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unit depends on how long the battery can supply the necessary current.
A partial implant is a good example of a system used for the monitoring of the
electroencephalogram where the electrodes have been implanted into the brain and the
telemetry unit is implanted within and on top of the skull. This type of unit needs a
protective helmet. The use of implantable units also restricts the distance of transmission
of the signal. The body fluids and the skin greatly attenuate the signal and because the
unit must be small to be implanted, therefore has little power, the range of signal is quite
restricted, often to just a few feet. This disadvantage has been overcome by picking up
the signal with a nearby antenna and retransmitting it. However, with the plastic potting
compounds and plastic materials available today, encapsulation is easily possible. Silicon
encapsulation is commonly used.
Mercury and silver-oxide primary batteries have been used extensively and, more
recently, lithium batteries have found many applications. For field work with freeroaming animals, the power requirements are quite different from those needed in a
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Fig. 5.2: Single channel implantable transmitter for blood pressure. [2]
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transmitter. The module at the top contains the signal conditioning circuitry and RF
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transmitter. The second module contains a 200-mA-hour lithium power source and a 1.7MHz RF switch for turning the system on and off remotely.
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6. Applications
There are many instances in which it is necessary to monitor physiological events
from a distance. Typical applications include the following:
1. Radio-frequency transmissions for monitoring astronauts in space.
2. Patient monitoring where freedom of movement is desired, such as in obtaining an
exercise electrocardiogram. In this instance, the requirement of trailing wires is
both cumbersome and dangerous.
3. Patient monitoring in an ambulance and in other locations away from the hospital.
4. Collection of medical data from a home or office.
5. Research on unrestrained, unanesthetized animals in their natural habitat.
6. Use of telephone links for transmission of electrocardiograms or other medical
data.
7. Special internal techniques, such as tracing acidity or pressure through the
gastrointestinal tract.
8. Isolation of an electrically susceptible patient (see Chapter 16) from power-lineoperated ECG equipment to protect him from accidental shock.
These applications have indicated the need for systems that can adapt existing methods of
measuring physiological variables to a method of transmission of resulting data. This is the
branch of biomedical instrumentation known as
Prepared by V.Mythily, JCE
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