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Research article
JUMPING AND LANDING TECHNIQUES IN ELITE WOMENS
VOLLEYBALL
Department of Exercise and Sport Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
3
Department of Physical Therapy, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
4
Department of Recreation, Parks, and Tourism, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
2
Received: 14 October 2003 / Accepted: 14 January 2004 / Published (online): 01 March 2004
ABSTRACT
Volleyball has become one of the most widely played participant sports in the world. Participation
requires expertise in many physical skills and performance is often dependent on an individuals ability
to jump and land. The incidence of injury in volleyball is similar to the rates reported for sports that are
considered more physical contact sports. Though the most common source of injury in volleyball is the
jump landing sequence, little research exists regarding the prevalence of jumping and landing techniques.
The purpose of this study was to quantify the number of jumps performed by female volleyball players in
competitive matches and to determine the relative frequency of different jump-landing techniques.
Videotape recordings of two matches among four volleyball teams were analyzed for this study. Each
activity was categorized by jump type (offensive spike or defensive block) and phase (jump or landing).
Phase was subcategorized by foot use patterns (right, left, or both). Each of the players averaged nearly
22 jump-landings per game. Foot use patterns occurred in unequal amounts (p < 0.001) with over 50% of
defensive landings occurring on one foot. Coaches, physical educators, and recreation providers may
utilize the findings of this inquiry to help prevent injuries in volleyball.
KEY WORDS: Knee injury, jumping technique, female, leap, frequency
INTRODUCTION
The sport of volleyball has continued to increase in
participation since its inception over one hundred
years ago. Volleyball has become one of the most
widely played participant sports in the world with
over 200 million players (Aagaard et al., 1997;
Briner and Kacmar, 1997). The number of
participants rivals the number of soccer participants
(250 million) reported by the Federation
Internationale de Football Association (Dvorak et
al., 2000). Another indication of the worldwide
appeal of all forms of volleyball was the inclusion of
beach volleyball as an Olympic sport in 1996.
Potential reasons for the popularity of volleyball are
that the sport requires a minimal amount of
equipment and individuals can participate
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METHODS
Videotape recordings of two matches among four
NCAA Division IA female volleyball teams were
analyzed for this study. All four teams were
considered elite (ranked in the top 25 in the United
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Tillman et al.
RESULTS
a)
b)
a)
b)
DISCUSSION
This study was designed to evaluate the
jumping and landing techniques utilized by expert
female volleyball players. Specifically, the number
of jumps performed by elite female volleyball
players in a competitive match was quantified and
the relative frequency of different jumping
techniques was determined. The combinations of the
jump-landing strategies occurred in disproportionate
amounts.
Nearly all offensive and defensive jumps
performed by elite female volleyball players are
executed using both feet. Jumping with both feet
affords the athlete a wide and stable base of support
for force production and maximal vertical leap
performance. Accordingly, very few injuries occur
during the jump phase of blocks or spikes.
Conversely, nearly half of all landings in elite
womens volleyball utilize a unilateral landing
technique. This observed trend may be especially
important when one considers that the most frequent
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Tillman et al.
CONCLUSIONS
The results of this study may provide practitioners
with some important implications in regard to
REFERENCES
Aagaard, H., Scavenius, M. and Jorgensen, U. (1997) An
epidemiological analysis of the injury pattern in
indoor and in beach volleyball. International
Journal of Sports Medicine 18, 217-221.
Adrian, M.J. and Laughlin, C.K. (1983) Magnitude of
ground reaction forces while performing volleyball
skills. In: Biomechanics VIII-B. Champaign, IL:
Human Kinetics. 903-914.
Briner, W.W. and Kacmar, L. (1997) Common injuries in
volleyball: Mechanisms of injury, prevention and
rehabilitation. Sports Medicine 24, 65-71.
Dufek, J.S. and Bates, B.T. (1990) The evaluation and
prediction of impact forces during landings.
Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 22, 370377.
Dufek, J.S. and Zhang, S. (1996) Landing models for
volleyball players: A longitudinal evaluation.
Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness
36, 35-42.
Dvorak, J., Graf-Baumann, T., Peterson, L. and Junge A.
(2000) Risk factors and incidence of injuries in
football players. American Journal of Sports
Medicine 28, S1-S2.
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AUTHORS BIOGRAPHY
Mark D. TILLMAN
Employment
Ass. Prof. in the Department of
Exercise & Sport Sciences at the
Univ. of Florida, Gainesville,
Florida, USA
Degree
PhD
Research interests
Jump-landing mechanics and
mechanisms of anterior cruciate
ligament injuries as well as
functional outcomes of various
therapeutic
and
surgical
interventions.
Email: mtillman@hhp.ufl.edu
Chris J. HAAS
Employment
Postdoctoral Fellow in the
Department of Neurology, Emory
University College of Medicine,
Atlanta, Georgia, USA
Degree
PhD
Research interests
Neuromechanical control of
movement in healthy and
diseased populations.
Email: chass@emory.edu
Denis BRUNT
Employment
Prof. and Chair in the Department
of Physical Therapy, East
Carolina University, Greenville,
North Carolina, USA
Degrees
EdD, PT
Research interests
The initiation of movement from
quiet stance.
Email: bruntd@mail.ecu.edu
Gregg R. BENNETT
Employment
Ass. Prof. in the Department of
Recreation, Parks, and Tourism,
Univ. of Florida, Gainesville,
Florida, USA
Degree
EdD
Research interests
Sponsorship effectiveness and the
action sports industry segment.
Email: gbennett@hhp.ufl.edu
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Tillman et al.
KEY POINTS
The incidence of injury in volleyball is nearly
equivalent to injury rates reported for ice
hockey and soccer.
Most injuries in volleyball occur during the
jump landing sequence, but few data exist
regarding jump landing techniques for elite
female players.
Our data indicate that the vast majority of
jumps utilize two feet, but approximately half
of landings occur with only one foot.
Coaches, physical educators, and recreation
providers may utilize the findings of this
inquiry to prevent possible injuries in athletes,
students, or those who participate in volleyball
for recreational purposes.
Mark D. Tillman, PhD
Department of Exercise & Sport Sciences, PO Box
118205, Gainesville, FL 32611-8205, USA