l l o a d
N_m =2400; // s p e e d o f motor
P_rot =143; // r o t a t i o n a l l o s s e s
I_fn = V /( R_x + R_sh ) ; // new f i e l d w i n d i n g c u r r e n t
I_f =0.75; // f i e l d c u r r e n t a t f u l l l o a d
c = sqrt ( I_f / I_fn ) ; // r a t i o o f new f l u x t o o l d f l u x
R_a =0.4; // a r m a t u r e r e s i s t a n c e
I_a =14; // a r m a t u r e r e s i s t a n c e
I_an = I_a * c ;
E_an =V -( I_an * R_a ) ;
N_mn = c *( E_an / E_a ) * N_m ;
disp ( int ( N_mn ) , ( a ) new motor s p e e d ( i n rpm )= ) ;
P_x =( I_fn ^2) * R_x ;
disp ( P_x , ( b ) Power l o s s i n e x t e r n a l r e s i s t a n c e ( i n
Watts )= ) ;
P_in = V *( I_fn + I_an ) ;
P_dn = E_an * I_an ;
P_o = P_dn - P_rot ;
Eff = P_o / P_in ;
disp ( Eff *100 , ( c ) E f f i c i e n c y (%)= ) ;
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Scilab code Exa 6.6 Find the value of external resistance when motor develops torque of 30 Nm at 2000rpm torque of 30Nm at 715 rpm
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// C a p t i o n : Find t h e v a l u e o f e x t e r n a l r e s i s t a n c e when
motor d e v e l o p s ( a ) t o r q u e o f 30 Nm a t 2 0 0 0 rpm (
b ) t o r q u e o f 30Nm a t 715 rpm
// Exa : 6 . 6
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
V_s =120; // i n V o l t s
R_fe =30; // r e s i s t a n c e o f f e i l d w i n d i n g
I_a =50; // a r m a t u r e c u r r e n t ( i n Amperes )
R_ag =0.2; // a r m a t u r e r e s i s t a n c e o f g e n e r a t o r ( i n ohms
)
R_am =0.3; // a r m a t u r e r e s i s t a n c e o f motor ( i n ohms )
N_m1 =2000;
N_m2 =715;
T =30; // t o r q u e ( i n Newtonm e t e r )
w_m =( N_m1 *2* %pi ) /60;
P_d = T * w_m ; // power d e v e l o p e d
E_am = P_d / I_a ; // back emf o f motor
E_amn = E_am * N_m2 / N_m1 ; // new back emf
V_t = E_am +( I_a * R_am ) ;
V_tn = E_amn +( I_a * R_am ) ;
E_ag = V_t +( I_a * R_ag ) ; // i n d u c e d emf o f g e n e r a t o r
E_agn = V_tn +( I_a * R_ag ) ; // new i n d u c e d emf o f g e n e r a t o r
I_f =1.75; // R e f e r t o m a g n e t i z a t i o n c u r v e
I_fn =0.4; // R e f e r t o m a g n e t i z a t i o n c u r v e
R_f = V_s / I_f ;
R_fn = V_s / I_fn ;
R_x = R_f - R_fe ;
R_xn = R_fn - R_fe ;
disp ( R_x , ( a )
e x t e r n a l r e s i s t a n c e ( i n ohms )= ) ;
disp ( R_xn , ( b )
e x t e r n a l r e s i s t a n c e ( i n ohms )= ) ;
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Scilab code Exa 6.7 Find the torque and efficiency of the motor
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// C a p t i o n : Find t h e t o r q u e and e f f i c i e n c y o f t h e
motor
// Exa : 6 . 7
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
V_s =120; // i n v o l t s
N_m =2400; // s p e e d o f motor ( i n rpm )
I_in =7; // i n p u t c u r r e n t ( i n Amperes )
L =0.5; // arm l e n g t h ( i n m e t e r )
F_d =4.57; // d e f l e c t i o n f o r c e ( i n Newton )
W =0.03; // w e i g h t ( i n Newton )
F = F_d - W ;
T_s = F * L ;
disp ( T_s , s h a f t t o r q u e o f motor ( i n Newtonm e t e r )= )
;
w_m =(2* %pi * N_m ) /60;
P_o = T_s * w_m ;
P_in = V_s * I_in ;
Eff = P_o / P_in ;
disp ( Eff *100 , E f f i c i e n c y o f motor (%)= ) ;
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Scilab code Exa 6.8 Find the reading on the scale

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// C a p t i o n : Find t h e r e a d i n g on t h e s c a l e
// Exa : 6 . 8
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
P_o =5*746; // power o u t p u t ( i n Watts )
L =0.4; // arm l e n g t h ( i n m e t e r )
w_m =(2* %pi * N_m ) /60;
T_s = P_o / w_m ;
F = T_s / L ; // f o r c e r e a d i n g on t h e s c a l e ( i n Newton )
disp ( F /9.81 , R e a d i n g on t h e s c a l e ( i n Kg )= ) ;
Scilab code Exa 6.9 Find the external resistance breaking torque at the
instant of plugging when the speed of motor approaches zero
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// C a p t i o n : Find t h e ( 1 ) e x t e r n a l r e s i s t a n c e ( 2 )
breaking torque ( a ) at the i n s t a n t of plugging (b
) when t h e s p e e d o f motor a p p r o a c h e s z e r o
// Exa : 6 . 9
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
V_s =400; // v o l t a g e a p p l i e d
R_f =200; // r e s i s t a n c e o f f i e l d w i n d i n g
I_L =30; // i n Amperes
w_m =100; // ( r a d / s e c )
I_f = V_s / R_f ;
R_a =1; // a r m a t u r e r e s i s t a n c e ( i n ohms )
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I_a = I_L - I_f ;

E_a = V_s -( I_a * R_a ) ; // back emf ( i n V o l t s )
V_t = E_a + V_s ; // t o t a l v o l t a g e i n a r m a t u r e c k t
I_t =1.5* I_a ;
R =( V_t / I_t ) - R_a ;
disp (R , ( 1 ) e x t e r n a l r e s i s t a n c e ( i n ohms )= ) ;
K_3 =( E_a * V_s ) /(( R + R_a ) * w_m ) ;
K_4 =(( E_a / w_m ) ^2) /( R + R_a ) ;
T_b = K_3 +( w_m * K_4 ) ;
disp ( T_b , ( 2 a ) b r e a k i n g t o r q u e a t t h e i n s t a n t o f
p l u g g i n g ( i n Newtonm e t e r )= ) ;
22 disp ( K_3 , ( 2 b ) b r e a k i n g t o r q u e when s p e e d o f motor
a p p r o a c h e s z e r o ( i n Newtonm e t e r )= ) ;
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Chapter 7
Synchronous Generators
Scilab code Exa 7.2 Find the pitch factor

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// C a p t i o n : Find t h e p i t c h f a c t o r
// / Exa : 7 . 2
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
P =4; // no . o f p o l e s
S =48; // no . o f s l o t s
S_p = S / P ; // s l o t s p e r p o l e
S_span =180/ S_p ; // s l o t s p a n
n = S /(3* P ) ; // no . o f c o i l s i n p h a s e g r o u p
C_span =9* S_span ; // c o i l s p a n
K_p = sind ( C_span /2) ;
disp ( K_p , p i t c h f a c t o r = ) ;
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Scilab code Exa 7.3 Find the distribution factor

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// / C a p t i o n : Find t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n f a c t o r
// Exa : 7 . 3
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
P =12; // no . o f p o l e s
S =108; // no . o f s l o t s
n = S /(3* P ) ; // no . o f c o i l s i n a p h a s e g r o u p
S_p = S / P ;
Y =180/ S_p ; // s l o t s p a n ( i n e l e c t r i c a l d e g r e e )
K_d =( sind (3*( Y /2) ) ) /(3* sind ( Y /2) ) ;
disp ( K_d , d i s t r i b u t i o n f a c t o r = ) ;
Scilab code Exa 7.5 Find the frequency of induced voltage phase voltage
line voltage
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// C a p t i o n : Find t h e ( a ) f r e q u e n c y o f i n d u c e d v o l t a g e (
b ) phase v o l t a g e ( c ) l i n e v o l t a g e
// Exa : 7 . 5
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
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N =10; // no o f t u r n s
P =16; // no . o f p o l e s
S =144; // no . o f s l o t s
Phy =0.025; // f l u x ( i n Weber )
S_p = S / P ; // s l o t s p e r p o l e
Y =180/ S_p ; // s l o t s p a n
C_p = Y *7; // c o i l p i t c h
K_p = sind ( C_p /2) ; // p i t c h f a c t o r
K_d =( sind (3*( Y /2) ) ) /(3* sind ( Y /2) ) ; // d i s t r i b u t i o n
factor
K_w = K_p * K_d ; // w i n d i n g f a c t o r
N_e = P *3* N * K_w /2; // e f f e c t i v e no . o f t u r n s
f = N_m * P /120;
disp (f , ( a ) f r e q u e n c y o f i n d u c e d v o l t a g e ( i n H e r t z )=
);
E_a =4.44* f * N_e * Phy ;
disp ( E_a , ( b ) Rms v a l u e o f Phase v o l t a g e ( i n V o l t s )=
);
E_L = E_a * sqrt (3) ;
disp ( E_L , ( c ) l i n e v o l t a g e ( i n V o l t s )= ) ;
Scilab code Exa 7.6 Find the voltage regulation

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// C a p t i o n : Find t h e v o l t a g e r e g u l a t i o n when power

f a c t o r o f l o a d i s ( a ) 80% l a g g i n g ( b ) u n i t y ( c ) 80
%leading
// Exa : 7 . 6
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
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V =208; // i n v o l t s
P_o =9000;
R =0.1+( %i *5.6) ;
V_a = int ( V / sqrt (3) ) ; // rms v a l u e o f p e r p h a s e v o l t a g e
I_a = P_o /(3* V_a ) ; // rms v a l u e o f p e r p h a s e c u r r e n t
disp ( ( a ) For 80% l a g g i n g power f a c t o r o f l o a d ) ;
theta =( -1) * acosd (0.8) ;
I_a_L =( I_a ) *( cosd ( theta ) +(( %i ) * sind ( theta ) ) ) ;
E_a = V_a + I_a_L * R ; // i n v o l t s
VR =(( abs ( E_a ) - V_a ) / V_a ) *100;
disp ( VR , v o l t a g e r e g u l a t i o n (%)= ) ;
disp ( ( b ) For U n i t y power f a c t o r o f l o a d ) ;
theta = acosd (1) ;
VR =(( abs ( E_a ) - V_a ) / V_a ) *100;
disp ( ( c ) For 80% l e a d i n g power f a c t o r o f l o a d ) ;
theta = acosd (0.8) ;
VR =(( abs ( E_a ) - V_a ) / V_a ) *100;
Scilab code Exa 7.7 Find the voltage regulation efficiency torque developed
// C a p t i o n : Find t h e ( a ) v o l t a g e r e g u l a t i o n ( b )
e f f i c i e n c y ( c ) torque developed
2 // Exa : 7 . 7
3 clc ;
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clear ;
close ;
V =208; // i n v o l t s
N_m =1200; // s p e e d o f g e n e r a t o r ( i n rpm )
P_r =9000; // r a t e d power i n ( Volt Amperes )
Z_a =0.3+( %i *5) ; // a r m a t u r e i m p e d a n c e ( ohm/ p h a s e )
R_f =4.5; // f e i l d w i n d i n g r e s i s t a n c e
I_f =5; // f e i l d w i n d i n g c u r r e n t
pf =0.8; // l a g g i n g
V_a = int ( V / sqrt (3) ) ;
theta =( -1) * acosd ( pf ) ;
I_a_o = P_r /(3* V_a ) ; // p e r p h a s e a r m a t u r e c u r r e n t (
magnitude )
I_a = I_a_o *( cosd ( theta ) +( %i * sind ( theta ) ) ) ;
E_a = V_a +( I_a * Z_a ) ; // p e r p h a s e g e n e r a t e d v o l t a g e
VR =(( abs ( E_a ) - V_a ) / V_a ) *100;
disp ( VR , ( a ) V o l t a g e R e g u l a t i o n (%)= ) ;
P_o =3* V_a * abs ( I_a ) * pf ; // power o u t p u t
P_cu =3*(( abs ( I_a ) ) ^2) *0.3; // c o p p e r l o s s
P_d = P_o + P_cu ; // power d e v e l o p e d
P_c = P_rot +( I_f ^2) * R_f ; // c o n s t a n t l o s s
P_in = P_d + P_c ; // power i n p u t
Eff =( P_o / P_in ) *100;
disp ( ceil ( Eff ) , ( b ) E f f i c i e n c y (%)= ) ;
w_s =2* %pi * N_m /60;
T =( P_d + P_rot ) / w_s ;
disp (T , ( c ) Torque d e v e l o p e d ( i n Newtonm e t e r )= ) ;
Scilab code Exa 7.8 Find synchronous reactance per phase and voltage
regulation
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// C a p t i o n : Find s y n c h r o n o u s r e a c t a n c e p e r p h a s e and
voltage regulation
// Exa : 7 . 8
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
V_r =2300; // r a t e d v o l t a g e ( i n V o l t s )
P_r =500*10^3; // r a t e d power ( i n Volt Amperes )
pf =0.8; // l a g g i n g
theta = -1*( acosd (0.8) ) ;
I_sc =150; // s h o r t c i r c u i t c u r r e n t ( i n Amperes )
V_anL = V_r / sqrt (3) ; // open c i r c u i t p h a s e v o l t a g e
Z_sc = V_anL / I_sc ; // ( i n ohms )
X_s = sqrt (( Z_sc ^2) -0.5^2) ;
disp ( X_s , s y n c h r o n o u s r e a c t a n c e p e r p h a s e ( i n ohms )=
);
I_ao = P_r /(3* V_anL ) ; // f u l l l o a d c u r r e n t ( m a g n i t u d e )
I_a = I_ao *( cosd ( theta ) +( %i * sind ( theta ) ) ) ;
V_b = V_anL ; // b a s e v a l u e o f v o l t a g e
I_b = I_ao ; // b a s e v a l u e o f c u r r e n t
Z_b = V_b / I_b ; // b a s e v a l u e o f i m p e d a n c e
I_apu = I_a / I_b ; // p e r u n i t a r m a t u r e c u r r e n t
V_pu = V_anL / V_b ; // p e r u n i t v o l t a g e
Z_spu =(0.5+( %i * X_s ) ) / Z_b ; // p e r u n i t i m p e d a n c e
E_apu = V_pu +( I_apu * Z_spu ) ;
VR =( abs ( E_apu ) -1) *100;
Scilab code Exa 7.9 Find the voltage regulation and power developed by
the generator
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// C a p t i o n : Find t h e v o l t a g e r e g u l a t i o n and power

d e v e l o p e d by t h e g e n e r a t o r
// Exa : 7 . 9
clc ;
close ;
clear ;
V_r =13.8*10^3; // i n v o l t s
R_a =0;
X_d =1.83; // i n ohms
X_q =1.21; // i n ohms
P_r =70*10^6; // i n Volt Ampere
pf =0.8; // l a g g i n g
theta =( -1) * acosd ( pf ) ;
V_a = V_r /( sqrt (3) ) ; // rms v a l u e o f p e r p h a s e v o l t a g e
I_ao = P_r /(3* V_a ) ;
tan_delta =(( I_ao * X_q * cosd ( theta ) ) -( I_ao * R_a * sind (
theta ) ) ) /( V_a +( I_ao *(( R_a * cosd ( theta ) ) -( X_q * sind (
theta ) ) ) ) ) ;
delta = atand ( tan_delta ) ;
alpha = delta + acosd ( pf ) ;
I_d = I_ao * sind ( alpha ) *(( cosd ( delta -90) ) +( %i *( sind (
delta -90) ) ) ) ;
I_q = I_ao * cosd ( alpha ) *(( cosd ( delta ) ) +( %i *( sind ( delta )
)));
E_a = abs ( V_a +( I_q *( %i ) * X_q ) +( I_d *( %i ) * X_d ) ) ;
VR =(( E_a - V_a ) / V_a ) *100;
P_d =3* V_a * I_ao * pf ;
disp ( P_d /(10^6) , Power d e v e l o p e d ( i n MegaWatts )= )
69
Scilab code Exa 7.10 Find per phase terminal voltage armature current
power supplied total power output
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// C a p t i o n : Find ( a ) p e r p h a s e t e r m i n a l v o l t a g e ( b )
a r m a t u r e c u r r e n t ( c ) power s u p p l i e d ( d ) t o t a l power
output
// Exa : 7 . 1 0
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
Z_s1 =( %i ) *5; //ohm/ p h a s e
Z_s2 =( %i ) *8; //ohm/ p h a s e
Z_L =4+(( %i ) *3) ; // l o a d i m p e d a n c e ( i n ohm/ p h a s e )
function y = phasor ( theta ) ;
y = cosd ( theta ) +(( %i ) * sind ( theta ) ) ;
endfunction ;
function z = angle (x , y ) ;
z = atand ( y / x ) ;
endfunction ;
E_a1 =120* phasor (10) ;
E_a2 =120* phasor (20) ;
V_a =((( E_a1 * Z_s2 ) +( E_a2 * Z_s1 ) ) /(( Z_L *( Z_s1 + Z_s2 ) ) +(
Z_s1 * Z_s2 ) ) ) * Z_L ;
disp ( polar ( V_a ) , ( a ) m a g n i t u d e o f p h a s e v o l t a g e ( i n
V o l t s )= ) ;
a1 = angle ( real ( V_a ) , imag ( V_a ) ) ;
disp ( a1 , p h a s e a n g l e o f v o l t a g e ( i n D e g r e e )= ) ;
I_a1 =( E_a1 - V_a ) / Z_s1 ;
disp ( polar ( I_a1 ) , ( b ) m a g n i t u d e o f a r m a t u r e c u r r e n t
o f g e n e r a t o r 1 ( i n Amperes )= ) ;
a2 = angle ( real ( I_a1 ) , imag ( I_a1 ) ) ;
disp ( a2 , p h a s e a n g l e o f a r m a t u r e c u r r e n t o f
g e n e r a t o r 1 ( i n D e g r e e )= ) ;
I_a2 =( E_a2 - V_a ) / Z_s2 ;
disp ( polar ( I_a2 ) , m a g n i t u d e o f a r m a t u r e c u r r e n t o f
g e n e r a t o r 2 ( i n Amperes )= ) ;
a3 = angle ( real ( I_a2 ) , imag ( I_a2 ) ) ;
disp ( a3 , p h a s e a n g l e o f a r m a t u r e c u r r e n t o f
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g e n e r a t o r 2 ( i n D e g r e e )= ) ;
P_o1 =3* real ( V_a * conj ( I_a1 ) ) ;
P_o2 =3* real ( V_a * conj ( I_a2 ) ) ;
disp ( polar ( P_o1 ) , ( c ) Power d e v e l o p e d o f g e n e r a t o r
1 ( i n Watts )= ) ;
disp ( polar ( P_o2 ) , Power d e v e l o p e d o f g e n e r a t o r 2 (
i n Watts )= ) ;
P_o = P_o1 + P_o2 ;
disp ( P_o , ( d ) t o t a l power o u t p u t ( i n Watts )= ) ;
71
Chapter 8
Synchronous motors
Scilab code Exa 8.1 Find the generated voltage and efficiency of motor
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// C a p t i o n : Find t h e g e n e r a t e d v o l t a g e and e f f i c i e n c y
o f motor
// Exa : 8 . 1
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
R_s =( %i ) *5; // s y n c h r o n o u s r e a c t a n c e o f motor
P_o =10*746; // power o u t p u t ( i n Watts )
P_d = P_o + P_rot ; // power d e v e l o p e d ( i n Watts )
V =230; // i n v o l t s
V_a = V / sqrt (3) ; // rms v a l u e o f p e r p h a s e v o l t a g e
P_fw =70; // f e i l d w i n d i n g l o s s
pf =0.707; // power f a c t o r ( l e a d i n g )
theta = acosd ( pf ) ;
I_ao = P_d /( pf * V * sqrt (3) ) ;
P_in = P_d + P_fw ;
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17 Eff =( P_o / P_in ) *100;

18 disp ( Eff , e f f i c i e n c y (%)= ) ;
19 I_a = I_ao *( cosd ( theta ) +( %i ) * sind ( theta ) ) ;
20 E_a = V_a -( I_a * R_s ) ;
21 disp ( abs ( E_a ) , m a g n i t u d e o f g e n e r a t e d v o l t a g e ( i n
V o l t s )= ) ;
22 disp ( atand ( imag ( E_a ) / real ( E_a ) ) , Phase a n g l e o f
g e n e r a t e d v o l t a g e ( i n D e g r e e )= ) ;
Scilab code Exa 8.2 Find the excitation voltage and power developed
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// C a p t i o n : Find t h e e x c i t a t i o n v o l t a g e and power

developed
// Exa : 8 . 2
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
V =480; // i n v o l t s
V_a = V / sqrt (3) ; // p e r p h a s e a p p l i e d v o l t a g e
I_a =50; // i n Amperes
R_a =0.5; // a r m a t u r e w i n d i n g r e s i s t a n c e
X_d =( %i ) *3.5; // da x i s r e a c t a n c e
X_q =( %i ) *2.5; // qa x i s r e a c t a n c e
E_ao = V_a -( I_a * R_a ) -( I_a * X_q ) ;
delta = atand ( imag ( E_ao ) / real ( E_ao ) ) ;
I_d = I_a * sind ( abs ( delta ) ) *( cosd (90+ delta ) +( %i ) * sind
(90+ delta ) ) ; // da x i s c u r r e n t
E_a = E_ao -( I_d *( X_d - X_q ) ) ;
E_L = E_a * sqrt (3) ;
disp ( abs ( E_L ) , rms v a l u e o f e x c i t a t i o n v o l t a g e ( i n
V o l t s )= ) ;
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18 P_d =3* real ( E_ao * conj ( I_a ) ) ;

19 disp ( P_d /1000 , power d e v e l o p e d by motor ( i n K i l o
Watts )= ) ;
Scilab code Exa 8.3 Find power factor power angle line to line excitation
voltage torque developed
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// C a p t i o n : Find ( a ) power f a c t o r ( b ) power a n g l e ( c )

l i n e to l i n e e x c i t a t i o n voltage (d) torque
developed
// Exa : 8 . 3
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
V =440; // i n v o l t s
V_a = V / sqrt (3) ; // p e r p h a s e v o l t a g e
w_m =188.5; // r a d / s e c
X_s =( %i ) *(36/3) ; // p e r p h a s e r e a c t a n c e
E_ao =560/ sqrt (3) ; // per p h a s e e x c i t a t i o n v o l t a g e
P_d =9000; // power d e v e l o p e d ( i n Watts )
delta = asind ( - P_d *12/(3* V_a * E_ao ) ) ;
E_a = E_ao *( cosd ( delta ) +( %i ) * sind ( delta ) ) ;
I_a =( V_a - E_a ) / X_s ;
alpha = atand ( imag ( I_a ) / real ( I_a ) ) ;
disp ( cosd ( alpha ) , ( a ) Power f a c t o r = ) ;
disp ( delta , ( b ) power a n g l e ( i n D e g r e e )= ) ;
E_L =( sqrt (3) ) * E_a *( cosd (30) +(( %i ) * sind (30) ) ) ;
disp ( abs ( E_L ) , ( c ) l i n e t o l i n e e x c i t a t i o n v o l t a g e (
i n V o l t s )= ) ;
disp ( atand ( imag ( E_L ) / real ( E_L ) ) , p h a s e a n g l e o f l i n e
to l i n e e x c i t a t i o n v o l t a g e ( i n Degree ) );
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21 T_d = P_d / w_m ;

22 disp ( T_d , ( d ) Torque d e v e l o p e d ( i n Newtonm e t e r )= ) ;
Scilab code Exa 8.4 Find the excitation voltage and other parameters
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// C a p t i o n : Find ( a ) e x c i t a t i o n v o l t a g e ( b ) power
d e v e l o p e d due t o f e i l d e x c i t a t i o n ( c ) power
d e v e l o p e d due t o s a l i e n c y o f motor ( d ) t o t a l power
d e v e l o p e d ( e ) e f f i c i e n c y ( f ) max power
// Exa : 8 . 4
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
pf =0.8; // l a g g i n g
V_a =120; // i n V
X_d =2.7; // da x i s r e a c t a n c e ( i n ohms / p h a s e )
X_q =1.7; // qa x i s r e a c t a n c e s ( i n ohms / p h a s e )
I_a =40*( cosd ( -36.87) + %i * sind ( -36.87) ) ; // i n Amperes
E_a_dash = V_a - %i *( I_a * X_q ) ; // i n V o l t s
delta = atand ( imag ( E_a_dash ) / real ( E_a_dash ) ) ; // i n
degree
alpha = polar ( theta - delta ) ; // i n d e g r e e
I_d = abs ( I_a ) * sind ( alpha ) *( cosd ( -34.48 -90) + %i * sind
( -34.48 -90) ) ;
E_a = E_a_dash - %i * I_d *( X_d - X_q ) ;
disp ( abs ( E_a ) , ( a ) per p h a s e e x c i t a t i o n v o l t a g e ( i n
V o l t s )= ) ;
disp ( atand ( imag ( E_a ) / real ( E_a ) ) , p h a s e a n g l e o f
e x c i t a t i o n v o l t a g e ( i n d e g r e e )= ) ;
P_df =(3* V_a * abs ( E_a ) * sind (34.48) ) / X_d ;
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disp ( P_df , ( b ) power d e v e l o p e d due t o f e i l d

e x c i t a t i o n ( i n Watts )= ) ;
P_ds =(( X_d - X_q ) * sind (2*34.48) *3* V_a ^2) /(2* X_d * X_q ) ;
disp ( P_ds , ( c ) power d e v e l o p e d due t o s a l i e n c y o f
motor ( i n Watts )= ) ;
P_d = P_df + P_ds ;
disp ( P_d , ( d ) t o t a l power d e v e l o p e d ( i n Watts )= ) ;
P_r =0.05* P_d ; // r o t a t i o n a l l o s s ( i n Watts )
P_in =3* real ( V_a * conj ( I_a ) ) ; // power i n p u t ( i n Watts )
P_o = P_in - P_r ; // power o u t p u t ( i n Watts )
Eff =( P_o / P_in ) *100;
disp ( Eff , ( e ) E f f i c i e n c y ( i n %)= ) ;
// r e f e r t o eqn 8 . 2 4
A =(3*120* abs ( E_a ) ) / X_d ;
B =3*( X_d - X_q ) *120^2/(2* X_d * X_q ) ;
P_dm = A * sind (63.4) + B * sind (2*63.4) ;
disp ( P_dm , ( f ) maximum power d e v e l o p e d ( i n Watts )= )
;
Scilab code Exa 8.6 Find the new armature current and new power factor
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// C a p t i o n : Find t h e ( a ) new a r m a t u r e c u r r e n t ( b ) new

power f a c t o r
// Exa : 8 . 6
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
V =208; // i n V o l t s
V_a = V / sqrt (3) ; // i n v o l t s
P =7200; // i n Watts
X_a =4; // s y n c h r o n o u s r e a c t a n c e
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10 pf =0.8; // l a g g i n g
12 I_a =( P /(3* V_a * pf ) ) *( cosd ( theta ) + %i * sind ( theta ) ) ; //
Armature c u r r e n t ( i n Amperes )
13 E_a = V_a -( I_a * %i * X_a ) ; // i n V o l t s
14 E_an =1.5* abs ( E_a ) ; // new e x c i t a t i o n
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voltage ( in Volts
)
delta_n = - asind ( P * X_a /(3* E_an * V_a ) ) ; // new t o r q u e
angle
I_an =( V_a - E_an *( cosd ( delta_n ) + %i * sind ( delta_n ) ) ) /( %i
*4) ;
disp ( abs ( I_an ) , ( a ) New a r m a t u r e c u r r e n t ( i n Ampere )
= );
disp ( atand ( imag ( I_an ) / real ( I_an ) ) , Phase a n g l e o f
new a r m a t u r e c u r r e n t ( i n D e g r e e )= ) ;
pf_n = cosd ( atand ( imag ( I_an ) / real ( I_an ) ) ) ;
disp ( pf_n , ( b ) New Power f a c t o r = ) ;
Scilab code Exa 8.7 Find the overall power factor and power factor of
motor to improve overall power factor
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// C a p t i o n : Find t h e o v e r a l l power f a c t o r and power

f a c t o r o f motor t o i m p r o v e o v e r a l l power f a c t o r
// Exa : 8 . 7
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// f o r l o a d :
theta_L = acosd (0.6) ; // l a g ( i n d e g r e e )
S_L =100*( cosd (53.13) + %i * sind (53.13) ) ; // i n KVA
// f o r s y n c h r o n o u s motor :
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10 theta_m = acosd (0.5) ; // l e a d ( i n d e g r e e )

11 S_m =(10/0.5) * conj ( cosd ( theta_m ) + %i * sind ( theta_m ) ) ; //
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i n Watts
S_t = S_L + S_m ; // o v e r a l l power ( i n Watts )
pf = cosd ( atand ( imag ( S_t ) / real ( S_t ) ) ) ;
disp ( pf , o v e r a l l power f a c t o r = ) ;
// f o r power f a c t o r =0.9
theta_t =25.84;
S_tn =( real ( S_t ) /0.9) *( cosd ( theta_t ) + %i * sind ( theta_t )
) ; // i n KVA
S_mn = S_tn - S_L ; // i n KVA
pf_n = cosd ( atand ( imag ( S_mn ) / real ( S_mn ) ) ) ;
disp ( pf_n , power f a c t o r o f motor t o i m p r o v e o v e r a l l
power f a c t o r t o 0.9= ) ;
78
Chapter 9
Polyphase Induction Motor
Scilab code Exa 9.1 Find the synchronous speed and slip and rotor frequency
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// C a p t i o n : Find t h e ( a ) s y n c h r o n o u s s p e e d ( b ) s l i p
and ( c ) r o t o r f r e q u e n c y
// Exa : 9 . 1
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
f =60; // i n H e r t z s
P =4; // no . o f p o l e s
N_fL =1755; // i n rpm
N_s =120* f / P ;
disp ( N_s , ( a ) s y n c h r o n o u s s p e e d o f i n d u c t i o n motor (
i n rpm )= ) ;
s =( N_s - N_fL ) / N_s ;
disp (s , ( b ) S l i p a t f u l l l o a d = ) ;
f_r = s * f ;
disp ( f_r , ( c ) r o t o r f r e q u e n c y a t f u l l l o a d ( i n
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H e r t z s )= ) ;
Scilab code Exa 9.2 Find the efficiency

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// C a p t i o n : Find t h e e f f i c i e n c y
// Exa : 9 . 2
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
V =230; // i n v o l t s
f =60; // i n H e r t z
P =6; // no . o f p o l e s
N_s =120* f / P ; // s y n c h r o n o u s s p e e d ( i n rpm )
V_1 = V / sqrt (3) ; // p e r p h a s e v o l t a g e ( i n V o l t s )
R_2 =0.25; // i n ohms
R_1 =0.5; // i n ohms
X_1 =0.75; // i n ohms
X_2 =0.5; // i n ohms
X_m =100; // i n ohms
R_c =500; // i n ohms
s =0.025; // s l i p
Z_1 = R_1 + %i * X_1 ; // i n ohms
Z_2 =( R_2 / s ) + %i * X_2 ; // i n ohms
Z =(0.002 -( %i *.01) +(0.10025 - %i *0.0050125) ) ;
Z_e =(1/ Z ) ; // e q u i v a l e n t i m p e d a n c e ( i n ohms )
Z_in = Z_1 + Z_e ; // i n p u t i m p e d a n c e ( i n ohms )
I_1 = V_1 / Z_in ; // i n Amperes
theta = atand ( imag ( I_1 ) / real ( I_1 ) ) ;
P_in =3* V_1 * real ( I_1 ) ;
P_scl =3*( abs ( I_1 ) ) ^2* R_1 ;
E_1 = V_1 - I_1 * Z_1 ;
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I_c = E_1 / R_c ; // c o r e l o s s c u r r e n t

I_m = - %i * E_1 / X_m ;
I_phy = I_c + I_m ; // e x c i t a t i o n c u r r e n t ( i n Amperes )
I_2 = I_1 - I_phy ; // r o t o r c u r r e n t ( i n Amperes )
P_m =3* abs ( I_c ) * abs ( I_c ) * R_c ; // c o r e l o s s ( i n Watts )
P_ag = P_in - P_scl - P_m ; // a i r gap power ( i n Watts )
P_rcl =3* abs ( I_2 ) * abs ( I_2 ) * R_2 ; // r o t o r c o p p e r l o s s (
i n Watts )
P_d = P_ag - P_rcl ; // power d e v e l o p e d ( i n Watts )
P_o = P_d -150; // o u t p u t power ( i n Watts )
Eff = P_o / P_in ;
Scilab code Exa 9.3 Find the efficiency of the motor

// C a p t i o n : Find t h e e f f i c i e n c y o f t h e motor
// Exa : 9 . 3
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// R e f e r t o d a t a o f Exa : 9 . 2
R_1 =0.5; // i n ohms
R_2 =0.25; // i n ohms
X_1 =0.75; // i n ohms
X_2 =0.5; // i n ohms
R_c =500; // i n ohms
s =0.025; // s l i p
I_c =132.791/500; // Core l o s s c u r r r e n t ( i n Amperes )
I_m = - %i *132.791/100; // M a g n e t i z a t i o n c u r r e n t ( i n
Amperes )
15 Z_e = R_1 +( R_2 / s ) + %i *( X_1 + X_2 ) ; // i n ohms
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16 I_2 =132.791/ Z_e ; // r o t o r c u r r e n t ( i n Amperes )

17 I_1 = I_2 + I_c + I_m ; // i n Amperes
18 P_in =3* real (132.791* conj ( I_1 ) ) ; // power i n p u t ( i n
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Watts )
P_scl =3*( abs ( I_2 ) ) ^2* R_1 ; // s t a t o r c o p p e r l o s s ( i n
Watts )
P_rcl =3*( abs ( I_2 ) ) ^2* R_2 ; // r o t o r c o p p e r l o s s ( i n
Watts )
P_m =3*( abs ( I_c ) ) ^2* R_c ; // c o r e l o s s ( i n Watts )
P_o = P_in - P_scl - P_rcl - P_m -150; // power o u t p u t ( i n
Watts )
Eff = P_o / P_in ;
Scilab code Exa 9.4 Find the max power developed and slip and the torque
developed
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13
// C a p t i o n : Find t h e max power d e v e l o p e d and s l i p and

the torque developed
// Exa : 9 . 4
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
V =120; // i n v o l t s
f =60; // i n H e r t z s
R_1 =0.1; // i n ohms
X_1 =0.15; // i n ohms
R_2 =0.2; // i n ohms
X_2 =0.25; // i n ohms
Z_e = R_1 + R_2 + %i *( X_1 + X_2 ) ; // Eqv i m p e d a n c e i n ohms
s_p = R_2 /( R_2 + polar ( Z_e ) ) ;
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disp ( s_p , S l i p= ) ;
P_dm =(3* V ^2) /(2*( R_1 + R_2 + abs ( Z_e ) ) ) ;
disp ( P_dm /1000 , max power d e v e l o p e d ( i n K i l o Watts )=
);
N_s =120* f /6; // s y n c h r o n o u s s p e e d ( i n rpm )
w_s =( N_s *2* %pi ) /60; // i n r a d / s e c
w_m =(1 - s_p ) * w_s ;
T_d = P_dm / w_m ;
disp ( T_d , Torque d e v e l o p e d ( i n Newtonm e t e r )= ) ;
Scilab code Exa 9.5 Find the breakdown slip and the breakdown torque
and power developed by the motor
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// C a p t i o n : Find ( a ) t h e breakdown s l i p ( b ) t h e
breakdown t o r q u e ( c ) power d e v e l o p e d by t h e motor
// Exa : 9 . 5
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// R e f e r t o d a t a o f Exa9 . 4
R_1 =0.1; // i n ohms
R_2 =0.2; // i n ohms
X_1 =0.15; // i n ohms
X_2 =0.25; // i n ohms
w_s =125.66; // r a d / s e c
V_1 =120; // i n V o l t s
s_b = R_2 / sqrt ( R_1 ^2+( X_1 + X_2 ) ^2) ;
disp ( s_b , ( a ) Breakdown s l i p = ) ;
T_dm =(3* V_1 ^2) /(2* w_s *( R_1 + sqrt ( R_1 ^2+( X_1 + X_2 ) ^2) ) )
;
disp ( T_dm , ( b ) Breakdown Torque ( i n Newtonm e t e r )= )
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;
17 P_d = T_dm *(1 - s_b ) * w_s ;
18 disp ( P_d /1000 , ( c )
power d e v e l o p e d by t h e motor ( i n
K i l o Watts )= ) ;
Scilab code Exa 9.6 Find the breakdown slip and the breakdown torque
and starting torque and the value of external resistance
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// C a p t i o n : Find ( a ) t h e breakdown s l i p and t h e

breakdown t o r q u e ( b ) s t a r t i n g t o r q u e and t h e
value of external r e s i s t a n c e
// Exa : 9 . 6
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
f =60; // i n H e r t z s
P =8; // no . o f p o l e s
R_2 =0.02; // i n ohms
X_2 =0.08; // i n ohms
s_b = R_2 / X_2 ; // breakdown s l i p
disp ( s_b , ( a ) breakdown s l i p = ) ;
N_s =120* f / P ; // s y n c h r o n o u s s p e e d ( i n rpm )
w_s = N_s *2* %pi /60;
N_m =(1 - s_b ) * N_s ; // motor s p e e d ( i n rpm )
V_1 =120; // i n V
T_dm =(3* V_1 ^2) * s_b /(2* w_s ) * R_2 ;
disp ( T_dm , Breakdown t o r q u e ( i n Newtonm e t e r )= ) ;
T_s =2*1* s_b * T_dm /(1+ s_b ^2) ;
disp ( T_s , ( b ) S t a r t i n g Torque ( i n Newtonm e t e r )= ) ;
disp ( T_s / T_dm , S t a r t i n g t o r q u e i s = ) ;
disp ( t i m e s t h e max t o r q u e ) ;
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s_bn =( -( -2.5) - sqrt (( -2.5) ^2 -4*1*1) ) /2; // new

breakdown s l i p
23 R_2n = s_bn * X_2 ;
24 disp ( R_2n , r o t o r r e s i s t a n c e ( i n ohms )= ) ;
22
Scilab code Exa 9.7 Find the torque range and current range
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// C a p t i o n : Find ( a ) t h e t o r q u e r a n g e ( b ) c u r r e n t
range
// Exa : 9 . 7
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
f =60; // i n H e r t z s
P =4; // no . o f p o l e s
V_1 =230; // i n v o l t s
I_2 =4.5; // r o t o r c u r r e n t ( i n Amperes )
P_d =2*746; // i n w a t t s
N_m =1710; // s p e e d o f motor i n ( rpm )
N_s =120* f / P ; // S y n c h r o n o u s s p e e d ( i n rpm )
s =( N_s - N_m ) / N_s ; // s l i p
w_m =2* %pi * N_m /60; // i n r a d / s e c
T_d = P_d / w_m ; // t o r q u e d e v e l o p e d ( i n Newtonm e t e r )
T_dL = T_d *(0.9*230/230) ^2; // i n Newtonm e t e r
I_2L = I_2 *(0.9*230/230) ; // i n Amperes
T_dH =8.33*1.1^2; // i n Newtonm e t e r
I_2H = I_2 *1.1; // i n Amperes
disp ( ( a ) Torque r a n g e ( i n Newtonm e t e r ) i s : ) ;
disp ( T_dL , minimum v a l u e= ) ;
disp ( T_dH , maximum v a l u e= ) ;
disp ( ( b ) C u r r e n t r a n g e ( i n Amperes ) i s : ) ;
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disp ( I_2L , minimum v a l u e= ) ;

disp ( I_2H , maximum v a l u e= ) ;
Scilab code Exa 9.8 Find Eqv circuit parameters

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// C a p t i o n : Find Eqv c i r c u i t p a r a m e t e r s
// Exa : 9 . 8
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
V_1 =208; // i n V o l t s
f =60; // i n H e r t z s
P =4; // no . o f p o l e s
N_m =1710; // i n rpm
R_1 =2.4/2; // i n ohms
disp ( R_1 , R 1 ( i n ohms )= ) ;
W_oc =450/3; // i n Watts
P_fw_phy =18/3; // i n Watts
P_oc = W_oc - P_fw_phy ; // i n Watts
V_oc = V_1 / sqrt (3) ; // i n V o l t s
I_oc =1.562; // i n Amperes
R_c = V_oc ^2/ P_oc ;
disp ( R_c , R c=c o r e l o s s r e s i s t a n c e ( i n ohms )= ) ;
S_oc = V_oc * I_oc ; // i n Volt Ampere
theta_oc = acosd ( W_oc / S_oc ) ;
I_m = I_oc * sind ( theta_oc ) ;
X_m = V_oc / I_m ;
disp ( X_m , X m=M a g n e t i z a t i o n r e a c t a n c e ( i n ohms )= ) ;
V_br =27/ sqrt (3) ; // i n V o l t s
P_br =59.4/3; // i n Watts
I_br =2.77; // I n Amperes
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R_e = P_br / I_br ^2;

R_2 = R_e - R_1 ;
disp ( R_2 , R 2 ( i n ohms )= ) ;
Z_e = V_br / I_br ;
X_e = sqrt ( Z_e ^2 - R_e ^2) ;
X_1 = X_e /2;
X_2 = X_1 ;
disp ( X_1 , X 1 ( i n ohms )= ) ;
disp ( X_2 , X 2 ( i n ohms )= ) ;
Scilab code Exa 9.10 Find the equivalent rotor impedance as reffered to
stator
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// C a p t i o n : Find t h e e q u i v a l e n t r o t o r i m p e d a n c e a s
r e f f e r e d to s t a t o r
// Exa : 9 . 1 0
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
R =20*10^ -6; // i n ohms
X =2*10^ -3; // i n ohms
P =4; // no . o f p o l e s
Q =48; // no . o f b a r s
S =36; // no . o f s l o t s
// For S t a t o r :
m_1 =3; // no . o f p h a s e s
n =3*( S /( P *3) ) ; // c o i l s p e r p o l e p e r p h a s e
S_p = S / P ; // p o l e s p a n
S_s =180/ S_p ; // s l o t s p a n ( i n e l e c t r i c a l d e g r e e )
k_p1 = sind (140/2) ; // p i t c h f a c t o r
k_d1 = sind (3* S_s /2) /(3* sind ( S_s /2) ) ; // d i s t r i b u t i o n
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factor
k_w1 = k_p1 * k_d1 ; // w i n d i n g f a c t o r
N_1 =10* S /3; // t u r n s p e r p h a s e
// For R o t o r :
k_w2 =1;
m_2 = Q / P ; // no . o f p h a s e s
N_2 = P /2; // t u r n s p e r p h a s e
a = int (( k_w1 * N_1 /( k_w2 * N_2 ) ) * sqrt ( m_1 / m_2 ) ) ;
R_2 = a ^2* R ;
disp ( R o t o r P a r a m e t e r s a s r e f f e r e d t o s t a t o r : ) ;
disp ( R_2 *1000 , R 2 ( i n m i l i ohms )= ) ;
X_2 = a ^2* X ;
disp ( X_2 , X 2 ( i n ohms )= ) ;
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Chapter 10
Analysis of a single phase
induction Motor
Scilab code Exa 10.1 Find the per unit slip in the direction of rotation
and in opposite direction and effective rotor resistance in each branch
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// C a p t i o n : Find t h e per u n i t s l i p ( a ) i n t h e
direction of rotation (b) in opposite direction
and e f f e c t i v e r o t o r r e s i s t a n c e i n e a c h b r a n c h
// Exa : 1 0 . 1
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
P =4; // no . o f p o l e s
f =60; // f r e q u e n c y i n H e r t z s
R2 =12.5; // r o t o r r e s i s t a n c e ( i n ohms )
N_s =120* f / P ; // s y n c h r o n o u s s p e e d o f motor ( i n rpm )
N_m =1710; // s p e e d o f motor i n c l o c k w i s e d i r e c t i o n ( i n
rpm )
s =( N_s - N_m ) / N_s ;
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12 disp (s , ( a ) s l i p i n f o r w a r d d i r e c t i o n = ) ;
13 s_b =2 - s ;
14 disp ( s_b , ( b ) s l i p i n backward d i r e c t i o n = ) ;
15 // e f f e c t i v e r o t o r r e s i s t a n c e
16 R_f =0.5* R2 / s ; // ( i n f o r w a r d b r a n c h )
17 disp ( R_f , e f f e c t i v e r o t o r r e s i s t a n c e i n f o r w a r d
b r a n c h ( i n ohms )= ) ;
18 R_b =0.5* R2 / s_b ; // ( i n backward d i r e c t i o n )
19 disp ( R_b , e f f e c t i v e r o t o r r e s i s t a n c e i n backward
b r a n c h ( i n ohms )= ) ;
Scilab code Exa 10.2 Find the shaft torque and the efficiency of the motor
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// C a p t i o n : Find t h e s h a f t t o r q u e and t h e e f f i c i e n c y
o f t h e motor
// Exa : 1 0 . 2
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
V =120; // i n v o l t s
f =60; // f r e q u e n c y i n H e r t z s
P =4; // no . o f p o l e s
R1 =2.5; // i n ohms
X1 =( %i ) *1.25;
R2 =3.75;
X2 =( %i ) *1.25;
X_m =( %i ) *65;
P_c =25; // c o r e l o s s v ( i n Watts )
P_fw =2; // f r i c t i o n and w i n d a g e l o s s ( i n Watts )
N_s =120* f / P ; // s y n c h r o n o u s s p e e d o f motor
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18 s =( N_s - N_m ) / N_s ; // s l i p

19 Z_f =( X_m *(( R2 / s ) + X2 ) *0.5) /(( R2 / s ) +( X2 + X_m ) ) ; //
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forward impedance
Z_b =( X_m *(( R2 /(2 - s ) ) + X2 ) *0.5) /(( R2 /(2 - s ) ) +( X2 + X_m ) ) ;
// backward i m p e d a n c e
Z_in = R1 + X1 + Z_f + Z_b ;
I_1 = V / Z_in ;
P_in = real ( V * conj ( I_1 ) ) ;
I_2f = X_m * I_1 /(( R2 / s ) +( X1 + X_m ) ) ; // f o r w a r d c u r r e n t
I_2b = X_m * I_1 /(( R2 /(2 - s ) ) +( X1 + X_m ) ) ; // backward
current
P_agf =0.5*( R2 / s ) *( abs ( I_2f ) ) ^2; // a i r gap power i n
forward path
P_agb =0.5*( R2 /(2 - s ) ) *( abs ( I_2b ) ) ^2; // a i r gap power
i n backward p a t h
P_ag = P_agf - P_agb ; // n e t a i r gap power
P_d =(1 - s ) * P_ag ; // g r o s s power d e v e l o p e d
P_o = P_d - P_c - P_fw ; // n e t power o u t p u t
w_m =2*( %pi ) * N_m /60;
T_s = P_o / w_m ;
disp ( T_s , s h a f t t o r q u e ( i n Newtonm e t e r )= ) ;
Eff = P_o / P_in ;
disp ( Eff *100 , E f f i c i e n c y o f motor (%)= ) ;
Scilab code Exa 10.3 Find the line current

// C a p t i o n : Find t h e ( a ) l i n e c u r r e n t ( b ) power i n p u t ( c
) e f f i c i e n c y ( d ) s h a f t t o r q u e ( e ) v o l t a g e drop
across capacitor ( f ) s t a r t i n g torque
2 // Exa : 1 0 . 3
3 clc ;
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clear ;
close ;
V1 =230; // i n v o l t s
P =6; // no . o f p o l e s
R1 =34.14; // i n ohms
X1 =( %i ) *35.9;
R_a =149.78;
X2 =( %i ) *29.32;
X_m =( %i ) *248.59;
R2 =23.25;
a =1.73;
C =4*10^ -6; // i n Farad
P_c =19.88; // c o r e l o s s
P_fw =1.9; // f r i c t i o n and w i n d a g e l o s s
N_m =940; // s p e e d o f motor i n rpm
N_s =120* f / P ; // s y n c h r o n o u s s p e e d o f motor
s =( N_s - N_m ) / N_s ; // s l i p
w_m =2* %pi * N_m /60; // i n r a d / s e c
X_c = - %i /(2* %pi * f * C ) ; // r e a c t a n c e o f c a p a c i t a n c e
Z_f =( X_m *(( R2 / s ) + X2 ) *0.5) /(( R2 / s ) +( X2 + X_m ) ) ; //
forward impedance
Z_b =( X_m *(( R2 /(2 - s ) ) + X2 ) *0.5) /(( R2 /(2 - s ) ) +( X2 + X_m ) ) ;
Z_11 = R1 + X1 + Z_f + Z_b ; // i n ohms
Z_12 = - %i * a *( Z_f - Z_b ) ; // i n ohms
Z_21 = - Z_12 ; // i n ohms
Z_22 = a * a *( Z_f + Z_b + X1 ) + R_a + X_c ; // i n ohms
I_1 = V1 *( Z_22 - Z_12 ) /( Z_11 * Z_22 - Z_12 * Z_21 ) ; // c u r r e n t
i n main w i n d i n g
I_2 = V1 *( Z_11 - Z_21 ) /( Z_11 * Z_22 - Z_12 * Z_21 ) ; // c u r r e n t
in a u x i l a r y winding
I_L = I_1 + I_2 ;
disp ( abs ( I_L ) , ( a ) m a g n i t u d e o f l i n e c u r r e n t ( i n
Amperes )= ) ;
disp ( atand ( imag ( I_L ) / real ( I_L ) ) , p h a s e o f l i n e
c u r r e n t ( i n Degree ) );
P_in = real ( V1 * conj ( I_L ) ) ;
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disp ( P_in , ( b ) power i n p u t ( i n Watts )= ) ;

P_agf = real (( I_1 * Z_f - %i * I_2 * a * Z_f ) * conj ( I_1 ) +( I_2 * a * a
* Z_f + %i * I_1 * a * Z_f ) * conj ( I_2 ) ) ; // a i r gap power
d e v e l o p e d by f o r w a r d f i e l d
P_agb = real (( I_1 * Z_b + %i * I_2 * a * Z_b ) * conj ( I_1 ) +( I_2 * a * a
* Z_b - %i * I_1 * a * Z_b ) * conj ( I_2 ) ) ; // a i r gap power
d e v e l o p e d by backward f i e l d
P_ag = P_agf - P_agb ;
P_d =(1 - s ) * P_ag ; // power d e v e l o p e d
P_o = P_d - P_c - P_fw ; // o u t p u t power
disp ( P_o *100/ P_in , ( c ) E f f i c i e n c y o f motor (%)= ) ;
T_s = P_o / w_m ;
disp ( T_s , ( d ) s h a f t t o r q u e ( i n Newtonm e t e r )= ) ;
V_c = I_2 * X_c ;
disp ( abs ( V_c ) , ( e ) m a g n i t u d e o f v o l t a g e a c r o s s
c a p a c i t o r ( i n V o l t s )= ) ;
disp ( atand ( imag ( V_c ) / real ( V_c ) ) ,
phase o f
v o l t a g e a c r o s s c a p a c i t o r ( i n D e g r e e )= ) ;
// f o r s t a r t i n g t o r q u e
s =1;
s_b =1;
w_s =2* %pi * N_s /60;
Z_f =( X_m *(( R2 / s ) + X2 ) *0.5) /(( R2 / s ) +( X2 + X_m ) ) ; //
forward impedance
Z_b =( X_m *(( R2 /(2 - s ) ) + X2 ) *0.5) /(( R2 /(2 - s ) ) +( X2 + X_m ) ) ;
Z_11 = R1 + X1 + Z_f + Z_b ; // i n ohms
Z_12 = - %i * a *( Z_f - Z_b ) ; // i n ohms
Z_21 = - Z_12 ; // i n ohms
Z_22 = a * a *( Z_f + Z_b + X1 ) + R_a + X_c ; // i n ohms
I_1s = V1 *( Z_22 - Z_12 ) /( Z_11 * Z_22 - Z_12 * Z_21 ) ; // c u r r e n t
i n main w i n d i n g
I_2s = V1 *( Z_11 - Z_21 ) /( Z_11 * Z_22 - Z_12 * Z_21 ) ; // c u r r e n t
in a u x i l a r y winding
I_Ls = I_1s + I_2s ;
P_in = real ( V1 * conj ( I_Ls ) ) ;
P_agf = real (( I_1s * Z_f - %i * I_2s * a * Z_f ) * conj ( I_1s ) +( I_2s
* a * a * Z_f + %i * I_1s * a * Z_f ) * conj ( I_2s ) ) ; // a i r gap
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power d e v e l o p e d by f o r w a r d f i e l d
P_agb = real (( I_1s * Z_b + %i * I_2s * a * Z_b ) * conj ( I_1s ) +( I_2s
* a * a * Z_b - %i * I_1s * a * Z_b ) * conj ( I_2s ) ) ; // a i r gap
power d e v e l o p e d by backward f i e l d
P_ag = P_agf - P_agb ;
T_s = P_ag / w_s ;
disp ( T_s , ( f ) s t a r t i n g t o r q u e ( i n Newtonm e t e r )= ) ;
Scilab code Exa 10.4 Find the equivalent circuit parameters

1 // C a p t i o n : Find t h e e q u i v a l e n t c i r c u i t p a r a m e t e r s
2 // Exa : 1 0 . 4
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5 close ;
6 R_m =2.5; // main w i n d i n g r e s i s t a n c e
7 R_a =100; // a u x i l a r y w i n d i n g r e s i s t a n c e
8 // b l o c k e d r o t o r t e s t
9 V_bm =25; // v o l t a g e ( i n V o l t s )
10 I_bm =3.72; // c u r r e n t ( i n Amperes )
11 P_bm =86.23; // power ( i n Watts )
12 // w i t h a u x i l a r y w i n d i n g open no l o a d t e s t
13 V_nL =115; // v o l t a g e ( i n V o l t s )
14 I_nL =3.2; // c u r r e n t ( i n Amperes )
15 P_nL =55.17; // power ( i n Watts )
16 // w i t h main w i n d i n g open b l o c k e d r o t o r t e s t
17 V_ba =121; // v o l t a g e ( i n V o l t s )
18 I_ba =1.2; // c u r r e n t ( i n Amperes )
19 P_ba =145.35; // power ( i n Watts )
20 Z_bm = V_bm / I_bm ;
21 R_bm = P_bm / I_bm ^2;
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X_bm = sqrt ( Z_bm ^2 - R_bm ^2) ;

X1 =0.5* X_bm ;
X2 = X1 ;
R2 = R_bm - R_m ;
disp ( X1 , X1 ( i n ohms )= ) ;
disp ( X2 , X2 ( i n ohms )= ) ;
disp ( R2 , R2 ( i n ohms )= ) ;
Z_nL = V_nL / I_nL ;
R_nL = P_nL / I_nL ^2;
X_nL = sqrt ( Z_nL ^2 - R_nL ^2) ;
X_m =2* X_nL -0.75* X_bm ;
P_r = P_nL - I_nL ^2*( R_m +0.25* R2 ) ;
disp ( int ( P_r ) , P r ( i n Watts )= ) ;
disp ( X_m , X m ( i n ohms )= ) ;
Z_ba = V_ba / I_ba ;
R_ba = P_ba / I_ba ^2;
R_2a = R_ba - R_a ;
alpha = sqrt ( R_2a / R2 ) ;
disp ( alpha , a l p h a= ) ;
Scilab code Exa 10.5 Find the induced emf in the armature
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8
// Find t h e ( a ) i n d u c e d emf i n t h e a r m a t u r e ( b ) power

output ( c ) s h a f t torque ( d ) e f f i c i e n c y
// Exa : 1 0 . 5
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
V_s =120; // i n V o l t s
95
9 pf =0.912; // l a g g i n g
11 I_a =17.58*( cosd ( theta ) +( %i * sind ( theta ) ) ) ; // i n
Amperes
12 Z_s =0.65+ %i *1.2; // s e r i e s
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
f i e l d winding impedance ( i n
ohms )
Z_a =1.36+ %i *1.6; // a r m a t u r e w i n d i n g i m p e d a n c e ( i n
ohms )
E_a = V_s - I_a *( Z_s + Z_a ) ; // i n d u c e d emf ( i n V o l t s )
disp ( abs ( E_a ) , ( a ) i n d u c e d emf i n t h e a r m a t u r e ( i n
V o l t s )= ) ;
disp ( atand ( imag ( E_a ) / real ( E_a ) ) , p h a s e o f i n d u c e d
emf i n t h e a r m a t u r e ( i n D e g r e e )= ) ;
P_d = real ( E_a * conj ( I_a ) ) ;
P_o = P_d - P_rot ;
disp ( P_o , ( b ) power o u t p u t ( i n Watts )= ) ;
w_m =2* %pi * N_m /60; // r a t e d s p e e d o f motor ( i n r a d / s e c )
T_s = P_o / w_m ;
disp ( T_s , ( c ) s h a f t t o r q u e ( i n Newtonm e t e r )= ) ;
P_in = V_s * abs ( I_a ) * pf ;
Eff = P_o *100/ P_in ;
disp ( Eff , ( d ) E f f i c i e n c y (%)= ) ;
96
Chapter 11
Synchronous Generator
Dynamics
Scilab code Exa 11.7 Find the rms value of symmetric subtransient and
transient currents
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
// C a p t i o n : Find t h e rms v a l u e o f s y m m e t r i c
s u b t r a n s i e n t and t r a n s i e n t c u r r e n t s
// Exa : 1 1 . 7
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
KVA =71500; // K i l o Volt Ampere
V_r =13800; // i n V o l t s
X_af =0.57; // i n p e r u n i t
X_la =0.125; // i n p e r u n i t
X_lf =0.239; // i n p e r u n i t
X_ld =0.172; // i n p e r u n i t
X_ds = X_la +(( X_af * X_lf * X_ld ) /( X_lf * X_ld + X_af * X_ld +
X_af * X_lf ) ) ; // s u b t r a n s i e n t r e a c t a n c e ( i n p e r u n i t )
97
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
E_phy =1; // g e n e r a t e d v o l t a g e ( i n p e r u n i t )
I_ds = E_phy / X_ds ; // s h o r t c i r c u i t c u r r e n t ( i n p e r u n i t
)
X_d = X_la +(( X_af * X_lf ) /( X_af + X_lf ) ) ; // t r a n s i e n t
reactance ( in per unit )
I_d = E_phy / X_d ; // t r a n s i e n t c u r r e n t ( i n p e r u n i t )
I_rated = KVA *1000/( sqrt (3) * V_r ) ; // i n Amperes
I_dsa = I_ds * I_rated ; // sub t r a n s i e n t c u r r e n t ( i n
Amperes )
disp ( I_dsa , subt r a n s i e n t c u r r e n t ( i n Amperes )= ) ;
I_da = I_d * I_rated ; // t r a n s i e n t c u r r e n t ( i n Amperes )
disp ( I_da , t r a n s i e n t c u r r e n t ( i n Amperes )= ) ;
Scilab code Exa 11.8 Find per unit power and critical fault clearing time
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
// C a p t i o n : Find ( a ) p e r u n i t power ( b ) c r i t i c a l
c l e a r i n g time
// Exa : 1 1 . 8
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
f =60; // i n H e r t z s
P =4; // no . o f p o l e s
P_m =0.9;
H =10; // i n J o u l e / Volt Amperee
N_s = f *120/ P ; // s y n c h r o n o u s s p e e d i n ( rpm )
w_s =2* %pi * N_s / f ; // ( i n r a d / s e c )
P_dm = P_m / sind (18) ;
t_c = P / f ; // f a u l t c l e a r i n g t i m e ( i n s e c )
delta_o =18*2* %pi /360; // i n r a d
delta_m = delta_o +(( w_s /( P * H ) ) * P_m * t_c ^2) ;
98
fault
16 P_d = P_dm * sin ( delta_m ) ;

17 disp ( P_d , ( a ) power g e n e r a t e d ( i n p e r u n i t )= ) ;
18 delta_2 = %pi - delta_o ;
19 delta_c = acos ((( P_m / P_dm ) *( delta_2 - delta_o ) ) + cos (
delta_2 ) ) ;
20 t_cn = sqrt (( delta_c - delta_o ) *4* H /( w_s * P_m ) ) ;
21 disp ( t_cn , ( b ) c r i t i c a l f a u l t c l e a r i n g t i m e ( i n s e c )
= );
99
Chapter 12
Permanent magnet motors
Scilab code Exa 12.1 Find the speed of motor and torque under blocked
rotor condition
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
// C a p t i o n : Find t h e s p e e d o f motor and t o r q u e u n d e r

blocked rotor condition
// Exa : 1 2 . 1
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
flux =0.004; // ( i n Weber )
R_a =0.8; // a r m a t u r e r e s i s t a n c e ( i n ohm )
V_s =40; // a p p l i e d v o l t a g e ( i n V o l t s )
T_d =1.2; // i n Newtonm e t e r
K_a =95; // motor c o n s t a n t
w_m =( V_s /( K_a * flux ) ) -(( R_a * T_d ) /( K_a * flux ) ^2) ;
N_m = w_m *60/(2* %pi ) ;
disp ( ceil ( N_m ) , s p e e d o f motor ( i n rpm )= ) ;
w_mb =0; // f o r b l o c k e d r o t o r c o n d i t i o n
T_db =( V_s * K_a * flux ) / R_a ;
100
16
disp ( T_db , t o r q u e d e v e l o p e d u n d e r b l o c k e d r o t o r
c o n d i t i o n ( i n Newtonm e t e r )= ) ;
Scilab code Exa 12.2 Find the magnetic flux

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
// C a p t i o n : Find t h e m a g n e t i c f l u x
// Exa : 1 2 . 2
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
R_a =2; // a r m a t u r e r e s i s t a n c e ( i n ohms )
V_s =100;
P_o =200; // r a t e d power
K_a =85; // machine c o n s t a n t
P_rot =15; // r o t a t i o n a l l o s s
w_m =(2* %pi * N_m ) /60;
P_d = P_o + P_rot ; // power d e v e l o p e d
T_d = P_d / w_m ; // t o r q u e d e v e l o p e d
function y = root (a ,b , c ) ;
y =(( - b ) + sqrt (( b ^2) -(4* a * c ) ) ) /(2* a ) ;
endfunction ;
disp ( root (1 , -0.0075 ,(2.41*10^ -6) ) , m a g n e t i c f l u x ( i n
Weber )= ) ;
101
Scilab code Exa 12.3 Find the developed power and copper loss in the
secondary side
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
// C a p t i o n : Find t h e d e v e l o p e d power and c o p p e r l o s s

in the secondary s i d e
// Exa : 1 2 . 3
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
f =60; // f r e q u e n c y ( i n H e r t z s )
P_pi =0.5; // p o l e p i t c h
F_d =100000; // d e v e l o p e d t h r u s t ( i n Newton )
V_m =200000/3600; // s p e e d o f motor ( i n m e t e r / s e c )
P_d = F_d * V_m ;
disp ( int ( P_d /1000) , d e v e l o p e d power ( i n K i l o Watts )
);
V_s =2* P_pi * f ; // s y n c h r o n o u s s p e e d o f t h e motor ( i n
meter / s e c )
s =( V_s - V_m ) / V_s ; // s l i p
P_cu = F_d * s * V_s ;
disp ( int ( P_cu /1000) , Copper l o s s ( i n K i l o Watts )= ) ;
102

Scilab Companion Electric Machinery and Transformers - B. S. Guru and H. R. Hiziroglu

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Scilab Textbook Companion for

Electric Machinery And Transformers

by a grant from the National Mission on Education through ICT,

1 Review of electric circuit theory

2 Review of basic laws of electromagnetism

3 Principles of Electromechanical Energy Conversion

5 Direct Current Generators

6 Direct Current Motors

9 Polyphase Induction Motor

10 Analysis of a single phase induction Motor

11 Synchronous Generator Dynamics

12 Permanent magnet motors

List of Scilab Codes

finding the max power delivered . . . . . . . . . . . .

Find the frequency of induced emf max value of induced

Finding the current in the circuit and plot V vs T and I vs T

Scilab code Exa 1.1 finding the max power delivered

p_max =( i_load ^2) * r_th ; // i n Watts

37 y = linspace (0 ,20 ,10) ;

Scilab code Exa 1.3 Finding the value of capacitor

I_AB = I_AB_mag *( cosd ( I_AB_phase ) + %i * sind ( I_AB_phase ) )

18 disp ( I_mag , R e a d i n g o f ammeter ( i n Amperes )= ) ;

across load ( in Volts )

Scilab code Exa 2.1 Find the induced emf in coil

Scilab code Exa 2.6 Find the magnetic flux density

L_aid =2.38; // e f f e c t i v e i n d u c t a n c e when c o n n e c t e d i n

// C a p t i o n : Find h y s t e r e s i s l o s s and eddyc u r r e n t l o s s

// C a p t i o n : Find t h e minimum l e n g t h o f magnet f o r

// C a p t i o n : Find t h e mass o f o b j e c t and e n e r g y s t o r e d

disp ( W_f *10^3 , e n e r g y s t o r e d i n t h e m a g n e t i c f e i l d

Scilab code Exa 3.5 Find the current in the coil

A =2.25*10^ -4; // a r e a o f a i r gap ( i n m 2 )

15 disp ( I_1 , ( b ) c u r r e n t i n p r i m a r y ( i n Amperes )= ) ;

Scilab code Exa 4.3 Find the efficiency of transformer

17 E_2 = V_s + I_2 * Z_2 ; // i n d u c e d emf i n s e c o n d a r y w i n d i n g (

Scilab code Exa 4.4 Find the efficiency of transformer

I_c = E_1 / R_c1 ; // i n Amperes

I_p = I_2 / a ; // i n Amperes

// C a p t i o n : Find ( a )KVA r a t i n g a t max e f f i c i e n c y ( b )

I_l_pu = I_L_pu + E_l_pu *(0.01 - %i *(1/80) ) ;

18 X_mL = X_mH / a ^2; // m a g n e t i z i n g r e a c t a n c e

X_H =201*10^ -3; // i n ohms

32 P_o =3* real (138.564* conj ( I_2A ) ) ;

15 S_s2 =180/ S_p2 ; // s l o t s p a n

// C a p t i o n : Find ( a ) i n d u c e d emf a t f u l l l o a d ( b ) power

Scilab code Exa 5.9 Find maximum efficiency of generator

// C a p t i o n : Find power d e v e l o p e d and s p e e d f o r ( a )

// C a p t i o n : Find t h e ( a ) motor s p e e d ( b ) power l o s s

8 R_a =0.4; // a r m a t u r e r e s i s t a n c e ( i n ohms )

// C a p t i o n : Find t h e new ( a ) motor s p e e d ( b ) power

Scilab code Exa 6.8 Find the reading on the scale

I_a = I_L - I_f ;

Scilab code Exa 7.2 Find the pitch factor

Scilab code Exa 7.3 Find the distribution factor

N_m =375; // s p e e d o f motor ( i n rpm )

Scilab code Exa 7.6 Find the voltage regulation

// C a p t i o n : Find t h e v o l t a g e r e g u l a t i o n when power

// C a p t i o n : Find t h e v o l t a g e r e g u l a t i o n and power

17 Eff =( P_o / P_in ) *100;

// C a p t i o n : Find t h e e x c i t a t i o n v o l t a g e and power

18 P_d =3* real ( E_ao * conj ( I_a ) ) ;

// C a p t i o n : Find ( a ) power f a c t o r ( b ) power a n g l e ( c )

21 T_d = P_d / w_m ;

I_AB = I_AB_mag ( cosd ( I_AB_phase ) + %i sind ( I_AB_phase ) )

I_l_pu = I_L_pu + E_l_pu (0.01 - %i (1/80) ) ;

s_bn =( -( -2.5) - sqrt (( -2.5) ^2 -411) ) /2; // new