THE TRANSPORT OF ATOMIC DEBRIS FROM OPERATION UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE - U.S. Atomic Energy Commission

UNCLASSIFIED i-.
i~\
UNITED STATES ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION
NYO-U602(DEL.) j
THE TRANSPORT OF ATOMIC DEBRIS FROM OPERATION

UPSHOT-KNOTHOLB
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•ESSt.iu i«„o**rtS By
in i s s l a « a i i ; = Robearb J* List
OsSss^ isassgs Photostat Price $ _ 2 Q - - i C L

||||s I i s I §31 Microfilm Price t q.. H Q
< lsS|°- 111 g i l l
Available from the
•" ssSs! lis.!-is- Office of Technical Services
» 5 S s •'
Department of Commerce
Washington 25, D. C.
/
June 25, 195U
Weather Bureau
Washington, D, C.
Technical Information Service Extension, Oak Ridge, Tenn.
This document is
PUBLICLY RELEASABLE
%
dîlUMA*^
UNCLASSIFIED Authorizing OS'icial
Date; {oj ^M
X
DISCLAIMER
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PREFACE
IMPORTANT NOTE
Stibseqaant to the Upshot-Knothole test series, the automatic
cowiting equipment of the New York Operations Office was recali-
brated using a newly agreed upon radioactive standard. The
results indicated that all previous values of radioactivity
obtained from the automatic counting equipment were too low by a
factor of about three. This correction, which has b:>en applied^to
the present data, is also apnxicable oo data orevioujly reports-
for the Tumbler-Snapper (2) and Ivy (12) tests. Since not all
sauries were counted on the automatic counters, it is not
possible to correct the results in the earlier reports siii?>ly
by nultiplying all values by three. About 1 to 2% of the
sauples processed (samples xd.th high activity, in general) were
measured on non-automatic eqxiipment.
In the present report, all values given in the body of the

report (including references to previous tests) have been
corrected to the new standard.
ACK]fCIWLEDGEME37rS
The work reported on here was done under the direction of Dr.
Lester Machta, Chief of the Special Projects Section, Scientific
Services Division, U. S. Weather Bureau. The radiological data
was provided by the Health and Safety Laboratory, New York Opera-
tions Office, Atomic Energy Coinmission, Merril Eisenbud, Director.
Particular acknowledgement is given to Mr. Daniel E. Lynch of the
lealth and Safety Laboratory for his efforts in coordinating the
activities of the Weather Bureau and the New York Operations
Office in connection with the investigation. Many helpful
snggestlons were received from the author's colleagues in the
Special Projects Section, D. Lee Harris, Lester F. Hubert, Kenneth
M. Vagler, and Francis Pooler, Jr. The laborious and paintaking
plotting of data, preparation of finished drawings and typing
oC the Banuscrlpt was done by the staff of the Special Projects
Section.
- ill -
CONTENTS
Page
IBEFACE - . . ill
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . iii
ILLUSTRATIONS . . , vi
TABLES , viii
ABSTRACT » ±x
CHAPTER 1 FALLOUT MONITCEINQ 1
1.1 The l^shot-Knothole Monitoring Network . . 1
1,Z Extrapolation to Sampling Day 1
1.3 Pre-Test Background of Radioactivity . . . k
CHAPTER 2 THE UPSHOT KNOTHOLE TESTS 6
2.1 List of Bursts 6
2.2 Highest Observed Activity 7
2.3 Discussion of Individual Bursts. . . . . . l6
CHAPTER 3 TOTAL FALLOUT FRQM THE UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE TESTS. . 16
3.1 iitroduction U6
3.2 Fallout in the Vicinity of the Test Site . U6
3.3 Fallout in the Continental United States . U6
3.U World-Wide Fallout 51
CHAPTER h THE DESIGN OF A FALLOUT MOOTTOP.INa llETiJCEK. . . $6
k.l Spatial Variability of Fallout 56
li.2 Physical Processes 58
U.3 Intense Fallout at Albany, N. Y. 63
U.U Other Iiqjlications of the Albany Fallout . 65
U.5 Other Possible Cases of Intense Fallout. . 71
CH4PIER 5 PREFERRED MONTHS FCR IffiVADA TESTS 72
5.1 Factors Studied 72
5.2 Probability of Favorable Weather at the
Test Site 72
5.3 Probability of Intense Local Fallout away
from the Test Site . 7U
. 5.U Reducing Total Fallout in the IMted
States 75
5*5 Mtnimizlng Adverse Public Reaction . . . . 80
CHAPTER 6 SPECIAL OBSERVATIONS 82
6.1 Tlsrpes of Qiservaticns 82
6.2 Reseats 82
• IT -
^8*
CHAPTER 7 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS. . . . . . , ,
" 7.1Interim Network . . . . . . , . . , , , , '. 85
r . 7.2 Total Fallout . . . . . . . i . . . . . .
\7.J Fallout from Air and Tower Bursts-. . . . . 85
. 7.U Location of Stations. . . . . . . . . . . ; . 86
:•.; 7r5 Prediction of Fallout Areas , . . . . . . . 86
7.6 Datense Local Fallout . . . . . . . . . , .. 86
7-7 Optinrara Season for Nevada Tests . . . . . . 86
. 87
APPENDIX A- MAPS OF DAILY FALLOUT IN THE UNITED STATES AND
. 88
APraNDIX B HiEDICTED AND OBSERVED AREAS CF.FALLOUT. •. . . .179
REFERENCES , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .191
*. •
Is
HLPSIRATIONS
.. P»ge
1-1 Location of Baily Fallout Monitoring Stations.......... 2
1.2 Location of Weekly Fallout Mbnitoring Stations......... 3
2.1 Hiêst Observed Gummed Film Activity on Days Without
Precipitation as a Function of Distance from the
Test Site^...., Ik
2.2 Upper A.±r Observation at Mercury, Nevada, 1200 G.C.T.,
March 17, 1953.............. 17
2.3 Meteorolpgical Trajectories from the First Burst 19
2.U Upper Air Observation at Mercury, Nevada, 1100 G.C.T.,
March 2li, 1953 20
2.5 Meteorological Trajectories frpm the Second B u r s t . . . . . . 21
2.6 I^per Air Observation at Mercurj% Nevada, 1200 G.C.T.,
Miarch 31, 1 9 5 3 . . . 22
. 2.7 Mate.orological Trajectories from the Third Burst 2U
2.8 lôer Air Observation at Mercury, Nevada, 1600 G.C.T.,
April 6 , 1 9 5 3 . . . . . . . . . . . ...25
2.9 ^feteorological Trajectories from the Fourth B u r s t ; . . . . . 26
2.10 l^per Air Observation at Mercury, Nevada, 1300 G.C.T.,
April 11, 1953. 28
2.11 Meteorological Trajectories from the Fifth Burst....... 29
2.12 lôer Air Observation at Mercury, Nevada, 1200 G.C.T,, .
April 18, 1953...... 30
2.13 Meteorological Trajectories from the Sixth B u r s t . . . . . . . 31
2.1ii I^per Air Observation a t Itercury, Nevada, 1100 G.C.T.,
April 25» 1 9 5 3 . . . . . . 33
2.15 MBteorological Trajectories from the Seventh Burst.,... 3i;
2il6 l^per Air Observation at Mercury, Nevada, l500 G.C.T,,
May 8, 1953....... 35
2.17 Mateorological Trajectories from the Eighth Burst...... 36
2.18 T%)per Air Observation at Ifercury, Nevada, 1200 Q.C.T.,
May 19, 1953... 38
2.19 MBteorological Trajectories from the Ninth Bm-st....... 39
2.20 I5)per Air Observation at Mercury, Nevada, 1500 G.C.T.,
Si«
-.•..•._••• •.'-,..;/''•'.-,;•.'•.-•.;> ..^•' ^^Page
2.21 Meteorological Trajectories from the Tenth Burst....... U2
2.22 Upper Air Observation at Mercury, Nevada, 1200 G.C.T.,
Jfune U, 1953.......................:......... U3
2.23 Meteorological Trajectories from the Eleventh Burst.... U5
3.1 Regions Used in Computing Total Fallout in the United
States (Figures indicate percent of total area of
the Qoited States included in each region),........,. U8
3.2 Total Fallout in the Northern Hemisphere, March 17 to
Jime lU, 1953, (d/m/ft^, decayed to July 1, 1953)..-. 52
: U.l. Difference in Activity Collected on Quirmed Films
• Exposed Simultaneously in the Same City. Upshot-
U.2 Difference' in Activity Collected on Simultaneously-

Exposed Gummed Films as a Function of Distance
; Between Stations, %ishot-Knothole Tests.............. 59
U.3 Difference in Average Activity Collected oh Simul-
taneously-Exposed • Gumrsd Papers as a Function of
Distance Between Stations, Tumbler-Snapper Tests..... 60
k,h Fallout in Northeastern IWLted States, April 26, 1953,
and Results of Aerial Survey on i'lay 1, 1953 6U
U.5 Precipitation in Northeastern United States, 2200
<3.C.T., to 2300.G.C.T., April 26,- 1953.. ...66
G.C.T., tb2U00 G.C.T., April 26, 1953. 67
. G.C.Ti, to 0100 G.C.T., April 27,. 1953. 68
U.8 Precipitation in Northeastern United States, niCO
G.C.T., to 0200 G.C.T., April 27, 1953. 69
U.9 Precioitation in Northeastern United States, 0200
a.C.T., to 0300 G.C.T., April 27, 1953............... 70
A.l -A.90 Radioactive Fallout in the 2U-hour Periods
Beginning 1230 G.C.T., 17 .^^rch 1953 through lU June
B.l - B.ll Predicted and Observed Areas of Fallout,

Burets 1 throu^ 11,....,.....,..., .I80«^90
- Tti -
'M^T::([l^^_
TABLES
• •":.;• Page'
. 2.1 l^shot—Iôthole Bursts.................................. 6
2.2 Maximum Gummed Film Activity at Each Station for Day
with Precipitation and without Precipitation.. 8
2.3 Maximum H i ^ Volume Air Filter Activity at Each Station. 15
3.1 Total Fallout.(d/k/ft^) as of June lU,' 1953, in the
Continental. Ifeited States, by Regions and Bursts,
Extrapolated to July 1, 1953. (Excluding the Test
Site A r e a ) . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . U7
3.2 Total Fallout i n the Continental United States U9
3.3 Percent of Total Observed A c t i v i t y Collected on Each
. Day Following Each Burst, Continental United States..
((Excluding Test S i t e Area) . . . . . 51
3.U Total F a l l o u t from the Upshot-Knothole S e r i e s as of .
JunelU; 1 9 5 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....;...53
U.l Concentration of Debris as a Function of distance Fro.'n
the Center of a Cloud After 36 Hours, Assuming a:
Coefficient of Horizontal Eddy Diffusion of lO^cra^sec"-'- 62
5.1. Kean Monthly Distribution of Precipitation, Cloudiness
and Thunderstorms at Las Vegas, .Nevada 73
5.2 Percentage Frequency of Favorable Wind Directions Over
Las Vegas....' ,...... 7U
5.3 Percentage Frequency of Winds of 75 Knots or More from.
Favorable Directions at Las Vegas. 75
S.k Iêan Number of Days Per Month with Thunderstorms 76
5.5 Hean Annual Precipitation in the United States and the.
"Percent Occxirring in Each Month. 78
5.6 Average Number of Tornadoes by Months (1916-1950). 80
6.1 Results of St. Louis Observations.... 83
- wiii -
dM- QQ7
ABSIRACT
la connection with the %shot-Knothole atomic t e s t s e r i e s i n

Nevada i n the spring of 1953, the New York Operations Office
established a gummed film m.onitoring network consisting of 9^
stations i n the t&iited S t a t e s and 26 s t a t i o n s outside the c o n t i -
nental Ifaited S t a t e s . Eleven atomic devices were detonated,
ranging i n y i e l d frcr. 0.2 to 60 KT. Higher a c t i v i v vas found
at most continental s t a t i o n s following these b u r s t s than had
been experienced from any previous t e s t s e r i e s . Considerably
more fallout followed tower bursts as compared with a i r b u r s t s ,
both near the t e s t s i t e and elsewhere i n the United S t a t e s .
The highest single gummed film a c t i v i t y occurred on April 26,
1953. a t Albany, N. Y., 16,000,000 d/m./f t^/day, associated with
a severe thunderstonn.
An i n t e g r a t i o n of the t o t a l f a l l o u t from t h i s s e r i e s as of
June lU, 1953, indicated roughly t h a t 9.3^ of the iiotal fission
product beta a c t i v i t y nroduced f e l l i n the t e s t s i t e area, 2.8^
was accounted for by t ^ gummed film network i n the Ifaited
S t a t e s , and 13.1^ i n the r e s t of the world, for a t o t a l of 25.2'S.
I t i s concluded that the gummed film network f a i l s to detect
a. substantial portion of the deposited debris.
Information r e l a t i n g to the optimum spacing of s t a t i o n s in

a gummed film network and the p r o b a b i l i t y of missing l o c a l areas
of intense f a l l o u t i s discussed. Intense local f a l l o u t a t
distances greater than 600 miles from the t e s t s i t e i s dependent
upon the following combination of circumstances J a high-yield
tower b u r s t to i n j e c t large amounts of radioactive debris into
the atmosphere, a fast-moving atomic cloud to brin^ high
concentrations of debris into the area, and the occurrence of
showers or thundershowers to bring fresh debris to the ground.
I t i s estimated t h a t a chance combination of circumstances
could r e s u l t i n f a l l o u t of the order of 10^ to 10"^^ d/m./ft^/day
a t distances greater than 600 miles from the t e s t s i t e .
A consideration of several meteorological factors indicates

that the months of October and November would be more suitable
for conducting t e s t s e r i e s a t the Nevada Proving Grounds than
the spring months used i n the l a s t two s e r i e s . A s e r i e s of
special observations with gumm.ed films exposed in normal and i n
inverted p o s i t i o n s shovred t h a t on days with no r a i n about an
order of magnitude l e s s debris i s deposited on the inverted film.
Maps of d a i l y f a l l o u t values i n the United States and Canada and
r^ps showing a comparison of predicted and observed areas of
f a l l o u t are appended.
34$ oaa
CHSLPTER 1
\
FALLOUT MONITORING
» • • -
* • • . • " ' • • • : ' • • : • • • ' • • ' ' . • ' ' • • • • • ' • • • " . ' • • • - : .
•1.1 TfE tJPSiCT-KNOTHOLS MQCTTQRING NETV70RK
• I n connection with t h e Upshot-Knothole s e r i e s of atomic t e s t s

a t ' t h e Nevada Proving Ground i n t h e Spring of 1953, t h e New York
O p e r a t i o n s Office of t h e Atomic Energy Commission a g a i n sponsored
3 world-wide network of f a l l o u t mj^nitoring s t a t i o n s t o c o l l e c t
samples o f r a d i o a c t i v e debirls-near t h e ground.' The p r i n c i p a l ,•
c o l l e c t i n g device was a o n e - f o o t square s h e e t of gummed c e l l u l o s e
acceta-te film, mounted h o r i z o n t a l l y on a t h r e e - f o o t s t a n d . I n
a d d i t i o n , lU s t a t i o n s i n t h e western United S t a t e s a l s o made d a i l y
o b s e r v a t i o n s of t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n of atomic d e b r i s i n t h e a i r b y
means of hdgh volume a i r f i l t e r i n g d e v i c e s . Both t e c h n i q u e s have
been d e s c r i b e d i n an e a r l i e r r e p o r t ( l ) .
' D a i l y gumm,ed f i l m c o l l e c t i o n s (two sim.ultaneously exposed f i l m s

. i n most c a s e s ) were made a t 95 Weather Bureau s t a t i o n s i n t h e United •
S t a t e s , a t n i n e s t a t i o n s of tYie Canadian M e t e o r o l o g i c a l S e r v i c e . a t the.
Canadian Atomic Energy I n s t a l l a t i o n , and a t t h r e e s t a t i o n s of t h e
, Air. Weather S e r v i c e i n Newfoundland, Bermuda, and t h e Canal Zone.
The l o c a t i o n s of t h e d a i l y sampling s t a t i o n s a r e shown in. F i g u r e 1 . 1 .
. I n an a t t e m p t t o g e t m.ore i n f o r m a t i o n concerning t h e world-vri.de

a s p e c t s o f t h e f a l l o u t problem, t h i r t e e n o v e r s e a s s t a t i o n s (Figure
1.2) o f t h e Weather Bureau, t h e A i r Weather S e r v i c e , t h e S t a t e
Department, and t h e Atomic Bomb Casiialty Cominission were designated
''p2 c o l l e c t . d u p l i c a t e gummed f i l m s a n p l e s . Overseas c o l l e c t i o n s were
• made on a weekly r a t h e r ; t h a n a d a i l y b a s i s . .
As i n p r e v i o u s t e s t s , t h e r a d i o a c t i v i t y found on t h e gumr.ed .
. . f i l m i s r e p o r t e d i n u n i t s of d i s i n t e g r a t i o n p e r minute p e r square
f o o t per day ( d / m / f t v d a y ) , t h a t on t h e a i r f i l t e r i n u n i t s of
d i s i n t e g r a t i d n p e r minute p e r c u b i c meter of a i r (d/m/l-I-^).
•1.2 EXTRAPOLATION TO SAIIPLING DAY . ; . . - ;
*• . A l l s i g n i f i c a n t " a c t i v i t y r e p o r t e d f o r t h e United S t a t e s , Canada,

and Beneuda has been e x t r a p o l a t e d t o t h e sandaling day on t h e assumt)-
• t l o n t h a t t h e decay hais been p r o p o r t i o n a l t o ^ ^ where t i s t h e
'*•. time since the burst. "
•
Fort SinvMtn
T" ^-
-^ 1 L'^-r.r"- I^'J^\^^::,^k
* flu , / f ' ^ ,
I • a..> . . . _.!!.. I.. ^.lu

/ *"^9>*9rn^tt ' /' • t * Fait 5)Wlh
I Amoi Ij
/v • . . .1 ikr."'t-^^^ \^ \
TYPE OF OBSERVATION
i«K Corpu. cn. tr » •>• i li 1
• GUMMED FILM
GUMMED FILM AMD

-.W^
*m FILTER XuiutJ* AFft CZ
•^'
I'ICUHb. I t UUCAilUN HI OAILY l-ALLOUT MONIIOHING STATIONS
• t • • *
Jl^ ikmii UL •MMiii
•K.
40
60
100 120 140 160 180 160 140 1?0 100 80 60 40 20 0 20 40 60 80 100
FIGURE 1 2 LOCAl ION OF W t t K L Y I-ALLUUT MONITOHINC STATI0M8

The difficulties inherent in this procedure have been dis-
cussed in a previous report (2). To extrapolate the activity to
sanpling date it is necessary to know which btirst is responsible
for the activity ii!easu.red, and this cannot always be done with
certainty. In attenpting to assign observed activity to a given
burst, consideration must be given to the computed meteorological
trajectories, to the low level flow patterns, to the scavenging
by precipitation and to the tine of arrival of increased activity
at the stations. Since the sanples are not counted unt?l several
days, and in sona oases ;;eeks, folloiiving excosure, the =iAoranola-
tion factors for relatively recent debris can be quite large. If
irlnor contarfjiation of the san^ple occxurs in the laboratoi*y, or if
debris from an older burst is inixed with the more recent debris,
considerable bias towards renorting too high values of activity
on sairoling date can occur. Such bias also results fror. the
tendency to ascribe debris to the most recent burst when there
is doubt as to its origin.
In an attemot to eliminate some of the bias resxilting from.

uncertain extrapolations and to reduce the work-load involved in
assigning activity to a srêcific burst, only those observations
'./hich exhibited activity above an arbitrary threshhold value
on tre co'-mtx^.g day vara considered significant. The activity for
tiesa 33~ple3 vas axtrS'-olatad to sampling day on the basis of
3 -ar"icul3r b'-irat.
For tie gurr.ed film obser'/ations, the level of significance

«-a3 t a o n to be either (a) one of the daily duplicate films with
an activity of mors than iSO d/n/ft^/day, or (b) both films with
an activity of m.ore than 120 d/m/ft2/day on counting day. For
the air filter observations, this threshhold of significance was
taken as 1200 d/m m.easur9d on the filter, which corresponds to
aorroximately Q.9 d/m./IP on cotmting day. However, since activity
on the air filters is reported to the nearest whole d/m/M^, the
values would not be re-iorted unless extrapolation to sampling
date resulted in a value greater than 0.$ d/m/i-P, based on the
xmcorrected counting procedure (see Preface).
For gunnned film samples with less than the threshhold activity,
the activity on counting day is reported. For air filters, acti-
vity below the level of sienificance is reported as "low".
1.3 PRE-TEST BACKglOUT^D OF RADIOACTIVITY
The threshhold levels of significance given above were chosen

with reference to the pre-test background of atmiospheric radio-
activity as determined from dust samples collected prior to the
first burst of the series. Since more than 30 atonic explosions
-u -
34G 012
•MB
lave been detonated i n the p a s t nine y e a r s , there i s some residual
radioactive debris p r e s e n t . In examining the gummed film, r e s u l t s
for collections made from. March 2 through Ilarch 16, 1953, prior
t o the f i r s t burst of the s e r i e s and J - l / 2 to h months after the
I v y . t e s t s e r i e s , the large majority showed no a c t i v i t y above the
nonnal counter background. Hoxifever, a t l e a s t 100 of the m.ore „
than 2200 filics exposed showed a c t i v i t y greater than 60 d/m./ft /day
on counting day and 19 papers had .more than ^0 d/m/ft^/day. Of
the more than 100 higher-than-aver^ge films, about 'âlf "sr^
exposed on days with p r e c i p i t a t i o n . In comoarison, the samnles
exposed p r i o r to the TumJbler-Snapoer s e r i e s (about 10 months
a f t e r the Greenhouse t e s t s e r i e s ) i n the Spring of 1952 showed
only a few papers with over U5 d/m/ftV^ây and t.h6 hi-^hest was
135d/in/ftVday. Gumm.ed film observations in t.he United States
and Canada made j u s t p r i o r to Operation Iv;^' (5 to 5-1/2 ront'-s
a f t e r the Tiarbler-Snanper s e r i e s ) in Novembar, 1952, s'^.owed
similar r e s i i l t s , of 272 caners excosed, only 3 had m.ore than
60 d/m/ft2/day and t.he highest x^ras 78 d/ir./ft^/day.
The high volum.e a i r f i l t e r s onerated p r i o r to the f i r s t b-orst

shoxved t h a t of the lo9 samnles collected betiraen ilarci 2 3-.d -,
Ilarch 16, 1953, over ICO h-""-' activxty .greater than 0.l5 z^-^.'"'-^ 3".::
27 had a c t i v i t y greater tha 0.3 d/r./l^. .Althou-gh no s x - i l a r
p r e - t e s t a i r f i l t e r aata i s availaole for t i e Pumbler-" la'-cer
s e r i e s , of fê eleven samnles collected on. t'-'e day-of tr.e z'lrst
burst of tnat s e r i e s nine naa leas than 3.15 d/n/il and z-e ctner
two were affected oy the b u r s t .
Although bot.h jûrrr.ed f i l r and axr f i l t e r sa.-nrles a-^-arsntly

had higher a c t i v i t y p r i o r to t :e Up3hot-Knothole t e s t s whan
comnared ;ri.th the a c t i v i t y orior to the ium.bler-Snacoer and Ivy
s e r i e s , the increase seer.s sorewnat more marked i n the a i r f i l t e r
data. This iray be i n d i c a t i v e of the fact that the ^ a r t i c l e s
present were too sm.all to s e t t l e on the gummed film, although they
were capable of being impinged on the a i r f i l t e r .
' 34G ria

ClfiPTEtl 2
THE UPSHDT-KNOTHDLE TESTS
2.1 LIST OF BURSTS
The Upshot-Knothole t e s t s e r i e s c o n s i s t e d of e l e v e n atomic

d e t o n a t i o n s i n the Yucca F l a t and Frenchmans F l a t a r e a s of the
Nevada Proving Ground. Table 2 . 1 sumr.arizes t h e b u r s t d a t a .
TABLE 2 . 1
Upshot-Snotuole Biu-sts
Burst Code 3a t e , li.'-.e r^-re -iai^ht cf e i g h t of Yield

1^'ar.a 1953 (^^^) o£ -etcnation TOP of (KT)
Burst Aocve C-rcL-.d Clcud,
I3L
(feet)
41000
-V
^ ArjTie Mar. 17 132G ^ — _5 ^

16.3
Ii'ancy I'iar. 2h 1310 _^ n '- ^ UlCOO 2U.5
3 -^.utT riar. 31 1333 ^ ^ .ri" ;:. lJi300 0.21
u Dixie Apr. 6 1533 i-Lr* CJ2: 1^3000 lp.3
5 '^Y Apr. 11 12L5 -ever 13: liiOOO 0.22
o Badger Apr. 18 1235 lower 300 37200 27.7
7 Simon Apr. 25 1230 io'.rsr 300 U3200 51.5
8 Encore May 8 1530 Air 2ii23 U050O 2o.Ii
Harrv ilav 19 1205 To-.rer 3Q0 hU200 32.h
lo^ arable nv_ 25'_-:^3. ^
11 Ciiinax June it 1115 Air I3T U1700' "^60.0
Since t h i s s e r i e s was c h a r a c t e r i z e d not o n l y by t h e l a r g e number'

and high y i e l d of t.he d e v i c e s t e s t e d a s compared with p r e v i o u s
c o n t i n e n t a l t e s t s , b u t a l s o by t h e nrenonderance of tovrer b u r s t s ,
considerably more f a l l o u t was observed t h a n occurred with p r e v i o u s
contineyatal t e s t s .
-6-
S-iG oi-i
'^»«*P'»'li?p^l^ppip|?f^^î^ ?^pwiipip|5^pppii^»^«pp*'«Pf
2.2 HEGIESt OBSERVED A C T I V m .
Table 2.2 shows the highest activity (extrapolated to sampling

day) reported on any one film at each of the daily gunmed film
stations for both days with precipitation and dry days. The
stations are arranged in accordance with distance from, the test
.Jt*
site. The san^ling day, the burst responsible for the activity,
and the amount of precipitation (in accordance with the code in
Appendix A) are also given.
Of greatest interest in Table 2.2 is the fact that the highest

activity found on any of the papers exposed during this series of .
itests was at a station located at a distance of 2000 miles from the
test site. T.he fortuitous coincidence of a severe thunderstorm
-and a fast-moving trajectory of the top of the cloud resulted in a
value of 16,000,000 d/m/ft^/day at Albany, N. Y., on April 26. (This
, case will be discussed in detail in Chapter ii.) At the other
extreme, San Diego, Calif., less than 300 miles from, the test site, .
was the only station in the United States and Canada to experience
no significant fallout during the entire test series. .
• . On days-without precipitation, the highest activity measiired on

any one film.was 15.000,000 d/m/ftVday on a sample from. Salt Lake
City, Utah, on Ilarch 2U. Figure 2.1 shows the highest activity found
without precipitation in each 200 nautical miles annulus around the
test site, plotted as a function of the distance of the outer edge of
the annulus from, the test site. The dashed line in Figure 2.1 gives
some indication of the rr^xlnmi dry fallout which ::)ay be expected at
various distances follo'./inr^ bursts of the type and size used in
'this series. Considerable caution should be exercized in drawin-3
.any. Conclusions from- this figure, since the data represent a limited
sample, and a combination of circum.stances not encoimtered in t.hese
tests could easil^r produce mûch higher concentraticns of debris.
CoBmarisoi^ of Figure 2.1 vn.th a similar figure prepared from data
obtaine'd following, the Tu.T.bler-Snapper test series (2, p. 20)
shows considerably higher activity from, the present tests, especially
in the i;egion 6OO-I6OO nautical miles from, the test site, although
the figures are not directly comparable since the earlier data
represent the average of three gmmed papers and the current data
, show the highest activity found on any indiviaual paper. Fbwever,
the maximum difference so introduced would be a factor of three;
^'another factor of t^-o /woiild result from the higher yields of the
Vt^shot-Knothole series. The actual difference in the range
mentioned is an order of magnitude or more, and is undoubtedly a
.reflection of the factv that >x)re, and more poverful, tower bursts
were'detonated , - *
-7 -
^^PiPÎ^ T^W
TABLE 2.2
For D ^ f S S h ^ ? Film Activity at Each Station

For Day With Precipitation and Without Precipitation
No Precipitation
Precjpitatior
Station
a
(0
»
a
t
m
4
AiStatlons l e s s than 200 naut. miles from the t e s t s i t e
Las Vegas, Nev. April 18 6 9I40,000
Ely. Nev. April 21 6 2
March 2h 2 2,100,000 33,000
Milford, Utah May ' 23 9 5
April 25 2 930,000 1*5,000
Fresno, CaUf. May 19 9 I4
April 22 2,100 780,000
April 19 6 3 2,600
axStation? 2OG-I1OO naut. miles from t e s t s i t e
Reno, Nev. April 28
Elko, Nev. 7 15,000 _April 19 0 2
March 2k 2 69,000 May 28
814,000
Winnemucca, Ne;;. April 20 10 5 19,000 . ^ / /
Flagstaff, Aria. o 2,500 May 28 10 6
April 25 7 3,600,000 April 27 63,000 '
Phoenix, Ariz. April 1 7 6
Yuma, Ariz. 3 330,000 April 27 110,000
April 12 7 2
Los Angeles, Calif. 5 150,000 April 21 6 2 2,600
April 22 6 900 April 25 2,300
San Diego, Calif. May 21 6 2
Sacramento, Calif. 1140 April 20 U 11,000
Apri
San Francisco, Calif. May
20 6 l4,5oo May 18 6 3 no
11 8 11,000 April 20 1,300
Salt Lake City, Utah March 2k 6 2
2 15,000,000 May 19 9 6 12,000
66,000
*
TABLE 2.2 (Cont'd)
No PrecJDitation
Precipitation
Station
S
o ill f-
Tucson, Ariz, April 2 3
Grand Junction, Col. 28.000
April 26 7 2,900,000 May 27 10 2 3.000)'^'^
Boise, Idaho Hay 6 7 ijay 19 9 2. 11,000000^ ^
Pocatelle, Idaho 3,000
May 26 10 66,000
May 26 10 h 230 000
May 27 10 3 16,000 ,
C:Station3 ti00-600 naut. miles from the t e s t s i t e
I
Eureka, Calif. March 26
Medford, Oregon 69
I i^lay 10 81 May 2li 9 5 1,300
Rock Springs, \iyo. March 2ii April 25 6 3 1,300
Albuquerque, N, M. 2 60,000
I^y 19 9 7,800,000 June 5 11 5 230,000
Portland, Oregon Acril 1 ^lay 27 10 3 , 1^5,000/^-^
Butte, Montana 30
May 9 8 90,000 April li 2 I4 li5,000"
Denver, Col. ^lay 21 flarch 25 2 2 ' 16,000
Pueblo, Col. 9 160,000
I^y 19 9 550,000 •ê 5 11 6 180,000
Raton, U. M. May 19 •ûne 5 11 3 180,000*
Colorado Springs, Col. 9 2,000,000
April 27 April 6 k 3 180,000
Cheyenne, Wyo. 7 190,000
April 26 7 June 5 11 3 8ii,000
Roswell. N. M. 130,000
Aoril 2o 7 13,000,000 June 5 11 5 160,000
Casper, Wyo, U^rch ?U April 28 7 3 780,000
Helena, Montana ? 2,100,000
ilay 27 10 3^600 Anril 28 7 I4 120,000
ilay 31 10 3 7,200 i,^>'<^
D:Stations 600-800 naut. miles from the t e s t s i t e
I Billings, Montana tAay 31
( Spokane, Wash. 10 26,000 I'lay 9 8 3 ii20,000
ilay 28 10 J, 300 îay 26 10 3 h(^0,000 j^^^.
y
TABLE 2.2 (Cont«d)
No Precipitation Precipitation
•p
Station -p
(0
a u a I
Seottsbluff, Nebr, April 27 7 36,000 May 22 9 U0,000
Aqarlllo, Texas Hay 19 9 1,600,000 April h 3 36,000
Qoodland, Kans. 9 700,000 April 28 7 5 50,000
Nay 20 2 April 28 7 6 105,000
Rapid City, S. D. March 25 680,000
Kalispell, Montana ua May 26 10 5 U20,000
April 1 May 26 10 5 U8,000
Seattle. Wash. May 25 1,200
B:Stations 800-1000 naut. miles from the test site
Williston, N. D. l>larch 25 2 1,000,000 May 8- 8 6 1,200,000

Abilene, Texas April 26 7 360,000 April 28 7 5 33,000
Del Rio. Texas May 22 9 39,000 April 22 6 2 5,700
Concordia, Kans. April 27 7 190,000 V May 20 /9 3 1,100,000
Wichita, Kans. May 20 9 560,000 April 6 h 3 72,000
Hiron, S. D. March 25 2 63,000 April 28 7 6 105.000
F t . Worth it Dallas, Texas March 18 1 1,000,000 April 28 7 2 2U,000
Regina, Sask. June 6 11 U,200 6 60,000
May 9 8 5
Port Hardy, B. C. April 8 3 5U0 l.llOO
March 29 2
F:Stations 1000-1200 naut. miles from the t e s t s i t e
Edmonton, Alberta (May 27 a / 150 ilay 20 10 2 19,000 ^

Fargo, N. D. March 26 2 60,000 April 29 7 5 63,000
Kansas City, Kans. March 26 2 230,000 May 20 9 2 5Uo,ooo
F t . Siftith, Ark. May 20 9 120,000 March 17 1. 6 30.000
Corpus C h r i s t i , Texas April 19 6 78,000 April 27 7 3 2,200
•
A
'A
' BLE 2.2 (cpnt«d)
No Pr^cipitAtHAn
Precipitation
Station •p
10 •p
a ,
Texarkana, Ark,
Oes Moines, lows March 18 1 210,000
a :
A p r i l 28
§ t
Minneapolis. Minn. March 26 2 28,000 7 7 2h,QQ0
May 23 9 May 20 9 5
Winnipeg, Man. 6,900 May 20 1,500,000
Hay 8 8 2,l400 9 6 1*80,000
Prince George, B., C. April Maroh 26 2 2
Port Arthur, Texas 160 May ,20 290,000
April 19 6 8 k 3,000
1,500,000 April 28 7 2 514,000
g : O . S t , t t „ „ 1 2 0 0 - 1 ) ^ „ , „ t . ^ t t i a s f r o . the teat a l t o
S t . Louis, Mo.
March 26 2
I
Memphis, Tenn. 120,000 April.28 7
March 18 1 630,000 3 130,000
Jackson, Miss. April 28 April 28 7 2
Chicago, 111. 7 210,000 April 29 21*0,000
Way 26 10 7 8 1*5,000
Milwaukee, Wis. 19,000 May 20
May 26 10 ,145,000 ' ^ ^ 9 5 . 11*0,000
Green Bay, Wis. May 20 9
Marquette, Mich.
March 27 2 .5,tjOo 5, 21*0,000
May 22 May 20 9 6
New Orleans, La, 9 l4,8oa May 20 360,000
CM. April 19 6 9 6
630,000 April 29 91*0,000
7 h
HtSUUons lUOO-1600 naut, miles from the t e s t s i t e 1*5,000
Nashville, Tenn. March I9
'Hi' Louisville, Ky. 1 3UO,000
May - 2 1 April 29 7 7 1*2,000
Grand Rapids, Mich. 9 130,000 April 27
May 28 10 3,300 ' ^^ 7 5 66,000
Mobile, Ala. March 26 May 20 9 6
Montgomery, Ala. 6 300,000 100,000
May 21 March 20 1 h 8,700
9 51,000 March 26 2 k 21.000
TABLE 2.2 (Cont'd)
No Precipitation Precipitation
i
i
SUUon •p
(0
Act.
a i: :i
AtlanU, Qa, May 22 9 81,000 March 18 1
Xnoxvilla, Tonn, May 22 9 120,000 6 13,000
Detroit. Mich.
May 20 150,000 March 18 1 2 1,900,000
Alpena, Mlchi, 9 1* 120^000
May 9 8 3.600 May 21 9
CfturchiU, Man. April 1 May 20 9 2 360,000
Fort Sijipson, N.W.T. 2 2,800
June 6 April 21* 6 2 6,900
h$ May 9 7 5 3,000 '
to
Lies from the test site
Pittsburgh, Penn. April 29 7 16,000
Dunkirk, N. Y. May 21 9 6 190,000
March 21 1 ' 2,200 May 29 10
Buffalo. N. I. June 5 10 i*,200 //'A 6 25,000 <^/4
North Bay, Ont. May 21 9 6 72,000
May 10 8 720 May 21 9
Moosoonee, Ont. April 3 2 2,500 6 59,000
Rochester, N. I. March 27 2 6 100,000
June 7 11 7,^0 June 6 11
Dansville, N. Y. May 11 2,000 2 57,000
lynchburgh, Va. 8 May 21 9
April 28 7 29,000 March 18 1
3 39,000 '
Jacksonville, Fla. April 8 390,000 6 9,600
Charleston, S. C. U May 20 9
Deep River. Ont. May 22 9 81,000 5 114,000
June 7 11 ^. 1*8,000 May 20 9
'7 6,000
March 18 1
les from the test site 5 36,000
Watertown, N. Y. March 18 1 12,000
Syracuse, N. Y. June 6 11 2 23.000
May 23 9 2,500 May 21 9
Binghamton, N. Y. 'May 3 3 214,000
7 390 May 22 9 6 87.000
I
I
Jl^ JmlLaJm a«J aafMMM Biii
- TABLE 2.2 (Cont'd)
N o P r e c i p i t a tion . Precipitation
•p +»
Stations •
5 CO
a
•p
o a• 1
Was^hington, D, G. April 29 7 21*,000 March 18 6 130.000
Baltimore, Md,
Philadelphia. Penn.
May
May
26
23
10
9
28,000
0,000
--v^. March
March
18
18
0
6
96,000
560.000
New York. N. Y. May 23 9 6,000 March 18 6 900,000
Albany. N. Y. May a 9 21,000 April 26 7 16,000,000
Montreal, P. Q. April 26 7 330,000 May 22 . 11 5 36,000
New Haven, Conn. Mav 11 8 16,000 April 7 7 930,000
Miami. F l a . J larch 2o 2 150,000 May 20 9 7 148,000
KfStations 2000-2200 naut. .es from the t e s t s i t e
Providence.s R. I , May 11 8 145,000 April 7 9 7 1 910, nrx)

Boston, Mass. April 9 1* 145,000 April 7 1* 6 5,100,000
"^Caribou, Me. i'lay 1 7 9,000 A p r i l 27 7 6 250,000
East Port, Me. ifey 3 7 l4,200 A p r i l 27 7 3 91*, 000
Les from t h e t e s t s i t e
Seven I s l a n d s , P. Q. A p r i l 29 7 3,900 April 27 7 6 350,000

Moncton. N. B. May 2 7 2,700 April 27 7 3 780,000
Bermuda May 21 9 8,1400 May 11 8 5 ^ 570,000
Stephenville, Nfld. Kiay 9 7 1,000 April 20 6 5 530,000
•
i«,ooaÔM
\
>
?,Me,Mo V
\ '
a.ooo,OM \
«,Meôoo V
-
s.oooôoo V
- V
t.eoo.ooo <> \
\
.. < >. <>
\ •
i,000,000
•" 'X r •
.
4 roo.ooo V '
i>
( \
1
i too.ooo
•
i.
\
400.000
uo.ooo
•
> ":H\
100,000
_ •
• \
.
v
•
100,000
70,000
10,000
(>
40,000
10,000
• ' •
,
•0,000
; •
•
M.0OO
0 too 400 ooo aoo woo itoo 1400 MOO I«OO 1000 itoo
P»TAMCe FROM TEST SITe.noutmt
nOURE i.1 HIGHEST OBSERVED GUMMED FILM ACTIVITY ON DAYS WITHOUT

FRZCiPITATION AS A FUNCTION OF DISTANCE FROM THE TEST SITE
••--.• - ••--. ^ - i 4 - - ^ - ':-
M0:,\e22-:-
Kb sijnilar plot for precipitation cases is presented for the
l^shot-l&iothole series, since it is evident from the Albany case
that combinations of circumstances nay yield even higher concentra-
tions than have been experienced to date (see Chapter li). This
is especially true near the test site, êre a strong bias towards
low activity with precipitation exists, since no firings take
place when precipitation is expected in the area.
The highest activity collected bv the high volume air filters

at each of the fourteen stations in the western United States
where such equioment was operated is given in Table 2.3. The data
are not separated by precipitation, since the activity collected
by-the air filter has not proven to be "sensitive to the occurrence
of precipitation. '
TABLE 2.3
Maximum High Volume A i r F i l t e r A c t i v i t y a t 2ach Station
Precip. Activity
Station Date Burst Code (d/m/M3)
Reno, Nev. April 19 6 2 621

Elko, Nev. •March 2ij 2 1 1,980
Winnemucca, Nev. April 19 6 1 16P.
Los Angeles, C a l i f . r-iarch 26 2 1 It2
San F r a n c i s c o , C a l i f . ^'^y 2S 10 2 ^9
S a l t Lake C i t y , Utah March 2k 2 1 9,960
Grand Junction, Col. .^lay 19 9 2 21,793
B o i s e , Idaho April 20 1 2l4
P o c a t e l l o , Idaho -ay 25 ^ 10 1 U72
Denver, Col. April 27 7 1 1,21*2
Pueblo, Col. April 27 7 1 2,2li9
Casper, V.yo. March 2k 2 1 98U
Hslena, I-bntana Hay 26 10 2 60
B i l l i n g s , I-lontana I-Iay 9 8 3 325
• The highest value observed on the a i r f i l t e r s was 22.000 d/m/H^

a t Grand J u n c t i o n , Col., on Hay 19, the same day t h a t had the ^
BiaxiiRam gummed paper a c t i v i t y a t t h i s s t a t i o n of 13,000.000 d/m/ft /day.
Boise, Idaho, had the lowest maximum a c t i v i t y , 2i*d/m/l-l3.
-15-
*f> f r
r^3
From Tables 2.2 and 2.3, it is evident that the bursts
responsible for the highest activity at the majority of the
stations were the seventh, ninth, and second, in that order.
411 three were high-yield tower bursts.
2.3 DISCISSION OF INDIVIDUAL BURSTS
23ata concerning dace, time, cype of burst;, yield, maximum

altitude, etc., of the bursts of the l^shot-Knothole seiries are
given in Table 2.1. The results of fallout monitoring from
stations making daily observations are shown in Appendix A and
con?)arisons of the areas of fallout predicted from meteorological
considerations with the observed fallout patterns are shown in
Appendix B. All references to date of san^ling in the discussion
to follow are to the date the sample was begun. All sanpling was
for a 2U-hour period beginning at 1230 G.C.T. (0730 E.S.T.).
For each burst, a figure has been prepared showing the verti-
cal structure of the atmosphere as given by the rawinsonde
observation made at WPG at about burst time. These figures show
the tenperature (and dewpoint, when available) as a function of
height above sea level. The winds at each 5,000-foot level are
shown in standard meteorological symbols. The shaft of the wind
arrow indicates the direction from which the wind was blowing and
the barbs indicate the wind speed (long barb » 10 knots, short
barb » 5 knots, triangxilar flag = 50 knots).
A map showing the trajectories of the debris at various levels

in the atmosphere is given for each burst. These trajectories,
computed from meteorological considerations, were prepared for the
standard meteorological levels, 10,000 feet (700-millibar constant
pressure surface), 18,000 feet (500 mb), 30,000 feet (300 mb), and
ItOjOOO feet (200 mb) above mean sea level. Only those levels at
vhicn debris was present following the burst are shown. The
successive six-hour positions (OOOO, 0600, 1200, and 1800 G.C.T.)
of the cloud are indicated by circles along the trajectory. Each
0000 G.C.T. circle is filled in and the date indicated.
2.3.1 First Bxarst
The first burst, a tower shot which reached a maximum

altitude of ltl,000 feet was detonated at 1320 G.C.T., Miarch 17. 1953.
The vertical teiq}erature and wind distribution at the time of
detonation are shown in Figure 2.2. Westerly winds prevailed at all
iqpper levels and the debris was carried eastward and somewhat
northward over the St. Lawrence River Valley. The meteorological
-16-
^^'^ . C2^
S9,000
FEET +
90.000
+
49.000
^»+
40,000
lisM-
39,000
30/)00 ,a_(-
si
29,000 \\\\» 1
<
20,000 k).
19,000
N-
10,000 >î-^
S,00O
^
M
W-f-E
3
WINO
FIGIEE 2 . 2 UPPER AIR GBSERWATIGN AT MERCURI, NEVADA

1 2 0 0 G . C . T . , MARCH 1 7 . 1 9 5 3
- IT -
3ie- -025 ;
trajectories of the burst are shown i n Figure 2 . 3 . On March 18,
surface fallout was found about 200-300 miles farther south in
central and eastern United States than had been indicated by the
trajectories (see Figure B . l ) . This was undoubtedly the resxilt
of northerly winds i n tne lowest levels of the atmosphere
associated with a well-developed anticyclone t h a t moved through
the central Ifaited States on t h i s day. An i n t e r e s t i n g case of
high activity occurred i n eastern Tennessee on samples s t a r t s ^ on
March 18. Knoxville coilecceo 1,900,000 ano 1,1400,000 d / m / f f / d a y
on films exDosed on t h a t date, the second highest a c t i v i t y ever
reported east of the Jlississippi River. This a c t i v i t y was
associated with a s e r i e s of thundershowers t h a t occurred with the
passage of a cold front a t about the time the 18,000-foot trajectory
was i n the area. Although the amounts of r a i n which f e l l were
small, only a trace a t Knoxville, there was considerable lightning
reported, which indicates t h a t strong vertical motions were present
to bring down debris from a l o f t . F a i r l y intense dry fallout was
experienced i n the central Ifaited States on sliarch 19, but on
succeeding days the f a l l o u t was associated p r i n c i p a l l y with r a i n .
2.3.2 Second Burst
The second burst, also a high yield tower shot, was

detonated at 1310 G.C.T., I-Iarch 2k, 1953, and the resulting cloud
reached to Ul,000 feet. The temperature and wind distribution at
the time of detonation is shown in Figure 2.i4, and the trajectories
of the cloud are shown in Figure 2.5. Southwesterly wind prevailed
at most levels, and the trajectory of the debris between about
15,000 feet and 30,000 feet was directly towards Great Salt Lake.
This resulted in the highest value for dry fallout recorded by
the monitoring network, 15,000,000 d/m/ftVday, as well as one of
the highest air concentrations, 9960 d/ra/l-I-^, at Salt Lake City on
tha day of the burst, ffeavy fallout was experienced in the
northern plains states on March 25 as expected; however, on March
26 and 27 a band of heavy dry fallout extended from tha central
Mississippi valley throxigh southern Florida. This fallout was
undoubtedly associated with the fallout curtain from fast-moving
high-laval trajectories at 30,000 and 140,000 feet, ;îich passed
over this area on March 25. since the lower level cloud moved much
aors slowly and well to the north of this area.
2.3.3 Third Burst
The third burst was a very low yield tower shot

detonated at 1300 G.C.T., March 31, 1953. The top of the mushroom
extended to only 114,300 feet. Figure 2.6 shows the wind and temperature
-18
c>M*^
CIRCLES MOICATE POSITIONS AT 6-HOURLY INTERVALS

DATE WDICATES 0 0 0 0 GCT POSITION 7 -/-
(IIJUKE 2 3 METbOnOLOGlCAL THAJECTOmEii FROM THE FlRaT BUjtST

Pur
s
so,000 (
4S,000 \
LK
1
REPOR TED CLOUO TO P

40,000
\
kK
35,000
>
30,000
<!{ 2 5 , 0 0 0 >1
-
•
<
\
>
20 ,000 N,
1 X
15,000 V
\
10,000 V \
\
N
ifiOO \ \
"0EWPOl^ m^
TEMPCR ktlMt
•
0
•70 -«> -50 -40 -30 'ZO -10 0*0 10 20 30 s
TOIPERATURE WINO
FKIKB 2.1t UPPER AIR GBSHlVATIOIf AT lERGURY, NEVAM,

1 1 0 0 G . C . T . , MARCH 2U. 1 9 5 3
- 20 -
' 3«iG P2S.

i-lCiUKh Ml I I ( i i o u t M I Al I I M J t L I U I U L ^ MiUM T H t tiECUNI) BUKST
S^4'£sy«_ ^âmmmam ^mm
/ ^M-
i
FEET
- • -
v^
1
sd.ooo
- 45.000
•
\
40,000 •
35,000
i^
\
30,000
.
•
^ 25,000
^ • •
<
; ;|V ';•:',. .
20,000
V
*
15,000 1 *-4\ '
\ V^ PCPABTcn r.1 nun rno i
A
ro,ooo \ \
V
S,0OO ^
o:WWtMT
—A rURE
TEMPERA
•
H
6 . W-}-E
•70 -W -50 -40 -so -«0 -10 o«c 10 eo 30 s
TEMPSRATURE WINO
PIOURE 2 . 6 UPPER AIR OBSSIVATION A l MERCURY, NEVADA,

1200 G . C T . , MARCH 3 1 ^ 1553
'2Z'
B4G-^C:30
fe.i^^tea^^â.%-. ij^^^^,,,^.^,^.g^M^msA.aa.^.^.^^..^ . «.>.^,.......^
distribution a t burst time and Figure 2.7 the t r a j e c t o r i e s of the

debris a t the 10,000 and lU,000-foot l e v e l s . AH of the debris
m s carried southward i n i t i a l l y . The uccermost part of the cloud
ffioved over Lower California, while the 10,000-foot trajectory
Ixidicates t h a t the stem recurved to the e a s t , ^ c e o t for the
f i r s t day or two following the b u r s t , when considerable fallout
occurred i n southern Nevada and i n Arizona, there was very l i t t l e
fallout firoiti t h i s cloud, confined mainly to r a i n areas which
coincided with the lO.OGG-foot t r a j e c t o r y .
2.I.U. Fourth Burst

The fourth burst was a high yield a i r burst detonated
6020 feet above the ground a t 1$30 G . C T . , Acril b, 1953. The
cloud r e s u l t i n g fron t h i s burst extended from 32,300 feet to
li3,000 f e e t , with no v i s i b l e debris below t h i s l e v e l . Figure 2.S
shows the teii5)erature and wind at the time of detonation and
Figure 2.9 shows the t r a j a c t o r i a s of t^9 debris a t 30,000 and
liO.OOO f e e t . The cloua r.oi-ad eastward extrenely raoidly and crossed
the e a s t coast within 25 curs of burst tir.e. Txhe only acpreciaola
f a l l o u t from t h i s burst ccciorra- m r a m areas. On A c n l 7, an
area of very ni^h aci;i-- 3r\s2 in southern New England
associated with r a i n fro off the Atlantic Coast. Tois
strong a c t i v i t y -.ras also . . o ; 3 i a 0"9 Brocknaven I.'ational Laborator;'-
i n eastern Long Island ', Bzacrclot^cal trajectory at iiC.OOO
f e e t was 200 milas soat ; -. J J u J t - a s area a t about 0000 J.C.^.
on Aoril 8. Uns BrooV-3-3 ^"ort 3*3tas "Although i t rained on
most of April 7, until 2 ,Z, yZSOO J.J.I.. April P), tne activity
did not arrive until aocut. 2333 (cUOO G.CT., Aorxl 8). By then,
the rain had sx±>sided acpraciably and tne activity was deoosited
on, the surface of the -ôund.. .Although the activity arrived at
2300, as is indicated by the roof counters, the dust monitors
showed an initial increase only after 2L00. Presumably, during
this last hoTir of light rain the activity was being washed out of
the air by the rain and little or no activity was present near the
dust monitor intakes, ffowever. as soon as the rain ceased, further
verticalteixingbrought the activity down near the surface of the
flfround where it could be collected by the dust monitors." Although
the high activity was noted at Boston. Providence and ffertford. only
moderate activity was experienced farther south at New York City,
Philadelphia, Baltimore and V/ashington, and no activity was found
Inland at Albany or Binghampton. Rain occurred at all of these
statlong during the period, but had ended at the latter two well
before the arrival of debris and had ended at stations south of
Kew Xork City by OUOO G.CT.. April 8, The rain did continue in
the southern New England area for several hours until about 1000 G.CT.
- 23 -
3^G 031
CIRCLES INDICATE POSITIONS AT 6-HOURLY INTERVALS
DATE INDICATES 0 0 0 0 GCT POSITION
FIGURE a 7 MLTLOHOLOUICAL THAJECTOHU.S tROM TH£ THIRD BURST

• peer
1 • •
50,000 \
"
45,000
-
R P I "ORTED CLOUO TOP
40/300
35,000 / J
30,000 V
\
25,000 \
> '"
20,000 \ i
I5,000 ^
^
N -
10,000 \
>
i
\
\
\ \
SjOOO V
WT T OIPERATUHE
O .
-TO -•o -50 -40 -30 -eo -10 o*c 10 20
TEMPCRATURe WINO
FIOUaE 2 . a UPPER Aia CBSERVATICW AT MERCURY, NEVADA,

1600 C.C.T-, APRIL 6 , 1953
-25-
Zi,G raa
iimi iiiiiifiiiiiî tvd I ai^d^s^SK Himamtm •Ifcii^li
to
£7)
Co
CIRCLES INDICATE POSITIONS AT 6-HOURLY INTERVALS

FIGURE 2 9 METEOROLOGICAL TRAJECTORIES FROM THE FOURTH BURST

Wi.>- y . .. -^---^H^'n -III- r •- --^-^- — ' - — > • • •. .^' • .^,~,-,'i-.-,-.,ilMlmi-nn„„mMtm
It is probable that even higher activity would have been measured

in the Atlantic Ocean 200-300 miles east of New York if observations
had been available* The rain area from the storm under discussion
included only Boston on the following day, and the only high activity
reported was at this station. Little activity from this burst was
evident on succeeding days.
2*3.$ Fifth Burst ;.
The fifth burst was another very low yield tower burst,
detonated at 12U5 G.CT., April 11, 1953. The atomic cloud attained
a maxuraar. altitude of lU,000 feet. The vertical temperature and
wind distribution are shown in Figure 2.10 and the meteorological
trajectories at 10,000 and lIi.OOO feet are given in Figure 2.11.
The disbris moved southward initially, but rapidly, curved towards
the east and moved across the southern -oier of states. .Sxceot for
the vicinity of the test, site, debris from this burst resulted in
only moderate activity and it is nossible that some of the debris
assigned to the fifth burst ::ras actually residual debris from
earlier bursts.
. 2.3.6 Sixth Burst .
The sixth burst, a high yield tower shot, was detonated

at 1235 G.CT.,' April 18, 1953. The too of the mushroom reached
37,200.feet. The vertical structure of the atmosphere and the
trajectories of the cloud are shown in Figtires 2.12 and 2.13,
respectively. As can be seen, there xvas very little directional
shear in the winds above 10,000 feet, and most of the debris was
carried eastward over the southern states._ There was almost no
precipitation associated with the trajectories from this burst.
Considerable dry fallout occurred east of the test site, extending
•over New Mexico, Texas and Louisiana on April 19 and to southern
Florida on. the 20th. Tfie surface deposition was somewhat south
of the computed meteorological trajectories, probably as a result
of the northerly surface winds behind a dry cold front which moved
through the area on April 18 and 19, reaching southern Florida on
the 20th. This burst accounted for the highest dry fallout
observed at stations 1000-liiOO nautical miles from the test site.
. 2.3.7 .Se"Penth Burst
' The seventh burst was the most powerful detonated i n

the Ifaited S t a t e s up to t h a t time and the most powerfiil tower b u r s t
-:'-,27;--^.^ •.•;...• ;;;"•• . :• •, -y':-'. .\ ;;

• - ^ - ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ' ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ • - —
S5.00O
«Er +
50.000
— ~
45.000 \
40/wo
]
35,000
* * ^
30,000
I •
-
k
(ft
^ 25,000
20,000
V
15,000
1
A REPOR- •ED CLC UD TOP
V
1
10,000
I \
1^ >
*"""•*
V\
'
s/wo i,\
/ • —
I
y- •
^
OEWPOINT TEMPERATURE
1 1 1
N
W-j-E
-TO -50 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0»C 10 20 SO s
TEMPERATURE WINO
FIGURE 2 . 1 0 UPPER AIR 0B3SHVATI0N AT MERCURY, NEVADA,

.. 1300 G.C.T., APRIL 1 1 , 1953
. - 28 -
•' 5/;^;
^- C.34;
4.
CIRCLES MOICATE POSITIONS AT 6-HOURLY INTERVALS

FIGURE 2.11 METEOROLOGICAL TRAJECTORIES FROM THE FIFTH BURST

. >cH
p
50,000 j
1, " -
1
45 ,000
::
4O,000
r - REP ORTEO : L O U D • "OP
35,000
^
1• ^
\
30,000
5
\
g 25,000
'
< •
V •
20 ,000
i
15,000 • ..
1
V
1
10,000 1
\ 1
s,6oo L A 1\
0EWPOIN1 /
' '. .
• ^
, rSMKRAT
* URE
0I I .
W-j—E
-TO -50 -50 -40 -30 -to -10 o«c 10 eo 30 5 .- -
TEMPERATURE WIND
FKHJRE 2 . 1 2 • UPPER AIR OBSERVATION AT MERCURY, NEVADA
. 1200 Q^C.T., APRIL 1 8 , 1953
-•• •/•"': ^--. ^^•30'-:; ...;• •' •'
.:^^f •/• 'e.3S:

CIRaES INDICATE POSITIONS AT 6* HOURLY INTERVALS
FIGURE 2.13 METEOROLOGICAL TKAJECTOIUEli FROM THE SIXTH BURST
\
ever attempted at NFG. It was detonated at 1230 G.CT., April 25,
19$3, and the clotid reached to li3.200 feet. Figure 2.11; shows
the vertical structure of the atmosphere at burst time and Figure
2.15 shows the meteorological trajectories of the atomic debris.
Although debris at all upper levels moved to the east-southeast
initially,''there were shears in both direction and speed which
resulted in a rapid spread of the cloud after it passed the 95th
meridian. The UO,000-foot trajectory, which was representative
of the movement of the bulk of the mushrofim, moved v » w rîpidly
to the northeast after passing through a pressure trough in the
MLssis^ppi Valley, reaching speeds of over 100 knots. This
brought a heavy concentration of debris over Albany, N. Y., on
April 26 at the time a thunderstorm was in progress, restilting
in the highest surface activity ever recorded by the monitoring
network. On the same day, dry fallout from lower levels re stilted
in very high acUvities in Utah, New Mexico (13,000,000 d/m/ft^/day
at Hoswell), and northern Texas. By April 27, most of the central
part of the country was covered by dry fallout and in the extreme
northeast considerable activity came down in rain. Debias from.
this burst covered most of the country east of the Rockies on ^
April 28. Scattered patches of debris from this or orevious bursts
were evident for the next several days. By 2Iay i;, only very
slight activity was noted in txhe United States. However, on May 6,
increased activity was noted in the northwest and by May 7 Ught
activity was found generally over the Rocky Mountain and Plateau
region. This debris was in excellent agreement with the UO,000-foot
trajectory from this burst, which passed completely around the
hend. sphere.
2.3.8 Eighth Burst
The eighth burst of the series was a high yield air

burst detonated at 1530 G.CT., May 8, 1953. The cloud top reached
to'U0,500 feet and the bottom of the mushroom was estimated to be
at 33,000 feet, with a very thin trailing dust cloud to about
10,000 feet. The vertical structure of the atmosphere at the time
of detonation is shown in Figure 2.16 and the trajectories of the
debris are shown in Figure 2.17. The bulk of the debris from this
burst moved initially to the northeast. Rain in the northern
plains states resulted in the deposition of considerable activity
on th« day of the burst as far north as Wiliiston, N. D. The
debris reported on this day in New Mexico may either be the result
of low level flow patterns or, quite possibly, the result of
erroneously attributing debris to the eighth burst which in
rvali'fy is from the seventh (see above). By May 9, debris covered
most of the region from the Mississippi to the Rockies and extended
Into southern Canada. Again, on this date, it is possible that
SOBS debris fl*om the seventh burst has been erroneously included
-32-
fEET +
-
%
50,000 \
+
1
\
•
- - '
45,000 \\\> I
40,000 /
h'
-REPOf ITEO CI.OUO TO P
^1.
(
\ >iili
k
35,000
\
V
kk
30,000
\
1
•
^ 25.000
^•
• t
/
> V
« /
20,000 V
15,000
^ ^ .
..N \
\
V \
\
10,000 \ \
\ \
•
k
\
5,000 \
V
OEWPO NT TEMPERATURE
1
N
o W-|-E
-70 -50-50-40 -30 -«0 -10 0*C to 20 30 s
. TEMPERATURE WINO
FIGORE 2.1h UPPER AIR OBSERVATION AT MERCURY, NEVADA

1 1 0 0 G . C . T . , APRIL 2 5 , 1 9 5 3
- 33 -
S^(> C41 ,
ORCLES WDICATe POSITIONS AT 6-HOURLY INTERVALS
DATE MOICATES 0 0 0 0 GCT POSITION
FIGURE 2 li METEOROLOGICAL TRAJECTURILS FROM THE SEVENTH BURST

JU*'
PtEt +
\
50,000 \
+
45,000
A . •
+
40,000
'
J . . R P P f i R T F n CLOUO TOP
35,000 \
\
^
30J300 \
^
\
ALTITUDE, (MSLl
\
o
o
ssH-
\
\
20 .000 \
>\ » ^
15,000 >5i^^-
•"^
• \
10,000
/ >
>^-f
/
%
\
5,000 \ \
>
TEMI >ERATURE
OEWPOINT
1
• N
0 W-j-E
•70 .«) -40 -« -JO -to -10 0*C 10 20 30 S>
rareiuTuK
WINO
natllE 3,1& OTFER AIR QBSESVAIION I I tSROXa, NEVAIli
1500 O . C I . , Mut n. 1S53
-35-
3*4G T^;]
CRCUES MDCATE POSITIONS AT 6-HOURLY INTERVALS
DATE •OCATCS 0 0 0 0 OCT POSITION
riGURC a.n METEOROLOGICAL TRAJECTORIES FROM THE CIGUTU BURST

•MaiauiaiiaiaaaiAM
' in the area ascribed to the eighth burst. Light fallout from this
burst, principally in rain areas, continued for several days.
2.3.9 Ninth Burst
. ^ The ninth burst, the second most powerful tower shot

^ f the series, was detonated at 1205 G.CT., Hay 19. 1953. The
top at the iBUshroom rfacnad t,ohh,200 feet and x,ne case was
edtinated at 28,000 feet, with a thick stem reaching to the
surface. Figures 2.18 and 2.19 show the vertical soTjndings and
the niet'»orological trajectories of this burst, respectively.
• The upper part of this cloud was carried to the southeast and
over the utilf of Mexico while the lower parts moved eastward and
then northeastward over the Great Lakes. The position of the
UQ,000-foot trajectory has been independently verified by the
observed track of a constant-pressure balloon released from
' V^mallis AFB by project Moby Dick. This balloon, which was
within 50 miles of NPG at shot time, floated at about 1^0,000 feet
and was tracked to a point 150 milas east of Jacksonville. Fla.
Although fallout from the mushroom was evident over New MexLcc
Von May 19, this oortion of the cloud moved beyond the reporting
netipric by May 20. However, heavy dry fallout from the stem,
associated with the 10,000-foot and 18,000-foot trajectories was
observed over Colorado and Kansas, while precipitation over the
uf>per Midwest resulted in the highest values reported in that
region for the series. >
On May 21, fallout from this burst covered most of

the country east of the Rockies. The activity found in the
southern states on this date is probably fallout from the upper
part of the cloud which was swept northward by the strong southerly
winds comfng off the Gulf of Mexico in the lower levels. A
reexamination of the flow pattern between 25,000 and 30,000 feat
in the Gulf of I-Iexico area indicates that a high pressure area
with very light winds was centered over the Gulf on May 21 and
p&ppLsted for several days, so that the debris at these levels
^remained in this region. Moderate fallout from the ninth burst
.^ lias widespread over the country until at least May 25, when the
next test occurred.
' • - -'" ~:^- -AA

J V 2.3.10 TentlTBurst ^
TThe"tenth burst,_fired at 1530 G.CT., May 2^^ 1953,

^ "
- 348 C^S
I
55,000
Pt£T
'^
••• - •
50,000
i '--—.-
r
45,000
-REPOFITED CLOUO TO P
:, -, ... ^
40,000
». *
. ,.
35,000 \
\
30,000 V
\
s.
I 25,000
. .
V \
V
. -. - . \
.
20,000 ^
•
• . . - , . •
\
\
•'."
i
15,000 /
A
10,000
V
\
V
1
I
\
^ ^ ^
S/)00 \
"
OCWPCUNT
>
T EMPERATI JRE
" •
f
N
W-j-E
-70- -50 -50 -40 -SO -EO -10 0«C 10 EO ' i 30 »
, ' .".•TEMPERATURE ^; WINO
FIODRB 2 . l 6 UPPER AIR OBSERVATION AT MERCURY, NEVADA

1 2 0 0 , O . C . T . , MAY 1 9 , 1 9 5 3 ^ ^
v3^-S-- '^4^;'
ilillliHIii •iii^ ,iii4 MiyLi MM I
^llgl
IWICATE POSITIONS AT SfHOURLY INTERVALS'

DATE INDICATES 0 0 0 0 GCT POSITION -^f ^ r
FIGURE 2.18 METEOROLOGICAL TRAJECTORIES FROM THE NINTH BURST

The vertical sounding at shot time (Figure 2.20)~ihciicates that •""
southwest winds prevailed at all levels, reaching a maximum of
120 knots at the top of the mushroom. The trajectories are
shown in Figure 2.21. A low pressure area over California
resulted in the movement of debi>is in the lowest levels to
nfiishington and Oregon. A detailed account of the observed fall-
3Ut in this area is ccntained in a report from the lianford
' Atondc Products Operation (li). The debris at higher levels
moved extremely rapidly to the east and the 30,000-foot trajectory
crossed the Kew England coast 2k hours after detonation. Since
.fallout from the ninth burst persisted over most of the country
imtil after the detonation of the tenth burst, it is extremely
(^fficult to differentiate between the two. The burst assignment,
and consequently the extrapolation to sampling day, must be
considered questionable at many stations on May 2$ and for
several days thereafter.
At abotzt the time the rapidly moving upper cloud

flrom'the tenth burst was over the east coa^t, a violent hailstorm
occurred at Washington,. D. C. A detailed analysis of the
activity in the large hailstones occuridng in this storm was
made by the Naval Research Laboratory (5). The activity in
the hailstones ranged from 0.5 to 3.2 x 10"-^° curie/ml, corrected
to the time of collection on the afternoon of 'i-'iay 26. Although
a high concentration of activity was found in the air near the
ground, undoubtedly associated with the violent vertical currents
present in a hailstorm, the melting of successive layers of the
stones revealed most of the activity was concentrated near the
core of the hailstone, indicating that the greatest amount of
activity was collected in the upper air where the hail first
formed.
Moderate amounts of fallout persisted over most of

the country for several days following the tenth burst!
2.3.I1 Eleventh Burst
The eleventh, and final, burst of the Upshot-Knothole /

sarles was the most powerful device ever tested in the continental'
Halted States, an air burst detonated at 1115 G.CT., June h, 1953.
The mushroom from this burst extended from 35,000 feet to a top
of M f 7 0 0 feat, with a visible dust cloud below. As shown in
Figure 2.22, the winds at burst time were the lightest encountered
during the test series. The light winds prevailed at most levels
1
PES • >
\
V
•
5O.00O >
^
45,000
40,000
35,0O0 REPORT EO CLO JO TOP .: : 1. .
N
\
30,000
f
9 \
s
^ 25,000
\ >V
\
\
< \ \
20,000 1
VX
/
.
\
15,000 \
\
^
k
10,000
1 \
1
• 1
5,000
•
\
IVPOINT
f
TEMI "ERATURt
J-
y .
0 W-j-E
-70-50-50-40 -30 . -EO -10 0*0 10 20 30 i
TEMPERATURE WINO
FIGURE 2 . 2 0 UPPER AIR OBSSIVATION AT MERCURY, NEVADA

1500 O . C . T . , MAY 2 5 , 1 9 5 3
-111-
3 ^L>
£- ^-«
r^-9
intflMi
<7i
CnCLES mOICATE I
O
FIGURE 1.21 METEOBOI/XtlT*!. TSAJBCTORICa FROM THE TENTH BURST
reex
50,000
- • . • • • •
t • I
. - •
• . • •
• ; • • "
45,000
1 • ' • ' - " '
^
• • ' . ^
• — R E f 'ORTEO CLOUD TOP

40,000
^^•^T"
' - • •
35,000
.
- \
\
V.
k
30,000-
\ •
25,000
.
V
•
, •
•
'
20,000
- - - ^
•
^^,
15,000 \ ^
\
\
\
\
10,000 \
V
\
V
\
• -
• '
SiOOO
— ^
DEW •OINT TEMPERA rURE
n
•: -• - 0
W-j-E
-70 : -•O -50 -40 -30 -20 "10 0*C »0 20 30
S
. ^. TEMPERATURE'
WIND
•'. FIGURE 2 . 2 2 UPPER AIR OBSERVATION AT MERCURY, NEVADA .
•. ;:. > . 1200 Q.C.T.., JUNE U, 1953.
-li3-
•:S|(3;-;e-5:r
for several days, as indicated by the meteorological trajectories
(Figure 2.23) and carried the debris generally to the northeast.
Again, with the eleventh biirst, it was not always possible to
distingiiish between debris from this and the previous burst.
Precipitation was rather widespread following the eleventh biirst,
and most fallout occurred in rain areas.
• li2i •
.^
isana RinaAaâ ani noui BaraoxsarvHX iTDnmioHoaxan ct'i aHnou
NOIilSOd 109 0 0 0 0 S3iV9IONI 3 i v a
SnW\M3lNI A1Mn0H-9 IV SNOIJ
r
i p p i?pip' Ifl f A pwpp
f^
CiJU*IBl 3
TOTAL FALLOUT FROi THE UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE TESTS
3.1 INTRODUCTION
A knowledge of what fraction of the radioactive debris released

i n the detonation of an atomic device i s accounted for by the
monitoring network hag p r a c t i c a l importance not only i n evaluating
the perfonnance of the netwnrfc, but also i n r e l a t e d projects
( e . g . . Project Sunshine (6) ) . jistimates of the t o t a l beta
a c t i v i t y i n the fission products as a function of weapon yield can
be made (7, p . 251), and these can be comrjared with the beta
a c t i v i t y collected by the monitoring network. For convenience i n
making the calculations, a l l a c t i v i t y discussed i n t h i s chapter
has been referred to a common d a t e , July 1, 1253. ibctrapolations
to t h i s date were made on the b a s i s of the t~^*^ law (Section 1.2).
I t should be noted that some of the factors which tend to bias the
extrapolation to samnling date towards high values (such as
ascribing debris to a too recent b u r s t ) , tend to bias the e x t r a -
polation to July 1 toward low values.
A study of the t o t a l f a l l o u t from the detonation of the
Upshot-Knothole s e r i e s can be divided i n t o three ohases: l ) f a l l o u t
i n the v i c i n i t y of the t e s t s i t e ; 2) f a l l o u t i n the continental
Ifaited S t a t e s ; and, 3) f a l l o u t i n the r e s t of the world.
3.2 FALLOUT DJ Tfffi VICIICTTY OF Jfffi TEST S i l t

The r e l a t i v e l y small areas df intense fallout i n the region
KLtliin 200 miles of the Proving Ground have been subjected to an
extensive and careful analysis by LiHejian ( 8 ) . iJe has estimated
the t o t a l fallout from each of the Upshot-Knothole detonations
fear the period immediately following the shot and expressed the
r e s u l t a s a percentage of the t o t a l f i s s i o n prodiu:t a c t i v i t y . The
r e s u l t s a r e shown i n Table 3 . 2 . Only those shots i n which the
f i r e b a l l intersected the groimd produced any significant a c t i v i t y
i n the t e s t s i t e area.
3.3 FAILOOT IN THE CONTINENTAL UNITED STATES

For the purpose of investigating the t o t a l f a l l o u t from each
burst i n the continental United S t a t e s , and i t s geographical
- 1*6 -
umiiNii MlHbMW itmm^ A«Ai HHIHI,
TABLE 3 . 1 : :
Total Fallout (d/m/ft^) i s of June 11*, 1953, in the Continental United Stttes,
Iqr Regions and Bursts, Extrapolated to July 1, 1953. (Excluding the Test Site Are«)V
Burst B Q Kaan H K M
Wash. Hon. N.D. Minn. Mich. N.Y. >fe. Cal.Nev. Col. Kan. Iowa Va. Tex. Ark. Tenn. N,C, U.S.
; • '
Qrei
;
Ida. S.D. 1Wis. Ind.
• _ . ;
Pa. N.H.:
Utah N.M. Okla. n i . W.Va.
• •
U . Ala. S,C.
• \
% o . Neb.
1 ' ' . •..
Ohio N.J. Vt.
•
Ariz.*•'
Mo. Md.
-"
Miss. Os,
> • " • . :
Ky. Mass. Del.

R.I. D.C.
Conn.
•:••••.. 1 0 22 83 153 161 539 1*29 0 11 678 325 I4O3 319 83b 353 3725 113 1415
•• ' .-2- Wi9 1191 2217 72 31*7 63 i*06 0 8065 95 125 1072 83 31 266 198? 653 lUol*
r . • ,3- 6 11 2U 0 1*6 25 0 0 333 lOl* 2 . 8 112 183 21*8 151 109 91
. - *0 6: 26 1*6
' 37
. : 28 5887 0 • 1*1* 183 256. 31 87
% : 0 19 20 571 211
19 7 13 36 1*9 1*5 199 h 396 93 67 I68 l51* 39 356 103 71
••-^.;. 6 s
57 165 66 71 171 179 193 165 1023 30995 360 177 113 201U 1362 156 160 lOi*
..i:,;,,.-.7,' 187 1269 2737 3893 3791* 7229 1859 32 3868 2591*6 51*53 31*33 1235 I46O8 3082 3363 1057 667
.8 150 1031 2157 30 168 509 392 ll*9 131 539 297 I8I; 1*09 1*02 662 706 270 U623
9 > U8 2U7U 2336 7078 ,7168 3251* 513 27 2327 39856 11902 71*82 2253 6561 1873 1*597 U596 519
"^266
. '11 • 88 ~18U9 667
rm
3062 230^ 2263 30U6 1812
252 801 1197
338 58 1878 26U3 2651 1862 1858 161*6 571* 1665 11*73
580 0 81*l4 3981 2338 2958 265 229 156 230 165 2022 i
6773-
'llOl'
5?*î J272,;5,1087 12631 13891* 15788 1U88O 10790 1*35 18920 77217 23776 17778 6888 1651*3 8951 I6703 9238
CO
.i ' . - , , •
, or
PIOURE 3.1 BBQIOi^S USED IN COMPUTINQ TOTAL FALLOUT IN THE UNI'IED STATES (FIQIRES
INDICATE PERCENT OF TOTAL AREA OF THE UNITED STATES INCLUDED IN EACH RBdlCW)
distribution, the ISiited States was divided into seventeen regions.
The regions, and their percentage of the total area of the Ifciited
States are shown in Figure 3 . 1 . The average guiraned film activity
of a l l stations i n each region a t t r i b u t a b l e to a scecific birst
(See Section 1.2) was found for every day of sampling from March 17
to June Hi, 1953 (the l a s t day on which d a i l y sanoles were collected).
The average a c t i v i t y so determined was assum.ed to be representative
of the region. Table 3,1 ^ v e s the r e s u l t s of t h i s stud;--. The
average activity (d/m/ft") extrapolated to July 1, 1953 i n each
region from each burst i s shown, together with the t o t a l s for the
series (excluding the t e s t s i t e area in a l l cases).
Prom the data in Table 3 . 1 , the t o t a l fallout in the United

States was computed by multipl^/lng t i e mean a c t i v i t y for each
burst by the t o t a l area of tne United States and converting to
megacuries by the relationsnin: 1 meâcurie = 2.22 x IQ-^'^ d/m. A
comparison of the t o t a l beta a c t i v i t y produced '.."L"-,- "re air.z.:r,z
accounted for by tne continental monitoring crc-rar.s i s :i..^.v;. i i .
Table 3.2.
TABLE 3.2
Total Fallout in tre Continental United States
Burst Total Collected i n £stima ted Total

No. Produced United S t a t e s , Fallout Fallout
(roega- Exclxxsive of i'jear Test i n the
curies':-) Test Site Site"" United States
(me sra curie S-") (-ô)(neâcuries•) ii) (m.egacuries-"-) ii)
— -
1 O.016 0.202 0.218
>2 0.053 0.173 0.226
3 0.0031* 0.003
h 0.0080 « 0.008
5 0.0039 0.023 0.027
o 0.025 0.i42i* 0.1*1*9
7 0.175 0.90U 1.079
8 0.020 . 0,020
9 0.257 0.532 0.789 ,
TIO , 0.077 — 0,077
0.0U2 - 0,01*2 ;
<I^
21*. 2 0.680 2.8 2.26 9.3 2.9U 12.1
.J-acylvity, decayed to July 1, 1953.
• From/Lulejian (8>, dash signifies <1'^ of the activity
produced was deposited in the test site area.
-li9-
34(> 057
It is evident from Table 3.2 that only a small fraction of the
radioactive debris produced in an atonic detonation is deoosited on
a horizontal surface and carv be accounted for by the nationwide
fallout monitoring network.
It is of some interest to deterrane the fraction of the dsoris

which fell on the United States on successive days following eacn
burst. Table 3.3 shows the nercenta-ê of the total observed
fallout from, each burst, exclusive of the test site area, w.hich
was observed by the monitoring network on the day of the burst and
on each succeeding day until no debris could be attributed to tê
burst. For comparison purposes, all data for each burst i;ere
decayed to a common date, July 1. 1953.
There are many factors which influence the dav-by-day deposition

of debrisJ the distribution and intensity of crecintation associated
with the trajectories, the sreed with vrfiich tne debris m.oves beyond
the continental monitoring network and the path of the debris witn
respect to individual stations. The values for more than a few
days following each burst are, of course, further affected by the
frequency of tests, since a fresh burst will mask any fallout which
nay still be present from earlier bursts.
-30-
1 ^'^^'. ^58
TABLE 3.3
Percent of Total Observed A c t i v i t y Collected on Each Day Following
fiach Burst, Continental United States (Excluding Test Site Area).
^ Days After Burst

Burst _ 9 10 11 12
No. 0 1 2 3 U 5 6 7 8 % % % %
% % % % % % % % %
1 hh&79 9 . h 3 - ' 2
2 59 1 1 9 U 2 2 5 1 * - 1 - 2 -
3 2 22 10 2 27 19 18 - -
U 1157 2 U - 3 1 2 1 - -
5 1 2 U 1 1 2 U 1 2 5 1 3 9 2
6 2 3 U 2 U 6 6 1 i U l * -
7 63721 19 7 5 1 - 1 - « - 1
8 30 17' 7 10 7 3 3 U 3 2 5 7 1
9 ' 38 19 13 10 9 7 3 1 -
^ ' - "TO 3 15 ll* 16 . 1 1 o 6 7 5 5 7 2 3;
/ ^ l 11 l a 16 12 U 3 2 3 U 2 3 - -
17 30 15 10 a 5 5 3 1 1 1 -
All Bursts
3.U tVORLD-VOJfi FALLOUT
It is impossible to detennine the world-wide fallout from.

each burst, because of the difficulty of assigning observed fallout
to a particular burst, especially in the case of weekly samples.
Bbwever, it is possible to estim.ate the total deposition of debris
from the entire series. For this purpose, the activity collected
at each of the daily sampling stations outside the continental
Dbited States (with the exception of Albrook AFB) was extrapolated
to July 1, 1953, on the basis of the assigned burst shown in
Appendix A, For the weekly stations, and for the daily values at
Albrook AFB, extrapolation was on the basis of an arbitratily assigned
burst determined from the average time of travel of debris to the
various stations. For the continental United States stations, the
^ total fallout in each of the seventeen regions mentioned above was
dstennined. The results of these calculations for the northern
hanisphere stations are shown in Figure 3.2, (The totals for the
tUD sotzthem hemisphere stations, Lima, Peru, and Pretoria, Union
of South Africa, were low, 36 d/m./ft^ at Lima and no measrorable
activity at Pretoria. All valvies are the total fallout from the
period March 17 to June ll*, 1953, extrapolated to July 1, 1953,
51^
tu TOTM.MUAOTiii'raBMOimniMmMarauis, HAxnin
ra JWB u, IM>, («/a/ii> occAxKO -ra JOLT i, ttui
t-
3iU CGo
expressed i n d i s i n t e g r a t i o n s per minute per sqxiare foot. I s o l i n e s
of- constant a c t i v i t y a r e shown, and the average a c t i v i t y i n the
northern hemisphere determined by graphical i n t e g r a t i o n . An
average, value for the southern hemisphere was also estimated, and the
. t o t a l "world-wide f a l l o u t was computed. The r e s u l t s are shown
i n Table 3.li.
- TABLE 3.It
Total Fallout From the Upshot-Knothole Series as of June lU, 1953
.2»
d/m/ft'
. ^ of
megacuries* Total Produced
t&iited States
(Excluding Test Site) 17900 0.68 2.6
Northern Hemisphere
(Excludinir Test Site ) 3000 3.71 . 15.3
Southern Hemisphere 120 0.15 0.6
Test Site .
2.2U 9.3
Total for World
6,10 25.2
^-activity, decayed to July 1, 1953.
The resxilts shown above are open to considerable uncertainty.

They are based only iôn the activity collected by a smâll horizontal
gummed siirface exposed at widely scattered points. It may well be
that debris is collected much more efficiently by the relatively huge
surfaces presented by foliage, which are randomly oriented, or by
buildings, mountains, etc., which tend to be more vertical. The
efficiency of the gummed surface is likewise not knoxm, especially
in the case of rain. Perhaps the increase in activity noted in
rain is indicative of a much larger true increase, and that a large
part of the activity is lost in water that splatters or runs off
the gunrned film stands. The water surfaces of the globe, which
represent about three-quarters of the total area of the earth may
also be much more efficient collectors, than the gummed films.
Another uncertainty arises from the distribution of stations.

Although an atten^t was made to use meteorological consideration
in drawing the isolines in Figure 3.2, the absence of stations
representative of the more rainy portions of the globe introduces
.considerable uncertainty. The two Southern Hsmisphere stations
were located in partictilarly dry climates, and it was necessary
to make a very doubtful estimate of the average activity over that.
-S3-
ci4G ••'•CM
half of the world. In addition, the extrapolation to July 1, 1953,
was done on an arbitrary basis for the weekly sampling stations, and
may have resTilted in an oinderestimate of the~total fallout because
of the tendency to use a too recent burst in extrapolating activity
of mixed origin.
Since the mjonitoring program.s are able to account for only 25^
of the fission product activity produced by the Ifcshot-Knothole
series, as of June lu, 1953. tne quesTixon arises as to cr.e aisposi-
tion of the remaining 7$^ of the debris.^ It is difficult to assess
the probable error involved in the various monitoring programs, but
as pointed out above, the possibility of considerable error exists
in attenpting to estimate the total fallout from a relatively few
gummed film m.onitoring stations. If it is assumed that the test
site results are in error by no more than a factor of two, that the
gummed film data are also within a factor of two of being correct,
and that both errors operate to make the totals too low, it would
still be inpossible to account for about 50^ of the debris as of
Jxme Hi.
One possible explanation is that considerable debris is still

present in the atm.osphere in the form of verj*- stiall particles, the
smallest of which are in virtual colloidial suspension in the air,
and the slightly larger particles continue to settle out at a
slow rate for a considerable period.
Siibsequent to June lU, 1953, weekly sampling was continued at

about lli overseas stations in the Northern Henisphere and a sinilar
number in the Ifeited States. Host stations continued to report
small amounts of activity, averaging from 100 to 300 d/m/ft^ for a
week's exoosure. The counting procedure used is not suitable for
measuring low levels of activity, so that the results are uncertain.
However, if an average fallout of 30 d/m./ft^/day occurs over the
Northern Hemisphere and continues for an extended period, say
three months, about 3 megacuries vd.ll be deposited, which is less
than 12^ of the total produced. This m.eans that the continued
deposition of small particles will not serve to explain the
difference between the activity produced and that accounted for
by the monitoring programs unless such deposition were to continue
for a period of a year or more.
xhs Rand Corporation (9) found similar results following the Tumbler'
Snapper series. They report 13.7^ of the total fission product
activity .accounted for by the monitoring program.s. However, it is
estimated that the correction due to the recalibration of the
automatic counting equipment (see Preface) will raise this figtire
to about 25^.
5U-
\ 3^G C62
It.is possible that a considerable amount of debris remains
airtjome. If it is assumed that the activity is uniformly dis-
tributed (by weight) in the troposphere, below the 150 millibar
level, then an average activity on July 1 of 7.8 d/m/per cubic
.meter of air at NTP would be required to account for 12 m.egacuries
(50^ of the activity produced). No such activities are observed.
Although air. filter operations were stopped shortly after the
conclusion of the %shot-Knothole tests, an examination of the
air filter data following the last lumbler-onapper..series showed
that air concentrations averaged less than 3 d/m/K within two
weeks of the last burst.
Fraathe foregoing computations, it seems likely that the

explanation of the difference between monitored fallout and the
activity produced lies in the failiire of the monitoring network
to measure all the debris xifhich comes to earth.
CBAfTER h
THE DESIGir OF A FAIXOOT MONITORIirG HETtfORK
^•^ SPATIAL VARIABILITY C^ FALLOtTT
In the design of a gumned film fallout wonitorlns network, the

proper spacing of stations is a function of the spatial variability
of the deposited debris, of the allowable tolerance in missing small
areas of high fallout, and of the duration of the sampling period.
It should be noted that the allowable tolerance may be variable from
region to region depending on the importance of radioactive contami-
nation to the industrial or other activities of the region.
For the twenty-four hour sampling period used in the continental

united States diaring the Upshot-Knothole series, the variability of
deposited activity from station to station can be studied as a
function of the spacing of obsearvation points. To estimate the
greatest possible accuracy in locating areas of high concentration
of debris, using a hypothetical network of stations spaced at six-
foot intervals, a study was made of the difference in activity found
on the two gumzaed film stands spaced six feet apart at seven stations
in the eastern United states, and at three stations in the western
united States close to the test site (Ely, ITev., Milford, Utah, and
Salt Lake City, Utah). For stations somewhat farther apart, but
still too close to be operationally feasible, a similar comparison
was oade for gumaed films exposed at Weather Bureau City Offices and
Airport Stations in the same city, a spacing of about ten miles, on
the average.
In these stxidles, data are included for only those cases in

which St least one sample of the pair had an activity on counting
day of 300 d/m/ftVday or mors. For each such pair, the number
of orders of aagnitude by which the activity on one sample differed
fSrom that on the other vas tabulated (i.e., if the activity on one
saagpla was lesa than 10 tines larger than the other, they were
eoosidared to be of the same order of magnitude; if one V8<? 10 times
larger than the other or more, but less tlutn 100 times larger, they
vara considered to differ by one order of magnitude, etc.) The
.rasults of this study are shown in Figure k.l. It is evident that
about 9056 of the time, the pairs of samples differed by less than
ona order of magnitude and that over 9756 of the pairs differed by
-lass than a factor of 100. In no case was a difference of three
orders of inagnitude or more found in the more than 500 pairs with
sigaiflcant activity included in the study.
-56-
^..a..^...^&aa^.....^^^^^Â.to^-
ta.a
I
BMUrn US - a ft opart
u. W««t«rn U S - " "
Airport ond City otfic*
o
K
s
o
5
2 70
Ul
X
SO
SO
21 40
S 4
ORDER OF MAGNITUDE
fIGURB % . l DIFFEREHCE IH ACTVnTT COLLECTED OH ODKMED FIIWS

XXFOSED SmXiaAHEOaSLT IH THE SAME d T T , UPSHOT-XHOTEOLE TESTS
I
3iG QQQ
The rasulta Just cited would indicate the maximum possible
accuracy to be obtained from hypothetical networks of stations
spaced at six-foot and at lO-mile intervals. A similar study has
been oade using separate stations in the Upshot-Knothole network.
For the study, three base stations were selected, Rochester, N. Y.,
Montgomery, Ala., and Concordia, Kan., and the activity at each
base station was compared with the activity on the same day at all
surrounding stations up to a distance of 600 miles from the base
station. Comparisons in every case involv-d the sctirity en th3
gunmed film exposed on only one stand (stand nvasber l) at each
station. The data were grouped according to distance from the
base station, 0-100 miles, 100-200 miles, etc. No significant
differences were found among the three base stations and a com-
posite tabulation was prepared combining the restilts from all
three. The results are shown in Figure U.2. From this figure,
it is possible to make certain deductions concerning the appropriate
spacing of stations. For example, if it is desired that no fallout
of three orders of magnitude or more different from that at a
sajBpling station go undetected at least 95^ of the time, then
stations should be spaced no more than 300 miles apart, assvming
a 2U-hotu: sampling period and one gummed film exposed at each
station.
For comparison with the Tumbler-Snapper tests, a similar

study using the same base stations was made for data from that
series. However, the differences between stations were computed
from the average activity of the three gummed papers exposed at
each station rather than from one paper at each station. The
results are shown in Figure k.3. It is evident that smaller
differences between stations appear to exist in the Tumbler-Snapper
series as compared with the Upshot-Knothole series. However,
much of the difference is vindoubtedly a result''of the fact that the
average of three papers was used in the former case and one film in
the latter- Other factors which may have influenced the result are
the greater number of tower shots and the higher yield of the devices
tested in the Upshot-Knothole series, resulting in higher concentra-
tion of debris, and the somewhat different weather regimes. The
Spring of 1953 had generally more showery weather in the eastern
half of the country.
h.2 PgfSICAL PROCESSES
To utilize the data given above in the design of a monitoring

network/ it is also necessary to consider the physical processes
which lead to small areas of unusually high concentration of fallout.
The location of areas of intense fallout within 200 miles of the
test site' has been a subject of intensive study elsewhere (8) and
will not be discussed here.
.-'-"-•- ! 34G C66.

1
a9.9L
o
u.
o
o
d
u
o
5
z
<
(A
(A
lU
-t
>
O
o
z
su
u. to
u.
a
(O
Ul
0)
<
o
u.
o
2
03
O.l
-.1 ••. :a 3- . • . .4- s a
• ORDER OF MAGNITUDE
FIGURE k,2 DIFFEREHCE IH ACTIVITT COLLECTED OH SIMOLTAHEOUSLT-EXPOSED

GUMffiD FIIMS AS A FUHCTIOH OF DISTANCE BEWESH STATIONS,
UPSaXP-KHOTHOLB TESTS
3^^^Q'^ eG7::
••»
3 4
ORDER OF MAGNITUDE
nOURB 4 . 3 DIFFEREHCE I H AVERAGE ACTIVITy COLLECTED OH

STMffr.TAWRODSLr-EXPOSED GUJlffiD PAPERS AS A FUHCTIOH OF
raSEAHCE BETWEEH STATIONS, TUMBLER-SNAPPER TESTS
-60 -
..B<Ji> CGH
i».2.1 200 to 600 Miles From Test Site
In the region trom. 200 to 6OO miles from the test site,
intense ground deposition will (barring accident) result from dry-
fallout, since no tests are fired if precipitation is expected
dovrarlnd within 500 miles of NPG. Circumstances which favor Intense
fallout in this region would include the production of large
amounts of debria (high-yield tower burst) and a relatively slow-
iKTvlng cloud. Lack of wind shear would coatribui;e zo a narrow
fallout area, but at these close distances,, fallout of large
particles from a small portion of the cloud may result in localized
high activity even in the presence of large shears. An example
of intense localized fallout within a few hundred miles of the test
site is shown in the fallout map for March 2k (Figure A.8). A
narrow band of heavy dry fallout extends froja Ely, Nev., north-
eastward through Salt Lake City, Utah, to Casper, Wyo., apparently
associated with the upper part of the stem and the very lowest part
of the muahroom of the cloud. The mo.<5t active film at Salt Lake
City had 15,000,000 d/m/ft^/day, while Ely and Casper had 2,100,000
d/n/ft^day. However, no activity was found at Milford, Utah, „
100 miles southwest of the line of fallout and only 90,000 d/m/ft /day
waa observed at Rock Springs, Wyo., which is lesr, than 20 miles from
a line Joining Salt Lake City and Casper. Certainly, if Salt Lake
City were not included in the network, intensity of the fallout In
this area would have been underestimated by at least an order of
magnitude, and it is very probable that an even more intense fallout
occurred slightly to the north of the stations considered here.
Since it wculd require an impossibly dense network of stations to
detect every area of intense fallout within 500 or 6OO miles of
the test site, especially in the moimtaino'os regions, it appears
more feasible to supplement the monitoring in the 200-600 mile
anntilus with aerisQ. observations. The possible occurrence of
unexpected showers in the mountains, which may go undetected by the
normal meteorological network, would further indicate the need for
sttppleaental monitoring of some sort in vlenr of the highly erratic
nature of the precipitation in this area.
^''^'^ Beyond §00 Miles From Test Site
^ BeyoaSL about 6OO miles from the test site, heavy fall-
out C>10* d/Vft^/d«y) is almost invariably associated with precipl-
tatioa. The conditions which lead to heavy fallout at these distances
are:
1, Production of large amounts of debris (high-

yield tower burst).
•
; 3flG ,C6'J
2. The presenca of a high concentration of
flfash debris aloft (fast-moving mushroom),
3« Fwicipitatlon^producing clouds extending

to high levela (showers or thimdershowers).
In general, all three conditions must be satisfied for h«avy rallont

to result. The spatial distribution of heavy fallout and the
possibility of local areas of Intense contamination under these
conditions is therefore a function of the distribution of debris
aloft and of the distribution of the precipitation which scavenges
it.
A n astljnate of the rate at which the concentration of
debris aloft decreases away from the center of the cloud can be made
using certain simplifying assimrptions. If it is assumed that there
Is a point source of debris, no wind shear and a coefficient of
horizontal eddy diffusivity of lO°cm^sec~-^, then after 36 hours the
distribution of debris, if projected on a horizontal surface, i.s
•as shown In Table k.l, which gives the activity at various distances
ftrcm the center of the cloud relative to the peak activity.
• TABLE" k.l
Concentration of Debris as a Function of Distance .from the Center

of a Cloud After 36 Hours, Assuming aQCoefficient of Horizontal
Eddy Diffusion of lO^cm^sec'^
Distance from Center of Cloud Relative Concentration

(alles)
•0 1.0- ..•
65 ."'-O.l •"-•.•
90 0.01
no 0.001
.V-130; •; • .-•" .-•• '0.0001, .
Because- of the simplifying assiirrntions erc;loyed. Table
, U . l exaggerates the gradients of activity likely to be found in
' actual cases, principally because of neglecting the effect of wind
jfliear; vjAich, when coupled with vertical diffusion, will cause
• a more rapid spread-and greater dilution of the cloud. It should
be noted that Table U.l represents an instantaneous view of the cloud,
irttereas san?)llng over a 2U-hour period integrates the activity
. over successive positions of the cloud.
:'Av':-:-z-:—^^ ':.;;•;•••••
'•• •'''-••':'-,•:• •':'--:/L^r.::-::'': ' ••....••'' •.FV•.-'.M•:G^:•;.c;7i^•••••:'
A l t h o u ^ the distribution of precipitation is known
to ha wary irregular and to have many snail-scale features, very
V little of the voluminous literature on precipitation distribution
is directly applicable to the present problem. One study, by
Linsley and Kohler (10), of a network of 55 uniformly-spaced rain
gages in a rectangxilaa? area roughly 10 miles by 20 miles in Ohio,
during two thunderstorm seasons showed that in about 256 of the storms,
one preassigned station will have less than 0.01 inch of rain while
another station in the 200-square mile area will observe oêr 1.00
inch of rain. If it is assumed that 1.00 inch of rain will scavenge,
virtually, all debris in the air above the station, while less than
0.10 inch of rain will be relatively Ineffective for .scavenging
large aoounta of debris, it is obvious that large gradients in
deposited activity will exist over small areas.
^.3 imSENSE FALLOUT AT ALBANY. H. Y.
A n Interesting example of a small area of very intense fallout

occurred near Albany, N. Y., on April 26, following the seventh
burst. On this date, the highest gummed film activity ever observed
by the monitoring netifork, 16,000,000 d/iVft^/day, occurred on the
film exposed at the Albany airport. Althovigh there are six monitoring
stations within 150 miles of Albany, the fallout intensity worild
have been underestimated by about three orders of magnitude in this
area had there-been no station at Albany. From an analysis of the
meteorological data, it appears that the intense activity at Albany
was associated with a severe thunderstorm reported at the Albany
airport from 225*^ G.C.T., April 26 to 0115 G.C.T., April 2?.^
AlthOTigh the altitude readied by this particular storm is unknown,
severe thunderstorms ordinarily extend to the base of the strato-
sphere, about iK),©©© feet. The trajectory of the mushroom of the
cloud at 40,000 feet was in this area at the time. Figure k.k shows
the 40,000-foot trajectory, the location of the monitoring stations
in Hew York and adjoining states, the activity (d/a/ft^/day) measured
on the most active or the two papers exposed from 123O G.C.T., April 26,
to 1230 G.C.T., April 27 at each of the stations and the results of
BieasureiBents made from an aircraft on May 1 by Harley (ll). The aerial
survoy was made with a Scintair ganana it-strument at a height of
approximately 50O feet above terrain along the Hudson River from
Pooghkaepsie, irtiere the first appreciable rise in activity took place,
northward to tha Albany-Troy area. The readings were converted to
ground level radiation by multiplying by 10 and are expressed in tmits
of 10*%r/hr.
TEhia has been verified by data collected at the Knolls Atomic Power
Laboratory, near Schenectady, (Quarterly Report of the Environmental
iônitoring Radiological Services Sub-lfait, April, l-lay, June, 1953.
Retiort Ho. KAPL-IOO8.) _______^__
-63-
971
- "/i.....^^^..m:^...
^^^*^^Â^
... .......^-^îâî^«^..^s«^»^.-.na.>.. Mm nniii
40,000 FT
TRAJECTORY
FIGURE>,!» PALLOOT IH HORTHEASTERH UNITED STATES, APRIL 26, 1953,

AID RESULTS OF AERIAL SURVEY OH MAY 1, 1953
Tlgores k.3 to k.9 show the precipitation recorded during each
hoar between 2200 G.C.T., April 26, and 030O O.C.T., April 27, on
all available recording rain gages in the area. Areas with
SKasurable amounts of precipitation are shaded; more than O.3O In/hr
is indicated by hatching. The spotty character and large horizontal
gradients characteristic of showery larecipitatlon are evident in
these maps. Althovigh the areas of heavy rainfall from 2300 to 2^00
O.C.T, on April 26 agree well -clth the location of areas of high
activity as deterainod from tha aircraft, it is certainly probtible
that other areas, not surveyed by air and not containing ground
iKmltorlng stations, would have had even higher readings. For
axainple, a very heavy showor occvirred in eastern Pennsylvania
between 2200 and 2300 G.C.T. Southern Verm9nt and western Massa-
efaosetts had heavy showers from 0200 to 03OO G.C.T. These may well
have acavenged more debris than was fotmd near Albany. The reason
for the much lower activities found at Bingharrpton^ and other
monitoring stations within 150 miles of Albany is evident from the
precipitation distribution.
If it is desirable to reduce the probability of intense

localized contamination, in the eastern half of the country, which
may go undetected by the present monitoring network, tests should be
avoided in periods wMch combine showery precipitation regimes with
rapid eastward flow at upper levels. The former are most prevalent
in the Spring and Summer months while the latter is most common in
the winter half of the year, although each can occur in all seasons.
U,U OIHEa IMPLICATIC^S OT; Tm ALBANY FALLOUT
Because of the many vinknowas Involved, initial concentration,

particle-sized distribution, terminal velocities, scavenging
efficiency, eddy diffusion, wind shear, etc., it is impossible to
make valid quantitative estimates of the maximum fallout or ralnout
lllcely to occta* from continental tests. In Chapter 2, the maximum
observed fallout at the various station during the Upshot-Knothole
series is indicated for dry fallout at distances greater than 60O
alles from the test site. However, in view of the Albany case, no
eonelQsions were reached concerning maximum possible ralnout and
it la very likely that certain combinations of circumstancea can
bring about surface depositions many times larger than have been
heretofore observed from continental tests.
Evan if tha Albany fallout approaches the naxinuiB likely at

distances of 2,000 nautical miles from the teat site, and this is
hy no laaans certain, what Is Isiplled concerning maximum fallout
closer to the test alte? Assuming no forecasting errors occur,
i.a.i no rain within 5OO-60O miles Qf the test site. It is still
-65-
V 73
4.5 ~ I P I T A T I o NIH HORTHEMTERH UNITED STATES,
(1.C-T. t o 2300 G.C.T.. APRIL 26, 1953
.........^^.....ia.....^....;....^^ ....^..^^...^........:^^^^^. ----^•^îMfaifiiiirMittiitfifl^^
KCTRE 4.7 PRECIPITATIOH IH HORTHEASTERH UNITED STATES,

OOOOG.C.T. to 6100 G.C.T., APRIL 27, 1953
-68-
:3i.S-,., •'oYa
• - -^-•^—-• iiiiiiniiiiriiiiiriiiitiiiiBiiiifiif'-iiait-^--'m
02
0,0°
O 02
Ot 8 0»
OJ 09
» n.oa^» 27
FIGURE>.6 PRECIPITATIOH IH HORTHEASTERH UNITED STATES,

0100 G.C.T. to 0200 G.C.T., APRIL 27, 1953
'69'
i^.n
^:^'^.-^0.77:
'S&SM^daikît^si^M^ ^•^^•—- ' •'- -•• • ^-^^â^^^.^^^^m.^1...W..., ^J^^'^tt^.-^^^^
^^^^^^^
.ii-u,..aiak*.H*h..,ia^^,Jbiiiit.
^^^1^^^
ncnHB ^.9 PRECIPITATIOIT IB NORTHZASTERir DRITED STATES

OaOO 0»C.T. t o 0300 G.C.T., APRIL 2 ? , 1953
- 70-
34G e78
Terr poeaible for thundershovers to coincide with a lauch fresher
elood la the region Just beyond the 600-inile llait.
If the activity at Albany is taken to be 10*^ d/o/^t^/^y

(this value is oore nearly the aetivity at the actual time of
fallout, since the debris vas 36 hours old rather than one day
old as Is assumed In the siinplified routine extrapolation pro-
cedure used). It is possible to estiaate the effect of a siiailar
situation in, say, western Kansas, wbere both dlffuglon •in'i
d«cay would have had less time to operate. If the fallout
occurred within 5 or 6 hoijtrs of burst time, the Increase in
concentration of deposited activity due to the shorter decay
tiiB* alone would be by a factor of 10. The Increase due to the
shorter time available for diffusion (and shear) to act would
be at least a factor of 6 and could be more than a factor of
100 under certain reasonable assiasptions, resulting in activities
of the order of 10^ to 1 0 ^ d/Vft^ at the time of deposition.
^.5 OTHER POSSIBLE CASES OF IJ3TE5SS FALLOUT
It is also of interest to examine the trajectories and

precipitation patterns accompanying bursts of this and previous
Nevada tests series to see if other potentially serious cases of
intense localized fallout could have occtirred which were
undetected by the monitoring network. Several such situations
were found. They are: Hew York and New England on November 1,
1951> November 3, 1951, and April 7, 1953; Nebraska on May 26,
1952; and Wycaiing on May 8, 1952. The latter case appears to
be the one most likely to have produced intense local falloiit.
-n-
3â 07^
CHAPTER 5
EREFERRED MONTHS FOR NEVADA TESTS

^naMMMMBMMWaMiM»> ^ M M ^ H W ^ H ^ •'•••••I • ^ • • ' ^ II I Ml I '
5.1 tACTCRS STODIED
Extensive studies have indicated that there is no more satis-

factory location in the continental United States at which to
conduct atomic tests than the Nevada Proving Grounds, when all
factors are considered. Assvmilng, therefore, that future conti-
nental test series will be conducted there, some attention shoiild
bo given to the problem of selecting the most suitable season for
this purpose. The last two continental test series, the only
continental teats involving high-yield tower shots, have both been
in the spring, and the question arises as to whether this is the
best season from a meteorological point of view. Of the factors to
be considered, the most important is the probability of favorable
weather at the test site. However, several other factors should
also be considered. These include the probabilility of avoiding
intense local fallout at sone distance from the test site, the
possibility of reducing total fallout in the United States and
the possibility of minimizing adverse public reaction due to the
widespread belief that the atomic tests, in soise fashion, cause
unusual weather. V/hile the last is not, strictly speaking, a
meteorological factor, meteorological considerations can be used.
5.2 PROBABILITY OF FAVORABIE WEATHSR AT T^ TEST SITE
Since this factor has been considered in detail in various

studies on the feasibility of utilizing the Nevada Proving Ground,
only • broad outline of the seasonal variation of weather, based
on observations at Las Vegas, will be given here. Table 5.1 shows
tbis aean monthly distribution of cloudiness, precipitation, and
thtmderstoriBs at Las Vegas, based on a l6-year record.
from Table 5*1/ It is seen that rainfall is light in all seasons.

Hay and June having the least rain and the montlis from December
through March having the most. The months from May through November
hare clear weather on over half the days. Thunderstorms ere most
prevalent at Las Vegas, emd prestimably in the area surrounding the
test site, in July, August, and September, and are very infrequent
In other seasons.
72-
' 3k'^ ebO

!EABLB 5 < 1
Mean Monthly Distrlbxxtion of P r e c i p i t a t i o n , Cloudiness,

and Thunderstorms a t Las Vegas, Nevada
Mmth J M M S H
Precipitation
(inches) O.58 O.J«3 0.55 O.2S 0.09 0.02 0,J+3 0.38 0.50 0.2J; 0.20 O.Jj-7
Clear/
(no.days) Ik 11 13 13 17 23 21 21 22 21 16 12
Partly Cloudy'^
(no.days) 6 7 9 9 10 5 7 7 5 5 8 7
Cloudy^
(no.days) 11 10 9 8 4 2 3 3 3 5 6 12
Precipitation
>0.01" (no.
days) 3 3 3 2 1 * 2 2 2 2 2 3
Thunderstorms
(no.days) • • • 1 1 1 5 3 2 1 * *
•Less than l/2 day.
rSunrise to siuaet.
Source: U. S. Department of Commerce, Weather Bureau, Local
Climatological Data.
Table 5-2 shows the frequency of winds at various levels which

are favorable for firing as a fujiction of season. Favorable winds are
defined for the purpose as any winds blowing from the \^W, W, from any
direction having a southerly component or from the east.
Although the freqxiencies in Table 5*2 overestimate the number of

favorable days, since they do not consider occasions on which winds
at one level are favorable, -ifhile being unfavorable at another, they
Indicate the qualitative relationship of one season to another with
respect to farorable wind directions. It is evident that the
probability of favorable wind directionc is higher in the summer than
In any other season and that there is little difference among the
remaining seasons of the year.
-73-
i's: p^-j-
TKELB 5-2
Percentage Frequency of Favorable Wind Directions Over Las Vegas

--•/','' 'Season' • - . . " .
Altitude Dec-Jan-Feb Mar-Apr-May Jun-Jul-Aug Sept-Oct-Nov
850 mb. (5,000 ft.) l^5 W ih kk
TOO mb. (10,000 ft.) 59 61 92 71
500 mb. (18,000 ft.). 66 68 90 73
300 Bib. (30,000 ft.) 69 73 90 71
200 Bib. (1»0,000 ft.) 77 76 91 75
Source; . Reference 13.
With the exception of the higher incidence of thunderstorms in

the summer months, this season seems best suited to test operations
at Las Vegas. If thunderstorm activity is to be avoided or if tests
are not desirable in the heat of the desert stimaer, fall vould be
someât preferable to spring because of the higher probability of
having cloudless days in the fall.
5.3 PROBABILITYOTÎNTEITSE LOCAL FALLOUT AWAY FROM THE TEST SITE

; As dlscxissed in Chapter h, the occurrence of intense local
fallout at distances greater than 6OO miles from the test site is
dependent on the occurrence of showers or thundershowers In a
region having a high concentration of debris aloft. The high
concentration of debris aloft is, in turn, the result of a high-
yield tower shot which Injects large amounts of debris into a
fast-moving wind stream that serves to carry the debris to great
distances before much dilution can occvir. The probability of the
latter phenomenon can be estimated from the occurrence of very
fast winds over Las Vegas. Table 5.3 shows the seasonal frequency
of winds of 75 knots or more at 30,000 and 40,000 feet and bloi/lng
ftrom a direction favorable for firing.
The avarage number of thunderstorm days in each month for selected

united States stations is given in Table 5.4.
TABLE 5.3
percentage Frequency of Winds of 75 Giots or More

Proo Favorable Directions at Las Vegas
Dec-Jan-Feb Mar-Apr-May Jime-July-Aug Sept-Oct-Nov

30,000 ft. 21 17 2 9 -
llOÔOO ft. 28 19 9 13
Source: Reference 13..
Proa Table S***, It is evident that thtinderstorm activity is

at a minimum from November through February, with a slight increase
• in number in the southeastern and south-central States in March.
/Ktis increase continues in April and May, and from June through
August thunderstorms are frequent over most of the country, with
the exception of the Pacific Coast region. A marked decrease occurs
in September, except for the Gulf coast region, and by October
thunderstonns are again relatively rare. If situations favorable
to intense local fallout at distances greater than 6OO miles from
the test site are to be avoided, the months of October and
; November seea to be preferable, since both thunderstorm activity
in the United States and fast upper winds over Las Vegas are
relatively infrequent in these months. r
5.4 REDUGING TOTAL FALLOOT IN THE UIIITED STATES
The efficacy of precipitation in bringing debris to the ground

. la well established, and it follows that the most likely method of
reducing total fallout in the United States is to schedule tests
for periods when precipitation is least likely. Table 5.5 shows
tlM mean annual precipitation for each state and the percent which
f alia In each months on the average.
Zt can be seen that in the eastern states, although the

aeaaonal variation is not large, precipitation is at a maximum in
tbe auBBter months and lightest in October and November. In the
central states, the seasonal maximum in rainfall occurs somewhat
earlier, in May and June and the late fall and winter months have
the amallest amounts of precipitation, here the seasonal variation
la aODewfaat more pronOvinced. In the yes tern states, rainfall is .
not as significant for the total fallout, since there is a'bias
.toward shooting in periods with little rain in the plateau region
and the far western states are ordinarily not affected by direct
trajectories from the test site.
iii iMIilH liili iiiiflHiilii iiiii jHnH^
TABLE 5.4
Mean Number of Days Per Month With Thunderstorms
Period • ,
of J F M A M J J •A.. :.-;S 0 H D
Record
Saatem United States
Boston 58 « • 1 1 2 4 5 4 2 • > . »
ûffalo^ 62 * « 1 2 4 5 7 5 3 I 1 f
New York • 69 *. • 1 2 4 6 7 6 3 1 • ;'•
Washington 81 • •'• •. 1 2 5 6 8 6 3 1 . • ••
Memphis 72 . 2 2 4 5 6 8 8 7 4 2 2 1
Montgomery 81 1 2 4 4 6 10 Il- 9 4 1 1 1
Jacksonville 62 1 2 3 4 8 13 ls 16 8 2 1 1
Miami 43 1 1 2 ^ 8 11 14 ^3 11 ** I 1
^
Central Unltied States
Minneapolla 61 ; * •
« 1 2 6 8 7 7 5 2 1 0
Chicago 74 * « 2 3 5 7 7 6 4 2 1 '«
St. Louis 61 1 1 3 5 7 9 7 7 5 3 1 '*
Hew Orleans 54 2 2 4 5 6 11 15 15 7 2 1 2
Willlstbn 72 0 0 « 1 3 7 7 5 2 ' * •
0 0
Amarillo 62 # « 1 3 7 7 8 8 4 3 * «
Carpus Cbristl 67 1 1 2 3 5 4 4 4 5 2 1 1
O
rtN.
• (
MMHiMiiliiiililMiliiiidi^^
» • *
TABLE ^.k (Cont'd)
Period
of J F M A M J J A S O U
JRecord
Western United Statea
AlbuqiiierqpM 23 « » 1 2 6 13 13 5 3 •
Salt U k e City 26 * 1 1 5 7 8 4 2 •
Spokane 72 # Q »' 3 2. 2 1 « «
Phoenix 58 * 1 1 1 7 9 4 1 1
Elko 5 * 0 * 3 7 5 4 1 *
Las Vegas 16 * « * 1 5 3 2 1 *
Los Angeles 11 0 1 * 0 « • 0 • 1
San Franelaoo 26 * • * * * > * « * a
Seattle 61 * # « 1. 1 1 1 * «
Denver 69 * * * 2 6 9 U 10 4 1 «
Cheyenne 72 0 « * 2 7 10 13 10 4 1 »
*Le88 than 3/2 day*

Source: U. S* Pepartaant of ConDBrcei Weather Bureau, Local Climatological Data*
TABLE 5.5
Mean Annual Precipitation in the United States and the Percent Occurring in Each Month
Mean Annual Monthly Percentages

Precipitation J F M A M J J A 3 0 N D
Eastern Statea
Alabama 53.61 9 10 11 8 7 8 10 9 6 5 7 9
Delaware 44.08 8 7 9 8 8 9 11 11 8 7 7 8
Florida 53.37 5 6 6 6 7 13 14 13 13 6 4 5
Georgia 50.31 9 10 10 8 7 9 11 10 7 5 6 9
Kentucky 45,27 10 8 10 9 9 9 9 6 6 6 8 6
Maryland 41.87 8 7 8 8 9 10 10 11 8 7 6 8
Mississippi 53.45 10 9 11 9 8 8 9 8 6 5 7 10
N.N. England
Me.,N.H.,Vt, 39.78 8 7 8 8 8 9 10 9 9 6 9 8
S.N. England
Mass.,R.I.,Conn. 43.91 8 8 9 8 8 8 9 9 9 8 8 6
New Jersey 45.69 8 8 8 8 8 8 10 10 8 8 7 8
THev York 39.32 7 7 8 8 9 9 10 9 9 8 8 8
N. Carolina 49.62 8 8 9 7 8 9 12 11 8 7 6 8
Ohio 38.00 8 7 9 9 10 10 10 9 8 7 7 7
Penna. 42.13 7 7 8 8 10 10 10 10 8 8 7 7
S. Carolina 47.91 •7 9 8 7 7 10 12 12 9 6 5 8
Tennessee 49.80 10 9 11 9 8 8 9 8 6 6 7 9
Virginia 42.06 8 7 9 8 9 10 11 11 8 7 6 7
Vest Virginia 43.14 8 7 0 8 9 10 11 9 7 7 6 8
•
t i I *
TABIE 5.5 (Cont'd)
- Mean Annual Monthly Percentagea

• 1 Precipitation J F M A M J J A s 0. N D
Central Statea
Arkansas 48.50 9 7 10 10 10 8 8 7 7 7 8 9
. Illinois 36.78 6 5 9 10 11 11 9 9 10 7 7 6
Indiona 39.29 8 6 10 9 10 10 8 8 8 7 6 7
Iowa 31.71 3 3 6 9 13 15 U 11 12. 7 5 4
Kansas 27.01 3 4 6 10 14 15 12 12 10 7 5 3
I Louisiana 56.49 9 8 9 8 8 8 11 9 7 6 7 9
Michigan 30.46 6 6 7 8 11 10 9 9 10 9 8 7
Minnesota 25.40 3 3 5 8 13 16 13 13 11 7 5 3
Missoiu"! 40.49 6 5 8 10 12 12 9 9 10 7 7 5
N. Dakota 17.12 3 3 5 8 13 21 14 12 9 6 4 3
• Nebraska 22.59 * 2 3 5 11 15 17 14 12 9 6 3
^ Oklahoma 32.92 4 4 7 11 Ik 12 8 9 10 9 6 5
, S. Dakota 19.10 3 3 6 11 15 19 13 11 8 6 3 3
Texas 30.98 6 6 7 10 12 10 9 8 9 8 7 7
Wisconsin 30.53 4 4 6 8 12 14 11 11 12 8 6 4
Western States
'h^'-
i-s Arizona 13.80 9 9 8 5 2 3 15 17 10 6 7 9
<r^ California 23.93 19 19 15 7 4 1 0 0 2 5 10 16
Colorado 16.53 5 6 8 11 11 9 13 12 8 7 5 5
^ Idaho 18.27 12 10 10 8 9 8 4 3 6 8 11 11
^ Montana 15.40 6 5 6 7 14 17 9 7 9 7 7 6
'^ Nevada 8.97 13 12 11 9 9 6 4 5 5 7 8 11
N. Mexico 14.48 4 5 5 6 8 9 17 17 12 8 4 5
' Oregon 26.43 14 12 10 8 7 5 1 1 5 8 14 15
Utah 13.41 9 10 11 9 9 5 7 8 7 9 7 9
Washington 34.79 Ik 11 9 7 6 5 2 2 5 9 15 16
Wyoming 14.24 6 5 8 11 15 12 9 8 8 8 5 5
Source: Reference l4.
In general, it appears that total fallout in the United States
could be reduced somewhat by scheduling test series in the late
faU.
5'f MINIMrZIEG ADVERSE PUBLIC REACTION
The spring of 1953 was characterized in several regions of the

country by unusual weata^r coauiclcna: a large number ojf tornadoas,
eoolj excessively dry weather in the southwest and greater than
normal precipitation in the east. The theory that these events were
in some way related to the Upshot-Knothole tests, which took place
in the same period, gained widespread public acceptance, although
there is as yet, despite intensive study by the Weather Bxureau, no
scientific evidence to support this contention.
According to F. W. Relchelderfer, Chief of the Weather Bureau,

"The usual thing about weather is that it is unusual in some place
or other. The strange thing to us is that the public never remembers
this. Year after year, there is very unusual weather someplace -
heavy rainfall, tornadoes, freezes, frosts...". It follows, there-
ftare, that adverse public reaction can be minimized by schedxiling
test series for periods ^ e n weather is of least importance in
everyday activities, if such periods exist, and when catastrophic
storms are less likely to occur.
In the United States, the most spectacular and generally

feared phenomenon is the tornado, although hiirricanes, floods,
droughts, blizzards, and freezes also receive widespread attention.
It would, of coTurse, be impossible to find a period with no unusual
weather, however, certain periods of the year are more likely to
be associated with catastrophic meteorological events than others,
and it may be advisable to avoid such seasons. Table 3'^ shows
the average number of tornadoes by months.
TABLE 5.6
r
Average Number of Tornadoes by Months (19l6-1950)
Month J F M A M J J A S O N D
No. Tornadoes 4.2 4.8 17^4 23.9 32.7 26.0 12.2 7.9 7-^ k.2 4.7 3*3
Source: Reference 15.
It la evident that test series in the months from October through

February will be much less likely to be associated with tornadoes
than a spring series.
- 80-
Of course,- other phenomena have different seasonal distribution.
Eorrlcanes are moat likely in the fall, freezes of greatest signifi-
cance in the spring, drou^ts of greatest importance dinring the
graving seasonTetc, but, with the exception of hurricanes, weather
phenomena are probably of least iinportence to the general public in
the fall, after the major crops are harvested.
From the point of view of suitable weather, both at the test

Site and throughout the coxintry, it appears that the months of
October and November would oe most satisfactory for test operations.
-81-
3CG '(OH^
CEAFEER 6
SPECIAL OBSEEVATIONS
6.1 TIFES OF OBSERVATIONS
A special series of gvrss-d film and high-rolusie sir flltsr

obasrvatlon was made at St. Louis, Mo., during the Upshot-Knothole
teat series in order to gain irore information concerning the
processes by which radioactive debris is collected with the
monitoring network. Observations were made at the St. Louis
University Meteorological Observatory, on the roof of a building
near the center of the city, and over a grass surface at Florrisant,
a suburb of St. Louis about twelve miles north of the University.
At the University, saniples were collected by two regular gummed
film stands, by a high-volume air filter and by two specially-
constructed gummed film stands around which the film was wrapped
in a cylindrical shape, with the axis vertical and a rain shield
extending over the top. At Florrisant, three gummed films were
exposed, one in the normal position three feet above the grovmd,
the second in an inverted position directly below the first, and
the third directly on the groimd with the gunaaed side up. Each of
the above collections were made for 12-hour periods, beginning at 7:30
a.m. and 7^30 p.m. each day, so that any diurnal effects could be
examined. In addition, arrangements were made to make special
observations dinring periods when precipitation coincided with the passage
of an atomic cloud over St. Louis. These included gusEced film, air
filters, and cascade Impactor samples, and whole water collections
during successive intervals for the duration of the rain. Unfortunately,
no atoms suitable for study occurred at St. Louis after the program
was established.
6.2 RESULTS
The observations at Florrisant revealed no significant

difforences in the activity collected by the gummed papers movmted
In the narmal manner and those directly on the ground. Much less
activity was collected by the inverted paper. No significant
differences between day and night observations was fovmd. It should
be noted that the small number of cases with significant activity in
the St. Louis area makes it impossible to draw any general conclusions
frcm this data. Table 6.1 shows a summary of the data from
Florrisant.
-8a-
3c.o e90
, .;. ••\/-. . :"..; ; T A B L E ' 6 . I •••-
•-. Results of St.^ Louis Observations
Type of Observation Average Activity on Counting Day
(d/iVftVl2 hrs.)
No Rain Bain
Regular l»80 210
-:.- .Inverted .. „ 27 - 33
(ground U80 h9>
The results are for 52 periods without rain and 19 periods with
rain (a few periods with a trace of rain are omitted from the sxaaaary).
The relationships in Table 6.1 are essentially xinchanged if only
periods with heavy fallout are considered. For example, if the two
periods with the heaviest fallout are considered (both periods with-
out rain), the average values for the regular, inverted and ground
films are $U00, 360, and 5U00 d/m/ft^/l2 hrs., respectively, on
counting day. It is apparent that there is deposition on the
inverted film due to eddy motion, but that it amounts to only five
to ten percent of the activity deposited on a horizontal surface.
If latfge particles are responsible for the activity, this result is
easily understood. However, if the activity found near St. Louis is
confined principally to particles of the order of two microns or less,
the.gravitational settling would be.negligible, of the order of
• 10'.cm sec"-^, and would be completely overwhelmed by the normal eddy
motion of the atmosphere. If the small-scale eddy motions are
essentially isotropic and carry about as many particles upward as
downward, a possible explanation of the lack of activity on the
inverted paper would be the existence of a very thin boxmdary layer
next to the gummed surface, through wldch gravitational settling
plays an important role. It is also possible that the lack of
isotropy near the ground is responsible for the observed results.
The observations at the St. Loxiis University were designed for

several purposes. The vertical cylinders were intended to test the
practicability of an inexpensive instrument to measure air concentra-
tion of radioactivity. It was thought that the wind blowing past
the cylinders would impinge particles on the film, so that the acti-
vity collected divided by total air movement past the cylinder wotild
be highly correlated with the air concentration as measured by the
hlgh-volime air filter. This did not prove to be the case, even when
periods without precipitation were considered separately. The
eorrelation of the air filter with the vertical cylinder was no
better tlxan with the regular gummed film observation. On the average,^
the vertical cylinders collected about 505& as much activity as the
regular gummed films during no rain periods, and about 15^ as
•Qch during periods with rain. Becatise of the great variability
In the amount of debris present and the small number of active samples
Obtained, no conclusions could be reached concerning diurnal
Tariability of deposition or the relationship of deposition to
other meteorological factors such as wind speed, teisperature
gradients, etc.
CBAPCER 7
• CQHCLDSIOHS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
7.1 INTERIM NETWORK
Backeroxind gummed film observations of fallout occurring before

the first test of the Upshot-Knothole series indicate that the level
of activity is somewhat higher than on similar observations made
prior to the Ivy and Timibler-Snapper series. There is no conclusive .
evidence to show whether this increase is due to downward diffusion
from a relatively high" concentration of debris injected into the
stratosphere as a result of the Ivy shots, or merely to an increased
amount of tropospheric debris. In either case, it is considered desira-
ble to maintain an expanded interim network with special emphasis on
sampling in the rainier portions of the globe.' Since much of the
activity detected by such an interim network is of a low order, it
would be advisable to revise the counting procedure so that more
acctcrate measurements could be made, presumably by increasing the
maximum covinting time beyond the twenty minutes now in effect.
7-2 TOTAL FALLOUT • . • -
It is suggested la Chapter 3 that the gimimed film network Is

Inadequate in accounting for all the deposition of debris which
occurs on the surface of the earth, since it seems •unlikely that the
difference between the activity produced in this test series and
that accounted for by the monitoring program can be due to atmo-
. spheric storage of debris. It is recommended that an extensive pro-
gram be undertaken to calibrate the gummed paper in terms of actual
natiural deposition. For example, simultaneous comparisons of gummed
film deposition and that found on the surrounding groimd, foliage
and buildings should be made. A coarparison of the activity in whole
water sainples with that on the gummed film for various kinds and
intensities of precipitation should be made. Also, experiments
are needed to better establish the characteristics of the gummed
film, such as the.adhesive quality in relation to particle size,
tensierature, humidity, precipitation, orientation, turbulence, etc.
More information concerning the ciiaracteristics of atomic debris,
vertical distribution, particle size, solubility, etc., both near
the test site and at various distances is also needed.
7.3 FALLOUT FROM AIR AND TOWER BURSTS
Fallout both in the vicinity of the test site and elsewhere

in the country is greater following a burst in which the fireball
Intersects the ground (tower burst) than following an air burst.
Very little fa3J.out is experienced near the test site from air
burstsy while tower bursts deposit about 20^ of the fission
product activity produced in the vicinity of the test site. Like-
wise, for devices of similar yiela, almost live zunes nore
debris is deposited elsewhere in the United States following a
tower burst when compared to an air burst, which accounts for the fact
that the highest activity reported at individual stations was almost
invariably associated with a tower burst. It follows that
considerably greater caution should be exercised in selecting
DBteorological criteria for tower bursts.
7.4 LOCATION OF STATIONS
The data in Chapter 4 can be used to evaluate the adequacy of

the present continental network in terms of the allowable tolerance
in missing areas of intense fallout. To adequately monitor
localized areas of intense fa3J.out in the mountainous regions
arouixd the test site, supplementary aircrafts monitoring is necessary.
Perhaps consideration should be given to a program of mobile
monitoring even in the eastern half of the country when the
relatively rare combination of circumstances similar to those
acconânying the Albany fallout are evident in localized areas
between regular monitoring stations. Such a program would depend
iq>on meteorological advice as to when and where special monitoring
would be in order.
7.5 PREDICTION OF FALLOUT AREAS
From an examination of the maps in Appendix B, it is evident

that there has been little improvement in predicting areas of
fallout in the continental United States during this test series
when conrpared with the Tumbler-Snapper series. An examination
of the data shows that more consideration should be given to the
wind flow in the lowest few thousand feet of the atmosphere in
estimating where fallout will occur.
7,6 PTTENSE LOCAL FALLOUT
The maximum gummed film actiyity thus far seen in the monitor-
ing program was 16,000,000 d/m/ft^/day at Albany, N- Y. This value
-86.
reanlted liîen heavy thundershowers coincided with the arrival of
81 freah, fast-moving cloud from a high-yield tower burst. A
slBdlar chance combination of circumstances in the central United
States, within five or six hours after the burst, could lead to
activities of 109 to 1 0 ^ d/m/ft^/day. Avoidance of such a
altuatlon would depend upon a meteorological forecast which takes
into consideration the probability of thundershowers coinciding
with the arrival of a fresh cloud of debris. The statistical
probability of such sa occurrence can be reduced by having test
series in seasons when it is less likely.
7*7 OgriMDM SEASON FOR NEVADA TESTS
. Meteorological, considerations indicate that certain seasons

are preferable to others for testing atomic weapons at the Nevada
proving Grounds from the standpoint of weather at the test site,
avoidance of intense local fallout at some distance from the site,
rediwtion of total fallout in the United states and minimizing
adverse public reaction. A consideration of all these factors
•points to October and November as being the most suitable months
for atomic test series in Nevada. This would also correspond
to a season when the absorption of radioacti'ylty by growing
plants would be near a luinximim.
AFPESDTX A
MAPS OF DAILY FALLOUT IN THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA
Figures A.1-A.90 show the data from all fallout-monitoring

stations making daily observations from March 17 to June 14, 1953-
The radiological and precipitation data is plotted in accordance
with the key given on all maps. (Snowfall amounts have been
reduced to the water equivalent.) All data refer to the 24-hour
period beginning at 1230 G.C.T. (0730 E.S.T.). Significant radio-
acti'Vity (see Section 1.2) measurements are extrapolated to the
sangpling day on the basis of tlie indicated burst.^ The activity
on counting day is reported for samples of low activity and is
Indicated as "unextrapolated". Where two gummed films were exposed
simultaneously, the activities on each are reported, the upper
figure refers to stand number 1, the lower to stand number 2. High-
volume air filter activity is reported as L (low) if the activity
was less than 1,5 d/m/M^. ""
Dashed lines enclose areas wherein the activity on at least

one gummed film at each station exceeds 100 d/m/ftV<iay on sampling
day. Solid lines enclose areas of more than 30,000 d/m/ft^/day on
at least one film. Shading indicates regions with measurable amounts
(more than a •trace) of precipitation in the 24-hour period. The
iuiportant role played by precipitation in bringing debris to the
ground is evident in the maps to follow and has been pointed out in
previous reports (see Reference 12, p. 45).
As indicated on the individual mans, all plotted •vralues of

radioactivity, with the exception of those underlined, are too low
by a factor of three, and are to be multiclied by three to obtain
the real values (see Preface J.
-'An exception was made in the case of Albrook AFB, Canal Zone, where
the activity on counting day is reported because of the difficvaty in
assigning a burst at this distance from the test site.
- 68 -
1 ?
hmi. j^ itmmikmllf^h^ am
Figitf'e A.I Radioactive fallout in the 24-hour period beginning 1230 G.C.T, 17 March 1953
MMMIH dLttri mmimm
AA Jmat.
CO
Figure A.2 Radioactive fallout in ttie 24-t)our period beginning 1230 G.C.T, IB Marct) 1953
FhW A 3 Radioactive fallout in the 24-hour period hginning 1230 G.~.J=,T , B M1953
~ ~
IMPORTANT NOTE
ALL VALUES OFRAOIOMTIVITY,
*ITH THE EXCEPTION OF THOSE
UHDERLINED, &IOULD BE miLTIPLIED
Br A FACTOR OF THREE.
O
O PLOTTING lilODEL
' ^d/WII'/doif
3/S.'-"- • * « FILTER,'
•^K
^ • ^ ^
KAn/miorl
l»«STI fflUHST)
PRECIPITATION
F.,.«A.4 Rodiooclive , o W in Ih. 24-h«ir period b e g ^ ^ 1230 6.0T. EO Mor* 1953

F . ^ A5 Rodioootiv. ,0,^1 ^ ihe 24-hour period be,inn^ ,330 0.01.21 Morch ,953
Mmt
C7;
PWOPITATION CODE BURST CODE
1 None 1 1320 GCT 17 March
2 Trace 2 m o GCT 24 Mvch
3 01"- 03" 1300 GCT 31 Morch
4 04"- 10" 1530 GCT 6 April
i. I I " - 30" 1245 OCT I I April
6 31"- 1 0 0 " 12 35 GCT IB April
7 10,"-300* 1230 GCT 2 5 April
8 301"-500" 1530 GCT 8 Moy
» 5 0l"oro«er 1205 GCT 19 Mo»
10 1530 GCT 25 Moy
II I I I 5 GCT 4 Juiit
U Uneilropolated
Figure A.6 Radioactive fallout in the 24-hour period beginhing 1230 G.C.T, 2 2 March 1953
Figure A.7 Radiooctive fallout in the 24-hour period beginning 1230 G.CT, 23 March 1953
J^
Co
CUMMEO FILM, * AIR FILTER,

d/tn/ll»/do> t/m/mHv*
(BURST) (BURST)
CD . PRECIPITATION
Figure A.8 Radiooctive fallout in the 24-hour period beginning 1230 G.CT, 24 March 1953
ilMHii
[A liiiiiiii
CUMMEO FILM, 0 AW FILTER,

dAn/ll'/dagt ifm/nki*
(BURST) (BURST)
PRECIPITATION
Figure A.9 Radioactive fallout in the 24-hour period beginning 1230 G.C.T, 25 March 1953
IIML -L IHMMi
Figure A.IO Radioactive fallout in the 24-hour period beginning 1230 G.CT, 26 March 1953
*iii«.
//
mcctntATioN CODE auRST CODE

1 Nont I 1320 GCT 17 March
2 Tract 2 I 3 I O GCT 2 4 Modi
or- 03" 3 1300 GCT 31 Mordi
04"- 10" 4 I S 3 0 GCT 6 April
II"- 30" 9 1245 GCT I I April
31"- 100" « 1235 GCT 18 April
I 01"-300" 7 1230 GCT 2 5 April
301"- 500" 8 1530 GCT 8 Moy
5 01 'of o*9r 9 1205 GCT 19 Moy
10 1530 GCT 2 5 Moy
II 1115 GCT 4 tfunt
U Uncxlropolott4
Figure A.ll Radioactive fallout in the 24-hour period beginning 1230 G.CT, 27 March 1953
.^^^
VA
'/*
ip.'
v^ z^
,>sr^- ^'ÔCÂ
V a--.
>
h.
"V )|c>c
cu I n
"ji
JSI « :^\%
w-"
is •
iOoMiriili,ii.r
^y. ,?•(.,
?o.' (i5r - T f ^ ^ So
uT ^'\ i_if>t
1^?"^
ISfi. K:
^
.^
i PrwMMa^Ri
4f> K • (i5 Ttj) I") '(2)

IS!
BMiw.,,tM
^ '
'\
PWaPtTATION CODE
1 Non.
1 1
8URST CODE
1320 GCT 17 Morch
IMPORTANT NOTE
ALL VALUES OF RADIOACTIVITY,
WITH THE EXCEPTION OF THOSE
UNDERLINED, SHOULD BE MULTIPLIED
2 Trod* V, 2 1310 GCT 2 4 Morcn y
3 o r - 03 3 1300 GCT 31 Morcn t)YA FACTOR OF THREE.
Co 4 04"- 10" 4 1530 GCT 6 April
6 n"- 30' 5 1245 OCT I I April . / - ' ,IC, ^ f
« 31"-J 0 0 ' 6 1235 GCT 18 April
7 101'-300" 7 1230 GCT 2 5 April
8 301 500' 8 I S 3 0 GCT 8 May ---> PLOTTING MODEL
9 5 01 oronr 9 1205 GCT 19 Moy
"l^.".^"-**- • *"» FILTER,
10 1530 GCT 2 5 Moy r <(An/ll«/<loy ^ (Wn/m«l«i
II 1115 GCT 4 Jun<
O U UncOropolaltd AlUogt «f B C 2
IB»JRST) BURST)
PRECIPITATION
Rgure A.I2 Radiooctl,e follaut in , h . 24-hou, period beginnin, .230 6.01, 28 March 1953
O
Figure A.I3 Radioactive fallout in the 24'hour period beginning 1230 G.CT, 2 9 March 1953
În^ ,iHl4 U.
PKCIPITATKM COOC BURST CODE

1 Non* 1 1320 GCT 17 Morch
2 Tioci 2 1310 GCT 2 4 March
3 01" 03' 1300 GCT 31 Morcn
4 04" 10" 1530 GCT e April
5 II" 30 1245 GCT I I April
6 31" 100" 1235 GCT IB April
7 101' 300" 1230 GCT 2 5 April
CO a 301"-500' 1530 GCT 8 Moy
l>» 9 5 01 or ovtr 1205 GCT 19 Moy GUMMED FILM, A AIR FILTER,
10 1530 OCT 25 Moy d/m/ll'/doy d/kyralorl
II I I I 5 GCT 4 Jun* (BURST) (BURST)
U Unnlropololid PRECIPITATION
o Figure A.t4 Radioactive fallout in the 24-hour period beginning 1230 G.CT, 3 0 March 1953
Jitoalt JML jtttmtit.
IMPORTANT NOTE
BY A FACTOR OF TI«EE.
PLOTTING
GUMMED FILM, AIR FILTER,
d/m/ll'/day d/m/fntttf >
(BURST) (BURST)
PRECIPITATION
Figure A.I5 Radioactive fallout in the 24-hour period beginning 1230 G.CT, 31 March 1953
iUiiii ii
..C*3,
MCOnTATION CODE BURST CODE
1. N m 1 1320 GCT 17 Morch
2. 1 ( 0 * 2 1310 GCT 2 4 Morch
3, . 0 1 " - . 0 3 " 1300 GCT 31 Morch
4. .04"- . 1 0 " 1530 GCT 6 April
5. . 1 1 " - .30" 1245 GCT I I Aprir
e 31'- (00" 1235 GCT 18 April
•ro' 7. I O l " - 3 0 O "
8> 3.01"- 6.00"
1230 GCT 2 5 April
1530 GCT 8 Moy
». S O r o r o n r 1205 GCT 19 May GUMMED FILM, # AIR FILTER,
ip. 1530 GCT 25 Moy d/m/fiVitay t/m/mt<m*
II 1115 GCT 4Jun< (BURST) (BURST)
U Unntropololoil PRECIPITATION
Figure A.i6 Radioactive fallout in the 24-hour pei'iod beginning 1230 G.CT, I April 1953
MM ihiHiiH
C^3
Figure A.I7 Radioactive fallout in the 24-hour period beginning 1230 G.CT, 2 April 1953
tIaiA, JM^
ALL VALUES OFRAOtOACTIVITY,

Ui KERLII^D, SHOULD BE MULTIPUED
BY A FACTOR OF THREE.
GUMMED FILM, # AW FILTER,

dAn/liVday 4>WMM(>
(BURST) BURST)
PRECIPITATION
Figure A. 18 Radioactive fallout in the 2 4-hour period beginning 1230 G.CT, 3 April 1953
iMd, Ll j , ^ ^
CO
en
Figure A.I9 Radioactive fallout in the 24-hour period beginning 1230 G.CT, 4 April 1953
liL £
,iigg j i i ^
GUMMED FILM, A AIR FILTER,

dAn/tlVdoy d/nVrntMr*
(BURST) (BURST)
PRECIPITATION
Figure A.20 Radioactive fallout in the 24-hour period beginning 1230 G.C.T, 5 April 1953
,,„^lgglgg ik^ .IUHll,
Figure A.2I Radioactive fallout in the 24-hour period beginning 1230 GOT, 6 April 1953
wAt .L.J. JHflli
tm
Figure A.22 Radioactive fallout in the 24-hour period beginning 1230 G.CT, 7 April 1953 r
JU Ll ^mm
tsgsa%
t:
Co
GUMMED FILM, • AIR FILTER,

d/m/llVday d/m/imnr*
(BURST) (BURST)
PRECIPITATION '
Figure A.23 Radioactive fallout in the 24-hour period beginning 1230 G.CT, 8 April 1953
PLOTTMM MOKL
GUIMEO f ILIi^ m AM FILTER,
d/tn/llVdoy 4/ln/taalH>
(BURST) (BURST)
PRECIPITATION
Figure A.24 Radiooctive fallout in the 24-hour period beginning 1230 G.CT, 9 April 1953
^ ^ JmL ^nn^ m
Figure A.25 Rodiooctive fallout in the 24-hour period beginning 1230 GOT, 10 April 1953
iikillliiN
*i?r-S
•P- f- A°.t
ii?r
4 I V A 1. IMPORTANT NOTE
CODE BURST C00£ |: I ^'îi*
1320 GCT 17 Morch
UNDERLINEO, SHOULD BE MULTIPLIED
1310 GCT 2 4 Mvch no 4
s
1300 GCT 31 March Ot A FACTOR OF THREE.
1530 GCT 6 April
CT,
1245 GCT I I April
1235 GCT 18 April
1230 GCT 2 5 April
1530 GCT 8 May -"> PLOTTING
9 SOrprOMr 1205 GCT 19 May CUWDED FILM, • AIR FILTER,
1530 GCT 25 Moy / d/>n/li'/day dAn/mMr*
I I I 5 GCT 4 Junt (BURST) (BURST)
Uneilropololcd
1 PRECIPITATION
Figure A.26 Rodiooctive fallout in the 24-hour period beginning 1230 G.C.T, II April 1953
mmm ite^pla mimL .MlL
'. k
.'C7i-
Figure A.27 Radiooctive fallout in the 24-hour period beginning 1230 G.CT, 12 April 1953
t^td, U. mM,
A AIR FILTER,
4AivftMNr>
(BURST) (BURST)
PRECIPITATION
Figure A.28 Radioactive fallout in the 24'hour period beginning 1230 G.CT, 13 April 1953
*4' j^ i-i
Co
mECfflTATION
1. Nom
2. tract
or- .03"
04"- 10"
H"- 30"
3 1 ' - I 00"
I.OI"-" 3.00"
3.01"- 1 0 0 "
S.Ol "or one (SUMMED FILM, A AIR FILTER,
d/WllVday d/m/nwMr'
(BURST) (BURST)
PRECIPITATION
Figure A.29 Radioactive fallout in the 24-h6ur period beginning 1230 G.CT, 14 April 1953
CA5'
CUMMEO FILM, # AM FILTER,

dMi/ilVday d/liViMlir>
(BURST) (BURST)
PRECIPITATION
Figure A 3 d Radiooctive fallout in the 24-hour period beginning 1230 G.CT, 15 April 1953
iki, almL Hi.
IMwa^M*
WO
MlaMr«,IM
Vy
IMPORTANT NOTE
ALL VALUES OFRADK)ACTIVITY,
PREaPlTATION COOC BURST CODE WITH THE EXCEPTION OF THOSE
1 Non* 1 1320 GCT 17 Morch
2 Troci 1310 GCT 2 4 Morcn UNDERLINED, SHOULD BE MULTIPLIED
3 01" 03" 1300 GCT 31 Morcn BY A FACTOR OF THREE.
4 04"- 10" 1530 GCT 6 April
5 1 1" 3 0 " 1245 GCT I I April
e 31"-100' 1235 GCT 18 April
T lOl" 300* 1230 GCT 2 5 April
8 3O("-5O0" 1530 GCT 8 May PLOTTINO
9 5 01 "or o w 1205 GCT 19 Moy GUMMED FILM, % AIR FILTER,
10 1530 GCT 25 Moy d/ln/ll'/day d/m/mtMr'
II I I I 5 GCT 4 Junt (BURST) (BURST)
u Uneilropololid PRECIPITATION
Figure A3I Radioactive fallout in the 24-hour period beginning 1230 G.CT, 16 April 1953
CO
Figure A.32 Radioactive fallout in the 24-hour period beginning 1230 6.C.T, 17 April 1953
JUIMM III iiIII ill •iMiiiMiwMiiiii
MECmTATION CODE BURST CODE

1. Nona 1 1320 GCT 17 Mordi
Co Tioca 1310 GCT 2 4 Much
.01"- .03" 1300 GCT 31 Motcli
04"- lO" 1530 GCT 6 April
.11"- SO" 1245 GCT I I April
31"- t o o " 1235 GCT 18 April
I 01"-300" 1230 GCT 25 April
3.01'- SOO" 1530 GCT 8 Moy
5.01 "or o«yr 1205 GCT 19 May GUMMED FILM, # AIR FILTER,
10. 1530 GCT 25 Moy , dAn/ll'/day 4/n\/m^m'
II I I I 5 GCT 4 June (BURST) (BURST)
U UntiHopololtd PRECIPITATION
Figure A.33 Radioactive fallout in the 24-hour period beginning 1230 G.C.t, 18 April 1953
MMI Mi utmmmtmuitti
PRECIPITATION CODE BURST CODE

1 Norw 1 1320 GCT 17 March
2 Troc. 2 1310 GCT 24 Morch
} 01 • 03 3 1300 GCT 31 Mardi
4 04' 10" 4 1530 GCT 6 April
0^ 5 I I " 30 5 1245 GCT I I April
S 31"- 1 0 0 ' 6 1235 GCT 18 April
7 lor- 3 0 0 " 7 1230 GCT 25 April
PLOTTING MODEL
8 3 0 1 " 500" S 1530 GCT 8 May
9 5 Oror 0<tr 9 1205 GCT 19 May GUMMED FILM, • AIR FILTER,
10 1530 GCT 25 May d/tavritVitsy d/in/ml«>
(BURST) (BURST)
1~
II I I I 5 GCT 4 Junt
U Unexirapololtd PRECIPITATION
,
Figure A.34 Radioactive fallout in the 2 4-hour period beginning 1230 G.C.T, 19 April 1953
^mt^ hiiMii
do
Figure A.35 Radioactive fallout in the 2 4-hour period beginning 1230 GCT, 2 0 April! 953
ym MHHHMI Jjmmim IMH
c
c
FigureA.36 Radioactive fallout in the 24-hour period beginning 1230 G.C.T, 21 April 1953
•Akli* HHmmm tmjgm
mm
i.
CA?
•CO PLOTTINO MOOCL

GUMMED FILM, A AM FItTEf),
d/m/llVdoy d/m/iMMr>
(BURST) (BURST)
PRECIPITATION
Figure A.37 Radioactive fallout in the 24-hour period beginning 1230 6.C.T, 22 ApriM953
timmu
l.i
Hl^rtlMllijMMHitMM mm
CA?.
Figure A.38 Radioactive fallout in the 24-hour period beginning 1230 G.C.T, 2 3 April 1953
iirrtt 0mim0 llgTiliM MMMiiiriMilil
'^hll^
IMPORTANT NOTE
f io_ '"• '•">>
-A
r~\ 1 zTio* AIL VALUES OF RADIOACTIVITY,
UNDERLINED, SHOULD BE MUtTIPLIED
\
Co -'^ PLOTTING MODEL
CI GUMMED FILM, #
d/tn/liVdoy
AIR FILTER,
d/WmMf>
(BURST) (BURST)
PRECIPITATION
Figure A.39 Radioactive fallout in the 24 hour period beginning 1230 G.C.T, 2 4 April 1953
^gggfum iliii wmLm •HttiMMbi •mii.
CO
a.
tmmmm Jungle III nillr'h liif"^ MUM jMHiil.
CIS
PWCinTATKM C00£ BURST CODE
r NOM 1 1320 GCT 1 7 MofCti
2. rioct Z 1310 GCT ? 4 Moch
i. o r - .03" 3 1300 GCT 31 Mordl
4 04"- 10" 4 IS30 GCT 6 April
5. . 1 1 " - 3 0 " 5 I24S GCT I I «pril
Ss^ 6 31"- 100" 6 I23S GCT le April
7 tOl"- 3 0 0 " 7 1230 GCT 25 April
B; 3.01"- 5 0 0 " e 1530 CCT 8 May
9. 5.01 "or oMi 9 1205 CCT l9Moy GUMMED FILM, • AW FILTER,
10 1530 GCT 25 Mo» d/m/M'/itay i/m/wmtm*
II I I I 5 GCT 4 Junf IBURSTI (BURST)
u UrteilropolQltd PRECIPITATION
Figure A.4I Radioactive fallout in the 24-hour period beginning 1230 6.C.T, 2 6 April 1953
«An/ll'/day 4An/mlw>
(BURST) (BURST)
PRECIPITATION
Figure A.42 Radioactive fallout in the 24-hour period beginning 1230 G.C.T, 27 April 1953
, . 1">T
Fort ^nivun
••••I'
^lOoa
I
^
11? ^
PraiMiiKI,RI
xiQooa'
y
nooo 1 / \i)
y/
3oo* I
Ax^
*» ' ^ ,
'"^l-r-ppXZ IMPORTANT NOTE
PRECtPlTATION CODE BURST CODE Jî 11) I" '•^1 WITH THE EXCEPTION OF THOSE
i 1 Nont 1 1320 GCT 17 March
i INDERLINED. SHOULD BE MULTIPLIED
Co 2 Troci 2 1310 GCT 2 4 March
]
3
4
5
or 03
04"- 10"
I I " 30'
3
4
5
1300 GCT 31 March
1530 GCT 6 April
1245 GCT 11 April
l^:'-^: i/YA FACTOR OF TfOiEE.
e 31"-100" 1235 GCT IB April

«
7 1 01"-300" 7 1230 GCT 2 5 April ^^"^ PLOTTING MODEL
8 30l"-S.OO" 8 1530 GCT 8 May
H- 9 5 0r"oronr 9 1205 GCT 19 May GUMMED FILM, A AIR FILTER,
10 1530 OCT 2 5 May T=es* d/Wtl'/ddy d/WM)K>
V
U Unulropolotid PRECIPITATION
. ;.«.>SSA^; i..^
iliiiiiiiiiii lia0M •MM .2^ •H
PWCIPITATKM CODE BURST CODE

1 Nan* 1 1320 GCT 17 March
2 Tree* 2 1310 GCT 24 March
to' 3. .01"- 0 3 "
4 04"- 10"
1300 GCT 31 March
1530 GCT 6 April
5 11"- 3 0 ' 1245 GCT I I April
« 31"- 1 0 0 " 1235 GCT 18 April
• 7 101"-300" 1230 GCT 25 April
8. 3.01"- 5.00" 8.. 1530 GCT 8 May
9. 5.0l"or ontr 1205 OCT 19 May GUMMED FILM, A AIR FILTER,
10. 1530 GCT 25 May d/tn/flVday d/m/mtltr'
II I I I 5 GCT 4 .lunt (BURST) (BURST)
U Uneitropolaltd PRECIPITATION
Figure A.44 Radioactive fallout in the 24-hour period beginning 1230 G.C.T, 2 9 April 1953
^n iiiiii •M* iknii MiHtMiiii
Figure A.45 Radioactive fallout in the 24-hour period beginning 1230 G.CT, 3 0 April 1953
Non*
Troct
01'
04"
11"
.31'
101"
3.01"
5.01" GUMMED FILM, M l AIR FILTER,
d/ln/IIVday d^Vln•ltr>
(BURST) (BURST)
PRECIPITATION
Figure A.46 Radioactive fallout in the 24-hour period beginning 1230 G.C.T, I May 1953
MMIH iitai. aJ. iJMMIkidii
Co
GUMMED FILM, M AIR FILTER,

d/)n/li'/day d/tn/mlw'
(BURST) (BURST)
PRECIPITATION
Figure A.47 Radioactive fallout in the 24-hour period beginning 1230 G.CT, 2 May 1953
ImtL
MHI iJtaM
fm,ut!ti£
«T
^Ft^
— -^^-
fWMMa^Mr
io«l
W 'CI,
Ul> I Ifto-
»-»^ iw z
\2?f
si; •• ^ T too
^^-..
nccMTATioN cooe
V BURST CODE ^r~H
SOo.
J/ / /] I IMPORTANT NOTE
ALL VALUES OFMO/OACTIVITY,
1 Now 1320 GCT 17 March
2 Troct 1310 GCT 2 4 Mwch UNDERLINED, SHOULD BE MULTIPLIED
J 01"- 0 3 ' 1300 GCT 31 Morcti BY A FACTOR OF THREE.
loo
4 04"- 10" 1530 GCT 6 April
USo.
5 11" 3 0 " 1245 OCT I I April
6 31"- 100" 1235 GCT IB April «:» \*f A
7
6
101"-300"
301'- 500'
1230 GCT 2 5 April
1530 GCT 8 May
<^-J PLOTTINO MODEL
9 5 01 "ar avtr 1205 GCT 19 May
1530 GCT 25 May d/m/(i»/doy dMv'intUr'
1115 GCT 4 June t-
I.U) ^ (BURST) (BURST)
Unuiropaloitd PRECIPITATION
Albrooll Af B C Z
"^^
-f—^ ist-i
D 20
^
UiL-:
\^,
-y 1! IMPORTANT NOTE
PRECinTATION COOT BURST COOE
1 NOM 1 1320 GCT 17 March WITH THE EXCEPTION OF THOSE
2 Tract 2 m o GCT 2 4 March UNDERLINED, SHOULD BE MULTIPLIED
I 01"- 03" IJOO GCT 31 Morch
4 04"- 10" 1530 GCT 6 April
5 I I " - JO" 1245 GCT I I April
6 JI*-IOO" 1235 GCT 18 April \
7 <OI"-}00" 1230 GCT 2 5 April
8 J or-500" 1530 GCT 8 May PLOTTIM MCDCL
9 50l"«o>tr 1205 GCT 19 May GUMMED FILM, • AM FILTER,
to 1530 GCT 25M«y dA\/»lVdoy 4mMiwMr1
II I I I 5 GCT 4 Junt tt+-^ (BURST) (BURST)
u Uncxiropololtd PRECIPITATION
AlUogkAra c z
ngu,/L49 RoOdoCKre ,all«i. in Ih, 24.hour period beginn^ 1230 COT, 4 May 1953
Figure A.50 Radiooctive fallout in the 24-hour period beginning 1230 G.CT, 5 May 1953
A a
^•^ ^ ^
PflECmTATKM COOE BURST COOE

1 Nont 1 1320 GCT 17 MorcK
2 Tract I J I O GCT 24 Mvch
J Ol" 03" IJOO CCr 31 March
4 04-- 10" 1530 GCT 6 April
5 11"- JO" 1245 GCT 11 April
S JI'-IOO" I2J5 GCT 18 April
7 10)" 100" 1230 GCT 2 5 April
a JOI*-S.OO" 1530 GCT 8 May
S SOl"oca»tr 1205 GCT 19 Moy GUMMED FILM, M AIR FILTER,
10 1530 GQT 25 Moy d/m/tl'/day tf/m/lntlir*
II 1115 GCT 4 Junt (BURST) BURST)
U Ufttilropolalid PRECIPITATION
Figure A,5I Radioactive fallout in the 24-hour period beginning 1230 G.CT, 6 May 1953
>
iMmi* mtm

d/m/«l'/doy
(BURST) (BURST)
PRECIPITATION
•M HHM ^Ml ^ MHM jgiii4
)^
Figure A.53 Radioactive fallout in the 24-hour period beginning 1230 G.C.T, 8 May 1953
dMiMiirii MkiHili .btfi. JmJL iMmdm
BURST COOE
1320 GCT 17 March
1310 GCT 2 4 March
1300 GCT 31 Morch
1530 GCT 6 April
1245 GCT I I April
55 1235 GCT 18 April
1230 GCT 2 5 April
1530 GCT 8 May PLOTTING MODEL
1205 GCT 19 May
1530 GCT 25 Moy d/tn/llVdoy d/)n/lntltr>
111 5 GCT 4 Junt (BURST) (BURST)
Untilropolottd PRECIPITATION
Figure A.54 Radioactive fallout in the 24-hour period beginning 1230 G.C.T, 9 May 1953
PREOPITATIOM CODE BURST CODE
1 NOM 1 1320 GCT 17 March
2 Troct 2 I 3 I O GCT 2 4 Mwch
3 01" 03" 1300 GCT 31 Morch
4 04"- 10' 1530 GCT 6 April
5 I I " 30" 1245 GCT I I April
6 31"- 100" 1235 GCT 18 April
7 101" 300" 1230 O C T 2 5 April
a J 01" aoo" 1530 GCT 8 Moy
9 5 01'oroftr 1205 GCT 19 May
-yx-x
10 1530 GCT 25 May d/Wll'/doy d/nvintltr>
U Untilropololtd PRECIPITATION
iMMii i^.Mki JlgUt .UJL
0,?
r4/.t VALUES OF RADIOACTIVITY,

C/7'
UNDERLINEO, SHOULD BE MULTIPLIED
PUTTING MGOCL
GUMMED FILK # AM FILTER,
d/ln/llVday 4/kn/niilti>
(BURST) (BURST)
PRECIPITATION
Figure A.56 Radioactive fallout in the 24-hour period beginning 1230 G.CT, II May 1953
GUMMED FILM, # AIR FILTER,
d/tn/llVdoy d/in/iMltr>
(BURST) (BURST)
PRECIPITATION
^•5
ca
Figure A.58 Radioactive fallout in the 24-hour period begi

linning 1230 6.CT, 13 May 1953
CU5
fKomnm cooe BURST CODE

I MOM I J 2 0 OCT 17Morch ALL VALUES OTHAOOAC TIVITY,
i Tmc* "JiO GCT iAUach
01"- OJ" IJOO OCT 31 Morch
WITH THE EXCEPTION Op THOSE
04"- 10" • 5 3 0 GCT 6 April UNDERLINED, SHOULD BE MULTIPLIED
H"- so- •245 GCT I I Apfjl BY A FACTOR Of THREE.
il"- I oo- •235 OCT 18 April
t 01"-300'' 1230 OCT 2 5 April
Jor-soo" • 5 3 0 GCT a Ma,
9. 5.01 "of ovtc 1205 GCT l9Moy
' 5 3 0 GCT 25 Ma,
. PtOTTlNO
• • • 5 GCT 4 J u n .
Unuiropoialid GIMMEOFII.H • AIR FILTER
i P'ÊCIPITATlSr "
RgureA.59 Radioactive fallout in the 24-hour period beginn

ling 1230 GCT, 14May 1953
Wl TH THE EXCEPTION OF THOSE
UNDERLINED,SHOULD BE MULTIPLIED
PLOTTING
dMMEDFILH^ m AM FILTER,
(BURST) (BURST)
PRECIPITATION
Figure A.60 Radioactive fallout in the 24-hour period beginning 1230 GCT, 15 May 1953
hd* tmmimiL IwAiMMMMii i M B i i i i i
't' I")' ^,
W) I 1 \
I T '"•'
/:?„• IMPORTANT NOTE

w PMECVtTATION COOE
1 NOM 1
BURST COOE
1320 GCT 17 March
Jî' I i"*!! i V i">'
turn THE EXCEPTION OF THOSE
2 Trocf 1310 GCT 2 4 March U VDERLINED, SHOULD BE MULTIPLIED
3 o r 03" 1300 GCT 31 March
4 04"- 10" 1530 GCT 6 April BY A FACTOR OF THREE.
5 I I " - 30" 1245 GCT I I April
i 31*- 100" ^1 V f ^ ~ .
1235 GCT 18 Aprit
in
7 101" 3 0 0 "
« 301"- 500"
1230 GCT 2 5 April
1530 GCT 8 Moy
^-> PLOTTINO MODEL
9 5 0i"oronr 1205 GCT 19 May GUMMED FILM, # AIR FILTER,
10 1530 GCT 25 May <t/m/(lVitay d/ln/mMr*
II I I I 5 GCT 4 Junt (BURST) lauflST)
PRECIPITATION
U Unutrapolaltd
^ #. . AlUtKHi tfBQl
RgureA.6l Radioactive fallout in the 24-hour period beginning 1230 G.CT, 16 May 1953
^ JLm jlagigl^
KIM*. JBIMU
IMPORTANT NOTE
ALL VALUES OFRAOIOACnviTY,
UNDERIJNED, SHOULD BE MULT»Î0>
O BY A FACTOR OF THREE.
»;>,
GUMMED FILM, # AM FILTER,

d/tn/M'/doy i/m/imlm*
(BURST) (BURST)
PRECIPITATION
Figure A.62 Radiooctive fallout in the 24-hour period beginning 1230 G.CT, 17 May 1953
«1 m n i i J l p p i B B P ^ ^ •wpr
MiMMMh
•flMM ,im
IMPORTANT NOTE
PRECIPITATION COOE BURST COOE fit i I ^^ WITH THE E/(CEPTION OF THOSE
IWnt I 1320 GCT 17 March I rW
Tract 2 1310 GCT 2 4 March UNDERLINED. SHOULD B£ MULTIPLIED
01" 0 1 " 1 llOO GCT 31 March BY A FACTOR OF THREE.
04"- 10" 4 1530 GCT 6 April
I I " 10" 5 1245 GCT I I April
11"- 100" 6 1235 GCT 18 April
I or"-300" 7 1230 GCT 2 5 April
a 1530 GCT 8 May PLOTTINO MODEL
l o r - 500"
5 01 'or trtr 9 1205 GCT 19 May GUMMED FILM, # AIR FILTER,
10 1530 GCT 25 May d/in/ltVdoy i/m/imim'
l-l 1115 GCT 4 Juni (BURST) (BURST)
u Unulropololid PRECIPITATION
iiiMli iHIMii JlMtmtm .Mm^^ •Aî-
'Jo jHo»
- '?J«or ^ j^^'rr •> •
,Kooa1l^ ( '" l' '•'"^'
PRE(»PITATION COOE BURST COOE

1 Nan* 1 1320 OCT 17 Maith
Troct 2 1310 GCT 2 4 Moich
01 " 03 " 3 1300 GCT 31 Morch
04"- 10"
U"- 10"
4
5
1530 GCT 6 April
1245 GCr 1 1 April • v-A-:
31"- 100" 6 1235 GCT 18 April
101"-300" r 1230 GCT 25 April
3 01"-500" a 1530 GCT SMoy
5 01 "or arcr 9 1205 GCT l9Moy
10 1530 GCT 26 May
II 111 5 GCT 4 Junt
u UnnlrapoloKll
Figure A.65 Radioactive fallout m the 24-hour period beginning 1230 G.CT, 2 0 May 1953
tktti .M.
Oo
i^
''
iJMMi JmrnAmmim
mm
Co
us
I
Figure A.67 Radioactive fallout in the 24-huur period beginning 1230 G.CT, 22 May 1953
liHliMli mm mm^JlKMIItL hA
Bl l i " ' - -
S
Itoo*
IS) I
'"»~s^-'» i-^ a
2ooij
PRECIPITATION COOE BURST COOE

1 NOIM 1320 GOT 17 Morch
2 Troc* 1310 GOT 2 4 March
01" 01 1300 GCT 31 Morch
04"' 10" I 5 1 0 GCT 6 April
II"' 30" 1245 GCT I I April
31"- 1 0 0 " 1235 GCT IS April
Co I 01"- 3 0 0 " 1210 GCT 2 5 April
c 301"-500" 1530 GCT 8 May
5 01 "or o««r 1205 GCT 19 May
1530 GCT 25 Moy
I I I 5 GCT 4 Junt
Untilropololtd
Figure A.68 Radioactive fallout in the : dod beginning 1230 G.CT, 23 May 1953
MMWMiiiiaMI .teiL
01
Figure A.e9 Radioactive fallout in the 24-hour period beginning 1230 G.CT, 2 4 Moy 1953
nMMUMi ill j^tmL JMM^ »Bm
H) I
I JIOou, / Ui I
, /5-'-*3tjf/ /\ct^>^'"oo. ^'î'H , '~-f-^.^y
^H. \ r . / ' \ / . vio ^ Wl I ' .,>' 1 •
V' -:
/
'^.
PRECIPITATION COOE BURST COOE J.-/
f ISO .
1 Nont 1 1320 GCT 17 March

2 Troct 1310 GCT 2 4 Morch
1 or- 03" l l O O GCT 31 March
I . '"'' m.y 1
4 04"- 1 0 " 1530 GCT 6 April
S ll" 10" 1245 GCT I I April
a 11*-100" 1235 GCT 18 April
C*.5 7 101"-300" 1210 GCT 2 5 April 50 J"
a 3 01"-500" 1510 GCT 8 Moy
c 9 5 0l"oco>tr 1205 GCT 19 May
10 1510 GCT 25 May
11 I I I 5 GCT 4 Junt
U Untitropolatii)
Figure A 7 0 Radioactive fallout in the 24-hour period beginning 1230 G.CT, 25 May 1953
I
Figure A.7I Radioactive fallout in the 24-hour period beginning 1230 G.CT, 2 6 May 1953
mMiM gin mILm JtmHk
PLOTTING
GUMMED FILM, 0 AIR FILTER,
d/m/ll'/<tay d/nVmtltr*
(BURST) (BURST)
PRECIPITATION
Figure A72 Radioactive fallout in the 24-hour period beginning 1230 G.CT, 27 May 1953
liMii •IMAM .yo.
CA.?
r^
Figure A.73 Radioactive fallout in the 24-hour period beginning 1230 G.CT, 2 8 May 1953
PRECIPITATION COOE BURST COOE
1 Ntnt 1120 GCT 17 March
2 Troct 1110 GCT 24Morch
1 or- 01 1100 GCT 31 Morch
4 04"- 10 1930 GCT 6 April
5 I I" 30 1245 GCT 11 April
6 31"- 100 1235 GCT ' 9 April
7 I 01"-100 1230 GCT 2 5 April
8 3 01"-5.00 I S I O GCT ,8 Moy
9 5 0l*or«<tr 1205 GCT 19 Moy GIMMEO FILM, # AM FILTER,
1510 GCT 25 Moy d/tn/ll'/dof d/hv'inti«r>
I I I 5 GCT 4 Juot (BURST) (BURST)
Untilropololid PRECIPITATION
Figure A74 Rodioactive fallout in the 24-hour period beginning 1230 G.CT, 2 9 May 1953
* ' " I I
tfiiiHiiiiiii i.
CA3
GUMMED FILM, A AM FILTER,

j-4 d/m/ll'/iloy d/)n/mltr>
(BURSTI (BURST)
PRECIPITATION
Figure A.75 Radioactive fallout in the 24-hour period beginning 1230 G.CT, 3 0 May 1953
liii' MlAi dmmilLmMitittm
IMPORTANT NOTE
^3
PLOTTING MODEL
GUMMED FILM, • AM FILTER,
d/m/li'/Aiy d/m/mtWrl
(BURST) (BURST)
PRECIPITATION
kHMii Jf^tS^ mmtmm
mjf
Figure A.77 Radioactive fallout in the 24-hour period beginning 1230 G.CT, I June 1953
Jimittt •JMMUHMaHMHMiMMl x^ ilMHiiMHMIMH
*. I
err
PLOTTINO MODEL
GUMMED FILIl AM FILTER,
dytn/llVdoy
(BURST) (BURST)
PRECIPITATION
Figure A.78 Radiooctive fallout in the 24-hour period beginning 1230 G.CT, 2 June 1953
.L. ijyigj^g^ ll^^
^m^
K
C*5
. 1 ^
Figure A.79 Radioactive fallout in the 24-hour period beginning 1230 G.CT, 3 June 1953
L jtmBlAm
¥ tmt
GUMMED FILM, • AM FILTER,

4ytn/fl'/i)oy d/nvintltcl
(BURST) (BURST)
PRECIPITATION
Figure A 8 0 Radioactive fallout in the 24-hour period beginning 1230 G.CT, 4 June 1953
Mfliiii mi jnn, iMHHipMI Mft^L mtvmimmitmfmmmfmmm
CO
.>r
GUMMED FILM, % AM FILTER,

d/m/liVdoy 4/ln/imitt*
(BURST) (BURST)
U Untilropololtd PRECIPITATION
Figure A.8I Radioactive fallout in the 24-hour period beginning 1230 G.CT, 5 June 1953
MNI;.
mum -JljfKSf IBH
00
C"
GUMMED FILM, # AM FILTER,
dAn/tlVdoy d/tn/tntltrl
(BURST) (BURST)
PRECIPITATION
QC
Figure A.82 Radioactive fallout in the 24-hour period beginning 1230 G.CT, 6 June 1953
eUMMEDFH-M, « AIR FILTER,
d/m/llVday ^ dAn/lntltr«
(BURST) (BURST)
PRECIPITATION
Figure A.83 Radioactive fallout in the 24-hour period beginning 1230 G.CT, 7 June 19^3
jMnny^ LL ÎfeHib tm
Figure A.84 Radioactive fallout in the 24-hour period beginning 1230 6.C.T, 8 June 1953
MHHHttiMMiMiilHI
JIHK, k—i timMtmlLmmiii^Kamlm
IMPORTANT NOTE
2 0 , ALL VALUES OF RADIOACTIVITY,
ImECmUTKM COM BunST CODE ^J^;
1 Norn 1 1320 OCT 1 7 MofCh mJHyTHE EXCEPTION OF THOSE
2 Tract 2 1310 GOT 2 4 Morcn JNOERLINED, SHOULD BE UULTIPLIEO
Co 3 or 03" 3 1300 OCT 31 M o d i
4
i
6
04"- 10"
11" 30'
31" 100"
4
5
6
IS30 OCT 6 April
1246 6CT 1 1 April
1235 SCT 18 April
Krî.
IQ 1
3YA FACTOR OF THREE.
\
7 1 Ol" 3 0 0 " 7 1230 OCT 2 5 April
8 3 01' 500" 8 1530 OCT 8 May '^'\ PLOTTING MODEL
9 5 01 'w 0««t 9 1205 OCT 19 Moy \ GUMMED FILM, % AIR FILTER,
10 1530 OCT 2 5 May d/m/llVdoy ll/nVmtliil
It I I I 5 GCT 4 June
u Uneilropololid
V (BURST) (BURST)
PRECIPITATION
Figure A.85 Radioactive fallout iritis i h i (unod beginning 1230 6.C.T, 9 June 1953
•fliiMtM mumi
CUl
Figure A.86 Radioactive fallout in the 24-hour period beginning 1230 G.C.T, 10 June 1953
iMMIMliMIIMl
L,î i i JhCkAd. i l l •'[ Mî*i-1tt"l ifi ytimm mkmdu •M
IMPORTANT NOTE
PRECIPITATION COOE
t Noit 1
BURST COOE
1320 GCT 17 MorcK
~L, w > I V WITH THE EXCEPTION OF THOSE
, UNDERLINED, SHOULD BE MULTIPLIED
2 Trnci 2 1310 GCT 2 4 Morcti
Co 3 01" 03" 3 1300 GCT 31 Morcti BY A FACTOR OF THREE.
1."^, 4 04"- 1 0 ' 4 1530 GCT 6 April
,™, 5 1 1" 3 0 " 5 1245 GCT 1 1 April
v.^
E 31"- 1 0 0 " 6 1235 GCT 18 April
7 101"-300" 7 1230 GCT 2 5 April L y
8 3 0 1 ' - 500" 8 1530 GCT e May PLOTTING MODEL
h''
zc
9 6 01 'or onr 9
10
1205 GCT 19 Moy
1530 GCT 25 Moy
•n
'1 GUMMEO FILM, A AIR FILTER^
(t/tK/ll'/day d/m/mtltrl
V
II I I I 5 GCT 4 June (BURST) (BURST)
U Uneinopoloicd PRECIPITATION
Cc
Figure A.87 Radioactive fallout in the 24-hour period beginning 1230 GCT, II June 1953
•Hit JM|^ m/m -LL
Ci.'>
GUMMED FILM, # AIR FILTER,
r d/m/M'/doy
(BURST)
d/in/menr>
(BURST)
PRECIPITATION
Figure A.88 Radioactive fallout in the 24-hour period beginning 1230 G.C.T, 12 June 1953
f o r i ^Mii^Bud
• /
^. T" ^-
• *
;^^
^?T
ff / ^ - ^ 1 - _ r -A
(bj I ^'.-V
-L__ l*^'
/ 'warn \io» --' L-t
(Irj
^^^%
PRECIPITATION COOE
\ K\,
BURST COOE J^r
\5«* IMPORTANT NOTE
>!/.i VALUES OF RADIOACTIVITY,
1320 GCT I 7 Morcti WITH THE EXCEPTION OF THOSE

1310 GCT 2 4 Morcli LNDERLINED, SHOULD BE MULTIPLIED
'#. 1 1
1300 GCT 31 Morcli
I S 3 0 GCT 6 April
1245 GCT 1 I April
V .A"
; bYA FACTOR OF TimEE.
12 35 GCT 16 April
\
1230 GCT 2 5 April ^-^ PLOTTING MODEL
3 01 - 5 0 0 " 1530 OCT 8 Moy
5 01 "or 0<«f 1205 GCT 19 Moy GUMMED FILM, # AM FILTER,
1530 CCT 2 5 Moy • ' \
d/hi/ll'/doy d/nVmtiw'
V
111 5 GCT 4 Junt (BURST) (BURST)
CTT Unexiropoloitd PRECIPITATION
Figure A.89 Radioactive fallout in the 2 4-hour period beginning 1230 G.C.T, 13 June 1953
iMiMiiiiiiiii mpi^ .kMi. iL 'jmiKtL
3^ ,
Figure A 90 Radioactive fallout in the 24-hour period beginning 1230 G.C.T, 14 June 1953
«>
ASPEBDIX B
PREDICTED AND OBSERVED AKEAS OF FALLOUT
Following each burst of the Upshot-Knothole series, an estimate

was made of the areas in cae uni-oea ocates likely to have received
fallout or rainout from the burst- These estimates were prepared
daily for several days following each burst- They were made after
tine receipt of all pertinent meteorological data, but before any
radiological (iata was available.
Figtires B.l-B.ll show the predicted and observed fallout areas

for each of the bvirsts. The hatchirig indicates the area waere
debris from the burst was expected to oa found on the basis of
meteorological considerations. T".e dachsi lines outline areas
actxially found to contain debris fror. zê b-ôrst lunder consideration
(over 300 d/m/ft^/day on at leas- one ^..rrzei filn at eacn station
in the area) and the solid line cutli--;c O.T33.- vita hea-.-y fallout
(over 33,000 d/m/ft^/day on at least zr.~ j^.— .î filn at each
station in the area). The solii an^ :: - ^ l^ne: zzrce pond to
t:i033 in'the figxires of Appeaaix A ^.:: = -- _- rases './n="'e debris from
more than one burst vas presen-. 1-.= ^-sj.''isan:;ies betveen -he
predicted and observed areas oT . a-_: an^ *ne nrobable reasons.
are discussed in Section 2.3-
- 179 -
SOJS • IS7
^^^^^^^^^^^îg^^^^^^^l^^^.^-^.. •---•^^'^^"^^îiûrmm'mm^tm
iHiiiiiiiiHMIMHiMlt^daMili* •aiiiii
IM-
3^^G • "is^
' " ^ " - ' " - • ' - - • ^ " - ' - " "
-Ul-
3^;r> i^[)
JMili MMMMWaa lift M
*^
t4-hour period iMomiig
1 I 2 3 O 0 C T , £ Aprai»S3
lIGURt: i) 3 FKLUK r t l ) AND U U b t U V t D AHLAb Ul' t A L U U U l , UUitb'l 3

^mu^kidfi IIM4 iiiiiiiirih
w^
(I0UHLB4 P K f c D l C I t D ANU OU U l V i U A K t AS Of t A L L O U f , BURST 4

mitmi. •_ MMMMi iiMlA.
CO
<7i
?0
24-kaiir pwlod btaifliiint
IZ30GCT, 13 April 1953
HGUIU. B 6 P U t m C l h l ) AND 011-)LHVID AW Ab Ut tALl-OlIT, BURST S

0 t « • .*
FIOUKE n 6 HIKOICTtD AND OBbhRVtU AHfcAJi Of tALUOVt, BUBtiT t

KiUUHt U.7 PlltUlcrtU AND OUSfcHVti) AHKAii Ot KALLQUT, BUKST '
tfHIililMilMMlk
MMMil a—4s! mMmtltbitmmS^
00
t4-li«w P«tu4 bcgiMung
I 2 3 0 C C T , IOMgyl9S3
FIGURE B.8 PREDICTED AtA> OBSERVED AREAS OF FALLOUT, BURST 8

24-liiwr ptri^d btgiming
1230GCT. 21 May 1953
FIGURE B.9 . PREDICTED AND OBSERVED AREAS OF FALLOUT. BURST (
V r
-2,"G:T ••••••W-S
8 t k^--^ ^ ^ ^
° 1 3 7 - < ' • - < : ^^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ S S ^ ^ S ^ S N ^ Y ' ,
-" / ./ -—^^SSo^ySos^SoN ^^^^§
^ ^ ^ ^ ^^ ^ ^ ^ /
/ £. • y^^
~ s1 r^sL'' ^^^^^^^^^^^
1 s '^^^^^^ /
g 1 / V'~""'---._L^^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^^Py^
w 2 / "^^^^ "/ -^^XN^sS^v^^S^t^^Sc^^ô^ /
/' : ^ ^ i ^ ^ : ^ $ % ? ! 3 i ^ $ ^^ ^ ^ ^
^pi^ .«"
C
>•
z
D
O
n
IT
n
O-
«a
r
I
1^ imiiii
r
_1 iiiiiprii
(^4-beur parlod baginning

I 2 3 0 6 £ T , S Jun I9S3
• GC.
FIGURE B.ll PREDICTED AND OBSERVED AREAS Ot FALLOUT, BURST tt
•^ i

THE TRANSPORT OF ATOMIC DEBRIS FROM OPERATION UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE - U.S. Atomic Energy Commission

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UNITED STATES ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION

THE TRANSPORT OF ATOMIC DEBRIS FROM OPERATION

OsSss^ isassgs Photostat Price $ _ 2 Q - - i C L

Technical Information Service Extension, Oak Ridge, Tenn.

This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an

Portions of this document may be illegible in

In the present report, all values given in the body of the

U.2 Difference' in Activity Collected on Simultaneously-

B.l - B.ll Predicted and Observed Areas of Fallout,

la connection with the %shot-Knothole atomic t e s t s e r i e s i n

Information r e l a t i n g to the optimum spacing of s t a t i o n s in

A consideration of several meteorological factors indicates

•1.1 TfE tJPSiCT-KNOTHOLS MQCTTQRING NETV70RK

• I n connection with t h e Upshot-Knothole s e r i e s of atomic t e s t s

' D a i l y gumm,ed f i l m c o l l e c t i o n s (two sim.ultaneously exposed f i l m s

. I n an a t t e m p t t o g e t m.ore i n f o r m a t i o n concerning t h e world-vri.de

•1.2 EXTRAPOLATION TO SAIIPLING DAY . ; . . - ;

*• . A l l s i g n i f i c a n t " a c t i v i t y r e p o r t e d f o r t h e United S t a t e s , Canada,

I • a..> . . . _.!!.. I.. ^.lu

GUMMED FILM AMD

I'ICUHb. I t UUCAilUN HI OAILY l-ALLOUT MONIIOHING STATIONS

FIGURE 1 2 LOCAl ION OF W t t K L Y I-ALLUUT MONITOHINC STATI0M8

In an attemot to eliminate some of the bias resxilting from.

For tie gurr.ed film obser'/ations, the level of significance

1.3 PRE-TEST BACKglOUT^D OF RADIOACTIVITY

The threshhold levels of significance given above were chosen

The high volum.e a i r f i l t e r s onerated p r i o r to the f i r s t b-orst

Although bot.h j^urrr.ed f i l r and axr f i l t e r sa.-nrles a-^-arsntly

' 34G ria

THE UPSHDT-KNOTHDLE TESTS

2.1 LIST OF BURSTS

The Upshot-Knothole t e s t s e r i e s c o n s i s t e d of e l e v e n atomic

Burst Code 3a t e , li.'-.e r^-re -iai^ht cf e i g h t of Yield

^ ArjTie Mar. 17 132G ^ — _5 ^

Since t h i s s e r i e s was c h a r a c t e r i z e d not o n l y by t h e l a r g e number'

Table 2.2 shows the highest activity (extrapolated to sampling

Of greatest interest in Table 2.2 is the fact that the highest

• . On days-without precipitation, the highest activity measiired on

For D ^ f S S h ^ ? Film Activity at Each Station

TABLE 2.2 (Cont'd)

B:Stations 800-1000 naut. miles from the test site

Williston, N. D. l>larch 25 2 1,000,000 May 8- 8 6 1,200,000

Edmonton, Alberta (May 27 a / 150 ilay 20 10 2 19,000 ^

- TABLE 2.2 (Cont'd)

Providence.s R. I , May 11 8 145,000 April 7 9 7 1 910, nrx)

Seven I s l a n d s , P. Q. A p r i l 29 7 3,900 April 27 7 6 350,000

P»TAMCe FROM TEST SITe.noutmt

nOURE i.1 HIGHEST OBSERVED GUMMED FILM ACTIVITY ON DAYS WITHOUT

The highest activity collected bv the high volume air filters

Maximum High Volume A i r F i l t e r A c t i v i t y a t 2ach Station

Reno, Nev. April 19 6 2 621

• The highest value observed on the a i r f i l t e r s was 22.000 d/m/H^

2.3 DISCISSION OF INDIVIDUAL BURSTS

23ata concerning dace, time, cype of burst;, yield, maximum

A map showing the trajectories of the debris at various levels

2.3.1 First Bxarst

The first burst, a tower shot which reached a maximum

FIGIEE 2 . 2 UPPER AIR GBSERWATIGN AT MERCURI, NEVADA

2.3.2 Second Burst

The second burst, also a high yield tower shot, was

2.3.3 Third Burst

The third burst was a very low yield tower shot

CIRCLES MOICATE POSITIONS AT 6-HOURLY INTERVALS