1) (a) The circuit in the question will look like :

Finding thevein equivalent across inductor terminals

16k
Vth
* 8 6.4V
16k 4k

Rth 16k

(By potential divider rule)

4k

16 * 4
3.2k
16 4

The equivalent circuit looks like as shown in adjoining figure

Steady state
Inductor can be short circuited
6.4
i VR
2mA
3.2
Time - constant
1
LR
0.3125ms
3.2k

(b) Output of a LTI system

y t x t * h t

y(t)

x h t d

u u t d 1d tu t

y(t) tu(t)

(c)

XL wL 0.1w

Xc

1
1

wC w

Re-drawing the circuit in phasor form

Equivalent of

Z eq

Z1 & Z 2

Z1Z 2
Z1 Z 2
=

1 * jw
1 jw

j w j 1 jw
j

w j 1 w2 1 w2

Total impedance of circuit

Zin Zeq z3

1 jw j0.1w

1 w
2

For current and voltage to be in phase Zin should be real

ImZin 0

0.1w

w
0
1 w2

w 0.1
0
1

w2

Either w = 0 or 0.1 1

1 w2

1 w2 10
w 2 9 w 3rad / sec

(d)

4.60

B 10e y azmWb / m2

r 0

(i)

On comparison

r 4.6

r 1 m , where Xm =magnetic susceptibility

m = 3.6

(ii)

B H

B
10e y * 103
y
H

1730e
a
A /m
z
4.6 * 4 * 107

(iii)

B
M
H
o

10e y * 103
y
y

1730e

6227.75e
a
A /m
z
4 * 107

(f)

H ix 2exp j wt
z
20

On comparing with

H A exp j wt kz

20

(i)

2 k

(ii)

2
40m

20

c 3 * 108

7.5MHz

40

ix

iy

iz

2exp j wt
z
20

X B

(iii)

ix d 0 d 0 iy
dz
dy

d
2 exp j wt 20 z
d dx * 0
dz

X B iy 2 *
jexp j wt z
20
20

jiy exp j wt z d
20
10
By Maxwells Equations

dE
X B 0 0
dt

dE
1

X B
dt 0 0

c2

0 0

c2 X B c2iL jexp j wt z
20
10

E
E
dt c2iy * j exp j wt z dt
10
20
t

c2

exp j wt
z iy
10w
20

i dyd 2 exp j wt 20 z dxd 0

z

3 *10
8

1
t sec,z 5m
15

1

exp j 2 * * 7.5 *106 * *10 6 * 5
20
15
10 * 2 * * 7.5 *10

6

9 * 1016 *
exp j
4
10 * 2 * 7.5 * 106

4 i

6 * 108 exp j 3

(g)

By the use of KCL

Inm I1 I2
Imo Iam Inm 2I1 I2
By KVL

V1 10 Iam 5 Imo

10 * I1 5 2I1 I2
V1 20I1 5I2

V2 Inm 10 Imo 5

I1 I2 10 2I1 I2 5
V2 20I1 15I2

In terms of Z-parameters
V1 Z11 I1 Z12 I2

V2 Z 21 I1 Z 22 I2

On Comparing
Z11 20; Z12 5; Z 21 20; Z 22 15

20 5
Z

20 15

(i)

G( jw) cos G

1
sin G 0
N

Assume G(jw) = x+ iy
For unity feedback system, M( jw) C( jw) G( jw) x iy
R( jw)

Assume |M(jw)| = M
=> M (1 x)2 y 2 x2 y 2
Squaring both sides we get
M2 (1 x)2 y 2 x2 y 2

Re-arranging this equation we get,

2

M
M2
y2
x
2
2
1 M
1 M

In our case, M( jw) C( jw) 6dB

R( jw)

=> 20log(|M(jw)|) = 6dB

=>|M(jw)| = 2
The polar plot of the equation (i)
for M=2 looks like

1 G( jw)

x iy 1

M( jw)

x2 y 2
(1 x)2 y 2

dB-Magnitude Phase Angle Plot

2) (a)

The hollow sphere looks like as shown in figure

By Gausss law

D .d A Q

free

D .dA Q D.4r

Q
r for all values of r
4 r 2

if r < a

D
Q
E
r
E0 40r 2

If a < r < b

D
Q
E

r
0 r 40 rr 2

If r > b

D
Q
E
r
0 40r 2

Q
4 0r 2

Q
E
4 0 vr 2

2
4 0r

ra
ar b
r b

P 0 E D D 0 E

Q
Q
Q
1 r

v
4r 2 4 vr 2 4r 2

(b)

Forward Path
P1 G1 G2 G3 G4
P2 G1 G5 G8 G4

Loop
L1 G1 G2 G9

L 2 G3 G4 G10
L 3 G5 G6

L 4 G7

L5 G1 G5 G8 G4 G10 G9

1 1 G7
2 1

( P1 does not touch L4)

( P2 touches all loops)

1 L1 L2 L3 L 4 L 5 L1L 4 L2L3 L2L 4

Gain =>

1 2

1 G G G
1 2

G G G G 1 G G G G G
G G G G G G G G G G G

G3G4G10 G5G6

1 5

10

1 5

1 2

G3G4G10G5G6 G3G4G10G7

3) (a)
(i)

This is an image charge problem, as there is an infinite conducting plane beneath the
charges, image charge needs to be symmetrically placed beneath the surface. The
charge configuration then looks like
Electric field at b

E b E bc E bd E ba
Q0

Ebc

Eba

40

Eb

2a

Q0
40a

Q0
40a2

Q0
80a2

; Ebd

Q0
4 0 a2

Q0
4 0a2

Q
cos
45
x

sin
45
y

2
80a

1

1
1

40a2
2 2 2 2
Q0

Q 20

F b Q0 Eb

Fb

4 0a2

1

1
1

40a2
2 2
2 2
Q 20

1
1
1
1

2 2 2 2

Q 20
40a

1
1
1 1
1 1
8
8
2
2

3Q 20
80a2

(ii) If one of charges is reversed, the charge configuration looks like

Eb Ebd Eba Ebc

Q0

Ebd

4 0 a2
Q0

Eba

Eb

4 0a2

Ebc

Q0

cos
45
x

sin
45

y
80a2

1
1
1

y
4 0a2
2 2
2 2
Q0

Eb Q 0 Eb

Fb

1
1
1

y
40a2
2 2
2 2
Q0

Q 20

1
2
2
40a
2

(b) Assure VRN is reference voltage

415
00 V
3

415
1200 V
3

415
1200 V
3

VRN

V YN

VBN

For a balanced 3- supply line voltage leads phase voltage by 30 0

VRY 415300 V

V YB 415 900 V

VBR 4151500 V
I wattmeter

41530
4.1566.90 A
100 36.9

V wattmeter VBN
*

S wattmeter VI

415
1200 V
3

415 * 4.15
3

120

66.9

415 * 4.15
53.1
3

=597W

(c) Z(s)

s s2 10

4 s2 16

s 1
1
2

2
2 s 4 s 16

1
s
1
s

2
2
2 s 4
2 s 16

Realizing Foster-1 form

Z s K S

k0

K 0 limsZ(s) 0
s 0

K is

i1

s wi2

K lim

z s

1
1
1
1
lim 2
lim 2
0
s
2 s s 4 2 s s 16

1 1 1 1

2 s 4 2 s 16
s

1
1
=

2s 8 2s 32

s
s

y y y y
4
1 2 3

Z s

Y1 sC1 2s

C1 2F
Y2

1
8 ; L1 1 8 H
s
sL1

Y3 sC2 2s

C2 2F

1 32

s
sL2
L2 1 32H
Y4

4. a) The network given in the question looks like

ZL sL

1
ZC
SC
Equivalent impedance of R & L

Zeq R sL

Z s

Z eqZ C
Z eq Z C

R sL 1sC
R sL 1
sC

R sL
s LC sRC 1
2

Pole of Z(s)

Z1, Z2

RC

RC 4 LC
2LC
2

R
R 1

=
2L
2L LC
Zeroes of Z(s)

Z0 s R L

On comparison

R 1 R L
L

..(i)

R 1
3
j 2
2L LC

R2
2

1 3
4
LC

4L
2
1 R
1 3

4
4L
LC
1

1
3
4 LC
4

1
1 (ii)
LC
Z(j0) = 1
Replace s by j0 in Z(s)
Z(j0) = R = 1

R 1

From (i)
L = 1H
From (ii)
C = 1F
(b)

To find thevenin equivalent across terminals AB, we must open circuit A & B
Since secondary is open circuited, voltage induced in primary due to secondary is zero.

1000 2 j I1 j4 I1
I1

1000
A
2 5 j

VAB I2 j8 I1 j3

since I2

VAB VTh
For

1000
j3 = 55.7 21.8
2 5j

Z Th , assume I2 0

V1 2 5j I1 3j I2
V2 j3I1 j8I2
For

Z Th , V1

V1 0

3jI2

I1
V2

2 5j

3 j 3 j I2

2 5 j

V2
I2

need to be shorted

v1 0

Z Th

8 jI2

9 2 5 j 8 j

2 5 j

0.62 6.45 j
*

For maximum power transfer, ZL Z Th = (0.62 6.45j)

(c) Torque expression for moving iron meter is given by

Td

1 dL
Td I2
2 d
= deflecting torque

For spring controlled

TC k
k = spring constant

1 dL
k I2
2 d

dL
3 2 H / rad
d
1
k I2 3 106
2
2

k I

106 3I

106

3I2

2 106 k I
=

75
125
2
5
4
2

3 52

25
2 25
4

6
1.2rad
5

1.2rad

5. (a)

100 A
a
m2
P2

1
1 100 1 100 100
A

2 3
By continuity equation
.J

p
t
Substituting value of .J
.J

100 p

t
3
100
3
t

(b)

Conversion time of n-bits successive Approximation ADC

n
T
f
8
TC
8s
1 106
Ta 8s

(c)

The s model of capacitor with initial condition is

Equivalent circuit in s domain looks like

Applying KVL

V s v Is R 1sC
0

V v
sV V C sV V

I S s
R 1sC sR 1C sRC 1
0

CV0 s V
V
0

IS
RC s 1
RC

s V
s V 1 1

V
RC
RC
V
V0 V0
0

= 0

R s 1 R
s 1
RC
RC

V
RC
V
0

0 1

R
s 1
RC

it

6) (a)

V0
R

t
V
1 e RC u t
1

V0

RC

C1 10F
C2 5F

C3 2F
The maximum voltage across
Break down strength of

C1

C2 & C3

= 10 V

can be 5 + 2 = 7 V

C2 or C3
5 5 25C

Which is not possible, else either

Qmax,C2= C2 Vmax,C2

will be damaged

Qmax,C3 = C3 Vmax,C3 2 2 4C
In series ; change must be same

QC2 =QC3=4C
V2

QC2
C2

Q
4
4
0.8V ; V3 C3 2V
C3
2
5

V = V2 V3 = 2.8 V
In parallel connection, voltage is same

V1 V2 V3 2.8V

Q1 C1 V1 10 2.8 28C

Maximum safe voltage = 2.8 V

Equation capacitance of C2 & C3

Ceq C1 C2 || C3
= 10 10
7
Total charge = Ceq V

C2C3
5 2 10

F
C2 C3 5 2 7

80
F
7

80
2.8 32C
7

(c) The bridge looks like as shown in adjoining Owens Bridge under balanced condition

L1 R 2R3C4
= 10 x 842 x 1 x 106
= 8.42 mH

R1

R3 C 4
C2

10 1
74.07
0.135

1 2 1000 8.42 10
Power factor angle of will = tan
tan

74.07

R1
1 wL1

35.53

Power factor = cos = 0.813

B
H
0

7) (b) B 0 H M

In first case
2

B = 2Wb m ; H = 1200 A m
2
M1
1200 1.59 106 A / m
7
4 10
In second case

B 1.4 Wb m2 ; H = 400 A/m

M2

1.4
4 107

400 1.113 106 A / m

6
Change in magnetization = M M1 M2 0.476 10 A / m

(c)

Z S

4 s2 9

s s 6

Degree of numerator = 4
Degree of Denominator = 3
Difference = 1
It is a ratio of even to odd polynomial
Lowest power of s in Numerator = 0
Lowest power of s in Denominator = 1
Difference = 1
There is a pole at 0
There is a pole at .
Pole zero plot
Poles and zeroes are alternating on jw axis and hence it satisfies all properties required for
LC impedance function.