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Orthogonality:
N
1
X
k [n]r [n]
n=0
N
1
X
[e N (kr)j ]n
Let us consider
=
k = 0, 1, 2, . . .
Properties of k [n]:
1 [e N (kr)j ]N
2
1 e N (kr)j
N, k = r
0,
k 6= r
1
(0 [0], ..., 0 [N 1])
N
1
(1 [0], ..., 1 [N 1])...
N
1
(N 1 [0], ..., N 1 [N 1])
N
are N orthogonal vectors of length N .
e N (kr)nj
n=0
Periodicity:
N
1
X
n=0
x[n] = x[n + N ]
e N knj e N rnj
n=0
k [n] = ej N kn ,
N
1
X
N
1
X
ak e
j 2
N kn
N 1
2
1 X
x[n]ej N rn , for r = 0, 1, . . . , N 1
ar =
N n=0
k=0
which give
x[n] =
N
1
X
k=0
FS
We write x[n] ak
x[n]r [n]
n=0
N
1 N
1
X
X
n=0 k=0
N
1
X
ak N [k r]
k=0
N
1
X
ak
k=0
ak k [n])r [n]
N
1
X
ak ej N kn , for k = 0, 1, . . . , N 1
k [n]r [n]
ak
n=0
x[n] =
2
1 X
x[n]ej N nk
DFT of x[n]
N
N
X
2
ak ej N kn
IDFT of ak
N ar
FS
x[n] ak
...
...
FS
y[n] bk
0 1
1. Linearity:
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
FS
ak
3
3
1X
1X
j 2
kn
4
x[n]e
=
x[n](j)kn
4 n=0
4 n=0
1 1
+ (j)k
2 4
thus
a0
a1
a2
a3
FS
3
4
2j
4
1
4
2+j
4
x[n/m] n is divisible by m
x(m) [n] =
0
n is not divisible by m
FS
x(m) [n]
1
ak
m
k = 0, 1, ..., mN 1
5. Periodic convolution:
x[n] y[n]
| {z }
Periodic convolution
...
...
FS
r=<N >
x[r]y[n r] N ak bk
6. Multiplication:
0 1
FS
x[n]y[n]
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
For m = 3, we have
x[n/3] n = 6, 3, 0, 3, 6, 9...
x(m) [n] =
0
otherwise
al bkl
l=<N >
7. Discrete Derivative:
FS
x[n] x[n 1] 1 e
j 2
N k
ak
8. Integral:
x(3) [0] = 2
n
X
m=
ak
FS
x[m]
1 ej N k
9. Conjugate symmetry:
x(3) [6] = 0
x[n] is real ak = ak
x(3) [9] = 0
x(3) [10] = x(3) [11] = 0
E (x[n]) Re(ak )
......
O(x[n]) Im(ak )
k=k0
for any n0 , k0 .
Since there are only N distinct harmonics in
DFT, the summation is over any N consecutive
values of ak . Similarly for the signal because it is
periodic with period N .
+
X
ak ej0 kt
k=
where 0 =
2
T .
+
X
ak H(j0 k)ej0 kt
k=
10
H(e ) =
ejk h[k].
k=
This is because
n
z H(z)z ,
H(z) =
z k h[k]
k=
Let z = ej , then
e
jn
H(e )e
jn
H(e ) =
ejk h[k]
k=
11