Polyatomic Ions SO32- Sulfite SO42- Sulfate HSO41- Hydrosulfuric Acid CN- Cyanide PO43- Phosphate HPO42- Hydrogen

Phosphate H2PO4- Dihydrogen Phosphate CO32- Carbonate HCO3Hydrogen Carbonate MnO4- Permanganate Cr2O72-Dichromate CrO42- Chromate O22- Peroxide Acids (No Oxygen) HF Hydrofluoric Acid HCL Hydrochloric Acid HBr Hydrobromic Acid HI
Hydroiodic Acid HCN Hydrocyanic Acid H 2S Hydrosulfuric Acid (Contain Oxygen) HNO3 Nitric Acid HNO2 Nitrous Acid H2SO4 Sulfuric Acid H2SO3 Sulfurous Acid H3PO4 Phosphoric
Acid HC2H3O2 Acetic Acid
Solubility Rules 1) Most Nitrate Salts NO3- are soluble 2) Most Salts of Na, K, and NH4 are soluble 3) Most Chloride salts are soluble. Notable exceptions are AgCl, PbCl2 Hg2Cl2. 4) Most sulfate salts
are soluble. Notable exceptions are BaSO 4, PbSO4, and CaSO4 5) Most hydroxide compounds are only slightly soluble, The important exceptions are NaOH and KOH Ba(OH) 2 and Ca(OH)2 are only
moderately soluble
6) Most sulfide S2-, carbonate CO32- , and phosphate PO43- salts are only slightly soluble
Daltons Atomic Theory 1. Elements are made of atoms, 2. All atoms of a given element are identical, 3.Atoms of an element are different than those of a different element, 4. Atoms of any element
can combine with those of another element to form compounds, 5. Atoms are invisible in a chemical process, that is, atoms are not created or destroyed, the things that changes is the way the atoms
are grouped together.
Oxidation Number Rules
1. Elements have an oxidation number of 0 2. Group I and II In addition to the elemental oxidation state of 0, Group I has an oxidation state of +1 and Group II has an oxidation state of +2.
3. Hydrogen usually +1, except when bonded to Group I or Group II, when it forms hydrides, -1. 4. Oxygen usually -2, except when it forms a O-O single bond, a peroxide, when it is -1.
5. Fluorine is always -1. Other halogens are usually -1, except when bonded to O
Stoichiometry Rules: 1. Balance 2. Write down givens 3. Write down unknowns 4. Follow: mass (g) Mols mol/mol ratio (from balanced equation) mols mass (g)
Limiting Reagent Problem: 1. Balance 2. Mass Moles 3. mol/mol ratio between the reactant and limiting reactant
Ch.2
Type 3: Mono-1
Di-2
Tri-3
Tetra-4
Penta-5
Hexa-6
Hepta-7
Octa-8
Conversions: 1dm3=1L
1cm3=1mL
1L=100mL
Physical Properties: odor, color, volume, state, density, melting point, and boiling point. Chemical Properties: ability to form new substances. Ex. Burning, rusting, digestion, and growth.
Physical Changes: do not affect the composition of the substance. Chemical Change: change in the fundamental components of the substance Mixture: something that has variable composition
Pure Substance: always has the same composition. Either elements (pure gold) or compounds (pure water) Homogeneous Mixture or Solution: same throughout. Ex. Salt mixed in water
Heterogeneous Mixture: contains regions that have different properties from other regions. Ex. Sand in water Distillation: Boiling liquid to separate liquid from dissolved substance. Ex. Salt from
water
Filtration: Filtering liquid to separate liquid from un-dissolved solid. Ex. Sand from water
Ch. 3: JJ Thompson (late 1890s): Used cathode ray tube to show atoms of any element can be made to emit tiny negative particles (Discovered Electrons).
William Thompson and JJ Thompson: Created Plum Pudding Model; a uniform pudding of positive charge with enough negative electrons scattered within to counterbalance that positive charge.
Earnest Rutherford: Discovered the Nuclear Atom- An atom with a dense center of positive charge (the nucleus) around which tiny electrons moved in a space that was otherwise empty.
His experiment: Directed alpha particles (positive) towards a thin metal foil surrounded by a detector coated with a substance that produced tiny flashes when hit with alpha particles. There were large
deflections.
Isotopes: Same # of protons, different #s of electrons, disproved Dalton Theory #2 Ions: atoms with + or charge. Formed when electrons are lost (cation) or gained (anion)
Ch.4: Ionic: Metal and Non-Metal, Covalent: Non-Metal and Non-Metal
Ch.5: Avogadros #: 6.0221023
Scientific Notation:
10000:104,.000007:7.06

Ch.6: 1 amu= 1.66 x 10-24g, Percent Yield: Mass of C/ mass of CO then x 100%---experimental (actual)/theoretical
Ch.7: Evidence of Chemical Reaction: (1) Color Change (2) Bubbles (gas) (3) Solid forms (4) Flame occurs (heat)
Ch.8: Molecular: Complete undissociated form Complete Ionic: All strong electrolytes as ions Net Ionic: components directly involved Spectator Ions: No participate
Types of Reactions: Acid-Base (H2O product), Precipitate, Redox (transfer of electrons), Synthesis (smallbig), Decomposition (bigsmall), Combustion (O2 reactant, heat product)

Acids (No Oxygen) HF Hydrofluoric HCL Hydrochloric HBr Hydrobromic HI Hydroiodic HCN Hydrocyanic H 2S Hydrosulfuric (Contain Oxygen) HNO3 Nitric HNO2
Nitrous H2SO4 Sulfuric H2SO3 Sulfurous H3PO4 Phosphoric HC2H3O2 Acetic
StrongBases:LiOH NaOH KOH RbOH CsOH Ca(OH)2 Sr(OH)2 Ba(OH)2(Lithium Hydroxide)7StrongAcids:HCl HBr HI HNO3 HClO3 HCLO4 H2SO4(hydrochloric acid)
Balancing Redox Reactions (1) Separate reactions (2) Balance regular elements (3) OH

O (4) HH+ (5) e- Multiply to make same # (6) Combine half

reactions..IF BASIC (7) Add OH- (based on # of H+) (8) Combine like terms
Stoichiometry Rules: 1. Balance 2. Write down givens 3. Write down unknowns 4. Follow: mass (g) Mols mol/mol ratio (from balanced equation) mols mass (g)
(first gmols you divide by molar mass to get to mols and second gmols you multiply by molar mass)
Limiting Reagent Problem: 1. Balance 2. Mass Moles 3. mol/mol ratio between the reactant and limiting reactant
Type I: M+NM=ionic compound. Group 1,2&Al Ex: KCl Potassium Chloride
Type II: M+NM Transition Metals, charge varies,&Roman numerals Ex1: FeCl3 Iron(III)Chloride Ex2: Iron(II)Bromide Fe+2 + Br-1FeBr2
Type III Prefixes: 2 or more nonmetals Mono-1 Di-2 Tri-3 Tetra-4 Penta-5 Hexa-6 Hepta-7 Octa-8 Nano-9 Deca-10.
Ex1:C2O5 Dicarbon Pentaoxide Ex2: Diiodine Heptaselenide- I2Se7
MEwrite out&balance the equation(s)CIwrite out each element on its own except for the(s)NI put the 2(aq)tht make up the(s) SI put the(aq)tht didnt make up the solid(aq)
Atomic#: top on periodic table Protons: Atomic # Neutrons: Mass#-Atomic # Electrons: Protons Mass#: Atomic #+neutrons Atomic Mass: Bottom PT
Independent variable: you change/being changed Dependent variable results control:what doesnt change constant: the same throughout
MM AN
grams
mols
# atoms
MM AN
AN=6.022x1023

SIG FIG RULES

1) ALL non-zero numbers (1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9) are ALWAYS
significant.
2) ALL zeroes between non-zero numbers are ALWAYS
significant.
3) ALL zeroes which are SIMULTANEOUSLY to the right of
the decimal point AND at the end of the number are
ALWAYS significant.
4) ALL zeroes which are to the left of a written decimal point

1lb=16oz
1pint=2cups
1qt=2pints
1gal=4qts
1gal=8pints
If O ate -ic acid 1gal=16cups
-ite -ous acid 1cup=8fluid oz
No oxygen:
hydro-ic acid
C= (F-32)/1.8
Density:
D=m/v
V=lwh

F= (1.8C) +32

1m=1.094yd
2.54cm=1in
1mi=5280ft
1mi=1760yd
1yd=3ft
1ft=12in
1kg=2.205lb
453.6g =1lb
1L=1.06 qt
1ft3=28.32L