NAME : ..

CLASS : ..

CHAPTER 2: THE STRUCTURE OF ATOM

A MATTER
Learning Outcomes
You should be able to:
describe the particulate nature of matter,
state the kinetic theory of matter,
define atoms, molecules and ions,
relate the change in the state of matter to the change in heat,
relate the change in heat to the change in kinetic energy of particles,
explain the inter-conversion of the states of matter in terms of kinetic theory of
matter.

Activity 1
Fill in the blanks with suitable word(s) in the box given
ions
tiny
molecules
take part
positively-charged
atoms
gas
chemically
different arrangement
movement

discrete
in
solid
liquid

smallest
released
absorbed

1. Matter is made up of . and particles.

2. The tiny particles may be atoms, .. and .
3. An atom is the particle of an element that can .. in a
chemical reaction.
4. A molecule is a group of two or more which are bonded
together.
5. An ion is a . or negatively charged particle
6. Diffusion occurs when particles of a substance move between the particles of
another substance.
7. Diffusion of matter occurs most rapidly in state, slower in ..
state and slowest in .. state. This is due to the different
and . of particles in the three states of matter.
8. Matter consists of small particles that always collide among each other. The particles move
faster when energy is and the particles move slower when the energy is .
...

Activity 2

1. Complete the table below.

State of matter

Solid

Liquid

Gas

Draw the
arrangement of
particles

The particles are

The particles are

The particles are

Arrangement of

packed ..

. but not

.. apart

particles

together in an

in ....

from each other.

..

manner
Particles can only

Particles can

Particles can

Movement of

. and

.., .

.,

particles

.. about

and

and

their fixed positions

. freely

throughout the liquid

Attractive forces

Particles are

Particles are attracted

The attraction forces

between the

attracted by very

by

between particles are

particles

strong forces.

forces

Energy content
of particles

..

2. Underline the correct word in the passage below.

When heat energy is supplied to particles in matter, its kinetic energy (increases /decreases)
and the particles in matter vibrate ( faster/ slower) When matter loses heat energy, the kinetic
energy of the particles (increases/decreases) and they vibrate
( faster/ slower).

3. The flow chart below shows the interconversion of the states of matter. State the change of
matter for each conversion in the spaces provided.

B ... C ....

D . E .. F
4. (a) Choose the correct word(s) from the list given below to complete the passage below.
( solid, gas, boiling point, melting point )
The temperature at which a . completely changes to a liquid is called
..
(b) Choose the correct word(s) from the list given below to complete the passage below.
( solid, gas, liquid, intermolecular, released, absorbed, overcome )
Boiling point is the temperature at which a changes into .. .
During the boiling process, the temperature remains constant because the heat energy is
by the particles and is used to the
forces between particles.

(c) The graph below shows the change in temperature with time when a matter in solid
state was heated.

Temperature/ OC

D
B
C

A
Time/s

By referring to the graph above, complete the table below.

Point

States of matter

Explanation in terms of energy change and

movement of particles
Heating causes the particles to ..

A to B

more energy and vibrate ..

The

temperature of the substance and the kinetic energy

Continuous heating does not cause the temperature of

the substance to increase. The energy absorbed is
B to C

used to the forces of

attraction between the . The
constant temperature is called the ..
..
Continuous heating causes the temperature of the

C to D

liquid to The particles move

. Because their kinetic energy is
..

5. (a) The graph below shows the change in temperature with time when a matter in liquid state is
left to cool.
Temperature / OC
P

QQ

SD
Time/s
By referring to the graph above, complete the table below.
Point

State of matter

P to Q

Explanation
As cooling continues, particles lose ..
Kinetic energy, move . and
the temperature

Q to R

The stronger bonds . during

freezing release energy. This energy released
is the same as the energy . to the
surroundings during cooling. Thus the
temperature remains unchanged. This constant
temperature is called ..

R to S

The temperature . as the

cooling continues

(b) Choose the correct word(s) from the list given below to complete the passage below.
( solid, gas, liquid, exactly balanced, decreased, increased)
Freezing point is the temperature at which a changes into .
During the freezing process, the temperature remains unchanged because the heat lost to the
environment is ... by the heat released when the liquid particles rearrange
themselves to become solid.

Learning Outcomes
You should be able to:
describe the development of atomic model,
state the main subatomic particles of an atom,
compare and contrast the relative mass and the relative charge of the protons, electrons and
neutrons,
B define
THE
ATOMIC
STRUCTURE
proton
number,
define nucleon number,
determine the proton number,
determine the nucleon number,
relate the proton number to the nucleon number,
relate the proton number to the type of element,
write the symbol of elements,
determine the number of neutrons, protons and electrons from the proton number and the
nucleon number and vice versa,
construct the atomic structure.

Activity 3
The Historical Development Of Atomic Models
1. Complete all the blanks and draw the structure of each atomic model.
Model
Daltons atomic
model
(proposed by

Structure

Characteristic
The atom was imagined as a small
indivisible ball similar to a very tiny
ball.

in 1805 )
Thomsons atomic
model
( proposed by
..
In 1897)
Rutherfords atomic
model
(proposed by

in 1911)

Bohrs atomic
model
( proposed by

J.J Thomson discovered the

.., a negativelycharged particle.
The atom was described as a
sphere of positive charge
embedded with electrons.
Ernest Rutherford discovered
., a positively-charged
particle in an atom.
The central region of atom has a
very small positively-charged
.., which
contains almost all the mass of the
atom.
The electrons in an atom move in
.. around the nucleus
which contains protons.

in
1913.)
Chadwicks atomic
model
(proposed by
...
in 1932)

Chadwick proved the existence of

.., the neutral particle
in the nucleus.
The nucleus of the atom contains
protons & neutrons, and the
nucleus is surrounded by
electrons.

Model

Structure

Characteristic

Activity 4
Subatomic Particle Of An Atom
Fill in the blanks and complete the table.
1. Atoms are made up of subatomic particles namely protons, and ..
2. and .. are found in the nucleus of an atom while electrons
surround the nucleus.
Subatomic particle
Proton
Neutron
Electron
3.

Symbol

Relative mass

Relative electric charge

The proton number of an element is the number of in its atom.

Proton Number, Z = Number Of Proton

4.

Protons and neutrons are collectively called nucleons.

The nucleon number of an element is the total number of .. and
.. in its atom.
Nucleon Number, A = Number Of Proton + Number Of Neutron

5.

The nucleon number is also known as the ..

= Nucleon Number -- Proton Number
= A -- Z

6. Symbols of Elements
The standard representation for an atom of any element shows the proton number and the
nucleon number of the element. It can be written as follows:
A
Z

1
H
1

A Nucleon number
Z proton number
X symbol of element

21
Sc
45

Proton number
Nucleon number

2
He
4

3
4
Li Be
7
9
11 12
Na Mg
23 24
19 20
K Ca
39 40

5
B
11
13
Al
27

6
C
12
14
Si
28

7
N
14
15
P
31

8
O
16
16
S
32

9
F
19
17
Cl
35

10
Ne
20
18
Ar
40

21
Sc
45

By referring to part of the Periodic Table of Element above, complete the table below.
Element

Symbol

Proton
number

No. of
neutrons

Nucleon
number

Scandium
Aluminium
Argon
Beryllium
Boron
Calcium
Carbon
Chlorine
Fluorine
Helium
Hydrogen
Lithium
Magnesium
Neon
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Phosphorus
Potassium

C ISOTOPES AND THEIR IMPORTANCE

Learning Outcomes
You should be able to:
state the meaning of isotope,
list examples of elements with isotopes,
determine the number of subatomic particles of isotopes,
justify the uses of isotope in daily life.

No. of
electrons

Standard
representation

Activity 5
Fill in the blanks.
1. Isotopes are atoms of the same element with the .number of proton but
..number of neutron.
2. Complete the table below:
Element

Number of
isotopes

Symbol of
isotopes
1
1

Hydrogen

Number of
electrons

Number of
neutrons

3
16
8

Oxygen

Number of
protons
1

Hydrogen-2

8
8

Chlorine

Bromine

Oxygen-16

18
8

O
6

Carbon

Name of
isotope

Carbon-12

6
14
6

35
17

Cl

7
6

17
17

20

35
35

Bromine-80
35

Bromine-81

3. For each of the isotope listed below, state one of its uses.
a) Gamma rays of Cobalt-60: .
b). Carbon-14: ..
c). Phosphorus-32: ..
d). Sodium- 24:
e). Iodine -131:

THE ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE OF AN ATOM

Learning Outcomes
You should be able to:
describe electron arrangements of elements with proton numbers 1 to 20,
draw electron arrangement of an atom in an element,
state the meaning of valence electrons,
determine the number of valence electrons from the electron arrangement of an atom.

Activity 6
Fill in the blanks and complete the table below.
1. Electrons are filled in specific shells, starting with the shell nearest to the nucleus of the atom.
Every shell can be filled only with a certain number of electrons.
For the elements with proton number 1 to 20:
The first shell can be filled with a maximum of . electrons
The second shell can be filled with a maximum of . electrons
The third shell can be filled with a maximum of .electrons
Use x as symbol for
electrons. Draw the
maximum number of
electrons in each shell.

2. Draw the electron

23
arrangement of a sodium atom, 11 Na
in the box and complete the table
below

3.

Number of protons
Number of electrons
Number of neutrons
Proton number
Nucleon number
Electron arrangement

Valence electrons are electrons in the .. shell of a neutral atom.

4. Identify the number of valence electrons in these atoms according to its electron arrangement.
Atom of Element
Electron Arrangement
Number of valence electrons
Oxygen
2.6
Aluminium
2.8.3
Chlorine
2.8.7
Neon
2.8
Potassium
2.8.8.1
Magnesium
2.8.2

This paper consists of 15 questions. Answer all questions. Every question is followed by four alternative
answers A, B, C and D. For each question, choose one answer only. Blacken your answer on the objective
answer sheet provided. If you wish to change your answer, erase the blackened mark that you have made.
Then blacken the new answer.
Bahagian ini mengandungi 15 soalan. Jawab semua soalan. Tiap-tiap soalan diikuti oleh empat pilihan
jawapan iaitu A, B, C, dan D. Bagi setiap soalan, pilih satu jawapan sahaja. Hitamkan jawapan kamu
pada kertas jawapan objektif yang disediakan. Jika kamu hendak menukar jawapan, padamkan tanda yang

telah dibuat. Kemudian hitamkan jawapan yang baru.

1

Which substance is an ionic compound?

Bahan manakah yang merupakan suatu sebatian ionik?

A Zinc sulphate
Zink sulfat

B Ammonia
Ammonia

C Ethane
Etana

D Water
Air

Which substance is a compound?

Bahan manakah yang merupakan suatu sebatian?

A Iron

C Oxygen

Ferum

B Zinc

Oksigen

D Ammonia

Zink

Ammonia

A sample of ammonia gas is cooled.

Which of the following is true about the velocity and the size of its particles?
Satu sampel gas ammonia disejukkan.
Antara berikut, yang manakah benar tentang halaju dan saiz zarahnya?

Velocity of the particles

Size of the particles

Halaju zarah

Saiz zarah

A
B
C
D
4

Increases

Decreases

Bertambah

Berkurang

Decreases

Decreases

Berkurang

Berkurang

Decreases

No change

Berkurang

Tidak berubah

Increases

No change

Bertambah

Tidak berubah

Which of the following shows the correct type of particle for each substance?
Antara yang berikut, yang manakah menunjukkan jenis zarah yang betul bagi setiap bahan?

A
B
C
D

Atom

Molecule

Ion

Atom

Molekul

Ion

Carbon dioxide

Magnesium

Zinc sulphate

Karbon dioksida

Magnesium

Zink sulfat

Magnesium

Carbon dioxide

Zinc sulphate

Magnesium

Karbon dioksida

Zink sulfat

Magnesium

Zinc sulphate

Carbon dioxide

Magnesium

Zink sulfat

Karbon dioksida

Carbon dioxide

Zinc sulphate

Magnesium

Karbon dioksida

Zink sulfat

Magnesium

Diagram 1 shows the inter-conversion of the states of matter.

Rajah 1 menunjukkan perubahan keadaan jirim.

Diagram 1
Rajah 1

Which inter-conversion involves the release of energy?

Perubahan keadaan manakah yang melibatkan pembebasan tenaga?

A Solid Gas
Pepejal Gas

B Liquid Gas
Cecair Gas

C Liquid Solid
Cecair Pepejal

D Solid Liquid
Pepejal Cecair

Which of the following set ups of apparatus is correct to determine the melting point of napthalene?
Antara susunan radas berikut, yang manakah betul untuk menentukan takat lebur naftalena?

The following statements are about diffusion.

Pernyataan berikut adalah berkaitan dengan resapan.

The tiny particles are discrete

Zarah-zarah halus adalah diskret

The tiny particles move randomly to fill

up any available space
Zarah-zarah halus bergerak secara rawak
untuk mengisi ruang

Which situations are explained by the statements above?

Situasi manakah yang diterangkan oleh pernyataan di atas?

Melting of lead(II) bromide

Peleburan plumbum(II) bromida

II Combustion of magnesium in air

Pembakaran magnesium dalam udara

III Vaporising of liquid bromine in air

Pengewapan cecair bromin dalam udara

IV Dissolving of potassium manganate(VII) crystal in water

Pelarutan hablur kalium manganat(VII) dalam air

A I and II
I dan II

B I and IV
I dan IV

C II and III
II dan III

D III and IV
III dan IV

Which substance will sublimate when heated?

Bahan manakah akan memejalwap apabila dipanaskan?

A Naphthalene
Naftalena

B Ammonia
Ammonia

C Bromine
Bromin

D Water
Air

Diagram 2 shows a model of an atom.

Rajah 2 menunjukkan satu model atom.

Diagram 2
Rajah 2

Which scientist introduced this model?

Ahli sains manakah yang memperkenalkan model ini?

A
B
C
D
10

John Dalton
James Chadwick
Ernest Rutherford
Joseph John Thomson

Diagram 3 shows the symbol for element magnesium.

Rajah 3 menunjukkan simbol bagi unsur magnesium.

Mg
Diagram 3
Rajah 3

How many protons, electrons and neutrons are there in a magnesium atom?
Berapakah bilangan proton, elektron, dan neutron yang terdapat dalam satu atom magnesium?

A
B
C
D
11

Protons

Electrons

Neutrons

Proton

Elektron

Neutron

12
12
24
24

12
12
24
24

12
36
12
36

What is isotopes?
Apakah isotop?

A Atoms of the same element with the same number of proton

Atom-atom bagi unsur yang sama dengan bilangan proton yang sama

B Atoms of the same element with the same number of neutron

Atom-atom bagi unsur yang sama dengan bilangan neutron yang sama

C Atoms of the same element with different number of neutrons

Atom-atom bagi unsur yang sama dengan bilangan neutron yang berbeza

D Atoms of the different elements with the same number of proton

Atom-atom bagi unsur yang berbeza dengan bilangan proton yang sama

12

Diagram 4 shows the electron arrangement of atom Q.

Rajah 4 menunjukkan susunan elektron atom Q.

Diagram 4
Rajah 4

Which of the following electron arrangement has the same number of valence electron as the atom Q?
Antara susunan elektron berikut, yang manakah mempunyai bilangan elektron valens yang sama dengan atom
Q?

13

Which of the following electron arrangements has four valence electrons?

Antara susunan elektron berikut, yang manakah mempunyai empat elektron valens?

14

Table 1 shows the proton numbers of elements S and T.

S and T are not the actual symbols of the elements.
Jadual 1 menunjukkan nombor proton bagi unsur S dan T.
S dan T bukan simbol sebenar unsur-unsur itu.

Element

Proton number

Unsur

Nombor proton

S
T

9
17
Table 1
Jadual 1

Which of the following statements are true about elements S and T?

Antara yang berikut, yang manakah benar tentang unsur S dan unsur T?

Elements S and T are in the same group in the Periodic Table

Unsur S dan unsur T berada dalam kumpulan yang sama dalam Jadual Berkala

II Atom S has a bigger atomic size than atom T

Atom S mempunyai saiz atom yang lebih besar daripada atom T

III Atoms S and T have seven valence electrons

Atom S dan atom T mempunyai tujuh elektron valens

IV Element S is more reactive than element T

Unsur S adalah lebih reaktif daripada unsur T

A I and III

C II and III

I dan III

B I and IV

II dan III

D II and IV

I dan IV

15

II dan IV

Diagram 5 shows the electron arrangement of a lithium atom.

Rajah 5 menunjukkan susunan elektron bagi satu atom litium.

Diagram 5
Rajah 5

Which statement is true about this atom?

Pernyataan manakah yang benar tentang atom ini?

A The number of valence electrons is 3

Bilangan elektron valens ialah 3

B The total number of electrons is 3

Jumlah bilangan elektron ialah 3

C The nucleon number is 3

Nombor nukleon ialah 3

D The proton number is 1

Nombor proton ialah 1

WAJA F4 Chemistry

Chapter 2: The Structure of Atom

Table 1 shows the melting point and boiling point of four substances.
Jadual 1 menunjukkan takat lebur dan takat didih bagi 4 bahan.

Substances
Bahan

W
X
Y
Z

Melting point
(C)

Boiling point
(C)

Takat lebur
(C)

Takat didih
(C)

80
95
10
800
Table 1

140
33
60
1 400

Jadual 1

(a) What is the physical state of Y and Z at room temperature?

Apakah keadaan fizikal bagi Y dan Z pada suhu bilik?

A:
B:
[2 marks]
[2 markah]
(b) Draw the arrangement of particles of Y at room temperature.
Lukis susunan zarah-zarah Y pada suhu bilik.

[1 mark]
[1 markah]
(c) Explain why substance X has a low melting point and boiling point.
Terangkan mengapa bahan X mempunyai takat lebur dan takat didih yang rendah.

[1 mark]
[1 markah]
(d) Draw the set up of apparatus to determine the melting point of substance W.
Lukis susunan radas untuk menentukan takat lebur bagi bahan W.

[3 marks]
[3 markah]

18

WAJA F4 Chemistry

Chapter 2: The Structure of Atom

(e) Sketch the graph of temperature against time for substance W when it is heated from room
temperature until it reaches a temperature of 100C.
Lakarkan graf suhu melawan masa bagi bahan W apabila ia dipanaskan daripada suhu bilik sehingga
mencapai suhu 100C.

[2 marks]
[2 markah]
2

Table 2 shows the melting point and boiling point of four substances.
Jadual 2 menunjukkan takat lebur dan takat didih bagi 4 bahan.

Melting Boiling
point point
Substances (C)
(C)
Bahan

W
X
Y
Z

Takat
lebur
(C)

Takat
didih
(C)

95
10
80
800
Table 2

33
60
140
1 400

Jadual 2

(a) What is the physical state of X and Z at room temperature?

Apakah keadaan fizikal bagi X dan Z pada suhu bilik?

A:
B:
[2 marks]
[2 markah]
(b) Draw the arrangement of particles of X at room temperature.
Lukis susunan zarah-zarah X pada suhu bilik.

[1 mark]
[1 markah]
(c) Explain why substance W has a low melting point and boiling point.
Terangkan mengapa bahan W mempunyai takat lebur dan takat didih yang rendah.

19

WAJA F4 Chemistry

Chapter 2: The Structure of Atom

[2 marks]
[2 markah]
(d) Draw the set up of apparatus to determine the melting point of substance Y.
Lukis susunan radas untuk menentukan takat lebur bagi bahan Y.

[3 marks]
[3 markah]
(e) Sketch the graph of temperature against time for substance Y when it is heated from room
temperature until it reaches a temperature of 100C.
Lakarkan graf suhu melawan masa bagi bahan Y apabila ia dipanaskan daripada suhu bilik sehingga
mencapai suhu 100C.

[2 marks]
[2 markah]
3

Diagram 1.1 shows an atom of an element based on the model by James Chadwick.
Rajah 1.1 menujukkan satu atom bagi satu unsur berdasarkan model atom oleh James Chadwick.

Key:
Petunjuk:

p = proton
n = neutron
Diagram 1.1
Rajah 1.1

(a) Compare the relative mass and the charge of two of the sub-atomic particles in the Diagram
1.1.
Bandingkan jisim relatif dan cas bagi dua zarah subatom dalam Rajah 1.1.

[4 marks]

20

WAJA F4 Chemistry

Chapter 2: The Structure of Atom

[4 markah]

(b) Using the Periodic Table of Elements provided, identify an element that is placed in the same
group as element in Diagram 1.1. Write the symbol for element in the form
Menggunakan Jadual Berkala Unsur yang disediakan, kenal pasti satu unsur yang terletak dalam
kumpulan yang sama dengan unsur dalam Rajah 1.1. Tulis simbol untuk unsur itu dalam bentuk

X
X
=
A
=
Z
=

symbol of the element

simbol unsur

nucleon number
nombor nukleon

proton number
nombor proton

[3 marks]
[3 markah]
(c) Describe fully the atomic structure for the element that you have stated in (b). Use the
information in the Diagram 1.1 to help your description.
Huraikan sepenuhnya struktur atom bagi unsur yang anda nyatakan di (b). Gunakan maklumat dalam
Rajah 1.1 untuk membantu huraian anda.

[6 marks]

21

WAJA F4 Chemistry

Chapter 2: The Structure of Atom

[6 markah]
(d) Diagram 1.2 shows how the model of atom was developed by several scientists.
Rajah 1.2 menunjukkan bagaimana model atom diperkembangkan oleh beberapa orang ahli sains.

Diagram 1.2
Rajah 1.2

The following is the information about an element:

Berikut adalah maklumat tentang satu unsur:

A good conductor of heat and electricity

Konduktor haba dan elektrik yang baik

Has a shiny surface

Mempunyai permukaan yang berkilat

Needs to be kept in parafin oil

Perlu disimpan dalam minyak paraffin

Has more than two shells filled with electrons

Mempunyai lebih daripada dua petala berisi electron

Reacts with water to form a metal hydroxide and hydrogen gas

Bertindak balas dengan air menghasilkan hidroksida logam dan gas hidrogen

Draw the structure of an atom of the element using the modern atomic model that you have
identified in the Diagram 1.2 and name the element.
Lukis struktur atom bagi insur tersebut menggunakan model atom moden yang telah anda kenal pasti
dalam Rajah 1.2 dan namakan unsur itu.

22

WAJA F4 Chemistry

Chapter 2: The Structure of Atom

[7 marks]
[7 markah]
4

(a) Isotopes are used for example in medicine, industry,science and archiology.
Choose two of the above examples.
State an isotope and its purpose in each example that you have chosen.
Isotop digunakan contohnya di dalam ubat, industri, sains dan arkeologi.
Pilih dua daripada contoh di atas.
Nyatakan satu isotop dan kegunaannya dalam setiap contoh yang telah anda pilih.

23

WAJA F4 Chemistry

Chapter 2: The Structure of Atom

[4 marks]
[4 markah]
(b) Diagram 2 shows the electron arrangement of a molecule XY 2. These letters are not the
actual symbols of the elements.
Rajah 2 menunjukkan gambar rajah susunan elektron bagi molekul XY2. Huruf ini bukan molekul
sebenar bagi unsur tersebut.

Diagram 2
Rajah 2

Based on Diagram 2, write the electron arrangement for atoms of element X and Y. Explain
the position of element Y in the Periodic Table.
Berdasarkan Rajah 2, tulis susunan elektron bagi atom X dan Y. Terangkan kedudukan unsur Y dalam
Jadual Berkala.

[6 marks]
[6 markah]
(c) Table 3 shows the electron arranement for atoms P, Q and R. These letters are not the actual
symbols of the elements.
Jadual 3 menunjukkan susunan elektron bagi atom P, Q dan R. Huruf ini bukan simbol sebenar bagi
unsur itu.

Electron
arrangement

Element
Unsur

Susunan elektron

P
Q
R

2.8.8.2
2.4
2.8.7

24

WAJA F4 Chemistry

Chapter 2: The Structure of Atom

Table 3
Jadual 3

Using the information in the Table 3, explain how two compounds can be formed from these
element based on their electron arrangements. The two compounds should have different
bond type.
Dengan menggunakan Jadual 3, terangkan bagaimana dua sebatian boleh terbentuk daripada atomatom itu berdasarkan susunan elektronnya. Dua sebatian itu hendaklah mempunyai jenis ikatan yang
berlainan.

[10 marks]
[10 markah]
5

Table 4 shows the proton number of atom for the element carbon, oxygen, aluminium and
chlorine.
Jadual 4 menunjukkan nombor proton dan nombor nukleon bagi atom unsur karbon, oksigen, aluminium,
dan klorin.

Proton Nucleon
Elements Number number
Unsur

Nombor Nombor
proton nukleon

Carbon
Karbon

Oxygen
Oksigen

Aluminium
Aluminium

Chlorine

25

12

16

13

27

17

35

WAJA F4 Chemistry

Chapter 2: The Structure of Atom

Klorin

Table 4
Jadual 4

(a) What is meant by proton number?

Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan nombor proton?

[1 mark]
[1 markah]
(b) State the type of particles consists in aluminium metal.
Nyatakan jenis zarah yang terdapat di dalam logam aluminium.

[1 mark]
[1 markah]
(c) (i) Write the electron arrangement for oxygen atom.
Tulis susunan electron bagi atom oksigen.

[1 mark]
[1 markah]
(ii) State the valence electron for oxygen atom.
Nyatakan electron valen bagi atom oksigen.

[1 mark]
[1 markah]
(d) Carbon-12 and Carbon-14 are the isotopes of carbon.
Karbon-12 dan karbon-14 adalah isotop karbon.

(i) What is meant by isotopes?

Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan isotop?

[1 mark]
[1 markah]
(ii) State the use of carbon-14 in archeology field.
Nyatakan kegunaan karbon-14 dalam bidang arkeologi.

[1 mark]
[1 markah]
(e) (i) Write the atomic symbol for chlorine atom.
Tuliskan simbol bagi atom klorin.

[2 marks]
[2 markah]
(ii) State the type of particles present in chlorine gas?
Nyatakan jenis zarah yang terdapat di dalam gas klorin?

[2 marks]
[2 markah]

26