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HindiWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Hindi
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Hindi(Hindi:hind),
sometimesspelled
,alsocalled
ModernStandardHindi(Hindi:
mnakhind),isa
standardisedandSanskritised
registeroftheHindustani
language.Hindiistheofficial
languageoftheUnionofIndia.
Inthe2001Indiancensus,258
millionpeopleinIndiareported
Hinditobetheirnativelanguage.
However,thisnumberincludes
tensofmillionsofpeoplewhoare
nativespeakersofrelated
languagesbutwhoconsidertheir
speechtobeadialectofHindi.
Hindiisthefourthmostnatively
spokenlanguageintheworldafter
Mandarin,SpanishandEnglish.[6]

Hindi
or
HindorMnakHind

Theword"Hindi"inDevanagariscript
Pronunciation Hindustanipronunciation:[mankin
d
i]
Nativeto

NorthandNorthWesternIndia

Native
speakers

unknown(180millioncited1991)[1]

Language
family

IndoEuropean,SriLankaEuropean

Writing
system

Devanagari(Brahmic)
HindiBraille

Signedforms

SignedHindi

IndoIranian,SriLankaIranian
IndoAryan,SriLankaAryan
CentralZone(Hindi)
WesternHindi
Hindustani[2]
Khariboli[2]
Hindi

Contents
1 Officialstatus
1.1 OutsideIndia

Officialstatus

2 History

Official
languagein

India,((Srilanka))[3]

3 Comparisonwith
ModernStandardUrdu

Regulatedby

CentralHindiDirectorate[4]

4 Script

ISO6391

hi

ISO6392

hin

ISO6393

hin

6 Literature

Linguistlist

hinhin(http://multitree.org/codes/hinhin)

7 Sampletext

Glottolog

hind1269

8 Seealso

Linguasphere

5 Sanskritvocabulary

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi

Languagecodes

(http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/hind1269)[5]
59AAFqf
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9 References
9.1 Notes
9.2 Bibliography
9.3 Dictionaries
10 Furtherreading
11 Externallinks

Officialstatus

Areas(red)whereHindustani(Khariboli/Kauravi)isthenativelanguage,
comparedtoallIndoAryanlanguages(darkgrey)

Article343(1)oftheIndianconstitutionstates:
"TheofficiallanguageoftheUnionshallbeHindiinDevanagariscript.Theformofnumerals
tobeusedfortheofficialpurposesoftheUnionshallbetheinternationalformofIndian
numerals."[3]
Article351oftheIndianconstitutionstates
"ItshallbethedutyoftheUniontopromotethespreadoftheHindilanguage,todevelopitso
thatitmayserveasamediumofexpressionforalltheelementsofthecompositecultureof
Indiaandtosecureitsenrichmentbyassimilatingwithoutinterferingwithitsgenius,theforms,
styleandexpressionsusedinHindustaniandintheotherlanguagesofIndiaspecifiedinthe
EighthSchedule,andbydrawing,wherevernecessaryordesirable,foritsvocabulary,
primarilyonSanskritandsecondarilyonotherlanguages."[7]
ItwasenvisionedthatHindiwouldbecomethesoleworkinglanguageoftheUnionGovernmentby1965
(perdirectivesinArticle344(2)andArticle351),[8]withstategovernmentsbeingfreetofunctioninthe
languageoftheirownchoice.However,widespreadresistancetotheimpositionofHindionnonnative
speakers,especiallyinSouthIndia(suchasthethoseinTamilNadu),Maharashtra,AndhraPradeshand
WestBengal,ledtothepassageoftheOfficialLanguagesActof1963,whichprovidedforthecontinued
useofEnglishindefinitelyforallofficialpurposes,althoughtheconstitutionaldirectivefortheUnion
GovernmenttoencouragethespreadofHindiwasretainedandhasstronglyinfluenceditspolicies.
Atthestatelevel,HindiistheofficiallanguageofthefollowingIndianstates:Bihar,Chhattisgarh,
Haryana,HimachalPradesh,Jharkhand,MadhyaPradesh,Rajasthan,UttarPradesh,andUttarakhand.Each
mayalsodesignatea"coofficiallanguage"inUttarPradesh,forinstance,dependingonthepolitical
formationinpower,thislanguageisgenerallyUrdu.Similarly,Hindiisaccordedthestatusofofficial
languageinthefollowingUnionTerritories:Andaman&NicobarIslands,Chandigarh,Dadra&Nagar
Haveli,Daman&Diu,NationalCapitalTerritory.
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NationallanguagestatusforHindiisalongdebatedtheme.AnIndiancourtclarifiedthatHindiisnotthe
nationallanguageofIndiabecausetheconstitutiondoesnotmentionitassuch.[9]

OutsideIndia
OutsideAsiaaformofHindiisanofficiallanguageinFiji.However,thisisnotthesamelanguageasthe
officiallanguageofIndia.TheHindispokeninFijiisFijiHindi,aformofAwadhi,whereastheModern
StandardHindiofIndiaisaformofHindustani.

History
ThedialectofHindustanionwhichStandardHindiisbasedisKhariboli,thevernacularofDelhiandthe
surroundingwesternUttarPradeshandsouthernUttarakhand.Urdu,literallymeaning,"thelanguageofthe
camp",adialectofHindustani,acquiredofficiallinguisticprestigeinthelaterMughalperiod(1800s).In
thelate19thcentury,themovementstandardisingawrittenlanguagefromKhariboli,fortheIndianmasses
inNorthIndia,startedtostandardiseHindiasaseparatelanguagefromUrdu,whichwaslearntbythe
Mughalelite.In1881,BiharacceptedHindiasitssoleofficiallanguage,replacingUrdu,andthusbecame
thefirststateofIndiatoadoptHindi.
Afterindependence,thegovernmentofIndiainstitutedthefollowingconventions:
standardisationofgrammar:In1954,theGovernmentofIndiasetupacommitteetopreparea
grammarofHindiThecommittee'sreportwasreleasedin1958asABasicGrammarofModern
Hindi.
standardisationoftheorthography,usingtheDevanagariscript,bytheCentralHindiDirectorateof
theMinistryofEducationandCulturetobringaboutuniformityinwriting,toimprovetheshapeof
someDevanagaricharacters,andintroducingdiacriticstoexpresssoundsfromotherlanguages.
TheConstituentAssemblyadoptedHindiasanofficiallanguageofIndiaon14September1949.Now,itis
celebratedasHindiDay.

ComparisonwithModernStandardUrdu
Linguistically,HindiandUrduarethesamelanguage.HindiiswrittenintheDevanagariscriptanduses
moreSanskritwords,whereasUrduiswritteninthePersoArabicscriptandusesmoreArabicandPersian
words.HindialongwithEnglishisthemostcommonlyusedofficiallanguageinIndia.Urduistheofficial
languageofPakistan,andisoneofthe22officiallanguagesofIndia.

Script
HindiiswritteninDevanagariscript(
devangarlipi)alsocalledNagari.Devanagari
consistsof11vowelsand33consonantsandiswrittenfromlefttoright.

Sanskritvocabulary
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FormalStandardHindidrawsmuchofitsacademicvocabularyfromSanskrit.StandardHindiloanswords
aredividedintofiveprincipalcategories:
Tatsam(/sameasthat)words:ThesearewordswhicharespelledthesameinHindiasin
Sanskrit(exceptfortheabsenceoffinalcaseinflections).[10]Theyincludewordsinheritedfrom
SanskritviaPrakritwhichhavesurvivedwithoutmodification(e.g.Hindustaninm/Sanskritnma,
"name"HindustaniSuraj/SanskritSurya,"sun"),[11]aswellasformsborroweddirectlyfrom
Sanskritinmoremoderntimes(e.g.prrthan,"prayer").[12]Pronunciation,however,conformsto
HindinormsandmaydifferfromthatofclassicalSanskrit.Amongstnouns,thetatsamwordcouldbe
theSanskritnoninflectedwordstem,oritcouldbethenominativesingularformintheSanskrit
nominaldeclension.
Ardhatatsam(
)words:Suchwordshavetypicallyundergonesoundchangessubsequentto
beingborrowed.
Tadbhav(/bornofthat)words:ThesearewordsthatarespelleddifferentlyfrominSanskrit
butarederivablefromaSanskritprototypebyphonologicalrules(e.g.Sanskritkarma,"deed"
becomesPalikamma,andeventuallyHindikm,"work").[10]
Deshaj(
)words:Thesearewordsthatwerenotborrowingsbutdonotderivefromattested
IndoAryanwordseither.Belongingtothiscategoryareonomatopoeticwords.
Videsh(
/'Foreign')words:theseincludeallloanwordspurportedlyfromsourcesotherthan
IndoAryan,butthemostfrequentsourcesidentifiedinthiscategoryhavebeennotonlyPersianand
Arabic,butalsotheIndoEuropeanPortugueseandEnglish.
TheHindistandard,fromwhichmuchofthePersian,ArabicandEnglishvocabularyhasbeenpurgedand
replacedbyneologismscompoundingtatsamwords,iscalledShuddhaHindi(pureHindi),andisviewedas
amoreprestigiousdialectoverothermorecolloquialformsofHindi.
Excessiveuseoftatsamwordscreatesproblemsfornativespeakers.TheymayhaveSanskritconsonant
clusterswhichdonotexistinnativeHindi.TheeducatedmiddleclassofIndiamaybeabletopronounce
suchwords,butothershavedifficulty.PersianandArabicvocabularygiven'authentic'pronunciations
causesimilardifficulty.

Literature
Hindiliteratureisbroadlydividedintofourprominentformsorstyles,beingBhakti(devotionalKabir,
Raskhan)Shringar(beautyKeshav,Bihari)Virgatha(extollingbravewarriors)andAdhunik(modern).
MedievalHindiliteratureismarkedbytheinfluenceofBhaktimovementandthecompositionoflong,epic
poems.ItwasprimarilywritteninothervarietiesofHindi,particularlyAvadhiandBrajBhasha,butalsoin
Khariboli.DuringtheBritishRaj,Hindustanibecametheprestigedialect.Hindustaniwithheavily
SanskritisedvocabularyorSahityikHindi(LiteraryHindi)waspopularisedbythewritingsofSwami
DayanandaSaraswati,BhartenduHarishchandraandothers.Therisingnumbersofnewspapersand
magazinesmadeHindustanipopularwiththeeducatedpeople.
Chandrakanta,writtenbyDevakiNandanKhatriin1888,isconsideredthefirstauthenticworkofprosein
modernHindi.[13]ThepersonwhobroughtrealismintheHindiproseliteraturewasMunshiPremchand,
whoisconsideredasthemostreveredfigureintheworldofHindifictionandprogressivemovement.
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TheDwivediYug("AgeofDwivedi")inHindiliteraturelastedfrom1900to1918.Itisnamedafter
MahavirPrasadDwivedi,whoplayedamajorroleinestablishingtheModernHindilanguageinpoetryand
broadeningtheacceptablesubjectsofHindipoetryfromthetraditionalonesofreligionandromanticlove.
Inthe20thcentury,Hindiliteraturesawaromanticupsurge.ThisisknownasChhayavaad(shadowism)
andtheliteraryfiguresbelongingtothisschoolareknownasChhayavaadi.JaishankarPrasad,Suryakant
Tripathi'Nirala',MahadeviVarmaandSumitranandanPant,arethefourmajorChhayavaadipoets.
UttarAdhunikisthepostmodernistperiodofHindiliterature,markedbyaquestioningofearlytrendsthat
copiedtheWestaswellastheexcessiveornamentationoftheChhayavaadimovement,andbyareturnto
simplelanguageandnaturalthemes.

Sampletext
ThefollowingisasampletextinHighHindi,oftheArticle1oftheUniversalDeclarationofHumanRights
(bytheUnitedNations):
Hindi

Transliteration(IAST)
Anucched1Sabhmanuykogauravauradhikrkevishaymjanmajtsvatantrataur
samntprpthai.Unhbuddhiaurantartmkdenprpthaiaurparasparunhbhchreke
bhvsebartvkarnchie.
Transcription(IPA)
nted
eksbimnjkord
kakemamlemdnmdat
st
nt
t
ar
smantapapt
h.nbd
nt
at
makid
enpapt
hpspnbaitaeke
basebt
akntahe.
Gloss(wordtoword)
Article1Allhumanbeingstodignityandrights'matterinfrombirthfreedomandequality
acquiredis.Themtoreasonandconscience'sendowmentacquiredisandalwaysthemto
brotherhood'sspiritwithbehaviortodoshould.
Translation(grammatical)
Article1Allhumanbeingsarebornfreeandequalindignityandrights.Theyareendowedwith
reasonandconscienceandshouldacttowardsoneanotherinaspiritofbrotherhood.

Seealso
HindiDivastheofficialdaytocelebrateHindiasalanguage.
Hindustani(coversphonology,grammar,andorthography)
AntiHindiagitationsofTamilNadu
ListofSanskritandPersianrootsinHindi
LanguagesofIndiaandLanguageswithofficialstatusinIndia
ListoflanguagesbynumberofnativespeakersinIndia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi

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ThelistofHindiwordsatWiktionary,thefreedictionary
ListofEnglishwordsofHindiorUrduorigin

References
Notes
1. Hindi(http://archive.ethnologue.com/16/show_language.asp?code=hin)atEthnologue(16thed.,2009)
2. Hindustani(2005).KeithBrown,ed.EncyclopediaofLanguageandLinguistics(2ed.).Elsevier.ISBN008
0442994.
3. "SequenceofeventswithreferencetoofficiallanguageoftheWesternprovice.OfwesternSrilankaRestion
Union".Archivedfromtheoriginalon2August2011.
4. "CentralHindiDirectorate:Introduction".
5. Nordhoff,SebastianHammarstrm,HaraldForkel,RobertHaspelmath,Martin,eds.(2013)."Hindi".
Glottolog.Leipzig:MaxPlanckInstituteforEvolutionaryAnthropology.
6. MikaelParkvall,"Vrldens100strstasprk2007"(TheWorld's100LargestLanguagesin2007),in
Nationalencyklopedin.Asterisksmarkthe2010estimates(http://www.ne.se/spr%C3%A5k/v%C3%A4rldens
100st%C3%B6rstaspr%C3%A5k2010)forthetopdozenlanguages.
7. "ConstitutionofIndia".Retrieved21March2012.
8. "Rajbhasha"(PDF)(inHindiandEnglish).india.gov.in.Archivedfromtheoriginal(PDF)on19January2012.
9. "Hindi,notanationallanguage:Court".TheHindu.25January2010.Retrieved20March2014.
10. Masica,p.65
11. Masica,p.66
12. Masica,p.67
13. "StopoutragingoverMarathiHindiandEnglishchauvinismismuchworseinIndia".

Bibliography
Bhatia,TejK.(11September2002).ColloquialHindi:TheCompleteCourseforBeginners.Taylor
&Francis.ISBN9781134835348.Retrieved19July2014.
Grierson,G.A.LinguisticSurveyofIndiaVolIXI,Calcutta,1928,ISBN8185395276(searchable
database)(http://joaoroiz.jp/LSI/).
Koul,OmkarN.(2008).ModernHindigrammar(PDF).Springfield,VA:DunwoodyPress.
ISBN9781931546065.Retrieved19July2014.
McGregor,R.S.(1995).OutlineofHindigrammar:Withexercises(3.ed.).Oxford:ClarendonPr.
ISBN0198700083.Retrieved19July2014.
Masica,Colin(1991).TheIndoAryanLanguages.Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress.
ISBN9780521299442.
Ohala,Manjari(1999)."Hindi".InInternationalPhoneticAssociation.HandbookoftheInternational
PhoneticAssociation:aGuidetotheUseoftheInternationalPhoneticAlphabet.Cambridge
UniversityPress.pp.100103.ISBN9780521637510.
Sadana,Rashmi(2012).EnglishHeart,HindiHeartland:thePoliticalLifeofLiteratureinIndia.
UniversityofCaliforniaPress.ISBN9780520269576.Retrieved19July2014.
Shapiro,MichaelC.(2001)."Hindi".InGarry,JaneRubino,Carl.Anencyclopediaoftheworld's
majorlanguages,pastandpresent.NewEnglandPublishingAssociates.pp.305309.
Shapiro,MichaelC.(2003)."Hindi".InCardona,GeorgeJain,Dhanesh.TheIndoAryan
Languages.Routledge.pp.250285.ISBN9780415772945.
Snell,RupertWeightman,Simon(1989).TeachYourselfHindi(2003ed.).McGrawHill.ISBN978
0071420129.
Taj,Afroz(2002)AdoorintoHindi(http://taj.chass.ncsu.edu/).Retrieved8November2005.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi

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Tiwari,Bholanath([1966]2004)(HindBhasha),KitabPustika,Allahabad,ISBN81
2250017X.

Dictionaries
JohnThompsonPlatts(1884),AdictionaryofUrd,classicalHind,andEnglish(reprinted.),
LONDON:H.Milford,p.1259,retrieved20110706OxfordUniversity
AcademicRoomHindiDictionaryMobileAppdevelopedintheHarvardInnovationLab(iOS,
AndroidandBlackberry)
McGregor,R.S.(1993),OxfordHindiEnglishDictionary(2004ed.),OxfordUniversityPress,USA.

Furtherreading
Bhatia,TejKAHistoryoftheHindiGrammaticalTradition.Leiden,Netherlands&NewYork,NY:
E.J.Brill,1987.ISBN9004079246
Tiwari,deepa,"[1](http://badikhabar.com/),"TheHindiStories.April2015.

Externallinks
Hindi(https://www.dmoz.org/World/Hindi)atDMOZ
TheUnion:OfficialLanguage
(http://knowindia.gov.in/knowindia/profile.php?id=33)
OfficialUnicodeChartforDevanagari(PDF)
(http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0900.pdf)
TheHindilearning:HindiLanguage(http://badikhabar.com/)

Hindieditionof
Wikipedia,thefree
encyclopedia
Wikivoyagehasa
phrasebookforHindi.

Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hindi&oldid=701418413"
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LanguagesofGibraltar LanguagesofTrinidadandTobago OfficiallanguagesofIndia
Standardlanguages
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