iVlASTER NYCW570 Ct>ei)

UNITED STATES ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION

NYO-1576(DEL.)

RADIOACTIVE DEBRIS FROM OPERATIONS BUSTER

AND JANGLE

O b s e r v a t i o n s Beyond 200 M i l e s from t h e T e s t S i t e

P r e s e n t e d by
The S t a f f , Health and Safety D i v i s i o n
M e r r i l Eisenbud, D i r e c t o r

J a n u a r y 2 8 , 1952

New Y»rk O p e r a t i o n s O f f i c e , AEC

Technical Information Service Extension, Oak Ridge, Tenn.

LEGAL NOTICE
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A. Makes any warranty or representation, expressed or implied, with respect to the accu-
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B. Assumes any liabilities with respect to the use of, or for damages resulting from the
use of any information, apparatus, method, or process disclosed in this report.
As used in the above, "person acting on behalf of the Commission" Includes any em-
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such employee or contractor of the Commission, or employee of such contractor prepares,
disseminates, or provides access to, any Information pursuant to his employment or contract
with the Commission, or his employment with such contractor.

M
 DISCLAIMER

This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an

agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States
Government nor any agency Thereof, nor any of their employees,
makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal
liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or
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 DISCLAIMER

Portions of this document may be illegible in

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 f *

HY0-IS7C

.Taffl*t£«ONTENJSi >- ' PA IE

i

SUMMARY 6
INTRODUCTION 7
GENERAL DESIGN OF THE MONITORING PROGRAM 8
ORGANIZATION 10
METHODS OF FIELD OPERATION 12
Phase A - The Weather Bureau Network 12
Aenal Observations Along the 85th Meridian 16
Phase B - Mobile Monitoring 19
Operations on the 9^th Meridian 19
Aerial Observations on the 95th Meridian 20
Mobile h o rtonng for Operation JANGLE 20
METHODS OF LABORATORY STUDY 24
Sample Processing S>4
Counting Procedures 24
Calculations and Reports 2%
Extrapolating 2S
FINDINGS 31
Natural Radioactive Background «?'
Fallout During the Pre-test Period 31
Observations from the Weather Bureau Network During Operations BUSTER and JANGLE 33
Mobile Monitoring for Operation BUSTER 4o
Aerial Observation* Along the 95th Meridian (low level) 40
Aerial Observations Along the 85th Meridial (nigh level) 40
Mobile Monitoring During Operation JANGLE 4?
-vtial JANGLE Det mation 4J
Second JANGLF Detonation 47
Relationship of Findings to Criteria of Jangle Feasibility Committee 47
THE PROPERTIES OF FALLOUT SAMPLES h4
Particle Size 54
Radioactive Decay '4
Absorption Measurements 84
Radioautographs of Settled Dust %6
NOTES ON FIELD TECHNIQUES 89
Comparison of Tray and Gummed Paper Techniques 69
Variation between Duplicate Trays 69
Comparison of High Altitude Measurements /?
Appendices
A.* Daily maps giving data from the Weather Bureau network for the period October 7 through December IS, 1951
(Bound Separately)
B„* Daily maps summarizing data obtained during high and low level aerial reconnaissance, and during mobile
monitoring of Operation BUSTER (Bound Separately)
C„ Equipment Provided for Weather Bureau Network (Phase A) 85
D„ Equipment Provided for Mobile Monitoring Teams (Phase B) 86
E„ Procedure for Collection of Precipitation and Dust Samples for Radioactive Fallout Studies 89
F„ Data and Summary Sheets used by Sampling Stations and Counting Laboratories 92
G. Air Samples from 95th Meridian Mobile Monitoring 94
H. Duplicate Tray Data 113

* Appendices A and B were given a limited distribution by the New York Operations Office, and is not included at
this copy of NYO-1576 ^ A C * 5 ? ^ <* »•*j?/jf-»"3^fe^

if
S
 SUMMARY

A program for the monitoring of radioactive debris from Operations BUSTER

and JANGLE has been cund\icted i n the area beyond 200 miles from the Test S i t e ,
A network of 50 s t a t i o n s located at Weather Bureau i n s t a l l a t i o n s collected
daily samples of s e t t l e d and air-borne d u s t . This network was augmented by
mobile teams operating immediately beneath the t r a j e c t o r i e s of t h e radioactive
clouds and a e r i a l collections made along the 85th and 95th meridians.

The program went into operation during the f i r s t week in October in order
to permit the collection of background data for some weeks p r i o r to the i n i t i a l
t e s t of the BUSTER s e r i e s . However<> two atomic explosions in a foreign country
had occurred j u s t \ n o r to the s t a r t of t h i s program and background informs-
t i o n was thus not obtained.

Data collected by the Weather Buieau s t a t i o n s were reported d a i l y and cumula-

t i v e l y . For the c< mbmed BUSTER and JANGLE t e s t s , the highest a c t i v i t i e s o c -
curred along the East Coast, As was the case during RANGER and GREENHOUSEs
the community in which the highest f a l l o u t occurred was Rochester, New York*,
where the t o t a l fallout extrapolated to February 1, 1952 was approximately
12,000 d/m/'ft^ (equivalent to ICO m i l l i c u r i e s per square m i l e ) . The next
highest communityj, Norfolk, Va,j, reported about 1/5 the Rochester value. The
highest a c t i v i t i e s reported on a single day were those from the collections
beginning on November 1 when Rochester reported 360,000 d/m/ft„2 from i t s open
t r a y . On t h i s day, air samples collected by the fixed monitoring s t a t i o n s along
the 85th meridian reported up to 570 d/m/M3, Mobile ground l e v e l and limited
a e r i a l observations were conducted along the 95th meridian duriir Operator Buster,

During Operation JANGLE, the mobile monitoring teams were deployed at approxi-
mately 0 = 16° in the annulus of 200-500 miles from the Test Site,, For both
JANGLE detonationsj, t h e highest radioactive dust concentrations were reported
from Elko, Nevada, The 2U hour average concentration a t Elko was 1A1*,G0Q d/m/d^
following the i n i t i a l detonation and 38,000 d/m/M-3following the second detona-
tion,, The maximum values were 360,000 d/m/M^ and 180,000 d/m/hP0 The external
radiation l e v e l s associated with the passage of the debris over Elko did not
exceed 2 mr/hour„ Although these values are r e l a t i v e l y high in companion
with other data from these and previous t e s t s , the average concentrations are
very much lower than the permissible exposures established by the JANGLE
F e a s i b i l i t y Committee,,

P a r t i c l e size determinations by two independent methods revealed that sub-

s t a n t i a l l y a l l the a c t i v i t y was contained within t h e range of r e s p i r a b l e
p a r t i c l e sizes,,
 INTRODUCTION

The planning of Operations BUSTER and JANGLE was accompanied by

increased interest in the deposition of radioactive bomb debris at
localities remote from the test site0 To some extent this was due
to the experience of the photographic manufacturers during Operations
RANGER and GREENHOUSE when it was observed that radioactive fallout
was occurring in sufficient amounts to be significant to their highly
radio-sensitive processes»

Abandonment of plans for Operation WINDSTORM and the decision to

conduct Operation JANGLE at the continental test site was likewise
an important factor in stimulating interest in the matter of radio-
active fallout.

The New York Operations Office was requested' 'by the Division of
Biology and Medicine* U,S„ Atomic Energy Commission, lftashingtonsD„C„
to coordinate a program of monitoring for radioactive fallout over
the entire United States beyond 200 miles from the test site,,

The monitoring program,, as described in this report, was designed

for the following purposes?

1, To permit prompt and accurate replies to requests

for information that might originate from public
sources, (The Public Information Service, NYOO, was
designated to represent the Commission in responding
to queries from the public beyond 200 miles from the
test site,)

2, To provide the National Association of Photographic

Manufacturers with information requested by them for
purposes of process control.

3, To provide a monitoring program appropriate to the

special requirements of Operation JANGLE and to
evaluate the data obtained in relationship to the
criteria established by the Jangle Feasibility
Committee.

U„ To provide basic information concerning the manner

in which the deposition of bomb debris is related to
meteorologic variables, type of burst and properties
of the radioactive cloud.

(1)
Memorandum October 8, 195l s J . C. Bugher to W. E, Kelley

04
 GENERAL DESIGN OF THE MONITORING PROGRAM

Less extensive studies conducted by the Health and Safety Division

during R A N G E R C 2 ) and GREEMIOUSEU) made apparent the difficulties
that would be involved m sampling over so vast a geographical area
and in counting and evaluating the large number of samples that
would be collected. Based on experiences obtained from the earlier
studies, the monitoring program was designed in two components.

Phase A was a network of rx>re than 50 collection stations located

at Weather Bureau installations and operrted for 2ii hours each day
by Bureau personnel. This network provided daily information con-
cerning the presence of radioactive dust in the comi.tunities where
the stations v/ere located, M-^I S giving the consolidated data from
these stations were prepared daily.

In order to achieve a better understanding of the basic factors in-

volved in the deposition of bomb debris, the ground level network of
Phase A was coordinated with aerial reconnaissance of radioactive
clouds crossing the 85th meridian. High level traverses of the cloud
were made by specially equipped B-29s operated by the Air Weather
Service out of Warner-Robins Air Force Base. For purposes of eventual
correlation with the serial observations, ten Weather Bureau stations
along the 85th meridian were equipped for ground level measurements.
Analysis of the ground level data in its relationship" to the aerial
observations will be undertaken by the Weather Bureau ?nd it is to be
hoped that out of their analysis will come useful knowledge concern-
ing the manner in which meteorological variables influence the rate at
which bomb debris is deposited.

Phase B was a pio^ram of data collection by mobile sampling teams

operating as nearly as one could best judge beneath the trajectory of
the radioactive cloud. During Operation BUSTERS the teams were de-
ployed along the 95th meridian, but for Operation JANGLE Phase B monitor
ing was confined to the anmilus from 200-500 miles from the test site.

Whereas Phase A was designed to measure the general levels of actxvity

that were deposited in various parts of the country. Phase B was in-
tended to provide information about maximum deposition immediately
beneath the cloud trajectory in communities -much, Deccuee of numerical
limitations in the extent of the Phase A network, might not oe provided
with fixed monitoring stations.

Again, for purposes of a better understanding of the mechanics of fail-

out, the ground level observations were coupled with aerial rt-'dies,

(2)
v
'"Survey of Fallout of Radioactive iwrterial Following The Las Vegas,
Nevada Test Explosions" issued by the Hetlth & Safety Division,
NYOO, AEC, February ??, 1951.
(3)
' " D u s t and P r e c i p i t a t i o n Saiaj l i n g Piogram, A p r i l t h r u June 1>51"
Issued by Health & Safety D i v i s i o n , NYOO, AEC, u n d a t e d .
 but only during Operation BUSTERS AT-U7 which had been made
available by the Air Materiel Command primarily for the purpose
of transporting the mobile ground observers to various s t a t i o n s
along the 95th meridian, was u t i l i z e d for observations a l o f t . In
" t h i s portion of the study, the t r a v e r s e s were made at r e l a t i v e l y
low a l t i t u d e s (2000-5000 f t . ) over the portion of the 95th meridian
straddled by the ground observers.

The d e t a i l e d methods by which the monitoring operations were

conducted w i l l be described in a subsequent portion of t h i s r e p o r t .

- 9 -
 ORGANIZATION OF THE MONITORING PROGRAM

Needless to say, a study of this magnitude could not have been ac=
complished without the close cooperation of several governmental
agencies and AEC Laboratories which undertook responsibilities as
follows s

1. Health and Safety Division, New York Operations Office

a. Developed operating procedures for the overall

monitoring program.

b„ Developed and fabricated special equipment as

required„

c. Procured and shipped equipment as listed in

Appendices C and D„

d„ Provide.1 direction and staff for mobile monitor-

ing operations.

e. Processed Rnd counted all air samples, settled

dust samples from a portion of the Phase A net-
work and all sariples collected in Phase B.

f. Extrapolated and collated all data.

Uo S. Weather Bureau

a, "Made availabJe facilities for the collection of

-samples,

b. Agreed to -mdcrtak*. rreteorolofic analysis of

the data obtained.

Civil Aeronautics Administration

Cooperated in scheduling flights and in easing the

use of certain CAA airports.

Facilitated direction of the flights and com-

munication with the aircraft in flight.
Provided certain facilities over and above the call
of courtesy, such as space and transportation.
- in ~
"7
5. Santa Fe Operations Office

a. Permitted access to the facilities of the Test

Site.

6. Division of Radiation Safety (RADSAF) of the Test

director

a. Facilitated coiirtesies within the Test Site, such

as payment for automotive fuel and telephone
service.

7. Cooperating Counting Laboratories

a. The sample counting was undertaken by the following

laboratories, in addition to the Health and Safety
Divisions

Hanford Works
Argonne National Laboratory
Brookhaven National Laboratory
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
University of Rochester, AEC Project
University of California, AEC Project

11
 METHODS OF FIELD OPERATION

Phase A - The Weather Bureau Network

Fifty Weather Bureau stations as listed in Table 1 were equipped in time

to begin continuous sampling by the first week in October and remained in
operation until December 15 when the program was terminated. Ten addi-
tional stations, also listed in Table 1,were activated for Operation
JANGLE and likewise operated continuously until December 15. The equips
raent used at the various stations in the Weather Bureau network is listed
in Appendix C„ The principal items of equipment are illustrated in Figure
1 and are described below%

1. A fallout tray with an area of about 8.75 square feet,

fabricated from sheet metal and supported on 12" legs.
This tray was originally designed with a slope of about U"
across a diagonal to permit precipitation to drain readily
into a two quart Mason jar, A ln rim was turned around the
k edges so that there would be a minimum of loss„ The only
break in this rim was at the low corner where a small cutout
permitted drainage. After the equipment had been fabricated,
it was decided that the trays should be maintained wet in
order to prevent settled material from being blown off. For
this purpose, the legs supporting the tray were recut to per-
mit the use of the tray in a level position. A small plug
and modeling clay were included in the tray kit so that the
cutout and seams could be adequately sealed0

It was thereby possible to place the tray on a level and

maintain a small amount of water on the tray surface at
all times„ At the end of the collecting period the block
was removed from this corner and the tray surface squeegeed
in the direction of the drain to obtain as much of the debris
as possible.

Trays were exposed for 2k hour periods. The water layer was
then collected in a jar, the surface of the tray cleaned with
additional water and the combined liquids filtered through a
3 W #1*0 Whatman disc. Where precipitation occurred, the col-
lected water was processed in a similar manner.

2. A gummed paper with an area of about 1.1 ftr was set in a

frame to collect settled dust. The papers were of KuraKleem
label stock, grade 2, made by the Avery Adhesive 'Co, These
were placed on a horizontal surface in the open for 2k hour
periods. The papers were used both to produce radioauto-
graphs and for radiometric analyses,

3. Two Hi-Volume samplers,which are a standard filtering device

employed by the Health & Safety Div. for sampling airborne
particulates. The units are capable of filtering air at the
rate of 20 cfm thru a kn #Ul Whatman disc. They were operated
continuously with papers being changed every 2k hours.

Instructions (Appendix E) for setting up the apparatus, changing samples and

filtering the water from the fallout trays were sent to each station,
- 12 -
 Table 1

WEATHER BUREAU STATIONS DESIGNATED AS COLLECTION POINTS

S t a t i o n No, Place Equipment Samples Counted a t s

1 Seattle, Wash. A HW
2 Medford, Oregon C HW
3 Sacramento, Cal. B UCLA
C it n
k Santa Maria, Cal.
ti ii
5 San Diego, Cal. A
6 Pendleton, Ore. B HW
7 Great Falls, Mont. C HW
8 Po catello, Idaho A HW
9 Salt Lake City, Utah C HW
10 Emery Park,(Tucson) B UCLA
Arizona
11 Bismarck, N. Dak. C HW
12 Rapid City, S„ Dak. B HW
13 Colorado Springs,Colo. C UCLA
lit Norfolk, Neb. C HW
15 Topeka, Kans. c HW
16 Oklahoma City, Okla. c ORNL
17 Abilene, Texas A UCLA
18 Corpus Christi c UCLA
19 International Falls, c ANL
Minn.
20 St, Cloud, Minn. A ANL
21 La Crosse, Wise. B ANL
22 Peoria, 111. A ANL
23 Memphis, Tenn. C ORNL
2k Texarkana, Ark. C ORNL
25 Del Rio, Tex. A UCLA
26 Sault Ste, Marie,Mich, D ANL
27 Grand Rapids, Mich, D ANL
28 Fort Wayne, Ind. D UR
29 Cincinnati, Ohio D UR
30 Lexington, Ky. D UR
31 Nashville, Tenn. D ORNL
32 Chattanooga, Tenn. D ORNL
33 Atlanta, Ga. D ORNL
3k Montgomery, Ala. D ORNL
35 New Orleans, La. C ORNL

Code

A - 1 Tray
B - 2 Trays
C - 1 Tray and Gummed Paper
D - 1 Tray & Hi-Volume Sampler

13

•:0
 (Table 1 - c o n t ' d )

S t a t i o n No. Place Equipment* Samples Coun

36 Cleveland, Ohio A UR
37 R o c h e s t e r , N.Y. B UR
38 E l k i n s , W. Va, C BNL
39 Columbia, S„ Car. c BNL
Uo Tallahassee, Fla. D ORNL
1*1 Tampa, F l a . B ORNL
k2 Caribou s Me, B UR
k3 B u r l i n g t o n , Vt. C UR
kk Binghamton, N„Y. C UR
1*5 Hartford <, Conn. c BNL
k6 New Cumberland,Pa. B BNL
1*7 Atlantic City, N.J. A BNL
1*8 A n a c o s t i a , D.C. C BNL
1*9 Norfolk, Va. A BNL
50 R a l e i g h , N. Car. B BNL
51 New York. N.Y.(NYU,AEC) C NYOO
52** B o i s e , Idaho A NYOO
53** Winneiroicca, Nev. A NYOO
51*** Reno„ Nev. A NYOO
55** Milford, Utah A NYOO
56** Grand J u n c t i o n , Colo. A NYOO
57** Alamos a, Co l o 0 A NYOO
58** Wmslow, £ri'z. A NYOO
59** Albejuerque, N.iAex. A NYOO
60** IhoenLit, A r i c . A NYOO
61** Yuma j A r i ' . , A NYOO

A -* 1 Tra>
B - 'c Trays
C - 1 Tra> ? n i Guirjnud Paper
D - 1 Tray and hi-Volume Sampler

For JANGLE enl}

- 11* -

'1
 AEROTEC SAMPLER
& HIGH VOLUME SAMPLER
FALL-OUT TRAY

"^'^r^::^-51^^
•4 • ' " ' * '

tZ>
i'

. pant,
\
, ^ _ ^ ^ S f ^ FALL-OUT COLLECTION EQUIPMENT USED •
«S3.
IN GROUND SAMPLING OPERATIONS. »v«i^*4fc.>- s.1 \
The equipment was located at positions convenient to the Weather
stations. Trays were placed on the ground outside the buildings
or on flat roofs. Hi-Volume samplers were placed on pedestals on
the ground with protective enclosures around them or in open windows
in balloon sheds or otherwise infrequently used buildings.

In most cases, samples were changed just after midnight when the
duties of the man on this shift were fairly light. At this time,
Hi-Volume filters were changed and the tray samples were collected
and filtered. The entire operation could be completed in from ten
minutes to a half hour, depending on the types of equipment at hand.

Samples were mailed each day to the various AEC laboratories as

indicated in Table 1.

Aerial Observations Along the 85th Meridian

The six members of the N.Y.O. observation group arrived at Warner-

Robins Air Force Bass on October 26. The first survey flight follow-
ing their arrival was dispatched on October 30. In the intervening
period, their equipment which had been shipped in advance was arranged
in several kits, convenient for carrying aboard the aircraft. Crew
technicians modified certain electrical circuits and fabricated
brackets on the aircraft to accommodate the apparatus.

f The orders specified the alti-

tudes to be flown and the routes to be followed. Moat flighta ware
directed north and south on the 81*th meridian. In generals one alti-*
tuda was flown on the outgoing log of the round trip and another alti-
tude differing by about 10,000' wa3 flown on the return.

The B-2?s were provided by the Air Weather Service and were of a mod-
ified type, equipped with radioactive monitoring equipment. Thess
are normally in continual use by the Air Weather Service. The equip-
ment consisted ofs

1. Duplicate high capacity dust filters mounted above the

fusilage aft of the wing. Each unit consisted of a one
square foot filter paper mounted in a metal housing thru
which air was forced by the forward motion of the air-
craft. The rate of flow has been estimated to be 1000 c.f.m.
The frame within the metal housing in which the paper was
fastened was replaceable in flight thru an air lock. The
filters were changed alternately at 15 minute intervals by
a crew member stationed in the aft compartment. A data
sheet was made out for each filter paper. Aircraft coordi-
nates at beginning ar<d end of each sampling period, altitude,
true air speed and temperature were entered on each sheet.
This information was procured from the navigator. The paper
was measured in flight by a special instrument described
below.
- 16 -
 After each flight, the filters and data sheets were
submitted to the Air Force radiological specialists.
Filters were counted for one minute after a minimum
waiting period of five hours from collection.

'One paper was returned

to NYO for more detailed radiometric analysis,

2. An air conductivity instrument consisting of a vibrating

reed electrometer measuring the current passing between
two concentric metal cylinders thru which passed air
drawn by a scoop on the outside of the aircraft. This
instrument measures the concentration of ions in the air
and thus is an indicator of radioactivity. It is sensi-
tive, however, to changes in altitude, humidity and
atmospheric dust, and therefore, requires careful
interpretation. A Brown recorder was incorporated in
the circuit so that a continuous record of instrument
readings throughout the flight was available. The
navigator operated this equipment, adjusting a scale
switch when necessary and entering aircraft coordinates
and pertinent weather data on the Brown chart periodi-
cally.

A representative of the Health and Safety Division was located in the

forward compartment next to the navigator. His duties consisted of
maintaining a log of instrument readings and of operating the following
apparatus a

1. A Cascade Impactcr mounted in the bomb bay and operated

remotely by an electrical switch in the forward compart-
ment. Since this device was inaccessible at altitudes
above 8000', where the compartments were pressurised, one
sample was collected on each flight. The impactor was
operated briefly below 8000" to adjust the air flow and
then turned off until tha cruising altitude was reached.
The unit was then operated continuously until the altitude
was to be altered. Air flow was set at 17.5 liters/minute
as indicated on a Brooks Mite Rotameter. These Cascade
Impactors were modified by adding a fifth stage consist-
ing of a 1-1/8" diameter #1*1 Whatman disc in a brass and
aluminum holder. Air was drawn thru the impactor by a
motor driven, positive displacement, rotary pump. A. C.
power was available from the aircraft generators. Slides
and papers were removed from the impactors after landing
and then packaged for mailing to New York.

2. An RCL GM Tube connected to a modified 2610A battery

operated rate meter(Figure 2). This enabled the ob-
server to make direct, approximate measurements of the
filters as they were collected by the crew member. The
GM Tube was mounted in a brass cylinder which protected

- 17 -

4
,-*\

«Hft?fc*t ^ ^ift^W.^
f * u * •*'«>f-f*'«ptM<r»)^t^w^g
FIG. 2
m^ihitilliltewir''if-rt-MfV^*^^-^a>... ,,
RCL GM TUBE FiTtEO WITH SPECIALLY MODI-
FIED BATTERY OPERATED RATE METER.

WWW mmm , i^wpiippipii

 the tube and allowed fairly uniform measurements of
successive filter papers, rolled up and slipped in
between the tube and cylinder.

These instruments were not calibrated for this type

of service, but the relative activity collected on
the filter papers could be immediately measured and
relayed to Washington with a minimum of delay. These
data proved an aid in vectoring the survey flights to
follow.

3. A Halross Scintillometer, a portable battery operated

instrument for the direct measurement of gamma activity.
Readings were recorded every fifteen minutes correspond-
ing to the collection of filter paper samples. The
instrument was set near the observer's position but as
far as possible from navigational instruments, whose
radium dials created a high gamma background.

The log maintained by the observer consisted of the following informa-

tion entered at fifteen minute intervals throughout the flight;
a) time, b) relative filter paper activity, c) conductivity, d) scintil-
lometer reading, e) altitude, f) aircraft position, g) air speed and
h) outside temperature.

Phase B - Mobile Monitoring

Operations on the 95th Meridian

The mobile teams, consisting of two representatives from New

York Operations and ten airmen, with sampling equipment, arrived at
Tinker Air Force Base m a C-4*7 from Wright-Patterson Air Force Base on
October 23. There, the airmen were instructed by the Health and Safety
-personnel in the operation of equipment and the establishment of ground
stations.

From Tinker, the team was deployed

to airfields approximately on
the 95th meridian to conduct ground level sampling activities. In
each case an effort was made to begin sampling in advance of the cloud
arrival.

Airfields were chosen as sampling sites because of speed in getting

sampling under way after arrival m the C-4*7 and because Weather Bureau
and Civil Aeronautics Administration personnel at civil fields and
military personnel at military fields had been alerted to the program
and in most cases were cooperative in providing facilities. The place-
ment of equipment required a relatively flat, clear space for trays,
gummed paper and air samplers, a nearby source of lOOv. A,C. and
running water.

The two Health and Safety members supervised the setting up of ground
stations operated by the airmen, set up and operated their own stations,
and operated sampling equipment in the C-l*7 during survey flights. The

- 19 -

«;
 equipment was similar to thst provided the Weather Bureau stations,
A ^B but in addition, instruments for particle size differentiation were
made available. A course separation of airborne particulates into
two fractions above and below approximately 5 microns.in diameter-
was achieved by mounting an Aerotec in front of the Hi~Volume sampler.
This unit is essentially a small Cyclone dust collector which at its
rate of capacity of 1*5 c.f.m. is efficient in collecting of particles
larger than approximately 5 microns. The large diameter fraction
separated by the Aerotec was analyzed separately from the small
diameter fraction which was collected on the filter paper of the Hi-
Volume air sampler.

In addition to the Aerotec, Cascade Impactors were available and

semi-quantitative estimates of filter paper activities could be
made on the spot using a portable Berkeley Scaler made available
for this purpose.

Aerial Observations on the 95th Meridian

When time permitted, the C-li7 was utilized for the collection
of radioactive dust at altitudes of 2000-5000 feet. Hi-Volume air
samplers were mounted in the cabin of the C—1*7 in such a manner as to
sample the heating air emitted at the air duct vents. This air is
drawn into the system through scoops mounted on the wings. Cascade
Impactors and a Halross Scintillometer were also available.

In general, the plane would traverse the 95th meridian between air-
fields at which the mobile ground observers were based.

Mobile Monitoring for Operation JANGLE

• • For each of the two JANGLE tests, temporary ground observa-

tion stations were established in the annulus from 200-500 miles
from ground zero. A C-l*? was used for the transportation of personnel
and equipment but aerial survey flights were discontinued.

Seven members of the Health and Safety Division and five airman, opera-
ting in teams of two, set up six ground stations for the first test.
For several days prior to the test, this group was based at Indian
Springs Air Force Base, Nevada, awaiting orders to sampling locations.
Immediately after the detonation, wind data were evaluated and sampling
locations were selected by an Air Force meteorologist and a Health and
Safety representative at the test site. Within an hour, the teams were
airborne, with instructions to establish stations at Delta, Salt Lake
City and Wendover, Utah, Elko, Nevada and Burley and Idaho Falls, Idaho.
Equipment was set up and sampling started at each site iranediately upon
arrival. Sampling continued for about 2l* hours.

For the second JANGLE test, stations were each manned by one Health
and Safety Division member. Since it was expected that south to
southwest winds would prevail, perspnnel.were based at Ogden Air Force
Base, Utah, prior to the test. A H&S representative at the Test Site
telephoned instructions to the team at Ogden when the estimated traject-
ory' became available shortly after the detonation. The C~i*7 was
- 20 -

.. 4
dispatched, leaving teams j»t Ogden, Prove (Utah), Delta, Rock Springs
(Wyoming), Wendover (Utah) and Elko (Nevada). The locations of
sampling stations are given in Figure 3. Sampling for the second
JANGLE test continued for approximately 36 hours.

Each ground observation station was equipped with the following ap-
paratus?

1. One Hi-Volume sampler

2. One Hi-Volume sampler w i t h an Aerotec d u s t s e p a r a t o r
3. Two Cascade Impactors
I*.One f a l l o u t t r a y
5. Two gummed p a p e r frames
6. One beta-gamma survey meter (Nuclear I n s t r u m e n t s 2610A)
7. One 2610A w i t h a s p e c i a l l y designed probe f o r measuring Hi-Volume
a i r samples.
8. One Zeuto survey meter.

The first five items were utilized as previously described. Tray

and gummed paper samples were collected for 21* hour periods. Cascade
Impactors were operated simultaneously for 8 hour periods.

The 2610A and Zeuto were used for the direct measurement of ground
activity. The two instruments provided a wide range of sensitivity.
The areas -iround the stations were scanned at frequent intervals with
the meters held about 3" above the ground. Spots of high activity
were measured by the less sensitive Zeuto.

A special probe (Figure 1*) was developed for the 2610A to measure
activity on filter papers. This device enabled the use of a method
of sampling which reduced the total number of Hi-Volume samples collected
by cutting down the frequency of collection during periods of low
activity. This eased the task of the team membersyand more important
saved laboratory time later on. Repeated readings were made of the
sample on a single Hi-Volume filter paper collected over several hours
until an increase in airborne activity was detected. At that time,
a 20 minute sampling period would be established. Measurements were
then made each 20 minutes as the samples were changed until the activ-
ity decreased to its original value. Continuous sampling on one
filter was than resumed.

When activity on filters exceeded the high range on the 261OA^, the
Zeuto was used. An extrapolation determined in the field permitted
reliable transition from one instrument to the other.

- 21 -

/ S
 Z*? %*•'

*\ _' 0
0- u I

v
- ^ J' £ *» »£ " \- s ' Jr Jag? •- > »»&

:
A * * t S ^ > ' ( ^ \ i * \f**& SYMBOL TEST DATE ,

**% v « > 'r ik» ^ ^ # i % -. I k / *.»» * «, I'v- *; ir

FIG. 3
DISTRIBUTION OF MOBILE GROUMO STATIONS
FOR JANGLE SERIES OF TESTS

22 -

019
 -

WS

FIG. *

SPECIAL BETA GM PROBE FOR SCREENING

O OF FILi'ER PAPER SAMPLES IM FIELD-
 METHODS OF LABORATORY STUDY

In order to correlate the data from the cooperating laboratories,

a fixed procedure for handling and counting of samples was used.
This procedure was designed to be readily reproducible rather than
to be the optimum procedure. The following description covers the
methods actually used in the laboratories involved.

Sample Processing

All samples were ashed before counting. Whatman filter paper samples
were ashed with the cellophane bag, while the gummed paper and air-dust
filtir samples were ashed without the bag. The Whatman and air-dust
filters were used as received. The gummed papers were sampled by
cutting out l/U square foot from the center of the paper.

The samples were transferred to a platinum dish, charred at a low

temperature and ignited for one-half hour at 700°C in muffle furnace
or over a burner. After cooling, the ash was brushed out into a
plastic dish for counting.

Counting Procedures

A. Sample Dish; The containers supplied were 1^H diameter thin

plastic dishes with 3/l6n retaining walls. It held the ash
from all of the fallout samples normally encountered.

B. Geiger Tubes A thin window (3.5 mg/cm^) halogen-filled

GM tube, the Amperex 100N, was furnished by NYO. These
tubes are very stable, and in an arrangement as described
show a background of 10-12 counts per minute.

^* Countings The tube was mounted on a standard lucite holder

(such as AEC #AK-3A) in a vertical lead castle (such as AEC
#AL-lUA). The dish was placed on a 3 mm thick aluminum
shelf, spaced so that the top of the shelf was about 1.2 cm
from the tube face.

D» Scalers A standard scaler having a scale of 6k was used.

No modification was necessary, other than the insertion of
a 10 megohm resistor in series with the high voltage lead
to the GM tube.

To eliminate the need for plateau runs, a corona discharge

regulator was inserted in the high voltage supply. A cir-
cuit diagram for this modification as well as the corona
voltage regulator was supplied by NYO.

2U

,?j
 E. Standardizations The efficiency factor for converting
net counts per minute into d/m was obtained by meas-
uring the counting rate of an NBS standard of RaD
and RaE plated on a palladium coated silver disc. The
disc diameter is 308 cm and the active area has a dia-
meter of 2 si; cm. A standard having a disintegration
rate of 5000 to 50,000 was supplied to each laboratory.
The factor of c/d was obtained by running the standard
for 6it,000 total counts. The usual factor was about
0.08 c/d.

F. Counter Backgrounds The background counting rate was

measured before and after a day's ran of samples. With
the arrangement described, more frequent tests were un-
necessary, unless a spill occurred.

G. Sample Countings In order to maintain a constant pre-

cision of counting over most of the range to be covered,
the following procedure was used to set the minimum count-
ing time. The maximum counting time for any sample was
30 minutes, as a practical limit, and this was scaled down
to 1 minute according to the values in the table below.
The data is given for counters having background counting
rates of 10, 15 and 20 c/m.

These values were calculated to give an error of £ 20 at

the 90% confidence level.

Gross Counting Rate Required for Various Counting Times

Minimum Counting Background

Time 10 c/m 15 c/m 20 c/m

30 min. 15 or less 21 or less 27 or less

20 17 23 30
10 22 30 35
5 30 35 U5
2 50 60 65
1 85 or more 95 or more 100 or more

These values were meant to act as guides to minimum count-

ing times, and not as rigid rules for counting.

For the purposes of this works no sample was counted less

than I48 hours after the end of the collecting period. This
allowed time for at least partial decay of thoron daughter
products.

Before any atomic tests occurred, each laboratory was to

have several days" samples to determine the background
activity level at the collecting sites. The level of signi-
ficant activity was arbitrarily set at five times this back-
ground level. (The background and sample activity levels are
compared after subtraction of counter background). Of course
- 25 -

v
5«
 the fallout from other tests effectively nullified this
system, and arbitrary levels had to be taken to judge
significance.

^•' General; It was realized that the procedure described

was crude, but refinement was impossible if a large number
of srmjles -were to be handled economically. Therefore, it
was important that the techniques were standardized.

The factors of self-absorption by the ash and the variation

in beta energies were ignored. All results, however, were
corrected st NYO for radioactive decay cf the fission pro-
ducts. Analysis of decay curves showed that the effect
of thoron daughters was negligible if the time between
sampling rnd counting was greater than ii8 hours.

Calculations and Reports

The preliminary calculations followed the form recorded on the data

sheets. Precipitation and settled dust samples were reported as
d/m/ft' per 2U hours. Airborne dust samples were reported as d/m
per cubic meter, using the average of the initial and final sampling
rates.

Summary sheets were provided for tabulating the data from each site.
One sheet was used for each type of sample at a single site counted
during a week.

Samples of the data sheets and summary sheets used are included ss
Appendix F.

Extrapolating

The individual values obtained at each collecting station for each

day of the survey period were all extrapolated to the day of sampling
This extrapolation allowed for the radioactive decay between sampling
end counting and brought all samples to a common basis.

The preferable method would be to measure the decay rate of eacn

sample and extrapolate on the basis of the individual curve. This
would be extremely laborious, and it was decided to accept an ap-
proximation for the rate of decay of mixed fission products and
apply it to all samples. In addition, the calculation was simplified
by tabulating the extrapolation factors for the possible combinations
of days from burst to sampling and burst to counting. The rounding
off to the nearest day does not introduce an error greater than the
experimental counting error. The extrapolation factors aro given in
Table 2.

26 -

• I
 EXTRAPOLATION FACTOR
FROM COUNTING DATG TO SAMPLING DATE
Days-Bus t Days - Burst to Sampling
to Count
The burst date corresponding to fallout at a given sampling station
on a given day was selected by consideration of the unextrapolated
results for the tray samples collected at each station. These results
were tabulated by day and by station on daily maps. Significant in-
creases in activity were marked on the map, and by consideration of
results in different areas, the course of the fallout for a given
burst was charted. Gummed paper and air-dust samples were used only
for confirmation.

The decay curves on samples were of little value in burst selection.

They were used only to consider an unexpected rise of activity about
the 11th and 12th of November.

The extrapolated values were recorded on daily maps and the assumed
burst noted for each sample.

A second extrapolation was performed to determine the total activity

that should exist at any sampling station on February 1, 1952. This
calculation was simplified by working from the maps of the first
extrapolated values. Thus, for any day, one factor would be needed
for each burst represented on the map. The extrapolations to
February 1 were tabulated by station and day and the total calculated
activity plotted on a map for ease in visualizing the complete picture.

The factors for this second extrapolation are recorded in Table 3.

If it is d esired to determine the activity of a given station at any

date after February 1, 1952, the totalized value for the station may
be used, as the difference in blast date is negligible. The factors
for such an extrapolation are given in Table J+.

- 28

',ri
 TABLE 3
FACTORS FOR EXTRAPOLATION FROBII SAMPLING DATE TO FEBRUARY Z ~ l t

D a y s -Burst
Burst 10/88 B u r s t li3/%!8 B u r s t 10/30 B u r s t 11/1 Burst 1#9 B u r s t 11/29

0004
o 008
,004
0010
oooh
.010
0

0
004
010
Q006
00x3
..016
007
003.4 .oa6 ,016 om6 0 021 * 026
s 026 0022 0022 .023 0 050 0%
o,
0 026 0 029 .O30 .o3a oohro 048
0032 00% o 036 e 038 0049 .058
n 038 0043 ,044 0 045 0 059 0070
9045 .o50 0852 0 05.3 0 070 ,085
0052
e858
0

.a
0% 0

eo66
059 006% e080
089 .
0095
nop
.
Q

0073 0 G75 e 078 0 an01 o 320

0073 0082 .o& 086 0122 9 134
e 080 ewe 0092 ow5 .123 *&'7
0 088 ow9 * 3102 105 136 * 3.65
0096 el07 0 %W on.g 147 8 175
el& .f14 0118 03.22 03.59 engo.
0 113 e &26 *$a 01% 0 174 207
.0135
e l f8
a&
i~

o
0
132

15%
m
0135
.a5
0
0.40
150
.16o
e 182
* 195
a208
e23.7
0233
-248
enWc ,$62 .165 e 171 *222 P265
03.55 0 170 0 g73 -el79 8233 ,278
0 159 e 178 e 182 o 188 6245 0292
,165 e 185 0199 f* 0254 03sbc
0175 e a* e200 0208 0269 ,520
e 185 0208 0212 SZO 02134 Q340
 Table U

FACTORS TOR EXTRAPOLATION OF DATA BEYOND

" FEBRUARY 1 , 1952

Extrapolation Date Factor*

March 1, 1952 0.70

April 1, 1952 0.53
1, 1952 0.1+1+
June 1, 1952 0.36

July 1, 1952 0.31

Aug. 1, 1952 0.21

To multiply t o t a l a c t i v i t y on February 1, 1952

30 -
 FINDINGS

Natural Radioactive Background

It was hoped that the Weather Bureau stations could be activated

sufficiently in advance of the first explosion to permit background
measurements. The first complete sets of samples were collected by
the end of the first week in October. Unfortunately, two atomic
explosions in a foreign country had occurred just prior to the start
of this program. Our intention to secure background information prior
to the start of Operation BUSTER was thus defeated by the circumstances.
It is, however, quite in order to point oi:t that consideration of the
occurrence of naturally radioactive isotopes in airborne particulate
material leads one to the conclusion that except for the possibility
of absorbed radon and thoron daughter products, the radioactivity
which could settle to a surface in a day would, by the counting pro-
cedure described previously, be reported as nil (less than one
disintegration per minute per square foot per day). If due precau-
tions are taken to prevent the counting of short-lived radon and
thoron daughters, one may conclude that for the counting procedure
used in this program, all positive indications of activities are
artificial in origin.

It is of some interest to inquire into the existence of residual

radioactivity from previous tests at the start of Operation BUSTER.
The only data available to the NYO Health and Safety Division are
those collected as part of our study of Operation GREENHOUSE, at
which time daily observations of fallout were made at ten locations
in the eastern half of the United States. The cumulative residual
at the conclusion of Operation GREENHOUSE were reported earlier by
NY0V3)Q These data have now been extrapolated to February 1, 1952
and the data are listed in Table 5» Although the activities are
relatively low in magnitude, it will be noted that they are a finite
contribution of intermediate half life activity to the pre-existing
radiation background. Later in this report it will be noted that
the cumulative data from Operations BUSTER and JANGLE have s;Ltnilarly
been extrapolated to February 1 for comparison with the fallout from
earlier tests.

Fallout During the Pre-test Period

Daily observations obtained from the Weather Bureau network are given
in Appendix A. As noted earlier, it was to have been a period during
which background measurements would be recorded, but the occurrence
of atomic explosions in a foreign country conspired to vitiate this
portion of the study. Positive indications of activity were reported
from the very first of our collections. Beginning on October 7 and
continuing until October 21 we find positive but low level indica-
tions of radioactivity. The values are low in comparison with the
data to be reported when Operations BUSTER and JANGLE were in progress.

31
 Table 5

CUMULATIVE RADIOACTIVITY OF DUST COLLECTED ON TRAYS

DURING OPERATION GREENHOUSE

Location 'min/ft , extrapolated to

Feb. 1, 1952

New York 9.6

Washington 16
Binghamton, N.Y. 4.1
St. Louis,, Mo. 52
Parlins N.J. 0.57

Cleveland., Ohio 28
Rochester, N.Y. (U.of Rochester) 22
Rochester, N.Y. (Eastman) 89
Boston^ Mass. 29
Upton, N.Y. 15

32

»(»
One sample of dust collected from the high volume sampler at Fort
Wayne, Indiana, on October 11-12 was studied for decay characteris-
tics. If the decay is assumed to be the usual fission product form,
with a slope of -1.2, then the estimated date of the burst from which
this sample originated would be September 2l+.

The relatively low values continued throughout this period until

October 21. The cumulative fallout from the observations during this
period, extrapolated for purposes of subsequent comparison to February 1,
1952, are given in Figure 5»

Observations from the Weather Bureau Network During Operations

BUSTER-JANGLE

The BUSTER-ABLE detonation occurred on October 22. During the 24

hour period ending on the 22nd there was a marked increase in radio-
activity collected from the fallout tray at the Seattle Weather Bureau
Station. On this day, with the second highest observed value being
200 d/m/ft2/24 hours, the Seattle Station reported 26,000. This was
the first of a great many observations made during the several days
subsequent to October 22 which gave indications of the second foreign
explosion announced during this period. Tvrenty-three of these samples
were studied for decay characteristics and, again assuming the usual
expression for fission product decay, the estimated date of burst is
October 18. These data are discussed more fully in a subsequent
section of this report.

The occurrence of radioactive debris from other than the Nevada Test
site served to confuse our monitoring program from the start. It
proved to be an additional complication in a study which from the
outset was beset by innumerable difficulties.

The daily maps giving all data reported from the Phase A Weather
Bureau network are given in Appendix A. In coordinating the
collection and counting of samples and in putting the data into
useful form, the purpose for which this survey was undertaken has
been largely served. There remains a requirement for extensive
meteorological analysis of the information. It is to be hoped that
when this is accomplished cooperatively by the U. S. Weather Bureau
and the U. S„ Air Force, there will accrue a better understanding of
the fundamental phenomena involved in fallout.

However, of immediate interest, for the purpose of this report, are

the highlights of these data which may be summarized as follows?

1. Figure 6 gives the cumulative fallout expressed in disintegra-

tions per minute per square foot for the period October 22
through December 15; all data being extrapolated to February 1,
1952. It will be observed that the highest activities are
along the east coast, and the highest report in the country
is from Rochester where the contribution to Rochester from
the test program will be 12,000 d/m/ft^ on February 1. Ex-
pressed in other units, this is approximately 100 millicuries
per square mile at a time (February 1, 1952) when the activity
- 33 -
CUMULATIVE FALL-OUT ATTRIBUTABLE TO
SECOND OF 1951 FOREIGN EXPLOSIONS
TRAY
EXTRAPOLATED TO FEB. I , 1952.
0 GUMMED PAPER
* MR FILTER
FALL-OUT MONITORING
HEALTH AND SAFETY DIVISION
HEW YORK OPERATIONS OFFICE
U. S . ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION
 'o I no\ IZOQ

E>« ,
ZOO

90\
,//QO

no &20
^
e -~jf
^2° [Tool 920

//OO
/-eo
\29$ So
«o
'Jfl »j?/r
eo
\27
o

JH t
j/'fad'
,ESc
1/70 \ ©/•*
340' 580
JO 380. L7 « o
AW
3&*

I 90\ »ZT V&&,

/4-0

'50 oao
/3® 730

fso Jo \S90\
Z9C
0 \
ft 32$ 39°
I O/fi 4901
=334oo
| ZGO\s -»20 \eeo
_o-8f
34°
>o<2>\zZd\\
'7o.
o40
# lS»
yfi

lHH]
Fig. 6

/SO/ 170
CUMULATIVE FALL-OUT FROM ALL
BUSTER AND JANGLE TESTS EX-
TRAPOLATED TO FEBRUARY I , 1952.

d/m/ftz/<£uj TRAY
FALL-OUT M M I TOD I He
0 GUMMED PAPER
HEALTH ANO SAFETY DIVISION
NED YORK OPERATIONS OFFICE at/m/meter3 * AIR FILTER
U . S . ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION

85°
/os°\ J 95"
 will have a half life of "approximately three months. The
community which is next highest is Norfolk, Virginia with
2200 d/m/ft2$ about one-fifth of the Rochester value. A
large number of communities along the east coast report
cumulative values of 1000 d/m/ft2.

2. The total activities, both from the Nevada test and from
fallout of foreign origin, are given in Figure 7» In the
area of maximum deposition, the eastern half of the United
States, the foreign contribution is only slightly signifi-
cant, but it will be observed that in northwestern U. S.
the foreign contribution to the total is more prominent.

3. The highest activities reported on a single day were those

from the collections beginning on November 1. Rochester,
N.Y.S reported 360,000 d/m/ft 2 /^ hrs. from its open tray.
Washington, D. C. reported 260,000 d/m/ft2/2li hrs. from
the gummed paper collector and Raleigh, N.C. 100,000 from
its open tray.

Of some interest are the relatively high air samples re-

ported along the 85th meridian on the same day. Cincinnati
reported 570 d/m/cubic meter and Lexington, Ky. 220 d/m/cubic
meter.

Because of their bulk Appendices A and B will not be distributed

to all readers of this report. A copy of the map for Nov-
ember 1 is therefore included in the body of this report (Fig-
ure 8).

lu Referring again to Figure 6, there is a band of higher fall-

out which is almost on a direct line from Los Angeles, Calif.,
through tho Great Lakes area up to the northwest corner of
the United States. In this area, the lowest normal sample
appears to be about 300 d/m/ft2. Except for a single sample
of 750 d/m/ft2 obtained at Los Angeles during an unusual
condition of wind, the samples obtained west of the Rockies
are below 200 d/m/ft2„ Two samples, one at Topeka, Kansas
and the other at Oklahoma City showed 720 d/m/ft2 and 1+50
d/m/ft2 , being the only other samples west of the 85th
meridian to show more than liOO d/m/ft2. As the east coast
is closer approached, however, the magnitude of the samples
rises and several samples above 500 d/m/ft2 appear. In the
area between Tallahassee, Fla. and Cleveland, Ohio, there
are a number of points all showing relatively high radiation,
with Cleveland being the maximum at 1380 d/m/ft2„

5. As we approach the coastal area, maximum readings have been

obtained. Almost without exception, the samples which were
obtained on the coastal plain ^rom Columbus, So. Car. north
to Caribou, Maine, are 1000 d/m/ft2 or higher with the single
maximum value at Rochester, N.Y. at 12,000 d/m/ft2.

Of considerable interest in visualizing the day to day variation in the

mean radioactive yield of the fallout trays in the Weather Bureau net-
work is Figure 9«
3<5
 TRAY
GUMMED PAPER
AIR FILTER

*.N
 Fig. 7

TOTAL FALL-OUT
Oct. 7 TO Dec. 15, 1951
EXTRAPOLATED TO Feb. I , 1952
dlmlft'ld^ TRAY
0 GUMMED PAPER
FALL-OUT MMITMIM 3
HEALTH AHD SAFETY D I V I S I O N at/m/meter # AIR FILTER
DE» YOIK OPERATIONS OFFICE
U . S. ATOMIC ENEROY COMMISSI OK
10s

Fl gure 9

Average of all Tray Results

Extrapolated to Midpoint
of Samp!ing Day

(Except prior to Blast "X")

10"

I0J

10'

10

Vertical Lines Indicate Dates

of Successive Blasts
Numbered Sequentially.

OCTOBER NOVEMBER DECEMBER

39

jr.
Mobile Monitoring for Operation BUSTER

The locations at which mobile monitoring operations were under-

taken during Operation BUSTER are shown on the maps of Appendix B„
The tray collections are reported on these maps for each 12 hour
period as are the mean of the two hour serial air samples for the
period. The tabulated compilation of two hour air samples each
of the mobile stations is given in Appendix G in which all data
have been extrapolated to the date of collection. Appendix G
also gives the estimated percentage of the radioactive particulates
that were less than 5 microns in diameter. It will be noted that
although the data are erratic, the high and low values tend to group
together.

It will be recalled that the mobile ground operations along the

95th meridian were designed to obtain data during and after the
clouds transit. These data were collected for two purposes, to
provide information about radioactive deposition immediately beneath
the cloud trajectory and to provide by means of two hour serial
samples a picture of the manner in which the ground level fallout
is related to cloud trajectory.

It appears clear from examination of Appendices B and G and compari-

son of these data with Appendix A, that the data collected along
the 95th meridian were lower in magnitude than would be expected,
considering the levels of activity reported by the fixed stations.

A complete understanding of these data must await meteorological

analyses by the U. S. Weather Bureau.

Aerial Observations Along the 95th ifcridian (low level)

Table 6 gives the data collected aloft by the C-i+7 traversing the
95th meridian between coraiaunities at which mobile stations were
located. As in the case of the ground level samples, the values
are surprisingly low considering that these traverses were presum-
ably made beneath the main cloud body. On the other hand, as noted
elsewhere in this report, the data are suspect because of difficulties
in obtaining representative air samples on the C—1+7 flights.

The dust samples collected on these flights consisted almost entirely

of material smaller than 5 microns.

Aerial Observations Along the 85th Meridian (High level)

The data collected from B-29"s operating out of Warner-Robins Air

Force Base are compiled on the maps of Appendix B. These data w i l l
be analyzed by the U. S. Weather Bureau

- UO -
 TABLE 6

RADIOACTIVE DUST COLLECTED AT 2500 TO 5000 FEET ALTITUDE (95TH MERIDIAN)

Beta Gamma A c t i v i t y i n d/mln/sP

( E x t r a p o l a t e d to Date of C o l l e c t i o n )
Mean Cyclone Samples
Sampling Sampling High Volume lass than 5
Flight Date Time Samplers Micros®

Oklahoma C i t y , 10-29 1900 8„0 100

Oklahoma to 10-29 1900 15 16 9<>i 97
Watertown B South
Dakc t a

Watertown, South 10-30 1600 11 0»6 50

Dakota t o Oklahoma
C i t y , Oklahoma

Oklahoma C i t y , 10-31 1100 6-3 6,1 6,,1 100

Oklahoma to 10-31 1100 i+<»6 100
D a l l a s , Texas

D a l l a s j, Texas t o 10-31 1300 180 160 91 99

Oklahoma C i t y , 10-31 1300 90 100
Oklahoma 10-31 1300 id 0
10-31 1300 i+8 0

Oklahoma C i t y , 11-1 1000 28 29

Oklahoma te ll-l 1800 23 97
Houston, Texas ll-l 1800 181 100

Omaha, Nebraska ll~l 2230 6o3 3o0

t o Oklahoma Ci1y,
Oklahoma

Houston, Texas to 37 2l+Q

Omaha, Nebraska

Corpus C h r i s t ! , 11-2 1900 6«3 8J+ 9«1 62

Texas to Oklahoma. 1900 13 72
C i t y , Oklahoma

Oklahoma C i t y , 11-2 ii+00 12 8oi+ 8J+ 200

Oklahoma t o Corpm 11-2 11+00 7*0 90
C h r i s t i , Texas 11-3 1300 16 i+50
Corpus C h r i s t i , 11«4+ 1100 52 n+ 28 99
Texas to Oklahoma.
C i t y , Oklahoma

San A n t o n i o , Texas 11-8 0900 5*2 k°3 0o5 100

to Brownsville,
Texas
la
Mobile Monitoring During O p e r a t i o n JANGLE

During O p e r a t i o n JANGLE t h e NYO mobile monitoring teams were deployed

a t approximately 0° t o U5° i n t h e annulus 200-500 m i l e s from t h e T e s t
Site.

Initial JANGLE Detonation

The findings of the mobile teams for JANGLE-ABLE are given

in Table 7. Of interest are the relatively high activities at Elko,
Nevada and Burley, Idaho in contrast to the other sampling locations.

The area west of Elko should have been included in the survey,as
shown by the sharp increase in activity between Wendover and Elko.
Our data do not define the most western extent of fallout zone. The
best available estimate of the trajectory indicated that in the posi-
tions shown our teams would be astride the fallout zone on the line
from Salt Lake City to Elko. That this was not the case is clear
from the data.

The records of the atmospheric dust concentrations during the entire

period of sampling are given in Figures 10 through 12 which give
data for Elko, Burley and Idaho Falls. Observations from Wendover,
Delta and Salt Lake City are not plotted because the data were es-
sentially negative.

The maximum dust concentration had probably passed by the time Elko
collections were started. The first sample collected for 20 Jiinut.es
beginning at 1630 M3T was the highest value reported, j60,000 d/ra/M^.
Thereafter, the airborne activity rapidly declined to well under 100 d/m/M^
at 0200 the following morning. For the 2l+ hour period the average
concentration was 1+1+,000 d/uiin/M?taking the means of all samples wimh
the result of each sample extrapolated to the midpoint of its indivi-
dual time of collection. The mean age of this dust may be taken as
approximately 10 hours.

Burley, Idaho, about 135 miles northeast of Elko shows a peak at

2300 at which time the dust was Ik hours old. The maximum recorded ccn-
centratim was "1,000 d/min/M' and -&he 2k hour mean was 215C d/min/i^.

Idaho Falls shows markedly less activity with a sustained rise to

3000 d/m±n/M) occurring for about 2\ hours starting 2?l+5.

Radioactive dust occurred in Wendover, there being a sustained rise

to 3000 d/min/l3 starting at 2000 and continuing until 0600 on
20 November.

As will be noted from Table 7> the bulk of the activity was contained
in particles less than 5 microns in diameter. The one exception was
the Aerotec sample at Burley where the bulk of the activity was included
in particles larger than 5 microns in diameter. This is in 'contrast,
not only to the data from other stations, but to the results of
Cascade Impactor samples of Burley air collected at the same time as
the Aerotec sample.
- 1*2 -
 TABLE 7

FINDINGS OF MOBILE TEAM - TEST OF 19 NOVEMBER 1951

AIRBORNE DUST SETTLED DUST

Ave. Type
Place Monitoring Period Highest Sample Cone** Collector Total Fallout
Time Cone* Cascade Aerotec
(d/m/M3) (d/m/M3) Impactor d/m/ft.'

Elko, 19 Nov. 1630 - 20 Nov. 1100 19 Nov. 380,000 kk,000 90 82 Tray 110,000
Nev. 16U0 Gummed Paper 59*000
to 1700

Salt Lake 19 Nov. Ik35 - 20 Nov.0905 k 95 Tray 180

City, Gummed Paper 3,200
Utah

1 Wendover, 1 9 Nov. 1630 - 20 Nov.1100 19-20 Nov. 3,000 1,000 Tray 220,000
,-*=: Utah 2000 Gummed Paper 105,000
eo
to 0600
1

Delta, 19 Nov. Ikl5 - 19 Nov.2230 52 97 Tray 5U0

Utah 0
Burley, 19 Nov. 1920 - 20 Nov.08l0 19 Nov. 11,000 2,150 99+ 9.7 Tray 22,000
Idaho 2250 Gummed Paper 110,000
to 2315

Idaho
Falls, 19 Nov. 20U5 - 20 Nov.0800 20 Nov. 3,000 koo Tray k,100
Idaho 0000 Gummed Paper 120,00
to 0100

* Extrapolated to time of collection

** Ave. of individual samples extrapolated to time of collection
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l$l>o
The tray activities are lower than would be expected, considering the
high concentrations of airborne dust. During Operation JANGLE, as
during BUSTER, the relationship between air-borne and settled dust
was not as would be expected„

The highest external radiation level observed by the mobile teams was
2 mr/hour at Elko. This level had been reached when the mobile team
arrived at 135>0 on 19 November.

The Second JANGLE Detonation

The second detonation of Operation JANGLE produced somewhat

similar conditions. The principal findings are given in Table 8 where
it will be noted that Elko was again the location at which the highest
activities were observed,.

Aerial dust measurements are given in Figures 13 through 17. The

maximum concentration was 180,000 d/m/jMP and occurred at 0600 MST„
The average concentration for the 2k hour period was 38,000 d/m/M3,
and again the particulates were almost entirely in the range below
$ microns„ The mean age of the Elko activity was approximately
20 hours.

With, respect to the deposition of radioactive dust on the ground, the

activities were again lower than would be expected, considering the
high concentrations of air-borne radioactivity„

Relationship of Findings To Criteria of JANGLE

"Feasibility Committee

The external radiation and radioactive dust measurements

gave no indication that the exposure criteria of the Jangle Feasi-
bility Committee were exceeded in the area beyond 200 miles from
the Test 5ite„

The maximum external radiation dose was 2rar/hrmeasured at 1650

19 November at Elko, Nevada, at which time the activity Yfas only
?2 hours old, and thus decaying rapidly,, *

With essentially all of the particles in the respirable range, the

radioactive dust concentration at Elko, Nevada, when averaged over
a 2k hour period, was iil+,000 d/m/ir and 38,000 d/m/M^ for the two
Jangle tests„ The cumulative exposures were thus well below the
2„2 x 10° d/m/M3 permitted by the report of the Feasibility Committee,,

kl =
 TABLE 8

FINDINGS OF MOBILE TEAM - TEST OF 29 NOVEMBER 1951

AIRBORNE DUST SETTLED DUST

Ave. Type
Place Monitoring Period Highest Sample Cone** f°& r Collector Total Fallout
Time Cone* Cascade Aerotec
(d/m/k5) (d/ny4l3) Impactor d/m/ft2

Elko, 29 Nov, 1720 - JO Nov. 2230 30 Nov. 190,000 38.000 >95 Tray Lost
Nev. 0600 Gummed P a p e r 210,000

Ogden, 29 Nov, 1900 - 30 Nov. 1900 30 Nov. 710 205 81+ Tray 1,300
Utah 0100 Gummed Paper 9.700

Wend over, 29 Nov, 161+0 - 1 Dec, 001+5 1 Dec. 1+.300 2,200 77 65 Tray 60,000
Utah 00l+5 Gummed P a p e r 7,000

' Delta, 29 Nov, 1100 - 30 Nov, 1110 29 Nov, 550 185 92 Tray 81+0
£ Utah 1100 Gummed P a p e r 30,000
1
Rock Springs
Wyoming 29 Nov, 121+5 - 30 Nov, 2250 30 Nov, 2,800 85 9U Tray 1,300
1U50 Gummed Paper 50,000

Provo, 29 Nov, 1915 - 30 Nov. 2020 30 Nov. 5,1+00 190 83 Tray 1,000
Utah Ql+20 Gummed Paper 11,000

* E x t r a p o l a t e d t o time of c o l l e c t i o n
** Ave. of i n d i v i d u a l samples e x t r a p o l a t e d t o time of collection
 = ; RADIDACTiyE DUST FRpM T E I T 0 N ?9 NOVEMfifeft
:
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.=- 4 t ^ 4 X 4 4 - 4- 4X444=4.J4. - 4 - 4 - 4 ..4 .XX=44r.-.-.4M.;.X:= =4 4 4 44:44444; 4 4 X = p 4 X 4 ^ 4 4 4 4 4 p 4 4 4 = 4 4 = = E^5E=4^| 4
~ E H ; - 4-1 4 4 T X 4 : M 4 J 4 444:^4 ^4 4.--'-:|-yi 4-4 44444444EJE^^-=&.^- 4.E 44 = 4,4+4 4;-4 = X =4 = == 34 E = EEJpEXEEEEEEJp4
= M=EJE^4EE^4jE=E;;l|ii4===E:=ElE=====4^:= = = == = = = =
=
P
^P -4p ppp^ppfp=%=- X 4EEt==4 44x44 4XEEE 4J4t EE4 EE EE EE E== = E =
|_|—. 1 1 _. 1—I—1 - - -
2 —

jpitfpiPPt-Ii-i'i••"( -f' 14-P'---\p--

"~! M 1 !'
F4 1
H i 1
inH
= E = = EE = 4^4= | | 4 4 4 4 = 4 = 4 ^ ^ 4 ^ 4444 = = E E = = i ~ ^ = 44444EE = 444
9 = —— ' 8 : ^ ^ f c = = ^ ^ = = = = r ^ 4 — — ^ = ^:=pT — — ^ p | r ^ = — — — - 4 ~ ^ ^ ^ — — — =5 — ——

~-=f=[= -----•••• ~-Z~-~-:'Z: ----•-•--- :r==Pl-p:==_- = =- =-—-:_ =4 E-=----

EEE2E--4E =E E E E E E ==4 E 5 E E E E E E S = E = E E E E E E E
_= Jg._. = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =!= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = — = = = = ~ ——— — — — — — — — ~~ — — ~~~ — ~~ ———— — ——— — — z^ri
6 - .|ftf - ._- —j= - —.- . -X- —t-—. _ _ ,EE3E:E===EEEE=~izEE==ES~™~~==SEE = EEEEEEE

s 4
;
4 i - = j | § 4 = - - ^ = = ^ - - - - =M4: : = 44EE ==-4:••-.- = — = = - = -5- III11I111I1I11111111111111llllllllllll

===P=======^=4JX=~E=^=EX;=EEEEE==~E=E~EE4^E =EEEEEX4==||= ============ = l ^ i l l E E E E =

-EL - - .---
2 — - -pi - — - - - .- -- - - - .

103' =
1
9 4
a E = = | | | p = E E E E E E = = =EEEEEE = =EEEEE4 4 = EEEE3 = = EEEE = 4 =
T E
e E
5 E
ililiiiiiiiiiiiliiililiiillliiiillliii
4 =

3 E

— [ 4 -t 1 4444
XUi - - - - -M -J-1 4 (_J . 1

;[
1 0 ^ 2. nil 1 1 vu n oW in* )0 X t . 44"'" 1.60
1? It 1 1 _ l34! t ., 1i 1 ~
,2(K& ± . 2JIJ0
(HOURS - M S T )
29 NOVEMBER 3 0 NOVEMBER

- 53 -
40
 THE PROPERTIES OF FALLOUT SAMPLES

Limited studies were made of the physical properties of bomb debris

collected in the air samplers and fallout trays.

Particle Size

Measurements of particle size were undertaken because of its rela-

tionship to the pulmonary retention and distribution of an aerosol.
The methods by which the samples were fractionated into various
portions of the particle size spectrum have been described in an
earlier section of this report* and in Tables 7 and 8 are given
data pertinent to the evaluation of the JANGLE monitoring observa-
tions o

The satisfactory agreement between replicate and consecutive samples

collected by Cascade Impactor at Elko (19 November and 29 November)
and Wendover (29 November) are given in Figures 18 and 19.

In Figure 18, are plotted 5 samples collected following the two

explosions from Operation JANGLE. The mass median of these various
samples ranges from 1„1+ to 2.2 p. The mean of the 5> estimates of
the mass median is 1.8 p.

In Figure 19 are shown the six samples collected at Wendover, Utah,

following the second of the JANGLE bursts. The estimates of the mass
medians vary from 1.9 p. to 3.5 Jti with a mean of 2.5 jcu

As noted earlier* both the Aerotec Collector and Cascade Impactor

indicate that the bulk of the radioactive dust was smaller than 5
microns in diameter0

Radioactive Decay

The beta decay of mixed fission products is complex, but may be

represented approximately by a linear plot on log-log paper. Way
and W i g n e r ^ estimated the beta activity and summarized the avail=
able data in the form of the equations

A
2 = AX ( ^ )

where A£ and A-j_ are the activities at times t2 and t]_ after fission.

^ K . Way and E. P. Wigner Phys. Rev. 73, 1318 (19U8)

-ft _
-I
 FIG. 18
Explosion Key
5
\ November 29, 1951
4

November 19, 1951

99

Cascade Impactor Samples

Elko, Nevada

_ 95

_ 90

75 E

50

— 25 S

_ 10

I
nr I 0.5 0.1
PARTICLE DIAMETER (MICRONS)

- 55

M I1
• i ,<
 I 0.5

PARTICLE DIAMETER (MICRONS)

56
Hunter and Bailout)have calculated the individual and total beta
activities produced in a U235 atomic explosion. In the time range
of 1 to 100 days, the Way and ilifigner expression is shown to be valid
as far as decay rate is concerned.

The experimental data taken during this series of tests included

about lf>0 decay curves run for periods of 10 to S>0 days. Because
none of the runs were begun less than three days after sampling,
there was no interference from thoron or radon decay products. The
results of the determinations are given in Table 9o The values
given for the slope were obtained by visually fitting a line to
the data plotted as log d/m against log time in days since burst.
It must be remembered that not all samples contain debris that is
predominantly from one burst or another. In Table 9 where there
was doubt as to the burst from which a sample originated, more than
one slope may be indicated.

Figure 20 shows how a decay following the -1.2 exponent would behave
if the burst were misjudged by two days in either direction. If
the burst was assumed to be two days earlier than the true time., a
straight line through the later points would have a slope of XL„37s>
while the opposite error would give a slope of -1.06.

If the sample is counted within three or four days after the burst
and the decay follows the -1.2 exponent, it should be a simple
process to place the burst time to the nearest day. However;, it is
apparent from Table 9 that the decay rates vary widely. The general
use of decay rate for selection of burst date is subject to great
error, particularly if the normal counting error is taken into
consideration.

While the overall variation in decay rates is large, there is ex-

cellent agreement within the groups assigned to a specific burst,
as shown by the standard deviations in Table 10.

Some of the samples whose decay rates were measured had been subjected
to particle size separation with a Cascade Impactor or Aerotec unit.
The results on these samples are tabulated in Table 11„

All indications from these scattered results are that the larger
particles decay at a greater rate than the smaller particles. This
factor may be slightly complicated by the presence of induced activi-
ties, but this effect should not be large after a few days, unless
the fraction of induced activity in the sample is very large.

Ho F„ Hunter and N„ E. Ballou Nucleonics 9* C-2 (19^1)

= 57 _
 TatiTeT"

T a b u l a t i o n of Observed Decay ]Elates

Time of Burst Decay

Location Collection Date Type Sample Slope

F o r t Wayne, I n d i a n a 10/11 = 10/12 9/2U Airborne Dust 1.20

10/2U 1930 10/18 ti tt 1.20
B-29
10/2U 1230 n tt tt 1.86
B-29
New York 10/2U - 10/25 Tray 1.20
II ti 10/2h ti
- 10/25 1.25
Montgomery, Alabama 10/21 - 10/25 Airborne Dust 1.21
Bismarck, N. Dakota 10/25 - 10/26 Tray 1.27
Oklahoma C i t y 10/26 - 10/27 Tray 1.21
Atlanta 10/26 - 10/27 Airbo m e Dust 1.20
Grand Rapids 10/26 - 10/27 ti »? 1.18
Nashville - 10/28 11 tt 1.20
10/27
it
L e x i n g t o n , Ky. 10/27 - 10/28 11
1.28
New York 10/27 - 10/28 Tray 1.?!*
5'
Cincinnati 10/28 - 10/29 Airborne Dust j.. © J_X

L e x i n g t o n , Ky. 10/? s - 10/29 r 11 « J.. 0 -i- J

Tallahassee 10/28 - 10/29 it ti

1.23
n 10/29 - 10/30 I! 11 11
l.?l|
Cincinnati 10/30 - 10/31 M ti ti
1.2U
P e n d l e t o n , Oregon 10/21 - 10/22 '.' Tray . 1.20
Seattle 10/21. - 10/22 II ti 1.62
Great F a l l s , Montana 10/22 - 10/23 II H
lo05
Medford, Oregon 10/22 - lo/?3 1! II
1.20
Seattle 10/22 - 10/23 " II
1.17
P o c a t e l l o , Idaho 10/23 - 10/21* 10/18 tt 1.22
Forbes AFB 10/30 2100 10/28 Tray J. o-^'O

B-29 10/31 151*5 10/28 Airborne Dust 1.87,

10/30 1.82'
Topeka, Kansas 10/31 10/28 Tray 1.1?
10/30 ___ 1.0U'
F o r t Wayne 1 0 / 3 1 - 11/1 10/30 Airborne Dust 1.22
New York 1 0 / 3 1 - 11/1 10/28 Tray 1.35 x
10/30 _— i„29j
M » 11/1 - 11/2 10/28 Tray 1.22
tl tl 11/1 - 11/2 10/28 Tray 1.31*
Cincinnati 11/1 - 11/2 10/30 Airbo m e Dust -04^-i
Oklahoma City 11/1 - 11/2 10/30 Tray 1.26
Houston, Texas 11/1 - 11/2 10/30 Tray 1.1*9 v
11/1 _—, 1.28'
tt 11/2 - 11/3 11/1 Tray 1.26
Tuscon, Arizona 11/2 tt
- 11/3 11/1 1.29
Cincinnati 11/3 - 11/h 10/28 ti
1.12»
- 10/30 __«™
1.05'
Atlanta 11/3 - 11A 10/30 Airborne 1.02
10/18 tt
Chattanooga 11/3 -11/1* ~X„L\\x v
10/30 ™ ™ 0.78;
New Hark 11/1* = 11/5 10/30 Tray 1.30.
11/1 1.2P '

-58
 Table 9 (Cont'd.)

Time of Burst Decay

Location Collection Date Type Sample Slope

Corpus C h r i s t i n/5 10/30 Airborne Dust 1.63^

11/1 ™ » _
1.1*3^
n/5 10/30 A i r b o r n e Dust 1.1*3}
ll/l _=_==, l.2i*
New York 11/6 - 11/7 11/1 Gummed Paper 1.32.
ii/5 =__ 0.98'
B-29 1 1 / 9 - oil*5 ii/5 Airborne Dust 1.12
L e x i n g t o n , Kentucky 11/10 - 11/11 11/1 tt w
10/30 l.!6j
Cincinnati 11/10 - n/ii 10/30 Airborne Dust .97.
n/5 .== .75 }
Tallahassee 11/12 - 1 1 / 1 3 10/30 Airborne Dust 08O
10/18 lo22' 1
Medford, Oregon ll/ll* - 11/15 ii/5 Tray 0.91*
Pendleton, M 11/19 - 11/20 ii/5 Tray 1.00
Wendover 11/19 - 11/20 11A9 Tray 1.80
B-29 11/21 0500 w Airborne Dust 1.1*7
B-29 11/21 2230 « n n I06S
11/22 n tt « 1.60
B-29 0330
11/21 n ti 11
B-29 2035 1.67
B o i s e , Idaho ti Tray
11/19 - 11/20 I0L3
w 11/20 - 11/21 11 ti
I.63
tt 11/21 - 11/22 ti it 1.1*8
M 11/22 - 11/23 ti -> 1.56
B u r l e y , Idaho 11/19 - 11/20 n » 1.52
» 11/20 - 0255=0810 " Aiitoorne 1.26
ti Tray
P o c a t e l l o , Idaho 11/18 - 11/19 1.82
tt
ELko 11/19 - 11/20 Tray
11/19 - 351*0=1700 «' A i r b o r n e Dust. ^ 0S
•f ^
11/19 - 1700=1720 « Airborne Dust
Wendover 11/30 - 0000 11/29 Tray i.6i
11 11/30 0810 »t Airborne Dust Qoj?2
w M it tt
ti ii*!*o 1.20
ft M » »! 1.22
ti i51*c
« tt 161*0 ti tt *> 1.2?
tt H ti H
«! 171*0 1.20
It It 181*0 tt tt tt 1.12
tl t! ti tt
tl 201*0 1.08
tt tt tt tt ti
1930 1.1*3
t! 11 tt tt
91 2300 1.00
tt Tray) 2.20)
Pbcatello 11/29 2330 -
11/3C) 2330 tt ) )
tt
KLko 11/30 0200 Airbo m e Dust 1.10
» It M «
OBOO .81*

$9 -
S!>*
 Table 9 (Cont'd.)

Time of Burst Decay

Location Collection Date Type Sample Slope

Elko 11/30 01*00 11/29 Airborne Dust ,91

01*00 ti
tt ti f!
.99
it it 0500 tl ti
.99
M t!
0500 tt tt
.95
tt tl
0530 tl tt
.96
tl ti
tt
0530 tl
i.ol
«t tl tl ti
0600 1.05
tt II tt tt
0600 1.01
tt tl tt n
0630 1.02
tt tl
0630 n M
II
1.01
tt tl
tt
0700 11
0.96
n 0700 11 tt
0.98
tr 11
tt
0730 ti
o95
n ti
0730 ti VI
J .01*
n ti
0800 ti It
0.92
tt ti II
i»
0800 0.97
tt ti tt
tt
0830 tt
0.89
« tl ti tt
0.90
0830 tt
»t tt
0900 ti tl » O.83
ti tt
ti
0900 tl tt
0.91*
tt tt
ti
1130 t! tt
0.91
u tt
1130 t» It tt
1.00
ti
tt
1300 H tl tl
1.12
tt
tt
1300 tl tl It
0.65
tt n
it
1500 tt 11
0.88
ti ti
1500 tl tl ti
o.£y
ti »l
1700 tt ft tt
1.01
it tt
1700 II ft tt
0.96
tt ti
1900 tl II. tt
0.90
tt
91 1900 tt tt tt
0.97
tt
2100 II 11 tt
1.03
tt
2100 tt It »
tt
0.89
Rock Springs 11*30 tl 91 tt
1,0\
ll tl
1500 tt tt
l.U
II n
1520 II tt
1.08
tl it tt
i51*o tl

- 6Q
to :
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Iiii !I-M
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EEEEMEE £ : ^MtiJ^r^WMi^Si-- - 1|514
9 = = == 4 !
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~ = 4 = £j r
A 4FlllttHiPw1 'jI i W W4 i |i i x cl^L-^r "V— ^^rf"il-H-l'^'iriiai^sX
1 • • [14 \\Wv\ NrPs
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4.-X4-
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nXltuti it1:I 1; I
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+ 14X444114 .1 14 |f] IS
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X

1 ini...
V.VI x i iaw i l t i n
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a
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4
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/7fi. ^ POSSIBLE ERROR IN ASSIGNMENT OF

BURST DATE.

61
4" V.1
.?o
 Table 10

AVERAGE DECAY RATES BY BURSTS

Burst # Samples Average Slope Standard Deviation

10/18 21* 1.25 0.16
10/28 - 11/5* 21* 1.22 0.15
11/19 15 1.59 O.lli
ll/29(Elko) 3k 0.96 0.07
ll/29(others) 15 1.25 0.32

TOTAL 112 1.20 0.26

Burst date selected to give slope closest to -1.2

- 62 -
 Table 11

DECAY SLOPES OF AIR SAMPLES ^FRACTIONATED BY AESDTEC

Burst Decay
Location Date of Sample Bate Slope

KLko 11/19 - 11/20 11/19 Aerotec-large 1.59

Aerotec-small 1,32
Wendover 11/19-11/20 11/19 Aerotec-large 1.88
11/30 11/29 Aerotec-small 1.03
Bock 11/30 11/29 Aerotec-large 1.09
Springs Aerotec-small 0.97

-63 -
Absorption Measurements

Like the radioactive decay of mixed fission products, their absorp-

tion characteristics should be complex, as many energies are repre-
sented. However, analysis of absorption curves for several fallout
samples showed that all of them could be broken down into four major
components, one gamma and three beta0 The latter were character-
ized by energies of about 0.3, 1.0 and 1.6 mev„ respectively.

Five active fallout samples were studied to determine whether the

characteristic breakdown varied with time and with the particular
burst represented by the sample. For this purpose, the fraction
of the saiqple activity due to each component was determined from
each absorption curve. From this data, the decay of each compon-
ent could be followed.

The general conclusions for the absorption measurements ares

1. Four components are obtained consistently.

2. The gamma component remains constant at about 1$ of the

activity as counted, We do not know the gamma efficiency
of our counters.

'3o The 0.3 mev component is complex, decaying at a more

rapid rate than the total activity.
i

ko The 1.0 mev component maintains a relatively constant

fraction of the total activity for about 30 days and is
the major component during this period.
5. The 1,6 mev component is complex, decaying at a slower
rate than the total activity and becoming the major
component after about 30 days.

6. The apparent range and decay rate of the 0.3 mev

component are very constant, regardless of the source
of the sampleo

7. The sample from the burst of November 29 shows a second

component of higher apparent range than the other samples.

The results on the decay rates of the components are given in Table 12,

Absorption data on other samples were obtained but decays were not
run. All showed similar components.

Absorption curves are of value in characterizing fallout samples,

but their preparation and analysis are tedious and time consuming.
No conclusions as to elemental components, particularly as to in-
duced activities could be drawn.

6k -

^J
 Table 12

SLOPES OF PRINCIPAL COMPONENTS

Sample Source Total I 11 III

237 10/18 1.82 2.1*5 2.12 1.11

222 10/30 1.52 2.22 2.12 0.61*

3 11/19 1.72 2.39 1.79 1.00

162 11/19 1.72 2.51 1.39 0.88

567 11/29 0.95 2.52 0.60 1.39

65 -
Radioautographs of Settled Dust

Duplicate gummed papers were exposed on the roof of NYO during the
swvey period. One of these samples was processed and counted,
while the other was radioautographed to determine the distribution
of radioactive particles.

The gummed paper was covered with a film of rubber hydrochloride

and exposed to Eastman Type M X-ray film for about seven days.
Ordinarily two films were used together to prevent chemical stain-
ing or alpha radiation being mistaken for fallout particles.

A sample radioautograph exposed from 1500 on 10/31 to 1500 on ll/l

is reproduced full size in Figure 21. The numbered spots were
cut out of the gummed paper and counted individually. The results
extrapolated to the sampling date are given in Table 13.

- 66 -
67

'4 /
 Table 15

ACTIVITY AND DIAMETER OF SPOTS 01 FIGURE 21

Spot Activit Spot Diameter (ma.)

1 1000 d/m 2.6

2 2500 4.0
3 870 2.8
4 5800 6.7

5 640 4.0

6 2500 4.0

7 3000 6.0

S 540 3.0

9 6900 6.0

10 2200 5.0

11 520 2.8

12 470 2.9

13 570 2.0

14 2000 4.0

lw 870 2.7

16 660 3.5

68
 NOTES ON FIELD TECHNIQUES

Comparison of Tray And Gummed Paper Techniques

The two methods were tested in parallel at 20 Weather stations.

Definitely higher results (significantly so at the 99$ confidence
level) were obtained with the gummed paper than with the trays.
The unextrapolated data for days when no precipitation was re-
ported are plotted in Figure 22. A regression line of the form
log y s a f b log x, where x and y are the tray and gummed paper
data respectively, was fitted. (Only pairs counted on the same
day, and not including zeros, were plotted.)

The regression coefficient, b, is highly significant (at the

99$ confidence level) showing that the results to be expected
from trays can be estimated on the basis of tests with gummed
paper and vice versa.

A similar comparison was made of data for days when more than
a trace of rain was reported. Figure 23 is the logarithmic plot.
In this case, also, the gummed paper collected the more activity
and the regression coefficient was highly significant. The re-
lationship between tray and gummed paper data is essentially the
same in rain and fair weather. That is5 the differences between
corresponding coefficients in the equations are not significant
statistically.

The precisions of the two methods have not been compared. Such
a comparison would entail replication of both at the same loca-
tions. Both methods may be subject to inaccuracies which the
data cannot reveal. It appears possible, for instance, that the
gmnmed paper may overestimate the fallout by collecting dust
blown from nearby surfaces. This source of inaccuracy might be
investigated by comparing gummed papers located at different
heights.

Variation Between Duplicate Trays

The trays were duplicated at 10 stations. In 26 pairs out of 36

having activity greater than 100 d/m/ft2 the difference between
duplicate results was greater than 20$ and in each of 11 pairs the
difference exceeded the lower of the two values. Since the pro-
cedure was controlled to keep the counting error below 20$, it is
clear that the variation between duplicates is large. More re-
plication is indicated to bring the precision closer to that of
the counting.

At levels below 100 d/m/ft.2 a larger part of the variation can

be ascribed to counting error.

The paired data are listed in Appendix H 0

- 69 -
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- 70 -

(•v;
 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 6 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1

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71 -
Comparison of High Altitude Measurements

Dust filtered out of air at high altitudes was tested with an ItCL
GM tube as described previously. These measurements were made on
the plane but after its return to the base the activity of filter
paper was determined with a laboratory beta counter,) The results
by the two methods are plotted on logarithmic Scales in Figures 2k
and 25o The points of Figure 2k $ representing activities below
1000 counts per minute, give the impression of random scatter rather
than correlation. Above 1000 counts per minute the results of the
two measurement methods are clearly correlated,, These data and
the regression line are plotted in Figure 2f>. (The regression
coefficient is highly significant.)

For the comparison it was necessary to reject zeros, negative

values and activities above the maximum of the instrument used on
the plane, introducing uncertainty into the statistical analysis.
However., it is obvious that the two methods of measurement agree
well at high activities. In the case of low values error in
measurement of background must have a relatively large effect on
the result.

The relation between the filter paper activity and the readings
of a scintillometer and a conductivity meter was investigated.
An inspection of the time graphs (Figures 26 - 33) indicates that
there is a rough correlation among the three sets of data. There
are peaks in the curves which appear to correspond, but they do
not coincide in time. Rather, there are irregular lags which
prevent the pairing of the data and make the use of statistical
methods of comparison difficult. Some of the peaks in the instru-
ment readings are accompanied, usually with a time differencesby
rises in filter paper activity, but there are other conductivity
and scintillometer peaks with no corresponding change in the filter
paper.

- 72 -

c \\
 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1

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MEASUREMENT ON PLANE, MR/HR

MEASUREMENT ON PLANE MR/HR
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4

APPENDIX A*

(Bound Separately)

*Appendix A was given a limited d i s t r i b u t i o n by the New Tork

Operations Office, and i s not included in t h i s copy of NIO-I5760

83
 APPENDIX B*

(Bound Separately)

•Appendix B was given a limited distribution by the New Tork

Operations Office, and is not included in this copy of NYO-I576,,

-8k
 APPENDIX C

Equipment Provided for Weather Bureau Hetvrork (Phase A)

GROUP A - 10 Stations (1 sample per day)

1 Tray
1 Squeegee
1 Kit of equipment for filter samples
70 Data Sheets
1 Set of Instructions
70 Addressed franked envelopes
(addressed to the local analytical lab)
70 Plastic sample envelopes

GROUP B - 10 Stations (2 samples per day)

2 Trays
1 Squeegee
2 Kits
140 Data Sheets
1 Set of Instructions
70 Addressed franked envelopes
140 Plastic sample envelopes

GROUP C = 20 Stations (2 samples per day)

1 Tray
1 Squeegee
1 Kit
140 Data Sheets
1 Set of Instructions
70 Addressed franked envelopes
140 Plastie sample envelopes
1 Frame for gunmed papers
70 Sheets of gummed paper

GROUP D - 10 Stations (2 samples per day)

1 Tray
1 Sqtteegee
1 Kit
140 Data Sheets
1 Set of Instructions
70 Addressed franked envelopes
140 Plastic sample envelopes
1 Hi Volume Sampler
70 4 W diameter dust filters
70 Addressed envelopes (addressed to NYOO)

Groups A, B and C are evenly distributed geographieally and

intermixed but not on the 85th meridian.

Group D stations are along the 85th meridian.

- 85-
 APPENDIX D

Equipment Prffivided For Mobile Monitoring Teams (Phase B)

Schedule I - Airborne Team

Nop of Items Designation

2 H - Cascade Impactor Kit

3 K - Scintillometer
1 M - Survey Instruments
2 N - 6 Volt Air Sampler
1 P - Dosimeter Kit
8 Q - Film Badges

Schedule II - Ground Teams (2)

Noo of Items
per Team

Team 1 - 5 ) E - Hi Volume Sampler Kit

" 2-20
k G » Fall out tray with Kit
1 H - Cascade Impactor Kit
1 I - Berkley Portable Scaler with
End Window Tube (5^ mg/cm2)
Team 1 only - 1 F - Aerotec Unit
M » l K - Scintillometer
« n j L - Sleeping Gear
1 0 - Gummed Paper Kit
12 Q - Film Badges

86

P4i
 APPENDIX D (Con't)

E - Hi Voluire Sampling K i t

1 Carrying Case
1 E x t e n s i o n Cord 50"
1 Cube Tap
2 Boxes hn Whatman #L|1 F i l t e r Paper
2 Boxes Comfo A l l Dust F i l t e r s (100)
300 Cellophane Sample Envelopes
1 P a i r Forceps
1 Glass Marking P e n c i l
300 Data Sheets
25 L a r g e , Addressed, Franked Manila Envelopes
2 Hi Volume Samplers
k Hi Volume Sampler Heads
h 3-Wire F i l t e r Supports
1 S t a p l i n g Machine

F - Aerotec Units (5)

G - Fall out Tray with Kit

1 Tray
1 Squeegee
1 Kit
50 Data Sheets
1 Set of I n s t r u c t i o n s
50 P l a s t i c Sample Envelopes

H - Cascade Impactor Kit

1 Carrying Case
1 Cascade Impactor
50 Coated Aluminum S l i d e s i n F i l e Box
1 Box 1-1/8" Whatman # j l F i l t e r papers
15 Glassene Sample Envelopes
15 Data Sheets
1 Hudson Pump with Rotameter
1 Tripod

87 -
 APPENDIX D (Con't)

I - Berkley Portable Scaler - Model 8 with End Window

Tube (3i mg/cm2)

K - Scintillometer

L = Sleeping Gear

2 Cots, Folding
6 Blankets

M " Survey Instruments

2 2G10A Survey Meter with AFOAT Probe

1 2G10A Survey Meter

N - 6 Volt Air Sampler

0 - Gummed Paper Kit

1 Pkgo lkn * 17w X-ray Film

3 Frames
3 PkgSo Gummed Paper (50 sheets each)
1 X~ray Exposure Holder
150 Data Sheets

P - Dosimeter Kit

1+ Direct Reading Dosimeters

2 Battery Chargers

Q - Film Badges - NYO Design

- 88 -
 APPENDIX E

PROCEDURE FOR COLLECTION OF PRECIPITATION

AND DUST SAMPLES FOR RADIOACTIVE FALL-OUT STUDIES

The radioactivity associated with the fall-out being studied decays

very rapidly so that speed in the handling of samples is essentialo
For all shipments, air mail is recommended where one day's transit
tii4.e will be saved0

In order to correlate the radioactivity measurements with the fall-

out, the date and hour of sampling and of measurement must be known
for each sampleo For uniformity, the use of the 21+ hour time scale,
rather than AoMo and P0Mo notations is recommendedo The time zone
must be included for both collecting stations and laboratorieso

The data sheets, of which a sample is attached, should be filled out

completely with the pertinent information, using a separate sheet
for each sampleo Collecting stations will record the data on the
upper half of the sheet, while the laboratories will fill in the
counting datao This will aid in the collation of data from the larg
number of samples to be handledo

Four types of samples are to be used in the study of radioactive

fall=»out in this program, but not every station will collect each
type0

lo Precipitation samples taken by collecting the rain or snow fall

during 2k hours on the specific area of a collecting tray0 The
insoluble particulate matter is filtered off for measurement.)

2o Settled dust samples taken by washing down the surfaoe of the

collecting tray used for precipitation samples when no rain or
snow fall occurso The insoluble particulate matter is filtered
off from the washings for measuremento

Jo Settled dust samples collected on gummed paper mounted on a

metal frame0 The paper is destroyed by ashing and the ash used
for measuremento
ka Airborne dust samples collected by drawing known volumes of air
through a filter with a high volume air sampler,, The filter is
destroyed by ashing and the ash used for measuremento

The procedure for taking and handling each of these samples will be
given in detail so that comparable results may be obtained at all
collecting stations and laboratorieso

- 89 -

&
Precipitation Samples
A
° Collections The sampling trays furnished by NYO have an
area of 9 square feet and are mounted on legs for ease in
setting up. The tray should be erected and a two quart
Mason jar placed under the outlet. In case of heavy rain,,
the jar should be replaced when full, and all jars treated
as one sample»

Light snowfalls may be transferred to the jar with the rub-

ber squeegee furnished. After allowing it to melt, it is
treated the same way.as collected rain. It is not possible
to furnish large containers, so for heavier snowfalls, two
jars may be filled with snow from a smaller area than the
whole tray, and the area cleared noted on the data sheet.

B. Filtrationg The filtration kit furnished by NYO contains a

filter funnel, rubber tubing, a water aspirator to supply
suction and two couplings for fitting the aspirator to var-
ious types of faucets. The filter funnel may be connected
directly to the aspirator with the rubber tubing, the fil-
tered water being pulled into the aspirator.

To filter a sample, a filter paper is placed on the perfora-

ted plate of the funnel and, with the suction on, a little
water is poured over the paper to moisten it and hold it in
placeo The sample is then poured through the filter. Any
residual solid matter in the jar should be washed onto the
paper with water.

After all the water has been sucked through the paper, some
drying may be obtained by allowing the aspirator to pull
air through the paper for one or two minutes. The rubber
tubing should then be disconnected at the filter funnel be-
fore turning off the aspirator.

The filter paper should be placed in a cellophane bag and

the bag stapled to a data form containing the pertinent in-
formation.

Collecting stations should send the filter, bag and data

sheet to the specified laboratory (in envelopes furnished)
by mail, and if an appreciable saving in time would result,
by air mail.

Settled Dust on Trays

^° Collectiong If no precipitation occurs in a 2k hour period

or if ilhe tray has dried out-a'fter a rain, the dust settling
on the tray in that period is collected. This is done by
wetting down the tray with water and washing the dust into
the Mason jar with the rubber squeegee furnished and more
water. This may be readily accomplished with less than two
quarts of water. (If it has rained, the tray washings are
filtered with the collected rain as one sample).
- 90 -

t
 Bo Filtration8 This is done exactly as for precipitation sam-
ples s

IIIo Settled Dust on Gutmied Paper

•A-° Collections Sheets of MKunt-Kleenn gxunaed paper are supple si

with a meial frame which will hold the paper by its ovra &%-
hesiveo This frame is placed on a box or suitable support
next to the collecting tray and at about the same height
with the gummed side upn

The papers are changed every 2i+ hours whether precipitation.

occurs or no to The gummed face of the paper is liien folded
together and refolded to fit into a cellophane bago The
bag should be stapled to a data form containing the pertin-
ent information0

Collecting stations should send the paper, bag and data sheet
to the specified laboratory, by mail, and if an appreeiabls
saving of time would result, by air mailo

IVo Airborne Dust Samples

Ao Collections Airborne dust samples are collected by drawing

known volumes of air through a paper filter<, The pump fur=
nished consists of a head for holding -the filter, an AC-DC
115 volt motor-blower, and a gage for determining the &lr
flow in cubic feet per minuteo The pump should be protected
from rain,and may be set up at an open window, or undesr a
suitable sheltero

The paper filter is mounted in the head with the rough0 dark
side out toward the entering air« The flow rate and date
and hour of starting should be noted on the data sheets
Since the flow rate may decrease as dust collects, the sams
data must be noted at the end of the runQ

The filter should b® changed after every 2l+ hours9 After

removal, the filter is placed in a cellophane bag and the
bag stapled to a data form containing the pertinent informs."
tion0

Collecting stations should send the filter, bag and data

sheet to the specified laboratory, by mail, and if an apprec-
iable saving of time would result, by air mailo

- 91
N.Y. FORM 107
(9-10-511

DATA SHEET

STATION.

CITY JSTATE

TAKEN BY.

Start Sample - Date. _Hour. .Time Zone .

End Sample - Date. Hour. Time Zone.
Wind Direction .Velocity.
Weather Conditions.

Precipitation
Estimated Volume Collected. Dints
Estimated Rainfall. .Inches
Duration, from to.
C Z ) Settled Dust on Tray
i ' Settled Dust on Oummed Paper

I I Airborne Dust

Sampling Rate, start .finish .ft3/mln.

General Remarks

Counting Data:

Time of Counting - Date. Hour Time Zone.

Total Count .Counting Period _mln.
Gross Rate _c/m
Background . c/m
Net Rate .c/m Efficiency Factor. _c/d

Results _d/m/sample
_d/m
(unit)
Final Extrapolated Value. .d/m/_
(unit)
Extrapolated to - Date .Hour. .Time Zone.

(Use separate sheet for each sample)

4«\
 • •

NY-98 SUJMARY SHEET

COLLECTING S T A T I C I , . . . . . > ( . . . . i o > i < » i . > . i » t i «<»<o Dust on Tr^y !~J L a b o r a t o r y , , . . , . . , . . . . . . . . . . . = . = .«t.<>.<>.»...°o.o.o»«
C i t y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S t a t e . . . . . . . . . . . . T i m e Zone,.t. City, «...o•....State..........Time Zone. < , . . . .
Guinned Paper 4 7

Airborne Dust
Start Sample End Sample Rainfall rj_ Rain- Wind Di- Wind First Count at Second Count at Extrap-
Sanple Starting Fxnal
Date Hour Jnoirf all J—f fall rection Velocity Date Hour d/m Date Hour d/mj olated
Number D-ite Hour Rate(cfrn) Rate(cfm)
From To (inches) Value

Remarks

Remarks

Remarks

Remarks
1

Remarks

Remarks

Remarks
'
Remarks

Remarks

Remarks

Remarks

Remarks
 APPENDIX G

A i r Samples from 95th Meridian Mobile Monitoring

High Volume Samplers

( E x t r a p o l a t e d t o Date of C o l l e c t i o n )

October 28

Cyclone
Sampler
Sampling Beta Gamma A c t i v i t y % l e s s than
Station Time i n d/min/nP 5 microns

Oklahoma C i t y , 2iiOO-0200 l.U 3.U 21 21 35 100

Oklahoma 2h00-0200 1.1 100
0200-OhOO 0.7 0,9
ohoo-iooo 2.7
OiiOO-0600 0.? 0.5 1.2 100
0600-0800 0.9 0.7 0.6 83
0800-1000 0.7 1.1 1.1 0.1 91
0800-1000 100
1000-1200 9.8 8
1200-11400 3.1 3.3 0.8 38
lhOO-1600 3.2 6.I1 1.7
1600-1800 2.2
1800-2000 0.1 U.i 1.3 92
2000-2200 3.8 2.9

Omaha, 1200-lliOO 0.6 1.5 93

Nebraska U00-1600 1.1
1600-1800 k.h
1800-2000 5.9
2000-2200 3.9

- 9k
91
 October 29

Cyclone
Sampler
Sampling Beta G annua A c t i v i t y % l e s s than
Station Time in t d/min /m 5 microns

Oklahoma C i t y , 2lt00= 0200 p.10 ll.l IN5 3.8 120 89

Oklahoma 21*00- 0200 100
0200- 0l*00 120 1.9 3.0 3 63
01*00- 0600 ^a6 3.U 7.5 ii.2 98
01+00- 0800 110 9k 10 k 90
0600- 0800 7.5 5.3 5.6
0800- 1000 12 110 75 90
10C0- 1200 111 35 26 100
1200- 1)400 100 86 38 97
IhOO- 1600 lltO 98 88 98
1600- 1800 71 130 2.6
1800= 2000
2000= 2200
HO 0 . 0 ILO su
83 75

Omaha, 1000-1200 0.0 0.2

Nebraska I2OO-U4OO 8.3
11*00-1600 2.3
1600-180C 0.1 0.0
1800-2000 3.6 0.1
2OO0-22O0 3.9 0.1
/]
Watertown, 0200-01*00 0.0 8.1*
South Dakota 0U00-0600 11 11
0600-0800 u.u 7.1*
0800-1000 5*9 3.2
1000-ihoo 0.6 1,6
1000-1200 0.7 100
11*00-1600 1.1 1.5
1600-1800 2.1 1.2 1.0 90
1800-2000 2.5 1.3 o.U 1.1 1.9 100
2200-21*00 0.9 0.7
- 95 -
ay
 October 30

Cyclone
Sampler
Sampling Beta Gamma Activity
amma Actii % less than
Station Time int d/min/ar 5 microns

Oklahoma City, 21*00-•01*00 0.8 1.8 17 11

Oklahoma 0800- •1000 53 1*9 50 98
1000- •1200 65 57 67 96
1200- •11*00 81 57 63 100
il*oo-1600 1*8 51 82
i6oo- 1800 30 22 22 100
1800- 2000 1*„6 51
2000- 2200 l.l* 2.6

Omaha, 21*00-0200 1.9 1.5 2.1

Nebraska 0200-01*00 3.0 0
0]*Q0«0600 0
0600-0800 0
0800-1000 0
1000-1200 0.1* 7.7 U8
1200«1)*00 1.2 0,1 1.?
11*00-1600 0.8 3.2
1600-1800 3.5 0 7.5
1800-2000 1.8
1800-2200 1*.7 3.1
2000-21*00 3.5 2.1*

Topeka, 21*00-0200 5.0 6.3 2.0 75

Kansas 2000-2200 6,6 8.6 3.6 58

Vatertown. 21*00-0200 1.9 1.5 0.6 83

South Dakota 0200-01*00 it .6 3.9
01*00-0600 0.1* 100
01*00-0800 22 0.8
1000-1200 26 1.0 60
1600-1800 3.5
96
 October 31

Cyclone
Sampler
Sampling Beta Gamma Activity % l e s s than
Station Time in d/mln/m> 5 microns

Oklahoma C i t y s 21*00-0200 2.2 1.9 1*.3 1.9 100

Oklahoma 0200-01*00 1.8 1.6 1.6
01*00-0600 5.0 • 1.2 0.1*
0600=0800 1*.5 k.9
0800-1000 7.0 8c0 13 100
1000-1200 3.0 1.9
1200-11*00 5.0 U.5
11*00-1600 3.0 1*.9 51 16 26 111
11*00-1600 12
1600-1800 6.0 l*.l 1.9 100
1800-2000 16 8.6
2000-2200 5.6 2.1 3.1i 76

Omahao 21*00-0200 3.0

Nebraska 0200-01*00 UoU 180 89 7.2 O.i 100
0600-0800 2.3 7.1 8.0
0800-1000 1.8

Topeka, 21*00-•0200 160 78 32 5

Kansas 0200= •01*00 16 5.2 79
01*00-•0800 3.5 86
0600- •0800 7.1 8.0
0800- •1000 6.2 l*.l*
0600- •1200 1+.5 7.5 2.1 67
1200- •1600 l*.i 7.1 3.7 3.7 1*1
1200- •1600 100
1600- 1800 290 33 27 7
1800= •2000 3.7 230 31 9
2000- •2200 63 1*
2200- •21*00 220 930 .

91

o/
 November 1

Cyclone
Sampler
Sampling Beta Gamma A c t i v i t y % l e s s than
Station Time In d/min/n^ 5 microns
Dallas 9 21*00-0200 31 71* 2 0.2
Texas 0200-01*00 0„8 1.5
01*00-0600 108 2*2
0600-0800 5.2 5.7
0800-1000 7.8 5.2
1000-1200 1.3 7.0
1200-11*00 3.5 8.7
ll*CKKL600 9.6 9.6 2,2
1800-2000 52 1*0
1800-2200 60 1*6
2000=21*00 6.9 22

Houston, 21*00-0200 32
Texas l600~l800 9
1800-2000 18
2000-2200 U*
2200-21*00 18

Oklahoma City, 21*00-0200 7.8 7.1* 2.2 22 8.7 15

Oklahoma 21*00-0200 13.5 71*
01*00-0800 39 21*
0800-1200 100 52 52 31 11 61*
0800-1200 23
1000-11*00 16 11 8
11*00-1600 li.B 6 a 37 3.5
1600-1800 190 1*.8 13 35
1800-2000 270 2.6 18 21*
2000-21*00 530 770 5.71 alt 100
2000-21*00 37

98
 November 1
(ConTinTiecI)

Cyclone
Sampler
Sampling Beta Gamma Activity % less than
Station Time in d/min/w 5 microns
Omaha, 21*00-0200 L600 5.7 2.7 88
Nebraska 0200-01*00 2»5 h»9 100
0l*00-060Q 5.7 8 100
0600-0800 7.6 5.1 ICO
0800-1000 U.6 93 0
1000-1200 7.0 2.6 3.0 3.7 62
1200-11*00 6.1* 6.8
11*00-1800 7.2 6.8
1800-2200 5.7 9.8
2000-2200 U.6 3.7

Topeka,
Kansas
21*00-0200
21*00-0600
3.0 ha 6.9 2.1*
U*.l*
0200-0600 lo5 7.8 h
060O0800 5.1 3.6 6.6
0800-1000 2.!* 3o3 PoX 5y
1000-1J*00 7.7 2.7 3.9
21*00-1600 33
6.9 ka 98 Cr-

l600»l80Q 9.0 9.6 9.2 2L

1800-2000 1*.8 3.0 5.U 37
2O0CU2200 2700
2200-21*00 ^*h
2A5_
9.0 11 16
100

- 99
 November 2

Cyclone
Sampler
Sampling Beta Samma A c t i v i t y % l e s s than
Sfa.tion Time i n d/EiixL'nr' 5 microns
—
Corpus C h r i s t i , 180*3-2000 8.6 i*.8 8.6 80
Texas 2000-2200 12 6.9 6»9 62
2200-21*00 7.5 8.6

Dallas, 0200-01*00 15" 7.6

Texas 01*00-0600 3.2 3»9
0600-0800 lioii
0600»1000
0800-1000 3.0
1000-1200 1*»7
1200-11*00 U.7 10 7.1* 6 08
ll.00.l600 15 10 Sot
1800-2000 13 16
2000-2200 8.1* 17
2200-21*00 11 15

Houston, 2220-0020 8.6

X ©3C3.S 0200-oUno 17
0l*0G*0600 790
0600-0800 1*.6
0800-1000 26
100C-1200 ll*
1200-11*00 3o2
11*00-1600 2.3
1600-1800 130
1800-2000 26
2000-2200 I
9t •
t

- 100
 November 2
(Continued)

Cyclone
Sampler
Sampler Beta Gamms1 Activity % l e s s than
Station _Time_ in d/min/n^ 5_roicrons
Oklahoma City, 21*00-0200 2*6 1 0*1* 5*2 1*2
Oklahoma 0200-01*00 16 6o5 7.3 111
0]400-0600 6«1 9a 3.0 87
0600-0800 10 9.6 3.0 100
0800-1000 15 22 9.1 77
1000-11*00 32 1**9
11*00-1800 21*
1800-2200 22
2200-21*00 25

Omaha, 0800-1000 0.7 2o7

Nebraska 2200-0800 7.2
2200-0800 5*8

Topeka, 0200-01*00 h*9 11 7.8 89

Kansas 01*00^0600 7*7 8.1* ha 67
0600-0800 17 11 $.6
0800-1000 9a 7»0
1000-1200 23 ll* 8.1* 58
1200-11*00 27 20 25 69
1600-1800 13 21* Ik 78
1800-2000 16 32 9.8 64
2000-2200 12 11 8J* 100
2200-21*00 7.7 1*3 ha 83

101 -
 November 3

Cyclone
Sampler
Sampling Beta Gamma Activity % less than
Station Time i n d/mln/m?

Corp-is Chris ti. 21*00- 0200 18 80O 16 81

0200- •ol+oo 2.3 1.5
Ql*00-•0600 U.5 ha
060Q- •0800 2.6 U.9
0800- •1000 3.U 3.0 100
1000- •1200 1*.2 3«1+
1200- •11*00 7o2 3«U 6.1
11*00-.1600 7»6 l*o9 12 97
1600- •1800 9.0 3.9
1800- •2000 7.8 8.1
2000- -2200 7»5 1.9 6.9 82
2200- •2l*0Q 10 5.3 6.8 100

Dallas s 21*00-•0200 601 i*o8

Texas 0200- •0800 J+08 6.0
0800^ •1000 i+ol* 5.3
1000- •1200 108 1+.1+
11*00-•l600 2.5 3.5
160Q" •1800 ka 6.3
1800- •2000 2.7 3.0
2000- •2200 5.6 l+o?
2200- •2I4.OO 3.7 3«3

Houston, 2i*00- •0200 9o0 3»U

Texas 0200-0l*00 lol
01*00- 0600 1.1
0600- 0800 5 06
0800- 1000 17
1000- 1 2 0 0 10
1200- •11*00 11
lliOO- l 6 0 0 12
1600- 1800 H+
1800- •2000 9*5 1
2000- •2200 15 , «1

102

q«j
 November 3
(Continue^')

Cyclone
Sampler
Sampling Beta Gamma Activity % less than
Station Time in d/min/m3 5 microns

Omaha, 21*00-0200 1,6 1.6

lie braska 0600-0800 6.2 6.0
0800-1000 7.6 7.6
1000-1200 5.0 5.6
1200-11*00 2.0 2.0
11*00-1600 3.0 3o8
1600-1800 2.5 1+.6
1800-2000 2.2 3.5

Topeka, 21*00-0200 9.3 12 2.6 100

Kansas 0200-01*00 19 11+ 1+.2
0600-0800 10 8.1* 5.3
0800-1000 16 26 6.8 81+
1000-1200 9o0 19 7.2 1*2
1200-11*00 9.3 11+ 52
11+00-1600 16 11+ 20 56
1800-2000 5.1 5-1+ 11
2000-2200 9.5 1.8
2200-21*00 1.9 1+.8 11

103
 November 1*

Cyclone
Sampler
Sampling Beta Gamma A c t i v i t y 2 l e s s than
Station Time 5 miorons

CorDus Christi, 0200-0600 1+06 l*o2 5.0 39

Taxas 0200-01*00 601+ 86
0l*00-0600 11 100
01+00-0800 5 06 35
0800-1200 8.2 l*ol* 5»8 1+.2
1200-11+00 10 72
11*00-1600 9.6 6a 7.7 3100
l6Q0«l800 9.6 8.6 9»5 83
1800-2000 70 65 1+8 77
2000-2200 120 82 91+ 99
2200-21*00 330 200

Dallas a 21*00-0200 3.2 2.2

Texas 0200-01*00 1.3 3o3
OI+OO-060O 1.1 2.5
0600-0800 2^+ boh
Q8Q0-NX0QG 5*7
1000-1200 5.5 8.1+
1200-11*00 3.0 5o5
ll+0G-l600 6.3 9*3
160Q-1800 6.3 8.9
1800-2000 5.3 11
2000-2200 13 22
2200-21400 50 66

Houston, 21*00-0200 5-7 53

Texas 0200-01*00 9.6
0l+0C-0600 5.3
0600-0800 5.0
0800-1000 8.7
1000-1200 11+
1200-11*00 ll*
11*00-1600 23
1600-1800 36
1800-2000 70
2000-2200 30

- lol* -
 November 1+
(Continued)

Cyclone
Sampler
Sampling Beta Gamma Activity % less than
Station Time 5~ microns

Omaha, 21*00-0200 2.8 3«2 &

Nabraska 0600-1000 lol* 1.2
0800-1200 1.6 2.3
1200-1600 5.1 3.6
11*00-1800 3.6 3.2
1600-2000 3.8 3.6
1800-2200 2.1+ 3.2

Topeka, 21*00-0200 hM l+.o

Kansas 0200-01+00 5.1 7.2 2.5 81*
0l*00-0660 3.5 3.3 1.9 79
0600-0800 1+.1+ lo9 1.1* 86
1000-1200 2.5 2.8 1.7 2i+
1200-11+00 3.8 2.8 1J+ 100
ll|00-l600 1+.7 2.8 3.6 31
1600-1800 2.7 5*3 16 1

-105 -
 November

Cyclone
Sampler
Sampling Beta Gamma A kctivity % less than
Station Time m i n d/miaBtAr 5 microns

Corpus Christi, 21*00-0200 370 300- 300 100

Texas 0200-01*00 130 110 130 99
0l*00-0600 230 200 180 100
O6OO-O8OO 200 130 260 99
0800-1000 360 360 560 100
1000-1200 l+oo 260 550 91
1200-11*00 380 21*0 380 91+
ll*00-l600 21*0 160 290 97
1600-1800 3l+o 190 520 99
1800-2000 l*oo 280 1*20
2000-2200 360 21+0

Dallas, 21*00-0200 17 31
Texas 0200-0J400 1*8 7
OUOO-O6OO 27 3.1+
0800-1000 51 93
0800-1200 100
1000-1600 87 110 51 180
1200-3800 5.1+ 31
1600-2000 1.1 1.6
1800-2200 0.7 0.8

Houston, 21*00-0200 5.1

Texas 0200-d+oo 100 82
01+00-0600 280
0800-1000 5k 180
1000-1200 182 300
1200-11*00 106
ll+QQ-l600 88
1800-2000 37
2000-2200 111* 1
2
2200-21*00
1,
- 106 -
 November 5

Cyclone
Sampler
Sampling Beta Gamma A c t i v i t y t> less than
Station Time i n d/Wn/m? 5 microns

Topeka, 21*00-0200 3.2 2.2

Kansas 0200-01*00 3.5 1.2 100
0l+00-0600 1*.7 2.6 1.8 50
0800-1000 3.5 3.7 5.8 16
1000-1200 1+.0 1+.9 0.9 100
1200-11+00 7.2 3.7 5.1+ 25
ll+00-l600 170 1+.7 3.3 57
1600-1800 hoh 4oi^ 1.9 73
1800-2000 l+.o 3.7
2000-2200 5»2 2.9

107

' Jt
 November 6

Cyclone
Sampler
Sampling Beta Gamma .Activity % l e s s than
Station Time in L d / m i n / w 5 microns

Brownsville, 21*00-0200 U*8 3.0 1+9 99

'.'exas

Corpus Christi, 21*00-0600 10 5.1

Texas 0200-0600 6.6 5.1+
01*00-1000 1+.5 1,2 1.8
1000-11*00 2.0
11*00-1800 3.0 1.1+
1800-2200 11 1.1+

Dallas, 21*00-0200 2.0 1.5 1.5 1.2

Texas 0200-01*00 1.1+ 1+.2
OI+OO-060O 2.1 1*01
060O-O8OO 2.1 5.0
0800-1000 3.0 2.1
2.0 5>*h
1200-11*00 2,1 0„2
ll*00-l600 1.5 0.6
1600-1800 270 2.7
1800-2000 6.0 1.5
2000-2200 3.2 1.2
2200-21+00 1.1+ 0.9

Houston, 21*00-0200 1.8

Texas 21+00-01*00 2.1
O6OO-IOOO 1J+
0800-1200 3.0
1000-11*00 lj+
1200-1600 1.2
11+00-1800 1.6
1800-2000 1.8
1800-2200 3*1+ 2.0
2000-21*00 1.6

108 -
 November 6
(Continued)

Cyclone
Sampler
Sampling Beta Gamma Activity % less than
Station Time in d/min/m? 5 microns

Topeka, 21+00-01*00
Kansas ol+oo-iooo
0800-11+00

Waco, 21*00-0200
Texas 2000-21+00

109 -

. '"M;
 November 7

Cyclone
Sampler
Sampling Beta Gamma Activity % less than
Station Time in d/min/m? 5 microns

Corpus Christi, 21*00-0200 1.8 2.8

Te.tas 0600-1000 1.3 1,6
1000-11+00 1.1 1.1+
11*00-1800 1.8 1,8
1800-2200 2.0 1.0

Brownsville , 21+00-0800 9.0 10 5»i+ 100

Texas 0200-01+00 55 3.9 1.3 100
0l+0O-0600 5.7 7.0
0600-0800 3,0 2.6 0.9 100
0800-1200 0 0
1000-1200 +0 1.6
1000-11+00 1.6 2,8 2.1 100
11*00-1600 3.0 3.7 2.1 100
1600-1800 1.9 1.6 1.6 65
1800-2000 0.6 1.1
2000-2200 1.1+ 3 ok 0.8 100

Dallas, 0200-0800 2.3

Texas 01*00-0600 0.8 1.0
060O-O8OO 0.8 0.6
0800-1000 1.0 1.3
1000-H+OO 0.8 1.3
ll+QQ-1600 0.6 0.7
11*00-1800 0.6 1.7

Houston, 21*00-0200 2.0

Texas 0200-Oi+OO 0.3
0600-0800 3.2
1000-1200 1.6
1200-11+00 1.1*
1600-1800 1.1*
1800-2000 2.3
2000-2200 1.6
2200-21*00 1.9
110

.0<
 November 7
(Continued)

Cyclone
Sampler
Sampling Beta Grcumoft A c t i v i t y % less than
Station Time i n d/min/m? 5 microns

Waco, 2l+00-0i*00 1.1+ 0.1+ <t

Texas 0600-0800 0.6 0.7 0.7 2.0
0800-1200 0.8 0.3
1000-11+00 0.1+ 0.8
li+00-1600 1.7 0.8
1600-1800 1.1+ 1.1
1800-2000 0,1+ 2.0
2000-2200 3.1 i.i+

- Ill

* '\v
 November 8

Cyclone
Sampler
Sampling Beta Gamma Activity % less than
Station Time in "<&/min/ay 5 microns

Brownsville, O60O-IOOO l+*8 1+.8 2.7 100

Texas 1000-1200 6.6 5«5 3.8 89
Ik 00-2200 5.7 8.5

Corpus C h r i s t i , 0200-0600 3,1 1.5

Texas O60O-IOOO 2.1+ ia
1000-11*00 2.5 0.9
11+00-1800 3.5 2.3
1800-2200 6oh

.
Dallas, 0200-0800 2.3
Texas 0800-1800 1.1
0200-1000 2.8
1000-1800 2.1

Houston, 21+00-01+00 0.8

Texas 0200-0600 2o0
0l+00-0800 3.5
0800-1000 1.6 2.3
1000-ll+OQ 1.7
1200-1600 1.3 2.8
ll+00-1800 2.9
1600-2000 2.9

Waoo, 21+00-0200 2.1+ 2.3 1.6 0.6

Texas 0200-Qi+00 3.7 1.9
Ql+00-0800 2,9 1.7
> 0800-1000 5.5 2.3
1000-1200 3.6 1.3
1200-11+00 2.3 1.5
11+00-1600 3.3 1.3
1600-1800 3.1 1.9
1800-2200 9.5 2 J*
2200-21+00 2
«-3 2.1
- 112^ -

./::>
 APPENDIX H

DUPLICATE TRAY DATA

d/min./ft.2

(Not Extrapolated)

Station #9 Station #10

Pendleton, Ore. Tucson, Ariz.

A B A B

6.0 6.6 16.78 22.51

2.9 5.7 10.92 12.62
2.6 1.9 3.51 12.8U
32.3 25 .U 2.8U 2.75
21*. 2 28.U U.60 U.76
U.6 2.3 3.7U 2.86
1.3 l.U 3.2U 7.83
2.8 5.2 0.00 3.18
0.8 0.8 U.13 2.30
2.1* 2.1 1.06 3.13
1+17.3 6U6.0 1.58 0.00
125.U 133.8 0.98 0.82
U5.6 7.7 2.72 2.2U
2.3 2.9 U.51 5.95
U.2 6.1 10 .U5 7.U2
1.2 0.2 l.UU 1.33
1.6 2.1 1-30 0.66
1U9.9 83.8 o.Uo 3.33
50.7 UU.9 n U.5
5.2 5.2
110 120
3000 1200
270 620
96 3600
9.6 61.6
71 150
21 25
25 26
13 5.8
^.9 7.8
70 8U
16 28
3.3 12

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 y

APPENDIX H

Station #12 Station #37

Rapid City, S. Dakota Rochester, New York

A B A B

1+.9 8.9 2U.5 13.1

0.1 0.8 9.2 9.3
o.U 1.9 2.7 1.7
23.1 28.2 3.9 l+.o
1.6 3.0 3.U 2.2
0.2 0.6 U.o 3.3
3.5 2.U 0.0 1*6
o.U 0.0 2.9 13
1.2 1.3 2.1 0.0
0.8 1.0 u.u 2.5
3.0 1.8 0.6 5.9
3 1 .U 23.1 0.7 0.0
1.8 1.3 0.3 3.U
1.2 0.8 232.0 85U.0
0.3 1.1 70.3 33.5
2.0 3.3 U2.05 35.2
1.2 0.0 58.0 Ul.U
1.5 2.2 71.9 65.5
1.2 0.0 9.2 11.2
2.U 2.2 8.2 36.9
1.1* 0.0 21.9 h$S
5.8 3.9 87562.0 73U9U.O
0.7 1.1 51*777.0 63330.8
0.5 0.6 31*558.9 36951ol
0.07 3.7 5368.5 3530.7
0.0 0.5 2085.1 2U32.5
0.8 0.3 U30.U 1110.7
1.9 1.5
3.5 U.3

-11U -
 APPENDIX H (Cont'd.)

Station #U2 S t a t i o n #21

Caribou, Maine LaCrosse, Wisconsin

A B A B
31.8 16 hh 72
3-3 3.8 2U 2U
22.3 16.9 236 176
O.U 5.3 88 156
u.u 1.0 16U 88
3.9 0.3 100 96
3.3 5.3 116 176
U.2 3.6 188 1U0
3.U U.8 188 16U
1.7 0.6 988 1176
2.6 0.9 U8 6U
0 0 20 20
0 0 12 16
2.6 2.1 32 20
0 3.5 6U 80
U.6 3.8 16 20
186.8 U50.7 12 2U
0.8 5.6 12 8
262.8 157.2 68 32
82.8 52.1 36 52
21.7 UU.l 56 100
63 .U 3$.9 16 20
3959 27201 16 16
2502.9 31*85.8 52 52
1353.8 863.7 12 20
78.8 161.1 2U 36
218.6 156.2 2U 68
185.7 57.5 80 2U
105.2 11.3 2U 2U
3.7 9.5 16 8
80.5 38 .U 12 12
12 12
8 16
12 8
2U 16
128 28

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 <

APPENDIX H (Cont'd.)

Station #U6
Mew Cumberland, Pennsylvania

A B
22.6 3U.8
2U.3 28.9
23.2 5.6
19.5 3.3
U.9 18.2
3.7 3.7
0.0 U.3
103.0 86.3
223.U 158.1
U85.8 107.9
220.U 288.2

116 -

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