NOORUL ISLAM UNIVERSITY

ENGINEERING MATERIALS AND METALLURGY

1. Define solid solution.

A solid solution may be defined as a solid that consists of two or more elements automatically
dispersed in a single-phase structure.
2. Differentiate substitutional and interstitial solid solutions.
Substitutional solid solution
Interstitial solid solution
When the solute atoms substitute for
parent solvent atoms in a crystal lattice, are In interstitial solid solution , the solute
called substitutional atoms, and the mixture atoms fit in to space between the solvent or
of the two elements is called a parent atoms
substitutional solid solution
3. State Gibbss phase rule.
F=CP+2
Where,
F = Degrees of freedom
= number of components
P = number of phases present.

4. What is liquidus line?

Liquidus is the line or boundary that separates liquid and liquid + solid phase regions.
5. What is solidus line?
Solidus is the line or boundary that separates solid and solid + liquid phase regions.
6. What is solvus line?
Solvus is the line or boundary that separates single phase solid regions from two phase solid
regions.
7. Define triple point.
The point at which three phases (solid, liquid, and vapour) of a single material coexist is called
triple point.

8. What is an isomorphous system?

In some binary alloy systems, the two elements are completely soluble in each other in both the
liquid and solid states. In these systems only a single type of crystal structure exists and therefore they
are called isomorphous systems.
9. Define eutectic reaction.
Eutectic reaction is the reversible, isothermal reaction of a liquid which transforms in to two
different solid phases upon cooling.

The eutectic reaction can be written as

Cooling
Liquid
Solid 1 + Solid 2
Heating
10. Define peritectic reaction.
Peritectic reaction is the reversible, isothermal reaction in which a solid and liquid phase transform
in to a solid phase upon cooling.
The peritectic reaction can be written as
Cooling
Liquid + Solid 1
Solid 2
Heating
11. Define eutectoid reaction.
Eutectoid reaction is the reversible, isothermal reaction in which one solid phase transforms in to
two mixed solid phases, upon cooling.
The eutectoid reaction can be written as
Cooling
Solid 1
Solid 2 +Solid 3
Heating
12. Define peritectoid reaction.
Peritectoid reaction is the reversible, isothermal reaction in which two solid phases transform in to
a third solid phase upon cooling.
The peritectoid reaction can be written as
Cooling
Solid 1 + Solid 2
Solid 3
Heating
13. Define the terms ferrite and austenite in iron carbon alloy system.
Ferrite is a primary solid solution based on iron having BCC structure.
Austenite is a primary solid solution based on iron having FCC structure. Both are interstitial solid
solutions of carbon in iron.
14. What do you understand by the term allotropy?
Allotropy refers to the possibility of existence of two or more different crystal structures for a
substance depending upon temperature.
15. Write down the allotropy forms of pure iron.
iron (BCC structure, stable up to 912 C )
iron (FCC structure, stable between 912 C to 1394 C )
iron (BCC structure, stable between 1394 C to 1538 C )
16. Define polymorphism.

Allotropy refers to the possibility of existence of two or more different crystal structures for a
substance depending upon temperature. This phenomenon is also known as polymorphism.
17. What is steel?
Steel is an alloy of carbon and iron, with 0.008 to 2 of carbon.
18. What is meant by eutectoid, hypo eutectoid, hyper eutectoid steel?
Steel contain 0.8 of carbon is called eutectoid steel.
Steels having less than 0.8 of carbon are known as hypo eutectoid steels.
Steels having above 0.8 of are known as hyper eutectoid steels.
19. What is cast iron?
Cast Iron is an alloy of carbon and iron, with above 2 of carbon in iron.
20. What is meant by eutectic, hypo eutectic, hyper eutectic cast iron?
Cast iron contain 4.3 of carbon is called eutectic cast iron.
Cast iron having less than 4.3 of carbon is known as hypo eutectic cast iron.
Cast iron having above 4.3 of carbon is known as hyper eutectic cast iron.
21) What is Heat treatment of metal?
It is the controlled heating and cooling of metals for the purpose of altering their properties.
22) Write some objectives of Heat treatment?
1. To Relieve internal stresses
2. To improve Machinability
3. To improve the properties
23) What are the types of heat Treatment?
Annealing
Normalising
Hardening
Tempering
24) What are the types of Annealing?
Full
Stress-relief
Recrystallization
Spheroidizing
Process
25) What is the process in Full Annealing?
Heating the steel 15 0 to 40 0 C above critical temperature
Hold in that temperature for a period of time, now the steel is austenized
Cooling is done very slowly in the furnace itself.
26) What is the process in Stress relief annealing?
Heating the steel 550 to 650 0 C
Hold in that temperature for a period of time, now the steel is
Cooled slowly
27) What is the process in Recrystallization or process annealing?
Heating the steel 550 to 650 0 C

austenized

Hold in that temperature for a period of time, now the steel is austenized, then Cooled at any desired
rate.

28) What is the Spheroidizing?

The cementite is hard to machine because of its needle like structure. So heated to about 700 C.
Now the Cementite becomes globular structure called Spheroids which will be easy to machine.
29) What is Normalising?
Similat to FullAnnealing but cooling established in still air called normalizing.
Heating the steel 50 to 600 C above critical temperature
Hold for a short time. Now the steel is Austenized
Cool down in still air
30) What is the purpose of normalizing?
To refine the grain size
To produce more uniform structure and desirable size distribution.
31) . what is the abbrevation of TTT-diagram?
Time,Temperature and Transformation of Austenite.
32) What is TTT diagram?
TTT diagram is a plot of temperature versus the logarithm of time for a steel alloy of definite
composition.
33) what are the other names of TTT diagram?
Isothermal Transformation(IT-diagram) curves and S-curve,C-curve, Bains curve due to their shapes
34) what are the co-ordinates of IT-diagram?
Amount of Austenite transformed in vertical axis(Y-axis)
Time(Logirathamic scale,so we can use for days,weeks,months) in X-axis
35) What are the products you came to know from IT-diagram?
At 700 0 C Coarse Pearlite
At 600 0 C upper Bainite ( Sorbite )
At 500 to 550 0 C Fine Pearlite(Troosite)
At 550 to 300 0 C Lower Bainite (acicular troosite)

36)

What is Hardness?
It is the property of a material by virtue of which it is able to resist abrasion, indentation and scratching.

37)

What is Hardening?
Refers to the heat treatment which increases the hardness by quenching.

38)

What is the reason for Hardening?

Martensite is formed from Austenite directly .This is a complex structure formed due to sudden cooling.

39)

What is Critical Cooling Rate(CCR)?

The slowest rate of cooling of austenite that will result in 100% Martensite transformation is known as
the critical cooling rate

40) What is Tempering?

In Hardening the metal becomes too brittle and with lot of internal stresses which would affect the
property of metal. To remove this and to get desired property we reheat the hardened metal. This process is called
Tempering.
41)

What is Martempering?
If we reheat the metal after Martensite formation

42)

What is Austempering?
It is the quenching technique that the metal is quenched to the temp just above the Martensite start(Ms)
temp and keep that temp until complete transformation of austenite to Bainite structure.
43)

What is Martempering?
It is the quenching technique that the metal is reheated after Martensite formation

44)

What are the three types of Tempering?

Low temperature
High temperature
Medium Temperature

45)

What are the types of hardening process?

Work Hardening
Age Hardening
Air Hardening
Hardening by heating and quenching

46)

What is Hardenability?
Ability of the metal to get hardened is known as Hardenability.

47)

What is the test to find Hardenabilty?

Jominy End Quench Test

48)

What is case hardening?

It is the process of introducing carbon atoms onto the surface of low carbon steels to produce hard case of
surface, while the interior core remains soft.

49) What are the various types of case Hardening?

Carburizing, Cyaniding, Nitriding, Flame and Induction Hardening
50) What is Nitriding?
It is the process of introducing nitrogen atoms to obtain hard surface of the steel components.
51) What is Carbonitriding?
It is the process of introducing both carbon and nitrogen atoms to obtain hard surface of the steel
components.
52) What is selective hardening technique?
It is the technique in which different properties are obtained simply by varying the temperature of various
regions.
53) What is Flame hardening?
It is a selective hardening process in which combustible gas flame is used as the source of heat.
54) What is Induction hardening?

It is a selective hardening process using resistance to induced eddy currents as the source of heat.

55)

What is alloy steel?

Steel in which other elements are added other than carbon.

56. What are the effects of alloying additions on steel?

To increase Strength, Hardness, Toughness, Properties
57. .How stainless steel divided?
Martensitic, Ferritic , Austenitic

58. What are the various types of Tool steels?

Plain carbon
Low alloy
High speed
High Chromium High Carbon steels
59. What is HSLA steels?
High Strength low alloy steels, which have, better mechanical properties.
60. What are Maraging steels?
Martensite aging. Steels with greater Tensile strength (ultra high strength steels)
61. How copper alloys classified?
Copper-Zinc
Copper-Tin
62. what are the types of bronze?
Phosphorous
Silicon
Beryillium
Manganese
Aluminium
63. What are the three main steps in precipitation Strengthening treatment?
Solution Treatment
Quenching
Aging
64. Define the term polymer.
Poly-many
Mer-single unit
Polymer many units joined together
It is a macromolecule formed by repeated linking of many monomers.
65. What are the naturally occurring polymers?
Wood,rubber,leather etc.
66. What are the synthetic polmers?
Nylon,Terlyene,Poly ethylene .

67. What is polymerization?

It is the process of forming a polymer by combining small molecules in to large molecule.
68. What are the types of polymerization?
1. Addition
2. Condensation
69. What is the difference between Addition and condensation polymerization?
Addition no by product formed
Condensation by product formed
70. How are polymers classified?
Thermoplasts, Thermosets
71. What is the difference between Thermoplasts and Thermosets?
Thermosets cannot be remoulded
Thermosets can be remoulded
72. Define ceramics?
Ceramics are compounds of metallic and non-metallic elements. Ex: stone,brick,clay,glass
73. What does new ceramic material include?
Oxcides,carbides ,borides and other similar compounds
74. Name two refractory materials.
Magnesia
Alumina
75. What is composite material?
Two or more materials with superior properties combined together to form new product.
76. Write an example for composite material?
Cement concrete, glass reinforced plastic polywood
77. What are the different types of composites?
Particle reinforced
Fibre reinfoeced
Structural
78. What is matrix and reinforcement?
The Major element molten metal is matrix.The material which is added to improve the
properties is reinforcement.

79. How the metals are classified?

Ferrous (Iron-based)
Non-Ferrous (non Iron-based)
80. What are the two types of Deformation in metals?
Plastic Deformation
Elastic Deformation
81. What is plastic deformation?

When a body is subjected to a force, it will tend to deform. When the deformation
exceeds the elastic limit it will not regain to its original form
82. What is Elastic deformation?
When a body is subjected to a force, it will tend to deform. When the deformation
with in the elastic limit it will regain to its original form
83. In what ways plastic deformation takes place?
Two methods
1.Slipping
2.Twinning
84. Define slipping.
It is defined as the shear transformation, which moves the atoms over a number of interatomic
distances relative to their initial position.
85. Define Twinning.
It is the two plastic deformations which takes place along two planes due to set of forces acting on a
given metal.
86. Define fracture.
Seperation of Solids in to two Parts.
87. What are the two components of the p[rocess of fracture?
Crack initiation
Crack propagation
88. What are the different types of fracture/
Brittle
Ductile
Fatigue
Creep
89. What is the use of izod test?
To determine the impact strength of the material
90. What is the yield strength?
The material yield with out a change in the load
91. What are the tests conducted in the material?
Impact test,hardness test,shear test,tensile test,fatigue test,creep test
92. What is fatigue fracture?
It is the fracture that occurs under repeatedly applied fatigue stresses
93. What is Brittle fracture?
It takes place with minimum of plastic deformation and very rapid crack
propagation.

94. What is creep fracture?

It is the fracture that takes place due to excessive creeping of metals under steady
loading and high temperature.
95. What is the need of mechanical test?
Inorder to determine which material is best by knowing the properties such as
hardness,ductility,Strength.
6 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. What is solid solution? Explain any one type of solid solutions with sketch.
2. Two elements A and B have melting points 900 C and 600 C respectively. Draw a phase
diagram between A and B if they exhibit unlimited solid solubility.
3. Explain Peritectoid reaction with reference to a phase diagram.
4. Explain Peritectic reaction with reference to a phase diagram.
5. Explain Eutectic reaction with reference to a phase diagram.
6. Explain Eutectoid reaction with reference to a phase diagram.
7. Explain annealing process? List the types of annealing.
8. Explain hardening and tempering of steel.
9. Explain the process of martempering. Compare with austempering process.
10. Explain pack carburizing process.
11. Describe the flame hardening process with the aid of neat sketch.
12. Write short notes on HSLA steels.
13. Write short notes on maraging steels.
14. List the effects of alloying additions of Tungsten in steel.
15. Give the composition, properties and uses of types of cupronickel.
16. Give the composition, properties and uses of Duralumin.
17. Give the composition, properties and uses of any two types of brass.
18. Describe the difference between thermoplastics and thermosetting plastics.
19. List the properties and typical applications of PMMA and PET.
20. List the properties and typical applications of PTFE and PEEK.
21. Write an engineering brief about Polyethylene (PE) and Polyamides(PA).
22. Discuss the properties and applications of Partially Stabilized Zirconia (PSZ).
23. List the advantages of composite materials.
24. What is meant by brittle fracture? Explain the mechanism of it.
25. What is meant by ductile fracture? Explain the mechanism of it.
26. Explain the procedure for performing the Rockwell hardness test.
27. Explain the procedure for performing the Brinell hardness test.
28. Explain the procedure for performing the Vickers Hardness test.
10 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. Draw Iron-Iron carbide equilibrium diagram and mark on it all salient temperatures and
composition fields.
2. Explain the micro constituents of Iron-carbon alloys.
3. Two elements A and B have melting points 900 C and 600 C respectively.Draw a phase
diagram between A and B if a eutectic reaction occurs at composition 40 B and at

temperature 400 C. Assume that the maximum solid solubility in either case is 10 and
the room temperature solubility in either case is 5 .
4. Explain the primary crystallization of eutectoid steels.
5. Explain the primary crystallization of eutectoid cast irons.
6. Draw a neat sketch of the TTT diagram.
7. Explain Jominy End quench test with neat sketches
8. Draw CCT diagram for eutectoid steel which is superimposed on IT diagram
9. Compare and contrast various surface heat treatment techniques.
10. Explain the carbonitriding process with neat sketch.
11. List the types of cast iron and explain any two.
12. With part of phase diagram and relevant sketches, explain the precipitation hardening
treatment of Al-Cu alloys.
13. Explain the types of tool steels.
14. Explain the types of stainless steel.
15. List the effects of alloying additions of Mo and V in steel.
16. Explain the properties and applications of bearing metals.
17. List the properties and applications of PVC and ABS.
18. Explain Discuss the properties and typical applications of the following engineering
Ceramics
(a)
Alumina (Al2O3)
(b)
Silicon Carbide (SiC)
19. Explain Discuss the properties and typical applications of the following engineering
Ceramics
(a)
Silicon Nitride (Si3N4)
(b)
Sialons
20. Write short notes on composite materials.
21. Explain the two modes of plastic deformation in metals with neat sketch.
22. Describe a tensile test to determine various tensile properties.
23. Write an engineering brief about the creep test.
24. Write an engineering brief about the fatigue test.
25. Write an engineering brief about the impact tests.