UG Major Project - Wireless Bomb Detection Robot

A Project Report
On
WIRELESS BOMB DETECTION ROBOT

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of
the degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
BY
ADITYA BADAMI
(097F1A0402)
TAMMADI BABU RAO
(097F1A0405)
G. SRI SAI RATNA
(097F1A0425)
Under the guidance of
Mrs. S. NIHARIKA
Asst. Professor
Department of ECE
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING
VISHWA BHARATHI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCES
Approved by AICTE, New Delhi & Affiliated to JNTU, Hyderabad.
Nadergul (V), Saroor Nagar (M), Ranga Reddy (Dist) A. P. 501510
Date:
__________________
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Project entitled WIRELESS BOMB DETECTION ROBOT

is a bonafide work carried out by ADITYA BADAMI (097F1A0402), TAMMADI
BABU RAO (097F1A0405), G. SRI SAI RATNA (097F1A0425) in partial fulfillment
for the award of Bachelor of Technology in Department of ECE, VISHWA

BHARATHI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCES, Hyderabad
during the year 2009-2013 under my supervision and guidance. The result embodied
in this Project Work has not been submitted to any other University or Institute for the
award of any Degree
INTERNAL GUIDE
HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT
Mrs. S. NIHARIKA (Asst. Professor)
Mr.C.ASHOK VISHNU
PRINCIPAL
EXTERNAL EXAMINER
DECLARATION
We the undersigned, declare that the project title entitled WIRELESS BOMB
DETECTION ROBOT carried out at WINEYARD TECHNOLOGIES is
original and is being submitted to the Department of ECE VISHWA BHARATHI
INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCES, Hyderabad towards partial
fulfillment for the award of Bachelor of Technology.
We, declare that, the result embodied in the Project work has not been submitted to
any other University or Institute for the award of any Degree.
Date:
ADITYA BADAMI
Place: Hyderabad
TAMMADI BABU RAO (097F1A0405)

G. SRI SAI RATNA
iii
(097F1A0402)
(097F1A0425)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The completion of this project work gives us an opportunity to convey our gratitude to
all those who have helped us to reach a stage where we have the confidence to launch
our career in the competitive world in the field of ELECTRONICS AND
COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING.
We express our sincere thanks to Dr. D.MAHESHWAR REDDY Principal,
VISHWA BHARATHI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCES
for providing all necessary facilities in completing our project report.
We express our sense of gratitude to Mr. C.ASHOK VISHNU Head of Department

of ECE, who encouraged us to select the project and completion of this project with
providing necessary facilities
Our honest thankfulness to Mrs. S. NIHARIKA, (Internal Guide) for her kind help
and for giving us the necessary guidance and valuable suggestions in completing this
project work and in preparing this report.
We take the opportunity to express gratitude to the Management, Teaching and Non
teaching Staff of VISHWA BHARATHI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND
SCIENCES for their kind co-operation during the period of my Study.
Finally, we would like to thank our parents & friends for their continuous
encouragement and support during the entire course of this project work.
iv
ABSTRACT
The aim of our project is to design a wireless robot for bomb surveillance and
detection with a metal detector and to diffuse it by using a mobile jammer.
This is an interesting robot that can be controlled by hand gestures and by an
RF remote. This can be moved in forward and reverse direction using geared motors
of 60RPM. Also this robot can take sharp turnings towards left and right directions.
This project uses Arduino MCU as its controller. A high sensitive induction type
metal detector is designed using colpitts oscillator principle and fixed to this robot.
Also a mobile phone signal isolator is interfaced to the kit.
When the robot is moving on a surface, the system produces a beep sound
when Bomb is detected. Simultaneously a signal is fed to the jammer section to
switch on the jammer. This jammer diffuses the bomb by jamming the mobile signal
of GSM or CDMA or 3G networks.
The RF modules used here are STT-433 MHz Transmitter, STR-433 MHz
Receiver, HT12E RF Encoder and HT12D RF Decoder. The three switches are
interfaced to the RF transmitter through RF Encoder. The encoder continuously reads
the status of the switches, passes the data to the RF transmitter and the transmitter
transmits the data. This project uses 9V battery. This project is much useful for mines
detection and surveillance applications.
LIST OF CONTENTS
TITLE
PAGE NO
i
ii
iii
iv
v
vi
viii
ix
Certificate from the Department

Certificate from the Organization
Declaration
Acknowledgement
Abstract
Table of Contents
List of Figures
List of Tables
CHAPTER-1:
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER-2:
BLOCK DIAGRAM
2.1
2.2
2.3
Transmitter block
Receiver block
Hardware implementation
4
4
5
6
CHAPTER-3:
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
3.10
3.11
3.12
CHAPTER-4:
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
HARDWARE DETAILS
Power supply
Accelerometer
Encoder HT12E
RF Technology
Decoder HT12D
Mobile Jammer
Metal Detector
Buzzer
Liquid Crystal Display
DC Motor
H-Bridge
Microcontroller
WIRELESS COMMUNICATION
Introduction
Properties of RF
Brief description of RF
Different RF Ranges and Applications
RF Transmitter STT-433MHZ
RF Receiver STR-433MHZ
RF Advantages
vi
8
8
9
11
12
13
14
16
16
17
18
21
24
26
26
27
27
28
29
31
33
4.8
4.7
4.8
CHAPTER-5:
5.1
5.2
5.3
CHAPTER-6:
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
CHAPTER-7:
7.1
7.2
7.3
CHAPTER-8:
8.1
8.2
RF Disadvantages
Interfacing of RF Transmitter with AT89S52
Interfacing of RF Receiver with ARDUINO
33
34
34
MEMS TECHNOLOGY
35
35
38
41
MEMS Introduction
Accelerometer
Interfacing of MEMS sensor with Microcontroller
MICROCONTROLLER
Introduction
Features
PIN Description of AT89S52
ARDUINO
ATmega328 Microcontroller
SOFTWARE DETAILS
KEIL Software
PROLOAD
ARDUINO Software tools
SCHEMATIC REPRESENTATION
Schematic representation of Transmitter
Schematic representation of Receiver
42
42
42
43
46
49
52
52
54
55
60
60
61
Applications
Advantages
62
62
62
CHAPTER-10:
RESULT
63
CHAPTER-11:
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE
66
CHAPTER-9:
9.1
9.2
APPLICATIONS AND ADVANTAGES
67
REFERENCES
APPENDIX
vii
LIST OF FIGURES
FIG NO.
DESCRIPTION
PAGE
NO.
FIG 3.1
FIG 3.2
FIG 3.3
FIG 3.4
FIG 3.5
FIG 3.6
FIG 3.7
FIG 3.8
FIG 3.9
FIG 3.10
FIG 3.11
FIG 3.12
FIG 3.13
FIG 3.14
FIG 3.15
FIG 3.16
FIG 3.17
FIG 4.1
FIG 4.2
FIG 4.3
FIG 4.4
FIG 4.5
FIG 5.1
FIG 5.2
FIG 5.3
FIG 5.4
FIG 5.5
FIG 6.1
FIG 6.2
FIG 6.3
FIG 6.4
Components of RPS
Accelerometer
G-Whiz
Encoder PIN diagram
RF Transmitter and
Decoder PIN Diagram
Mobile Jammer
Jammer Signal
Buzzer
LCD display
Two Pole DC Motor
Rotation DC Motor
Three Pole DC Motor
DC Motor
Circuit of H-Bridge
Block Diagram of H-Bridge
PIN Connection
RF Transmitter
Applications
RF Receiver
PIN Diagram of RF Receiver
Digital Data PIN
Components of MEMS
Accelerometer
The Piezo electric Accelerometer
G-Whiz
Surface Micro Machined Accelerometer
AT89S52 PIN Diagram
Arduino Board
Arduino PIN diagram
AT mega PIN diagram
viii
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
17
17
18
19
20
20
21
23
24
29
30
31
31
32
35
38
38
39
40
43
46
47
50
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO.
DESCRIPTION
PG NO.
Table 3.1
Table 3.2
Table 3.3
Table 3.4
Table 4.1
Table 6.1
Table 6.2
Encoder PIN Description

Decoder PIN Description
H-Bridge
Absolute Maximum Ratings
Different RF Ranges and Applications
Port 1
Port 3
ix
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13
22
23
28
44
45
ECE
CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION TO PROJECT
A Robot is a mechatronics device which also includes resourcefulness or autonomy.
A device with autonomy does its thing "on its own" without a human directly guiding
it moment-by-moment. Some authors would contend that all mechatronic devices are
robots, and that this book's restriction on robot entails only specialized software.
Robotics can be described as the current pinnacle of technical development.
Robotics is a confluence science using the continuing advancements of mechanical
engineering, material science, sensor fabrication, manufacturing techniques, and
advanced algorithms. The study and practice of robotics will expose a dabbler or
professional to hundreds of different avenues of study. For some, the romanticism of
robotics brings forth an almost magical curiosity of the world leading to creation of
amazing machines. A journey of a lifetime awaits in robotics.
Robotics can be defined as the science or study of the technology primarily
associated with the design, fabrication, theory, and application of robots. While other
fields contribute the mathematics, the techniques, and the components, robotics
creates the magical end product. The practical applications of robots drive
development of robotics and drive advancements in other sciences in turn. Crafters
and researchers in robotics study more than just robotics.
In this project we use a robot and it is controlled by hand gestures and these
hand movements are recognized by the hand gesture technology and based on the
movement of the hand the robot is moved in the respective direction i.e. either in
forward, backward, left or right. The benefits of such robots to these operations
include reduced personnel requirements, reduced fatigue, and access to otherwise
unreachable areas. Robotic search is useful since robots may be deployed in
dangerous environments without putting human responders at risk. This project is a
prototype which is widely used for military applications.
VISHWA BHARATHI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCES (VBITS)
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1.2 INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEM:

An Embedded System is a combination of computer hardware and software, and
perhaps additional mechanical or other parts, designed to perform a specific function.
A good example is the microwave oven. Almost every household has one, and tens of
millions of them are used every day, but very few people realize that a processor and
software are involved in the preparation of their lunch or dinner.
This is in direct contrast to the personal computer in the family room. It too is
comprised of computer hardware and software and mechanical components (disk
drives, for example). However, a personal computer is not designed to perform a
specific function rather; it is able to do many different things. Many people use the
term general-purpose computer to make this distinction clear. As shipped, a generalpurpose computer is a blank slate; the manufacturer does not know what the customer
will do wish it. One customer may use it for a network file server another may use it
exclusively for playing games, and a third may use it to write the next great American
novel.
Frequently, an embedded system is a component within some larger system.
For example, modern cars and trucks contain many embedded systems. One
embedded system controls the anti-lock brakes, other monitors and controls the
vehicle's emissions, and a third displays information on the dashboard. In some cases,
these embedded systems are connected by some sort of a communication network, but
that is certainly not a requirement.
At the possible risk of confusing you, it is important to point out that a
general-purpose computer is itself made up of numerous embedded systems. For
example, my computer consists of a keyboard, mouse, video card, modem, hard drive,
floppy drive, and sound card-each of which is an embedded system.
Each of these devices contains a processor and software and is designed to
perform a specific function. For example, the modem is designed to send and receive
digital data over analog telephone line. That's it and all of the other devices can be
summarized in a single sentence as well.
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If an embedded system is designed well, the existence of the processor and

software could be completely unnoticed by the user of the device. Such is the case for
a microwave oven, VCR, or alarm clock. In some cases, it would even be possible to
build an equivalent device that does not contain the processor and software. This
could be done by replacing the combination with a custom integrated circuit that
performs the same functions in hardware.
However, a lot of flexibility is lost when a design is hard-cooled in this way. It
is much easier, and cheaper, to change a few lines of software than to redesign a piece
of custom hardware.
1.3 MEMS TECHNOLOGY:

Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems, or MEMS, is a technology that in its most
general form can be defined as miniaturized mechanical and electro-mechanical
elements (i.e., devices and structures) that are made using the techniques of micro
fabrication. The critical physical dimensions of MEMS devices can vary from well
below one micron on the lower end of the dimensional spectrum, all the way to
several millimeters.
Likewise, the types of MEMS devices can vary from relatively simple
structures having no moving elements, to extremely complex electromechanical
systems with multiple moving elements under the control of integrated
microelectronics. The one main criterion of MEMS is that there are at least some
elements having some sort of mechanical functionality whether or not these elements
can move.
The term used to define MEMS varies in different parts of the world. In the
United States they are predominantly called MEMS, while in some other parts of the
world they are called Microsystems Technology or micro machined devices.
Micro sensors and micro actuators are appropriately categorized as transducers,
which are defined as devices that convert energy from one form to another. In the case
of micro sensors, the device typically converts a measured mechanical signal into an
electrical signal.
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CHAPTER-2
BLOCK DIAGRAM
2.1 TRANSMITTER BLOCK
LCD Display
Hand
gesture
recognizerACCELER
OMETER
Step
down
T/F
RF
AT89S52
Bridge
Rectifier
Filter
Circuit
ENCODER
Transmitter
HT12E
STT - 433
Regulator
Power supply to all
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2.2 RECEIVER BLOCK
Power
supply
Geared
Motor I
RF
Receiver
RF
Decoder
HBridge
Geared
Motor 2
Arduino
Reset
Buzzer
Metal
Detector
Lead
acid
battery
Regulator
Mobile
Isolator
Power supply to all sections
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2.3 HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION:

2.3.1 INTRODUCTION:
In this project we use a robot and it is controlled by hand gestures and these hand
movements are recognized by the hand gesture technology and based on the
movement of the hand the robot is moved in the respective direction i.e. either in
forward, backward, left or right. The benefits of such robots to these operations
include reduced personnel requirements, reduced fatigue, and access to otherwise
unreachable areas. Robotic search is useful since robots may be deployed in
dangerous environments without putting human responders at risk. This project is a
prototype which is widely used for military applications
2.3.2 COMPONENTS USED:

Accelerometer
AT89S52 Micro Controller
Power Supply Unit
LCD Display
Buzzer
RF Transmitter
RF Receiver
Arduino Micro Controller
Motors
Metal Detector
Mobile Jammer
2.3.3 WORKING PROCEDURE:

The block diagram consists of data transmitter and data receiver blocks.
TRANSMITTER BLOCK:
As the overall system contains two microcontroller units, the function of
microcontrollers differ to each other, two different software programs are prepared to
function as data transmitter and data receiver.
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The data transmitting unit consists of the following devices:

Accelerometer
AT89S52 micro controller
Power Supply Unit
RF Transmitter
LCD Display
In our project, here we are using MEMS sensor i.e. accelerometer is given to
the port (P2.6- P2.7) of micro controller AT89S52.
The hand gesture given to accelerometer, this data is sent from AT89S52 to RF
transmitter from (P2.0- P2.3)
Simultaneously the direction of hand gesture made by accelerometer is
displayed on LCD which is interfaced with AT89S52 to the port (P1.0-P1.6).
RECEIVER BLOCK:
Similarly, the data receiving unit consists of the following devices:
RF Receiver
Arduino Microcontroller
Motors
Metal Detector
Mobile Jammer
Buzzer
The data which is transmitted from RF transmitter is received by RF receiver.
This information is sent to Arduino (ATMEGA 328).From Arduino the data is sent to
H-Bridge through Port (PC0-PC3) and the motor moves according to the hand
gesture made.
While the robot is moving, we have added a metal detector externally which
works on a separate battery. This metal detector is connected to buzzer as well as
mobile jammer. If metal detector detects the bomb, the buzzer makes the sound and
automatically mobile jammer is activated.
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CHAPTER-3
HARDWARE DETAILS
3.1 POWER SUPPLY:
The input to the circuit is applied from the regulated power supply. The a.c. input i.e.,
230V from the mains supply is step down by the transformer to 12V and is fed to a
rectifier. The output obtained from the rectifier is a pulsating d.c voltage. So in order
to get a pure d.c voltage, the output voltage from the rectifier is fed to a filter to
remove any a.c components present even after rectification. Now, this voltage is given
to a voltage regulator to obtain a pure constant dc voltage.
Figure 3.1 Components of a regulated power supply
3.1.1 TRANSFORMER
Usually, DC voltages are required to operate various electronic equipment and these
voltages are 5V, 9V or 12V. But these voltages cannot be obtained directly. Thus the
a.c input available at the mains supply i.e., 230V is to be brought down to the required
voltage level.
This is done by a transformer. Thus, a step down transformer is employed to
decrease the voltage to a required level.
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3.1.2 RECTIFIER
The output from the transformer is fed to the rectifier. It converts A.C. into pulsating
D.C. The rectifier may be a half wave or a full wave rectifier. In this project, a bridge
rectifier is used because of its merits like good stability and full wave rectification.
3.1.3 FILTER
Capacitive filter is used in this project. It removes the ripples from the output of
rectifier and smoothens the D.C. Output received from this filter is constant until the
mains voltage and load is maintained constant. However, if either of the two is varied,
D.C. voltage received at this point changes. Therefore a regulator is applied at the
output stage.
3.1.4 VOLTAGE REGULATOR

As the name itself implies, it regulates the input applied to it. A voltage regulator is an
electrical regulator designed to automatically maintain a constant voltage level. In this
project, power supply of 5V and 12V are required. In order to obtain these voltage
levels, 7805 and 7812 voltage regulators are to be used. The first number 78
represents positive supply and the numbers 05, 12 represent the required output
voltage levels.
3.2 ACCELEROMETER
An accelerometer is an apparatus, either mechanical or electromechanical, for
measuring acceleration or deceleration - that is, the rate of increase or decrease in the
velocity of a moving object. Accelerometers are used to measure the efficiency of the
braking systems on road and rail vehicles; those used in aircraft and spacecraft can
determine accelerations in several directions simultaneously. There are also
accelerometers
for
detecting
vibrations
in
machinery.
Figure 3.2 Accelerometer
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3.2.1 G-WHIZ
The ADXL202 two-axis 2-g accelerometer from Analog Devices is a good example
of a micro machine thats making waves in the commercial market. More sensitive
than earlier airbag designs, its well suited for novel applications like two-axis tilt
sensing and inertial navigation. For instance, Microsoft is using the 202 in their new
Freestyle Pro game controller, which senses body motion.
The basic principle of micro machined accelerometers is simple enough. A
tethered or "sprung" mass is forced into motion by an applied acceleration. The
distance that the mass moves, and thus the acceleration, is determined by differential
capacitance, as shown in figure.
Figure 3.3G-Whiz
The principle may be simple, but the implementation is incredible, given the
intricacy of crafting it in silicon. Consider that the smallest detectable capacitance
change, 20 zF (yes, thats "z" as in 1021 F), corresponds to a 2-pm deflection! But
while its capable of resolving mere mgs (thousandths of a g), the device can take a
5001000-g hit and keep on ticking.
The use of a standard IC process means the same die can integrate signalconditioning and digitizing circuits, dispensing with the design hassles of dealing with
low-level analog signals. That makes the ADXL202 real easy to use. Just add power
(35.25 V, a mere 1 mA at that) and have at it with your favorite MCU or PLD.
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3.3 ENCODER HT12E:

The encoder used here is HT12E from HOLTEK SEMICONDUCTORS INC. The
HT 12E Encoder ICs are series of CMOS LSIs for Remote Control system
applications. They are capable of Encoding 12 bit of information which consists of N
address bits and 12-N data bits. Each address/data input is externally trinary
programmable if bonded out.
3.3.1 PIN DIAGRAM:
Figure 3.4 Encoder pin diagram
3.3.2 PIN DESCRIPTION:
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Table 3.1 Encoder Pin Description
3.4 RF TECHNOLOGY:
Radio frequency (RF) is a frequency or rate of oscillation within the range of about 3
Hz to 300 GHz. This range corresponds to frequency of alternating current electrical
signals used to produce and detect radio waves. Since most of this range is beyond the
vibration rate that most mechanical systems can respond to, RF usually refers to
oscillations in electrical circuits or electromagnetic radiation.
Radio frequency is a frequency or rate of oscillation within the range of about 3 Hz to
300 GHz. This range corresponds to frequency of alternating current electrical signals
used to produce and detect radio waves since most of this range is beyond the
oscillations in electrical circuits. RF is widely used because it does not require any
line of sight, less distortions and no interference.
Figure 3.5 RF Transmitter and RF Receiver
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3.5 DECODER HT12D:

The decoder used is HT12D from HOLTEK SEMICONDUCTOR INC.
Figure 3.6 Decoder Pin diagram
Table 3.2 Decoder Pin Description
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FEATURES
Operating voltage: 2.4V~12V.
Low power and high noise immunity CMOS technology.
Low standby current.
Capable of decoding 18 bits of information.
Pairs with HOLTEKs 318 series of encoders.
8~18 address pins.
0~8 data pins.
3.6 MOBILE JAMMER
A portable cell phone jammer featured by universal and handheld design,

could blocking worldwide cell phone networks within 0.5-10 meters,
including GSM900MHz, GSM1800MHz, GSM850MHz/CDMA800MHz and
also 3G networks (UMTS / W-CDMA).
Figure 3.7 Mobile Jammer
A mobile phone jammer is an instrument used to prevent cellular phones

from receiving signals from or transmitting signals to base stations. When
used, the jammer effectively disables cellular phones. These devices can be
used in practically any location, but are found primarily in places where a
phone call would be particularly disruptive because silence is expected.
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OPERATION
As with other radio jamming, cell phone jammers block cell phone use by
sending out radio waves along the same frequencies that cellular phones use.
This causes enough interference with the communication between cell phones
and towers to render the phones unusable. On most retail phones, the network
would simply appear out of range. Most cell phones use different bands to
send and receive communications from towers (called full duplexing).
Jammers can work by either disrupting phone to tower frequencies or tower to
phone frequencies. Smaller handheld models block all bands from 800MHz to
1900MHz within a 30-foot range (9 meters). Small devices tend to use the
former method, while larger more expensive models may interfere directly
with the tower. The radius of cell phone jammers can range from a dozen feet
for pocket models to kilometers for more dedicated units. The TRJ-89 jammer
can block cellular communications for a 5-mile (8 km) radius.
Actually it needs less energy to disrupt signal from tower to mobile phone,
than the signal from mobile phone to the tower (also called base station),
because base station is located at larger distance from the jammer than the
mobile phone and that is why the signal from the tower is not so strong.
Figure 3.8 Jammer Signal
Older jammers sometimes were limited to working on phones using only

analog or older digital mobile phone standards. Newer models such as the
double and triple band jammers can block all widely used systems (CDMA,
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iDEN, GSM, et al.) and are even very effective against newer phones which
hop to different frequencies and systems when interfered with. As the
dominant network technology and frequencies used for mobile phones vary
worldwide, some work only in specific regions such as Europe or North
America.
The jammer's effect can vary widely based on factors such as proximity to
towers, indoor and outdoor settings, presence of buildings and landscape, even
temperature and humidity play a role.
There are concerns that crudely designed jammers may disrupt the functioning
of medical devices such as pacemakers. However, like cell phones, most of the
devices in common use operate at low enough power output (<1W) to avoid
causing any problems.
3.7 METAL DETECTOR:
Metal detectors use electromagnetic induction to detect metal. Metal detector

can help you to find the metals buried deep in the ground. Uses include demining (the detection of land mines), the detection of weapons such as knives
and guns, especially at airports, geophysical prospecting, archaeology and
treasure hunting. Metal detectors are also used to detect foreign bodies in food,
and in the construction industry to detect steel reinforcing bars in concrete and
pipes and wires buried in walls and floors.
The simplest form of a metal detector consists of an oscillator producing an

alternating current that passes through a coil producing an alternating
magnetic field. If a piece of electrically conductive metal is close to the coil,
eddy currents will be induced in the metal, and this produces an alternating
magnetic field of its own. If another coil is used to measure the magnetic field
(acting as a magnetometer), the change in the magnetic field due to the
metallic object can be detected.
3.8 BUZZER:
An electric coil is wound on a plastic bobbin, the latter having a central sleeve within
which a magnetic core is slide ably positioned. One end of the sleeve is closed and
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ECE
projects beyond the coil. An inverted cup-shaped housing surrounds the coil and
bobbin and has a central opening through which the closed end of the sleeve projects.
The core projects into the closed end of the sleeve beyond the margin of the
opening in the housing to augment the magnetic coupling between the housing and
the core. The open end of the housing is attached to a support bracket of magnetic
material, there being a spring between the bracket and bobbin normally urging the
core toward the closed end of the sleeve.
Figure 3.9 Buzzer
3.9 LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY:

LCD stands for Liquid Crystal Display. LCD is finding wide spread use replacing
LEDs (seven segment LEDs or other multi segment LEDs).
These components are specialized for being used with the microcontrollers,
which means that they cannot be activated by standard IC circuits. They are used for
writing different messages on a miniature LCD.
Figure 3.10 LCD Display
A model described here is for its low price and great possibilities most
frequently used in practice. It is based on the HD44780 microcontroller (Hitachi) and
can display messages in two lines with 16 characters each.
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It displays all the alphabets, Greek letters, punctuation marks, mathematical

symbols etc. In addition, it is possible to display symbols that user makes up on its
own. Automatic shifting message on display (shift left and right), appearance of the
pointer, backlight etc. are considered as useful characteristics.
3.10 DC MOTOR:
A DC motor is an electric motor that runs on direct current (dc) electricity.
3.10.1 DC MOTOR CONNECTIONS

Figure shows schematically the different methods of connecting the field and
armature circuits in a DC Motor. The circular symbol represents the armature circuit,
and the squares at the side of the circle represent the brush commutator system. The
direction of the arrows indicates the direction of the magnetic fields.
3.10.2 PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION:

In any electric motor, operation is based on simple electromagnetism. A currentcarrying conductor generates a magnetic field; when this is then placed in an external
magnetic field, it will experience a force proportional to the current in the conductor,
and to the strength of the external magnetic field. The internal configuration of a DC
motor is designed to harness the magnetic interaction between a current-carrying
conductor and an external magnetic field to generate rotational motion.
Let's start by looking at a simple 2-pole DC electric motor (here red represents
a magnet or winding with a "North" polarization, while green represents a magnet or
winding with a "South" polarization).
Figure 3.11 Two Pole DC Motor
Every DC motor has six basic parts -- axle, rotor (a.k.a., armature), stator,
commutator, field magnet(s), and brushes. In most common DC motors (and all that
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Beamers will see), the external magnetic field is produced by high-strength permanent
magnets. The stator is the stationary part of the motor -- this includes the motor
casing, as well as two or more permanent magnet pole pieces. The rotor (together with
the axle and attached commutator) rotates with respect to the stator. The rotor consists
of windings (generally on a core), the windings being electrically connected to the
commutator. The above diagram shows a common motor layout -- with the rotor
inside the stator (field) magnets.
The geometry of the brushes, commutator contacts, and rotor windings are
such that when power is applied, the polarities of the energized winding and the stator
magnet(s) are misaligned, and the rotor will rotate until it is almost aligned with the
stator's field magnets. As the rotor reaches alignment, the brushes move to the next
commutator contacts, and energize the next winding. Given our example two-pole
motor, the rotation reverses the direction of current through the rotor winding, leading
to a "flip" of the rotor's magnetic field, driving it to continue rotating.
In real life, though, DC motors will always have more than two poles (three is
a very common number). In particular, this avoids "dead spots" in the commutator.
You can imagine how with our example two-pole motor, if the rotor is exactly at the
middle of its rotation (perfectly aligned with the field magnets), it will get "stuck"
there. Meanwhile, with a two-pole motor, there is a moment where the commutator
shorts out the power supply (i.e., both brushes touch both commutator contacts
simultaneously). This would be bad for the power supply, waste energy, and damage
motor components as well. Yet another disadvantage of such a simple motor is that it
would exhibit a high amount of torque "ripple" (the amount of torque it could produce
is cyclic with the position of the rotor).
Figure 3.12 Rotation DC Motor
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So since most small DC motors are of a three-pole design, let's tinker with the
workings of one via an interactive animation.
Figure 3.13 Three Pole DC motor
You'll notice a few things from this -- namely, one pole is fully energized at a
time (but two others are "partially" energized). As each brush transitions from one
commutator contact to the next, one coil's field will rapidly collapse, as the next coil's
field will rapidly charge up (this occurs within a few microsecond). We'll see more
about the effects of this later, but in the meantime you can see that this is a direct
result of the coil windings' series wiring:
Figure 3.14 DC Motor
The use of an iron core armature (as in the Mabuchi, above) is quite common,
and has a number of advantages. First off, the iron core provides a strong, rigid
support for the windings -- a particularly important consideration for high-torque
motors. The core also conducts heat away from the rotor windings, allowing the
motor to be driven harder than might otherwise be the case. Iron core construction is
also relatively inexpensive compared with other construction types. But iron core
construction also has several disadvantages. The iron armature has a relatively high
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inertia which limits motor acceleration. This construction also results in high winding
inductances which limit brush and commutator life.
In small motors, an alternative design is often used which features a 'coreless'
armature winding. This design depends upon the coil wire itself for structural
integrity. As a result, the armature is hollow, and the permanent magnet can be
mounted inside the rotor coil. Coreless DC motors have much lower armature
inductance than iron-core motors of comparable size, extending brush and
commutator life.
3.11 H-BRIDGE:
Figure 3.15: Circuit of H-bridge
An H-bridge is an electronic circuit which enables DC electric motors to be run

forwards or backwards. These circuits are often used in robotics. H-bridges are
available as integrated circuits, or can be built from discrete components.
The two basic states of a H-bridge. The term "H-bridge" is derived from the
typical graphical representation of such a circuit. An H-bridge is built with four
switches (solid-state or mechanical). When the switches S1 and S4 (according to the
first figure) are closed (and S2 and S3 are open) a positive voltage will be applied
across the motor. By opening S1 and S4 switches and closing S2 and S3 switches, this
voltage is reversed, allowing reverse operation of the motor.
Using the nomenclature above, the switches S1 and S2 should never be closed
at the same time, as this would cause a short circuit on the input voltage source. The
same applies to the switches S3 and S4. This condition is known as shoot-through.
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3.11.1 OPERATION:
The H-Bridge arrangement is generally used to reverse the polarity of the motor, but
can also be used to 'brake' the motor, where the motor comes to a sudden stop, as the
motors terminals are shorted, or to let the motor 'free run' to a stop, as the motor is
effectively disconnected from the circuit. The following table summarizes operation.
S1 S2 S3 S4 Result
1
Motor moves right
Motor moves left
Motor free runs
Motor brakes
Table 3.3: H-Bridge
3.11.2 H-BRIDGE DRIVER:

The switching property of this H-Bridge can be replace by a Transistor or a Relay or a
Mosfet or even by an IC. Here we are replacing this with an IC named L293D as the
driver whose description is as given below.
3.11.3 FEATURES:
600mA OUTPUT CURRENT CAPABILITY
PER CHANNEL
1.2A PEAK OUTPUT CURRENT (non repetitive)
PER CHANNEL
ENABLE FACILITY
OVERTEMPERATURE PROTECTION
LOGICAL "0" INPUT VOLTAGE UP TO 1.5 V
(HIGH NOISE IMMUNITY)
INTERNAL CLAMP DIODES
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3.11.4 DESCRIPTION:
The Device is a monolithic integrated high voltage, high current four channel driver
designed to accept standard DTL or TTL logic levels and drive inductive loads (such
as relays solenoids, DC and stepping motors) and switching power transistors. To
simplify use as two bridges each pair of channels is equipped with an enable input. A
separate supply input is provided for the logic, allowing operation at a lower voltage
and internal clamp diodes are included. This device is suitable for use in switching
applications at frequencies up to 5 kHz. The L293D is assembled in a 16 lead plastic
package which has 4 center pins connected together and used for heat sinking The
L293DD is assembled in a 20 lead surface mount which has 8 center pins connected
together and used for heat sinking.
3.11.5 BLOCK DIAGRAM:
Figure 3.16 Block Diagram of H-bridge
3.11.6 ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS
Table 3.4: Absolute Maximum Ratings

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3.11.7 PIN CONNECTIONS
Figure 3.17 PIN connections
3.12 MICROCONTROLLERS:
Microprocessors and microcontrollers are widely used in embedded systems products.
Microcontroller is a programmable device. A microcontroller has a CPU in addition
to a fixed amount of RAM, ROM, I/O ports and a timer embedded all on a single
chip. The fixed amount of on-chip ROM, RAM and number of I/O ports in
microcontrollers makes them ideal for many applications in which cost and space are
critical.
The Intel 8052 is Harvard architecture, single chip microcontroller (C) which
was developed by Intel in 1980 for use in embedded systems. It was popular in the
1980s and early 1990s, but today it has largely been superseded by a vast range of
enhanced devices with 8052-compatible processor cores that are manufactured by
more than 20 independent manufacturers including Atmel, Infineon Technologies and
Maxim Integrated Products.
8052 is an 8-bit processor, meaning that the CPU can work on only 8 bits of
data at a time. Data larger than 8 bits has to be broken into 8-bit pieces to be
processed by the CPU. 8052 is available in different memory types such as UVEPROM, Flash and NV-RAM. The present project is implemented on Keil uVision.
In order to program the device, proload tool has been used to burn the program onto
the microcontroller.
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3.12.1 ARDUINO:
Arduino is an open source electronics prototyping platform based on flexible, easy-touse hardware and software. Its intended for artists, designers, hobbyists, and anyone
interested in creating interactive objects or environments. Its an open-source physical
computing platform based on a microcontroller board, and a development
environment for writing software for the board.
In simple words, Arduino is a small microcontroller board with a USB plug to
connect to your computer and a number of connection sockets that can be wired up to
external electronics, such as motors, relays, light sensors, laser diodes, loudspeakers,
microphones, etc., They can either be powered through the USB connection from the
computer or from a 9V battery. They can be controlled from the computer or
programmed by the computer and then disconnected and allowed to work
independently.
Anyone can buy this device through online auction site or search engine. Since
the Arduino is an open-source hardware designs and create their own clones of the
Arduino and sell them, so the market for the boards is competitive.
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CHAPTER-4
WIRELESS COMMUNICATION
4.1 WIRELESS COMMUNICATION INTRODUCTION:
Wireless communication, as the term implies, allows information to be exchanged
between two devices without the use of wire or cable. A wireless keyboard sends
information to the computer without the use of a keyboard cable; a cellular telephone
sends information to another telephone without the use of a telephone cable.
Changing television channels, opening and closing a garage door, and transferring a
file from one computer to another can all be accomplished using wireless technology.
In all such cases, information is being transmitted and received using electromagnetic
energy, also referred to as electromagnetic radiation. One of the most familiar sources
of electromagnetic radiation is the sun; other common sources include TV and radio
signals, light bulbs and microwaves. To provide background information in
understanding wireless technology, the electromagnetic spectrum is first presented
and some basic terminology defined.
4.1.1 WHAT IS RF?

Radio frequency (RF) is a frequency or rate of oscillation within the range of about 3
Hz to 300 GHz. This range corresponds to frequency of alternating current electrical
signals used to produce and detect radio waves. Since most of this range is beyond the
oscillations in electrical circuits or electromagnetic radiation
4.1.2 WHAT IS THE NEED FOR RF?

Radio frequency is a frequency or rate of oscillation within the range of about 3 Hz
to 300 GHz. This range corresponds to frequency of alternating current electrical
signals used to produce and detect radio waves since most of this range is beyond the
oscillations in electrical circuits. RF is widely used because it does not require any
line of sight, less distortions and no interference.
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4.2 PROPERTIES OF RF:

Electrical currents that oscillate at RF have special properties not shared by direct
current signals. One such property is the ease with which it can ionize air to create a
conductive path through air. This property is exploited by 'high frequency' units used
in electric arc welding. Another special property is an electromagnetic force that
drives the RF current to the surface of conductors, known as the skin effect. Another
property is the ability to appear to flow through paths that contain insulating material,
like the dielectric insulator of a capacitor. The degree of effect of these properties
depends on the frequency of the signals.
4.3 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF RF:

Radio frequency (abbreviated RF) is a term that refers to alternating current (AC)
having characteristics such that, if the current is input to an antenna, an
electromagnetic (EM) field is generated suitable for wireless broadcasting and/or
communications. These frequencies cover a significant portion of the electromagnetic
radiation spectrum, extending from nine kilohertz (9 kHz),the lowest allocated
wireless communications frequency (it's within the range of human hearing), to
thousands of gigahertz(GHz).When an RF current is supplied to an antenna, it gives
rise to an electromagnetic field that propagates through space. This field is sometimes
called an RF field; in less technical jargon it is a "radio wave." Any RF field has a
wavelength that is inversely proportional to the frequency. In the atmosphere or in
outer space, if f is the frequency in megahertz and sis the wavelength in meters, then s
= 300/f. The frequency of an RF signal is inversely proportional to the wavelength of
the EM field to which it corresponds. At 9 kHz, the free-space wavelength is
approximately 33 kilometers (km) or 21 miles (mi). At the highest radio frequencies,
the EM wavelengths measure approximately one millimeter (1 mm). As the frequency
is increased beyond that of the RF spectrum, EM energy takes the form of infrared
(IR), visible, ultraviolet (UV), X rays, and gamma rays. Many types of wireless
devices make use of RF fields. Cordless and cellular telephone, radio and television
broadcast stations, satellite communications systems, and two-way radio services all
operate in the RF spectrum.
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Some wireless devices operate at IR or visible-light frequencies, whose

electromagnetic wavelengths are shorter than those of RF fields.
4.4
DIFFERENT
RANGES
PRESENT
IN
RF
AND
APPLICATIONS IN THEIR RANGES

Frequency
Frequency
range
Distance
Uses
Extremely low frequency
3 to 30 Hz
10,000 km to
100,000 km
Directly audible when converted to

sound,
communication
with
submarines
Super low frequency
Ultra low frequency
Very low frequency

sound, AC power grids (50 hertz
and 60 hertz)
30 to 300 Hz
1,000 km to
10,000 km
300 to 3000
Hz
100 km
1,000 km
3 to 30 kHz
10 km to 100
km

sound (below ca. 18-20 kHz; or
"ultrasound" 20-30+ kHz)
to

sound, communication with mines
Low frequency
30 to 300 kHz
1 km to 10
km
AM broadcasting,
beacons, low FER
Medium frequency
300 to 3000
kHz
100 m to 1
km
Navigational
beacons,
AM
broadcasting, maritime and aviation
communication
High frequency
3 to 30 MHz
10 m to 100
m
Shortwave, amateur radio, citizens'

band radio
Very high frequency
30 to
MHz
1 m to 10 m
FM
broadcasting
broadcast
television, aviation, GPR
Ultra high frequency
300 to 3000
MHz
300
3 to 30 GHz
Super high frequency
Extremely high frequency
30 to 300 GHz
navigational
10 cm to 100
cm
Broadcast
television,
mobile
telephones, , wireless networking,
microwave ovens, GPR
1 cm to 10
cm
Wireless networking, satellite links,

microwave
links,
Satellite
television, door openers.
1 mm to 10
mm
Microwave data links, radio

astronomy,
remote
sensing,
advanced
weapons
systems,
advanced security scanning
Table 4.1: Different RF ranges and Applications
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4.5 RF TRANSMITTER STT-433MHz:
Figure 4.1: RF Transmitter
4.5.1 PIN DESCRIPTION:

GND
Transmitter ground. Connect to ground plane
DATA
Digital data input. This input is CMOS compatible and should be driven with CMOS
level inputs.
VCC
Operating voltage for the transmitter. VCC should be bypassed with a .01uF ceramic
capacitor and filtered with a 4.7uF tantalum capacitor. Noise on the power supply
will degrade transmitter noise performance.
ANT
50 ohm antenna output. The antenna port impedance affects output power and
harmonic emissions. Antenna can be single core wire of approximately 17cm length
or PCB trace antenna.
4.5.2 FACTORS INFLUENCED TO CHOOSE STT-433MHz:

ABOUT THE TRANSMITTER:
The STT-433 is ideal for remote control applications where low cost and
longer range is required.
The transmitter operates from a1.5-12V supply, making it ideal for batterypowered applications.
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The transmitter employs a SAW-stabilized oscillator, ensuring accurate

frequency control for best range performance.
The manufacturing-friendly SIP style package and low-cost make the STT433 suitable for high volume applications.
FEATURES:
433.92 MHz Frequency
Low Cost
1.5-12V operation
Small size
APPLICATION:
Figure 4.2 Applications
The typical connection shown in the above figure cannot work exactly at all times
because there will be no proper synchronization between the transmitter and the
microcontroller unit. i.e., whatever the microcontroller sends the data to the
transmitter, the transmitter is not able to accept this data as this will be not in the radio
frequency range. Thus, we need an intermediate device which can accept the input
from the microcontroller, process it in the range of radio frequency range and then
send it to the transmitter. Thus, an encoder is used.
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4.6 RF RECEIVER STR-433 MHZ:
Figure 4.3 RF Receiver
The data is received by the RF receiver from the antenna pin and this data is available
on the data pins. Two Data pins are provided in the receiver module. Thus, this data
can be used for further applications
Figure 4.4: PIN Diagram of RF receiver
PIN-OUT:
ANT
Antenna input.
GND
Receiver Ground. Connect to ground plane.
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VCC (5V)
VCC pins are electrically connected and provide operating voltage for the
receiver. VCC can be applied to either or both. VCC should be bypassed with
a .1F ceramic capacitor. Noise on the power supply will degrade receiver
sensitivity.
DATA
Digital data output.
This output is capable of driving one TTL or CMOS load. It is a CMOS compatible
output.
Figure 4.5: Digital Data PIN
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4.7 RF ADVANTAGES:
1. No line of sight is needed.
2. Not blocked by common materials: It can penetrate most solids and pass
through walls.
3. Longer range.
4. It is not sensitive to the light.
5. It is not much sensitive to the environmental changes and weather conditions.
4.8 RF DISADVANTAGES:
1. Interference: communication devices using similar frequencies - wireless
phones, scanners, wrist radios and personal locators can interfere with
transmission
2. Lack of security: easier to "eavesdrop" on transmissions since signals are
spread out in space rather than confined to a wire
3. Higher cost than infrared
4. Federal Communications Commission(FCC) licenses required for some
products
5. Lower speed: data rate transmission is lower than wired and infrared
transmission.
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4.9 INTERFACING OF RF TRANSMITTER WITH AT89S52:
4.10 INTERFACING OF RF RECEIVER WITH ARDUINO:
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CHAPTER 5
MEMS TECHNOLOGY
5.1 MEMS INTRODUCTION:
MEMS stand for Micro-Electro Mechanical Systems. MEMS techniques allow both
electronic circuits and mechanical devices to be manufactured on a silicon chip,
similar to the process used for integrated circuits. This allows the construction of
items such as sensor chips with built-in electronics that are a fraction of the size that
was previously possible.
Micro electromechanical systems (MEMS) are small integrated devices or
systems that combine electrical and mechanical components. They range in size from
the sub micrometer (or sub micron) level to the millimeter level and there can be any
number, from a few to millions, in a particular system. MEMS extend the fabrication
techniques developed for the integrated circuit industry to add mechanical elements
such as beams, gears, diaphragms, and springs to devices.
Examples
of
MEMS
device
applications
include
inkjet-printer
cartridges, accelerometers miniature robots, micro engines, locks, inertial sensors,

micro transmissions, micro mirrors, micro actuators, optical scanners, fluid
pumps, transducers, and chemical, pressure and flow sensors. New applications are
emerging as the existing technology is applied to the miniaturization and integration
of conventional devices. These systems can sense, control, and activate mechanical
processes on the micro scale, and function individually or in arrays to generate effects
on the macro scale. The micro fabrication technology enables fabrication of large
arrays of devices, which individually perform simple tasks, but in combination can
accomplish complicated functions.
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Figure 5.1 Components of MEMS
The MEMS industry has an estimated $10 billion market, and with a projected
10-20% annual growth rate, it is estimated to have a $34 billion market in 2002 [1].
Because of the significant impact that MEMS can have on the commercial and
defense markets, industry and the federal government have both taken a special
interest in their development.
IC fabrication is dependent upon sensors to provide input from the
surrounding environment, just as control systems need actuators (also referred to as
transducers) in order to carry out their desired functions. Due to the availability of
sand as a material, much effort was put into developing Si processing and
characterization tools. These tools are now being used to advance transducer
technology. Today's IC technology far outstrips the original sensors and actuators in
performance, cost and size.
Around 1982, the term micromachining came into use to designate the
fabrication of micromechanical parts (such as pressure-sensor diaphragms or
accelerometer suspension beams) for Si micro sensors. The micromechanical parts
were fabricated by selectively etching areas of the Si substrate away in order to leave
behind the desired geometries. Isotropic etching of Si was developed in the early
1960s for transistor fabrication. Anisotropic etching of Si then came about in 1967.
Various etch-stop techniques were subsequently developed to provide further process
flexibility.
These techniques also form the basis of the bulk micromachining processing
techniques. Bulk micromachining designates the point at which the bulk of the Si
substrate is etched away to leave behind the desired micromechanical elements [3].
Bulk micromachining has remained a powerful technique for the fabrication of
micromechanical elements. However, the need for flexibility in device design and
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performance improvement has motivated the development of new concepts and

techniques for micromachining. Among these is the sacrificial layer technique, first
demonstrated in 1965 by Nathanson and Wickstrom [15], in which a layer of material
is deposited between structural layers for mechanical separation and isolation. This
layer is removed during the release etch to free the structural layers and to allow
mechanical devices to move relative to the substrate.
A layer is releasable when a sacrificial layer separates it from the substrate.
The application of the sacrificial layer technique to micromachining in 1985 gave rise
to surface micromachining.
Fabrication Technologies:
The
three
characteristic
features
of
MEMS
fabrication
technologies
are
miniaturization, multiplicity, and microelectronics. Miniaturization enables the

production of compact, quick-response devices. Multiplicity refers to the batch
fabrication inherent in semiconductor processing, which allows thousands or millions
of components to be easily and concurrently fabricated. Microelectronics provides the
intelligence to MEMS and allows the monolithic merger of sensors, actuators, and
logic to build closed-loop feedback components and systems. The successful
miniaturization and multiplicity of traditional electronics systems would not have
been possible without IC fabrication technology. Therefore, IC fabrication
technology, or micro fabrication, has so far been the primary enabling technology for
the development of MEMS. Micro fabrication provides a powerful tool for batch
processing and miniaturization of mechanical systems into a dimensional domain not
accessible by conventional (machining) techniques. Furthermore, micro fabrication
provides an opportunity for integration of mechanical systems with electronics to
develop high-performance closed-loop-controlled MEMS.
Advances in IC technology in the last decade have brought about
corresponding progress in MEMS fabrication processes. Manufacturing processes
allow for the monolithic integration of micro-electromechanical structures with
driving, controlling, and signal-processing electronics. This integration promises to
improve the performance of micromechanical devices as well as reduces the cost of
manufacturing, packing and instrumenting these devices.
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Applications of MEMS:
Pressure sensors
Accelerometers
Inertial sensors
Micro engines
5.2 ACCELEROMETER
An accelerometer is an apparatus, either mechanical or electromechanical, for
measuring acceleration or deceleration - that is, the rate of increase or decrease in the
velocity of a moving object. Accelerometers are used to measure the efficiency of the
braking systems on road and rail vehicles; those used in aircraft and spacecraft can
determine accelerations in several directions simultaneously. There are also
accelerometers for detecting vibrations in machinery.
Figure 5.2: Accelerometer
The types of sensor used to measure acceleration, shock, or tilt include piezo film,
5.2.1 THE PIEZO ELECTRIC ACCELEROMETER:
Among the desirable features of the piezoelectric (PE) accelerometer are accuracy,
durability, large dynamic range, ease of installation, and long life span. Although
these devices cost more than other types, in many situations their benefits outweigh
the higher price. To provide useful data, PE accelerometers require proper signal
conditioning circuitry. We will briefly review the important characteristics of a PE
accelerometer and circuit techniques for signal conditioning. In particular, we will
examine an interface that will allow the accelerometer output's magnitude and
frequency to be measured by a microcontroller unit (MCU).
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Figure 5.3 Piezo Electric Accelerometer
The PE accelerometer uses an internal PE element coupled with a loading

mass to form a single-degree-of-freedom "mass-spring" system. The accelerometer is
a charge-sensitive device; an instantaneous change in stress on the internal PE
element produces a charge at the accelerometer's output terminals that is proportional
to the applied acceleration.
5.2.2 G-WHIZ:
The ADXL202 two-axis 2-g accelerometer from Analog Devices is a good example
of a micro machine thats making waves in the commercial market. More sensitive
than earlier airbag designs, its well suited for novel applications like two-axis tilt
sensing and inertial navigation. For instance, Microsoft is using the 202 in their new
Freestyle Pro game controller, which senses body motion.
The basic principle of micro machined accelerometers is simple enough. A
tethered or "sprung" mass is forced into motion by an applied acceleration. The
distance that the mass moves, and thus the acceleration, is determined by differential
capacitance, as shown in figure.
Figure 5.4G-Whiz
The principle may be simple, but the implementation is incredible, given the
intricacy of crafting it in silicon. Consider that the smallest detectable capacitance
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change, 20 zF (yes, thats "z" as in 1021 F), corresponds to a 2-pm deflection! But
while its capable of resolving mere mgs (thousandths of a g), the device can take a
5001000-g hit and keep on ticking.
The use of a standard IC process means the same die can integrate signalconditioning and digitizing circuits, dispensing with the design hassles of dealing with
low-level analog signals. That makes the ADXL202 real easy to use. Just add power
(35.25 V, a mere 1 mA at that) and have at it with your favorite MCU or PLD.
5.2.3 SURFACE MICRO-MACHINED ACCELEROMETERS:
In recent years, silicon micro-machined sensors have made tremendous advances in
terms of cost and level of on-chip integration for measurements such as acceleration
and/or vibration. These products provide the sensor and the signal conditioning
circuitry on chip, and require only a few external components. Some manufacturers
have taken this approach one step further by converting the analogue output of the
analogue signal conditioning to a digital format such as duty cycle. This method not
only lifts the burden of designing fairly complex analogue circuitry for the sensor, but
also reduces cost and board area. Micro-machined accelerometers are now being
incorporated into products such as joysticks and airbags, applications that were
previously impossible due to sensor price and or size. A surface micro-machined
device consists of springs, masses, and motion-sensing components. These sensors are
made with the standard IC processing techniques used in wafer fabrication facilities
Figure 5.5: Surface Micro-Machined Accelerometer
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5.3
INTERFACING
OF
ECE
MEMS
SENSOR
WITH
MICROCONTROLLER:
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CHAPTER-6
MICROCONTROLLER
6.1 MICROCONTROLLERS INTRODUCTION:
Microprocessors and microcontrollers are widely used in embedded systems products.
Microcontroller is a programmable device. A microcontroller has a CPU in addition
to a fixed amount of RAM, ROM, I/O ports and a timer embedded all on a single
chip. The fixed amount of on-chip ROM, RAM and number of I/O ports in
microcontrollers makes them ideal for many applications in which cost and space are
critical. The Intel 8052 is Harvard architecture, single chip microcontroller (C)
which was developed by Intel in 1980 for use in embedded systems. It was popular in
the 1980s and early 1990s, but today it has largely been superseded by a vast range of
enhanced devices with 8052-compatible processor cores that are manufactured by
more than 20 independent manufacturers including Atmel, Infineon Technologies and
Maxim Integrated Products.
6.2 FEATURES:
Compatible with MCS-51 Products
8K Bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP) Flash Memory
4.0V to 5.5V Operating Range
Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz
Three-level Program Memory Lock
256 x 8-bit Internal RAM
32 Programmable I/O Lines
Three 16-bit Timer/Counters
Eight Interrupt Sources
Full Duplex UART Serial Channel
Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes
Interrupt Recovery from Power-down Mode
Watchdog Timer
Dual Data Pointer
Power-off Flag
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The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with

8K bytes of in-system programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured
using Atmels high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with
the industry- standard 80C51 instruction set and pin out. The on-chip Flash allows the
program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile
memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with in-system
programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S52 is a powerful
microcontroller which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many
embedded control applications.
PIN DIAGRAM OF AT89S52:
Figure 6.1 AT89S52 PIN Diagram
6.3 PIN DESCRIPTIONS OF AT89S52

VCC
Supply voltage.
GND
Ground.
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Port 0
Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bidirectional I/O port.
Port 1
Port 1 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pullups. The Port 1 output buffers
can sink/source four TTL inputs.
Table 6.1: Port 1
Port 2
Port 2 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 2 output
buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. Port 2 also receives the high-order address
bits and some control signals during Flash programming and verification.
Port 3
Port 3 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 3 output
buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. Port 3 also serves the functions of various
special features of the AT89S52, as shown in the following table. Port 3 also receives
some control signals for Flash programming and verification.
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Table 6.2: Port 3
RST
Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running
resets the device.
ALE/PROG
Address Latch Enable (ALE) is an output pulse for latching the low byte of the
address during accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input
(PROG) during Flash programming.
PSEN
Program Store Enable (PSEN) is the read strobe to external program memory. When
the AT89S52 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated
twice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each
access to external data memory.
EA/VPP
External Access Enable, EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device
to fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to
FFFFH. This pin also receives the 12-volt programming enable voltage (VPP) during
Flash programming.
XTAL1
Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating
circuit.
XTAL2
Output from inverting oscillator amplifier.
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ECE
SFRs (Special Function Registers):

SFRs are a kind of control table used for running and monitoring microcontrollers
operating. Each of these registers, even each bit they include, has its name, address in
the scope of RAM and clearly defined purpose.
A Register (Accumulator)
This is a general-purpose register which serves for storing intermediate results during
operating
B Register:
B register is used during multiply and divide operations which can be performed only
upon numbers stored in the A and B registers.
6.4 ARDUINO
Arduino interface boards provide the engineers, artists, designers, hobbyists and
anyone who tinker with technology with a low-cost, easy-to-use technology to create
their creative, interactive objects, useful projects etc., A whole new breed of projects
can now be built that can be controlled from a computer.
Figure 6.2 Arduino board
Arduino is a open source electronics prototyping platform based on flexible,

easy-to-use hardware and software. Its intended for artists, designers, hobbyists, and
anyone interested in creating interactive objects or environments. Its an open-source
physical computing platform based on a microcontroller board, and a development
environment for writing software for the board.
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In simple words, Arduino is a small microcontroller board with a USB plug to

connect to your computer and a number of connection sockets that can be wired up to
external electronics, such as motors, relays, light sensors, laser diodes, loudspeakers,
microphones, etc., They can either be powered through the USB connection from the
computer or from a 9V battery. They can be controlled from the computer or
programmed by the computer and then disconnected and allowed to work
independently. Anyone can buy this device through online auction site or search
engine. Since the Arduino is an open-source hardware designs and create their own
clones of the Arduino and sell them, so the market for the boards is competitive. The
name Arduino is reserved by the original makers. However, clone Arduino designs
often have the letters duino on the end of their name, for example, Freeduino or
DFRduino. The software for programming your Arduino is easy to use and also freely
available for Windows, Mac, and LINUX computers at no cost.
ARDUINO Board Pin diagram
Figure 6.3 Arduino Pin Diagram
6.4.1 THE ARDUINO PIN DESCRIPTION:
VIN: The input voltage to the Arduino board when it's using an external power
source (as opposed to 5 volts from the USB connection or other regulated
power source). You can supply voltage through this pin, or, if supplying
voltage via the power jack, access it through this pin.
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5V: The regulated power supply used to power the microcontroller and other
components on the board. This can come either from VIN via an on-board
regulator, or be supplied by USB or another regulated 5V supply.
3V3: A 3.3 volt supply generated by the on-board regulator. Maximum current
draw is 50 mA.
GND. Ground pins.
Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL serial
data. These pins are connected to the corresponding pins of the ATmega8U2
USB-to-TTL Serial chip.
PWM: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11. Provide 8-bit PWM output with the analog Write
() function.
LED: 13. There is a built-in LED connected to digital pin 13. When the pin is
HIGH value, the LED is on, when the pin is LOW, it's off.
The Uno has 6 analog inputs, each of which provides 10 bits of resolution.
Each of the 14 digital pins on the Uno can be used as an input or output, using
pin Mode(), digital Write(), and digital Read() functions
Digital pins:
Pins 0 7: PORT D [0:7]
Pins 8 13: PORT B [0:5]
Pins 14 19: PORT C [0:5] (Arduino analog pins 0 5)
digital pins 0 and 1 are RX and TX for serial communication
digital pin 13 connected to the base board LED
Digital Pin I/O Functions:
pin Mode(pin, mode)
Sets pin to INPUT or OUTPUT mode
digital Write(pin, value)
Sets pin value to LOW or HIGH (0 or 1)
Page 48
int value = digital Read(pin)
Reads back pin value (0 or 1)
ECE
Analog input:
Analog input pins: 0 5
Analog input functions

int Val = analog Read(pin)
Analog output:
Generates a PWM output on digital pin (3, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11)
Analog input functions

Analog Write (pin, value)
6.5 ATMEGA 328 Microcontrollers

The ATmega88 through ATmega328 microcontrollers are said by Atmel to be the
upgrades from the very popular ATmega8. They are pin compatible, but not
functionally compatible. The ATmega328 has 32kB of flash, where the ATmega8 has
8kB. Other differences are in the timers, additional SRAM and EEPROM, the
addition of pin change interrupts, and a divide by 8 presale for the system clock.
The schematic below shows the Atmel ATmega328 circuit as it was built on
the test board. The power supply is common and is shared between all of the
microcontrollers on the board. The ATmega328 is in a minimal circuit. It is using its
internal 8 MHz RC oscillator (divided by 8). The boot loader is programmed using the
ISP programming connector, and the Arduino sketches are uploaded via the 6-pin
header. Be aware that programming the Arduino boot loader into the ATmega88,
ATmega168, or ATmega328 microcontroller will change the clock fuses, requiring
the addition of an external crystal. The crystal shown on the schematic is
only required when the ATmega328 is going to be used as an Arduino, although it
may be desired in any real world application. I typically run them at 16 MHz, but they
will run as high as 20 MHz.
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PIN DIAGRAM:
Figure 6.4: AT mega PIN diagram
6.5.1 PIN DESCRIPTIONS:

VCC: Digital supply voltage
GND: Ground
Port B (PB7:0) XTAL1/XTAL2/TOSC1/TOSC2
Port B is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for
each bit). The Port B output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both
high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port B pins that are externally pulled low
will source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port B pins are tri-stated
when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running.
Depending on the clock selection fuse settings, PB6 can be used as input to the
inverting Oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit.
Depending on the clock selection fuse settings, PB7 can be used as output from the
inverting Oscillator amplifier. If the Internal Calibrated RC Oscillator is used as chip
clock source, PB7.6 is used as TOSC2.1 input for the Asynchronous Timer/Counter2
if the AS2 bit in ASSR is set.
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Port C (PC5:0)
Port C is a 7-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for
each bit). The PC5..0 output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both
high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port C pins that are externally pulled low
will source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port C pins are tri-stated
when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running.
PC6/RESET
If the RSTDISBL Fuse is programmed, PC6 is used as an I/O pin. Note that the
electrical characteristics of PC6 differ from those of the other pins of Port C. If the
RSTDISBL Fuse is unprogrammed, PC6 is used as a Reset input. A low level on this
pin for longer than the minimum pulse length will generate a Reset, even if the clock
is not running.
Port D (PD7:0)
Port D is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for
each bit). The Port D output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both
high sink and source capability.
AVCC
AVCC is the supply voltage pin for the A/D Converter, PC3:0, and ADC7:6. It should
be externally connected to VCC, even if the ADC is not used. If the ADC is used, it
should be connected to VCC through a low-pass filter.
AREF
AREF is the analog reference pin for the A/D Converter.
ADC7:6 (TQFP and QFN/MLF Package Only)
In the TQFP and QFN/MLF package, ADC7:6 serve as analog inputs to the A/D
converter. These pins are powered from the analog supply and serve as 10-bit ADC
channels.
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ECE
CHAPTER-7
SOFTWARE DETAILS
7.1 KEIL SOFTWARE:
Keil compiler is software used where the machine language code is written and
compiled. After compilation, the machine source code is converted into hex code
which is to be dumped into the microcontroller for further processing. Keil compiler
also supports C language code.
STEPS TO WRITE AN ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE PROGRAM IN

KEIL AND HOW TO COMPILE IT:
1. Install the Keil Software in the PC in any of the drives.
2. After installation, an icon will be created with the name Keil uVision3. Just
drag this icon onto the desktop so that it becomes easy whenever you try to
write programs in keil.
3. Double click on this icon to start the keil compiler.
4. A page opens with different options in it showing the project workspace at the
leftmost corner side, output window in the bottom and an ash colored space
for the program to be written.
5. Now to start using the keil, click on the option project.
6. A small window opens showing the options like new project, import project,
open project etc. Click on New project.
7. A small window with the title bar Create new project opens. The window
asks the user to give the project name with which it should be created and the
destination location. The project can be created in any of the drives available.
You can create a new folder and then a new file or can create directly a new
file.
8. After the file is saved in the given destination location, a window opens where
a list of vendors will be displayed and you have to select the device for the
target you have created.
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ECE
9. The most widely used vendor is Atmel. So click on Atmel and now the family
of microcontrollers manufactured by Atmel opens. You can select any one of
the microcontrollers according to the requirement.
10. When you click on any one of the microcontrollers, the features of that
particular microcontroller will be displayed on the right side of the page. Click
on this microcontroller and have a look at its features. Now click on OK to
select this microcontroller.
11. A small window opens asking whether to copy the startup code into the file
you have created just now. Just click on No to proceed further.
12. Now you can see the TARGET and SOURCE GROUP created in the project
workspace.
13. Now click on File and in that New. A new page opens and you can start
writing program in it.
14. After the program is completed, save it with any name but with the .asm
extension. Save the program in the file you have created earlier.
15. You can notice that after you save the program, the predefined keywords will
be highlighted in bold letters.
16. Now add this file to the target by giving a right click on the source group. A
list of options open and in that select Add files to the source group. Check
for this file where you have saved and add it.
17. Right click on the target and select the first option Options for target. A
window opens with different options like device, target, output etc. First click
on target.
18. Since the set frequency of the microcontroller is 11.0592 MHz to interface
with the PC, just enter this frequency value in the Xtal (MHz) text area and put
a tick on the Use on-chip ROM. This is because the program what we write
here in the keil will later be dumped into the microcontroller and will be stored
in the inbuilt ROM in the microcontroller.
19. Now click the option Output and give any name to the hex file to be created
in the Name of executable text area and put a tick to the Create HEX file
option present in the same window. The hex file can be created in any of the
drives. You can change the folder by clicking on Select folder for Objects.
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ECE
20. Now to check whether the program you have written is errorless or not, click
on the icon exactly below the Open file icon which is nothing but Build
Target icon. You can even use the shortcut key F7 to compile the program
written.
21. To check for the output, there are several windows like serial window,
memory window, project window etc. Depending on the program you have
written, select the appropriate window to see the output by entering into debug
mode.
22. The icon with the letter d indicates the debug mode.
23. Click on this icon and now click on the option View and select the
appropriate window to check for the output.
24. After this is done, click the icon debug again to come out of the debug
mode.
25. The hex file created as shown earlier will be dumped into the microcontroller
with the help of another software called Proload.
7.2 PROLOAD:
Proload is software which accepts only hex files. Once the machine code is converted
into hex code, that hex code has to be dumped into the microcontroller placed in the
programmer kit and this is done by the Proload. Programmer kit contains a
microcontroller on it other than the one which is to be programmed. This
microcontroller has a program in it written in such a way that it accepts the hex file
from the keil compiler and dumps this hex file into the microcontroller which is to be
programmed. As this programmer kit requires power supply to be operated, this
power supply is given from the power supply circuit designed above. It should be
noted that this programmer kit contains a power supply section in the board itself but
in order to switch on that power supply, a source is required. Thus this is
accomplished from the power supply board with an output of 12volts or from an
adapter connected to 230 V AC.
1. Install the Proload Software in the PC.
2. Now connect the Programmer kit to the PC (CPU) through serial cable.
3. Power up the programmer kit from the ac supply through adapter.
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ECE
4. Now place the microcontroller in the GIF socket provided in the programmer
kit.
5. Click on the proload icon in the PC. A window appears providing the
information like Hardware model, com port, device type, Flash size etc. Click
on browse option to select the hex file to be dumped into the microcontroller
and then click on Auto program to program the microcontroller with that
particular hex file.
6. The status of the microcontroller can be seen in the small status window in the
bottom of the page. After this process is completed, remove the
microcontroller from the programmer kit and place it in your system board.
Now the system board behaves according to the program written in the
microcontroller.
7.3 ARDUINO SOFTWARE TOOLS

Arduino and Arduino Mega Software and Drivers Installation
This describes the installation of the Arduino IDE Development software and drivers
for the Windows Operating System. The images and description is based on
installation under Windows XP, but the process should be similar for Vista and
Windows 7. First we need to get the latest version of the Arduino software this can be
downloaded from the Arduino website
STEP 1:
Next, plug in your Arduino board to your computer with a USB cable and wait while
Windows detects the new device. Windows will fail to detect the device as it doesn't
know where the drivers are stored. You will get an error similar to the one right.
Select the Install from a list or specific location (Advanced) option and click next
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ECE
STEP 2:
Now choose the location that the Arduino drivers are stored in. This will be in a
subfolder called drivers in your Arduino directory
Page 56
ECE
STEP3:
After selecting next you may get a message like the one shown right.
Select Continue Anyway
STEP 4:
Windows should now have found the Arduino drivers. Click Finish to complete the
installation
Page 57
ECE
STEP 5:
The computer communicates with the Arduino board via a special serial port chip
built into the Arduino board. The Arduino IDE software needs to know the serial port
number that Windows has just allocated to it Open the Windows Control Panel and
select the System app. Click on the Hardware tab and then on the Device Manager
button. Click on the Ports (COM and LPT) option and note what COM port has been
allocated to the Arduino Board.
STEP 6:
Next, run the Arduino IDE application, which will be in c:\program files\arduino0021 or similar
Click on Tools | Serial Port and select the port number from above
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ECE
STEP 7:
Next click on Tools | Board and select the type of board that you have
STEP 8:
Now try opening the Simple program from the example directory within the Arduino
IDE, Verify/Compile it and upload it to your board.
You should see the TX and RX leds on the board flash showing you that it is
working.
Finally the built in LED connected to Pin 13 will flash. Thats your first program
running
Create a shortcut to the Arduino IDE and place it on your desktop

Page 59
ECE
CHAPTER 8
SCHEMATIC REPRESENTATION
8.1 SCHEMATIC REPRESENTATION OF TRANSMITTER
Page 60
ECE
8.2 SCHEMATIC REPRESENTATION OF RECEIVER:
Page 61
ECE
RF RECEIVER
MOBILE JAMMER WITH METAL DETECTOR
Page 62
ECE
CHAPTER-9
APPLICATIONS AND ADVANTAGES
9.1 APPLICATIONS:
Defense: This project is useful in bomb detection and surveillance areas.
Temples: A metal detection robot is used at sacred places & crowded areas
like shopping malls instead of men power .
VIP security: A bomb diffusion robot with a CCTV camera can be used at
VIPs houses for their security.
Terrorist prone areas.
Instead of manpower to detect landmines in combing operations, this project is
much helpful for mines detection.
9.2 ADVANTAGES:
Spontaneous output.
Long range.
Not light sensitive.
Line of sight not required.
Not as sensitive to weather/environmental conditions
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ECE
CHAPTER-10
RESULT
TRANSMITTER
INPUT:
RECEIVER
LCD DISPLAY:
Page 64
ECE
OUTPUT:
WHEN METEL DETECTED:

INPUT
OUTPUT
MOBILE JAMMER ACITVATED WHEN METAL DETECTED:
Page 65
ECE
CHAPTER- 11
CONCLUSION & FUTURE SCOPE
10.1 CONCLUSION
This project presents the movement of the robot using Hand gesture technology which
runs on the 9V power supply. This project is been designed and implemented with
ARDUINO MCU in embedded system domain. Experimental work has been carried
out carefully. The result shows that higher efficiency is indeed achieved using the
embedded system. The proposed method is verified to be highly beneficial for the
security purpose.
10.2 FUTURE SCOPE

Could be made to work on solar energy instead of battery source.
For more spontaneous output including visual guidance, an image capturing
device of high resolution like movable camera could be fixed to the robot.
The voice recognition security may also be developed in future.
Page 66
ECE
REFERENCES:
1. Www. howstuffworks.com
2. Embedded System by Raj Kamal
3. 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded Systems by Mazzidi
4. Electronics Maker.
5. Electronics for you
6. Electrikindia
7. www.wikipedia.com
8. www.Electronic projects.com
Page 67
APPENDIX
SOURCE CODE
TRANSMITTER:
#include<reg52.h>
#include"I2C_MEM.c"
#include"LCD4.h"
sbit
sbit
sbit
sbit
frw=P2^7;
lft=P2^6;
rht=P2^5;
bck=P2^4;
void main()
{
LCD_init();
LCD_puts(0x80," I2C
MEMS TEST ");
MEMS_Init();
LCD_puts(0x80,"
Mem inited
");
while (1)
{
x=RrByte_MEMS(0x00);
y=RrByte_MEMS(0x01);
z=RrByte_MEMS(0x02);
Robo_Movements(x,y);
}
}
Robo_Movements(unsigned char f_b,unsigned char l_r)

{
if((f_b>15&&f_b<35))
{
LCD_puts(0x80,"
FORWARD
");
frw=0;
return;
}
else
if(f_b<50&&f_b>35)
{
LCD_puts(0x80,"
BACKWARD
");
bck=0;
return;
}
else
if(l_r>15&&l_r<35)
{
LCD_puts(0x80,"
lft=0;
return;
}
else
if(l_r<50&&l_r>35)
{
LCD_puts(0x80,"
rht=0;
return;
}
else
if((f_b<10 && l_r<10)
{
LCD_puts(0x80,"
}
LEFT
");
RIGHT
");
|| (f_b>100 && l_r>100))

STOP
RECEIVER:
//RF////////////////////
const int sw1=1;
const int sw2=2;
const int sw3=3;
const int sw4=4;
////////////////////////
//H-Bridge//////////////
const int h1=5;
const int h2=6;
const int h3=11;
const int h4=12;
////////////////////////
int
int
int
int
int
sw1State=0;
sw2State=0;
sw3State=0;
sw4State=0;
firesensState=0;
void setup()
{
pinMode(sw1,INPUT);
pinMode(sw2,INPUT);
pinMode(sw3,INPUT);
pinMode(sw4,INPUT);
pinMode(h1,OUTPUT);
pinMode(h2,OUTPUT);
pinMode(h3,OUTPUT);
");
pinMode(h4,OUTPUT);
}
void loop()
{
if(sw1State==LOW)
{
digitalWrite(h1,HIGH);
digitalWrite(h2,LOW);
}
if(sw2State==LOW)
{
}
if(sw3State==LOW)
{
}
if(sw4State==LOW)
{
}
}

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A Project Report

WIRELESS BOMB DETECTION ROBOT

TAMMADI BABU RAO

G. SRI SAI RATNA

Under the guidance of

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

This is to certify that Project entitled WIRELESS BOMB DETECTION ROBOT

for the award of Bachelor of Technology in Department of ECE, VISHWA

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

Mrs. S. NIHARIKA (Asst. Professor)

TAMMADI BABU RAO (097F1A0405)

We express our sense of gratitude to Mr. C.ASHOK VISHNU Head of Department

Certificate from the Department

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

APPLICATIONS AND ADVANTAGES

Encoder PIN Description

WIRELESS BOMB DETECTION ROBOT

VISHWA BHARATHI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCES (VBITS)

WIRELESS BOMB DETECTION ROBOT

1.2 INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEM:

VISHWA BHARATHI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCES (VBITS)

WIRELESS BOMB DETECTION ROBOT

If an embedded system is designed well, the existence of the processor and

1.3 MEMS TECHNOLOGY:

WIRELESS BOMB DETECTION ROBOT

VISHWA BHARATHI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCES (VBITS)

Power supply to all

WIRELESS BOMB DETECTION ROBOT

2.2 RECEIVER BLOCK

Power supply to all sections

VISHWA BHARATHI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCES (VBITS)

WIRELESS BOMB DETECTION ROBOT

2.3 HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION:

2.3.2 COMPONENTS USED:

2.3.3 WORKING PROCEDURE:

WIRELESS BOMB DETECTION ROBOT

The data transmitting unit consists of the following devices:

VISHWA BHARATHI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCES (VBITS)

WIRELESS BOMB DETECTION ROBOT

Figure 3.1 Components of a regulated power supply

WIRELESS BOMB DETECTION ROBOT

3.1.4 VOLTAGE REGULATOR

Figure 3.2 Accelerometer

VISHWA BHARATHI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCES (VBITS)

WIRELESS BOMB DETECTION ROBOT

VISHWA BHARATHI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCES (VBITS)

WIRELESS BOMB DETECTION ROBOT

3.3 ENCODER HT12E:

3.3.1 PIN DIAGRAM:

Figure 3.4 Encoder pin diagram

3.3.2 PIN DESCRIPTION:

VISHWA BHARATHI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCES (VBITS)

WIRELESS BOMB DETECTION ROBOT

Table 3.1 Encoder Pin Description

Figure 3.5 RF Transmitter and RF Receiver

VISHWA BHARATHI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCES (VBITS)

WIRELESS BOMB DETECTION ROBOT

3.5 DECODER HT12D:

Figure 3.6 Decoder Pin diagram

Table 3.2 Decoder Pin Description

VISHWA BHARATHI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCES (VBITS)

WIRELESS BOMB DETECTION ROBOT

Operating voltage: 2.4V~12V.