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• Some bacteria are able to change their shape and size with changes in the environmental conditions. Such
bacteria are called pleomorphic . e.g., Acetobactor.& Rhizobium(XYZ).
• Lophotrichous: There is a cluster of flagella at one end of the bacterial cell.
• Peritrichous: The bacterial cell has a large number of flagella which are distributed all over the cell surface.
• the break down of protein is called putrefaction. e.g., Bacillus subtilis.
• The anaerobic bacteria can live and multiply in the absence of free oxygen e.g., Clostridium botulinum.
• Bacillus, Clostridium are best examples of bacteria forming endospores. a thick wall around it called
exosporium+spore coat+cortex-DAPA+core wall
• Ammonifying bacteria: These saprophytes break down the nitrogenous remains in dead plant and animal
bodies and convert them into ammonia. This is called ammonification. e.g., Bacillus ramosus
• Nitrifying bacteria: Chemosynthetic autotrophs like Nitrosomonas and
• Nitrobacter, covert the ammonium compounds in the soil into nitrate salts. This process of converting
ammonium salts in to nitrates is called nitrification.
• Denitrifying bacteria like Thiobacillus denitrificans convert nitratesand ammonia into free nitrogen. This
process is called denitrification and reduces soil fertility.
• Vitamin B2 is manufactured by fermentative action of Clostridium acetobutylicum. & B12- Bacillus
megatherium
• Gram positive bacteria retain purple colour with gram stain.
• Volutin granule- made up of RNA. Store RNA as source of N & P.
• Photosynthetic bacteria: Bacteria like purple sulphur bacteria contain pigments called bacteriochlorophyll.
With the help of these pigments they trap solar energy and manufacture carbohydrates. Atmospheric carbon
di oxide is used as carbon source. 2 type- Photolithotrophs- In bacterial photosynthesis inorganic compounds
like Hydrogen sulphide is used as hydrogen donor. Photoorganotrophs-org. compound is used as hydrogen
donor.eg. Purpile
• Chemosynthetic bacteria: They are non-photosynthetic autotrophs. They oxidize inorganic substances like
nitrates, ammonia, etc. which are absorbed from the environment to obtain energy. This energy is used by the
bacterial cell to combine carbon di oxide and water to form carbohydrates. This process of manufacturing
food is called chemosynthesis.eg. Iron bacteria.
• Tobacco Industry: The leaves of tea, tobacco, and coffee fruits are fermented by the activity of certain
bacteria to develop a characteristic flavour.e.g., Bacillus megatherium.
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