Complete Grammar Note

Prepared by: Nurul Zahidah Hassan,
As referred to Ms. Suzannas notes
MY DUMMY & INCOMPLETE

GRAMMARS NOTE
INTAKE SESSION JULY 2013

(SECTION 15 SEMESTER 2)
LECTURER: MS SUZANNA BT
MOKHTAR

TABLE OF CONTENT
NO
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
TOPIC
SUBJECT- VERB AGREEMENT
RULES
SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE
SIMPLE PAST TENSE
FUTURE TENSE
PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE
PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
PAST PERFECT TENSE
OVERVIEW OF VERB TENSES
PASSIVE SENTENCES
REPORTED SPEECH
PAST YEAR QUESTION
PAGE
3
5
12
19
23
27
31
35
38
43
49
54

SUBJECT- VERB AGREEMENT RULES

RULES
1. SINGULAR SUBJECT- SINGULAR
VERB
2. PLURAL SUBJECT- PLURAL VERB
3. 2 SUBJECT JOINED BY AND=

PLURAL VERB
4. EVERYBODY, ANYONE,
EACH, EVERY, EVERYONE,
NO ONE, NONE, SOMEONE,
SOMETHING = SINGULAR
SUBJECT SINGULAR VERB
5. UNITS OF MONEY, DISTANCE,
TIME BEFORE THE VERB =
SINGULAR SUBJECT- SINGULAR
VERB
6. IF SENTENCE HAS FRACTION/
PERCENTAGE FOLLOWED BY
NOUN, VERB AGRESS BY
NOUN, NOT THE
FRACTION/PERCENTAGE
7. NOUNS- NATIONALITY
PLURAL VERB
NOUNS- LANGUAGE
SINGULAR VERB
8. COLLECTIVE NOUN- CAN BE
SINGULAR OR PLURAL SUBJECTSINGULAR/ PLURAL VERB
*YOU HAVE TO REFER TO THE
CONTEXT OF THE SENTENCES
EXAMPLES
The rich man owns a hotel by the
sea
He has several chalets in Cameron
Highland
Malaysians are very generous
They donate generous amount of
money to various charities.
My sister and her family are going
to England
Her husband and their children
enjoy being in a holiday there
No one knows our secret
Every student is well-rewarded
None of the statements is true
Five kilometres is a really long

walk
Ten ringgit is all she has in her
purse now
Eight hours is a long time to wait
Three- quarters of this building is
vacant
Fifty per cent of the furniture
needs to be sold
Germans speak with a strong
guttural sound
Bahasa Malaysia is the national
language in Malaysia
The committee proposes that the
meeting be held in Thailand
The committee cast their votes in
favor of the proposal

EG: Association, committee,

club, company, family,
federation, jury, staff,
team, audience, etc.
9. CERTAIN NOUNS END WITH S,
BUT SINGULAR IN NATURE
SINGULAR VERB
EG: Statistics,
mathematics, gymnastics,
aerobics, mumps, measles,
notes, news, comics, etc.
10.
THE FOLLOWING WORDS
INDICATE MANY PLURAL
SUBJECT- PLURAL VERB
EG: both, both.and,
several, many, few, others,
people, etc.
11.
WHEN USING THESE:
Either.or, neither.nor,
not only.but also
THE VERB MUST AGREE TO
NOUN CLOSEST TO IT
12.
WHEN USING THESE:
as well as, together
with, accompanied by,
THE VERB FOLLOW THE
TRUE SUBJECT
13.
IN SENTENCES BEGIN
WITH THERE, VERB AGREES
WITH THE SUBJECT
*NOTE THAT THE SUBJECT
COME AFTER VERB
The news is broadcast at prime time

on television
Statistics is a challenging subject
Measles is an infectious disease
Both Farah and Azman are

representatives of the students
union
Few people invest in shares
nowadays
Several of the students are
absent today
Neither the director nor his deputies
are available now
Either the principle or the headwarden needs to sign this
document
Not only the airline industry but also
the shipping industry is hit hard by
the economy depression
The captain as well as his crew, is
now in the dining hall
The prisoner, accompanied by the
guards, is in the court now
There is a book under your table
There are many books in the library


Uses:
USES
EXAMPLES
1. INFORMATION/ FACT
The earth is round

All reptiles are cold-cold blooded
creatures
Julia is a qualified doctor
2. INFORMATION- TRUE AT THE

TIME OF SPEAKING
I have ten ringgit in my purse now

They live in New York
3. REPEATED/ HABITUAL ACTION
Ken walks to college everyday

My sister waters the plant every
morning and evening
*Note:
Everyday, every morning, every
evening indicate repeated or
habitual action.

AFFIRMATIVE FORM OF SIMPLE PRESENT

TENSE
BE-VERB
SUBJECT
BE- VERB
EXAMPLES
SINGULAR SUBJECT
SINGULAR VERB
I am an engineer
He is sitting there
She is a good student
The Tugu Negara is a
national monument
You are ridiculous!
We are awesome!
They are amazing!
I
HE
SHE
IT
PLURAL SUBJECT
YOU
WE
THEY
AM
IS
IS
IS
PLURAL VERB
ARE
ARE
ARE
ACTION VERBS
RULES
BASE FORM
SIMPLE
PRE.TENSE
Add s to most
regular verb
OPEN
WALK
HELP
DELIVER
OPENS
WALKS
HELPS
DELIVERS
Add es to verbs
ending with ch,
-sh, -ss
TEACH
FETCH
PREACH
EXPRESS
TEACHES
FETCHES
PREACHES
EXPRESSES
For verbs ending

with y, replace
y with -ies
STUDY
CRY
TRY
FLY
STUDIES
CRIES
TRIES
FLIES
EXAMPLE
The girl opens
the door to the
main office
Zafirah helps her
mother with the
chores
She teaches
geography
The artist
expresses his
thoughts through
the painting
Yassin studies
medicine at UKM
She tries her
hardest in

achieving her
dream
NEGATIVE FORM OF SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

BE-VERB
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
AFFIRMATIVE
SENTENCES
AM
AM + NOT ( - )
I am a politician
IS
IS + NOT ( ISNT)
ARE
ARE + NOT
(ARENT)
Zaiton is a
lecturer
They are my
relatives
NEGATIVE
SENTENCES
I am not a
politician
Zaiton is not a
lecturer
They are not my
relatives
ACTION VERBS
AFFIRMATIVE
LISTEN
PLAY
AGREE
JUMP
ROOT
WORDS
DO/DOES +
LISTEN
DO/DOES + PLAY
NEGATIVE
DO/DOES + NOT
+ LISTEN
DO/ DOES + NOT
+ PLAY
DO/ DOES +
DO/DOES + NOT
AGREE
+ AGREE
DO/ DOES + JUMP DO/ DOES + NOT
+ JUMP
NEGATIVE
(SHORTENED
FORM)
Dont listen
Doesnt listen
Dont play
Doesnt play
Dont agree
Doesnt agree
Dont jump
Doesnt jump

Examples: AFFIRMATIVE
SENTENCES
NEGATIVE
SENTENCES
NEGATIVE
(SHORTENED
FORM)
Kim listens (does

listen) to Hitz FM radio
station
Vanessa plays (does
play) the violin like a
professional musician
Kim does not listen to

the Hitz FM radio station
Kim doesnt listen to

the Hitz FM radio station
Vanessa does not play

the violin like a
Vanessa doesnt play

the violin like a
My little boy jumps

(does jump) on the
sofa
My little boy does not

jump on the sofa
My little boy doesnt

jump on the sofa
VERB AFTER DO/DOES OR DO NOT/DOES NOT =

BASE FORM!!
INTERROGATIVE/ QUESTION FORM OF SIMPLE

PRESENT TENSE
BE-VERB- USUALLY A YES/ NO QUESTION
BE-VERB + SUBJECT + REST OF

EXAMPLES:-
BE VERB
SUBJECT
REST OF
QUESTION?
AM
In this group?
IS
HE
At home?
IS go
ZARINA
Still angry with me?
ARE
YOU
Ready for rehearsal?

ACTION VERB- YES/ NO QUESTION, BUT USING THE

ACTION VERB
DO/DOES + SUBJECT + BASE FORM + REST

QUESTION?
EXAMPLES:-
AFFIRMATIVE
SENTENCE
Ben surfs the internet
every night
ROOT WORDS
Surfs = does + surf
Krish and Amir go to the Go = do + go

gymnasium every week
QUESTION
Does Ben surf the
internet every night?
Do Krish and Amir go to
the gymnasium every
week?

EXERCISES 1
Fill in the blanks with the correct verb.
1. My sister( be- verb) the regional manager of a
multinational corporation.
2. At the end of the meeting, the chairman usually .
( announce) the date of the following meeting.
3. The students( be-verb) now in the lecture hall
4. Lilys parents.(work) hard all day at their family
restaurant
5. Helmi..( go) through all his lecture notes everyday
6. Muslims..( celebrate) Eid after a month fasting
EXERCISES 2
Rewrite the sentences below using the negative form of the simple
present tense
1. Zahrul spends his scholarship money wisely
2. These bags come in different shapes and sizes
3. UITM is the smallest university in Malaysia
4. MPP represents the students voices in the college
5. I like walking on the beach at night
6. I have the freedom here
10

EXERCISE 3
Write appropriate questions for the answers given below
1.
Yes, the twins look very much alike

2.
Yes, athletes are very strong, tough people

3.
No, the customer is not very satisfied with the services provided
4.
The government allocates a portion of its annual budget for education

5.
Alam Flora has several mobile recycling centres to collect the items
that can be recycled
6.
Yes, I know the history of Melaka very well.
11

SIMPLE PAST TENSE

USES OF SIMPLE PAST TENSE:
USES
TO DESCRIBE ACTION/ACTIVITY
HAPPENED IN THE PAST
*THE ACTION/ ACTIVITY- COMPLETED AT
A SPECIFIC TIME IN THE PAST
EXAMPLES
1. SPECIFIC TIME EXPRESSIONS
Malaysia gained independence in 1957
Yesterday, Jacks family went to the zoo
I travelled to Amsterdam last month
He took the book just now
1.USUALLY USED WITH SPECIFIC

TIME EXPRESSION
Eg:Yesterday
Yesterday evening
A long time ago
Three weeks ago
Once upon a time
Two months before
Last night
Last month
Last Monday
In 1999
On the 12th of May
Just now
2. TIME CLAUSES
When Robert was young, he loved to
eat pizza for dinner everyday
The prime minister went to Thailand last
month. He visited the colleges there.
Before he left, he finished his job.
2.OR TIME CLAUSES

Eg:When I was young
After he filed the report
Before the workers left
*To decide whether you should use
simple past tense or not, ask yourself:
when did this particular action
happen? If its in the past, then you
should use simple past tense.
12

AFFIRMATIVE FORM OF SIMPLE PAST TENSE

BE-VERBS
SUBJECT
BE-VERBS
EXAMPLES
SINGULAR SUBJECT
I
HE
SHE
IT
SINGULAR VERB
PLURAL SUBJECT
YOU
WE
THEY
PLURAL VERB
I was impressed by his

performance yesterday
He was there last night
She was here just now
The monument was built
in 1999
You were late for the
event yesterday
The people were relieved
with the news
We were impressed by his
speech
WAS
WERE
ACTION VERBS
1. REGULAR ACTION VERB
2. IRREGULAR ACTION VERB
REGULAR ACTION VERBS:

RULES
BASE FORM
PAST TENSE
Add ed to most
regular verb
BUMP
INFORM
GREET
BUMPED
INFORMED
GREETED
Add d to verb
already ended with
e
DANCE
SHARE
PLACE
DANCED
SHARED
PLACED
If ended with y
and a consonant,
CRY
APPLY
CRIED
APPLIED
EXAMPLES
We bumped onto
each other last
week
The students
informed me
about the change
last month
They danced at
the festive last
night
We shared our
books yesterday
The boy cried last
night
13

change y to ied
BULLY
BULLIED
If 1 syllable verb
ended with vowel
followed by
consonant, double
the last consonant
and add ed
TRAP
DRAG
GRIN
DROP
PLAN
TRAPPED
DRAGGED
GRINNED
DROPPED
PLANNED
If 2 syllable verb
stressed on 2nd
syllable, double the
last consonant and
add -ed
OCCUR
REFER
TRANSMIT
ADMIT
OCCURRED
REFERRED
TRANSMITTED
ADMITTED
She simplified the

formula for her
friends yesterday
They grinned at
their mother just
now
The police
planned to
ambush them last
month
The children
admitted their
mistakes yesterday
IRREGULAR VERBS:
THE IRREGULAR VERBS DO NOT HAVE ANY SPECIFIC RULES
/PATTERN
BASE FORM
COST
HIT
HURT
PUT
SET
BEND
BLOW
CHOOSE
EAT
FIGHT
KEEP
HOLD
MEET
RISE
SPEAK
THROW
WRITE
SIMPLE PAST
TENSE
COST
HIT
HURT
PUT
SET
BENT
BLEW
CHOSE
ATE
FOUGHT
KEPT
HELD
MET
ROSE
SPOKE
THREW
WROTE
NOTE
BASE FORM & SIMPLE
PAST TENSE= SAME FORM
BASE FORM & SIMPLE

PAST TENSE = NOT THE
SAME FORM, CONSONANT
OR VOWEL CHANGES
14

NEGATIVE FORM OF SIMPLE PAST TENSE

BE- VERBS
AFFIRMATI
VE
NEGATIVE
WAS
WAS + NOT
WERE
WERE + NOT
AFFIRMATI
NEGATIVE
VE
SENTENCES
SENTENCES
She was happy
when she received
the gift
They were
surprised by the
news
She was not

happy when she
received the gift
They were not
surprised by the
news
ACTION VERBS
AFFIRMATIVE
ROOT WORDS
LAUGHED
DID + LAUGH
CRIED
SWAM
NEGATIVE
NEGATIVE
(SHORTENED
FORM)
DIDNT LAUGH
DID + CRY
DID + NOT +
LAUGH
DID + NOT + CRY
DID + SWIM
DID + NOT + SWIM
DIDNT SWIM
DIDNT CRY
EXAMPLES:-
AFFIRMATIVE
SENTENCES
Ben surfed ( did + surf)

the internet last night
Kai and Karu went ( did
+ go) to Australia last
month
The gown cost ( did +
cost)
RM 2000
NEGATIVE
SENTENCES
NEGATIVE
SENTENCES
(SHORTENED
FORM)
Ben did not surf the

internet last night
Kai and Karu did not go
to Australia last month
Ben didnt surf the

internet last night
Kai and Karu didnt go to
Australia last month
The gown did not cost

RM 2000
The gown didnt cost

RM2000
15

INTERROGATIVE/ QUESTION FORM OF SIMPLE

PAST TENSE
BE- VERBS- SIMPLE YES/NO QUESTION- PAST TENSE
BE-VERB + SUBJECT + REST OF

QUESTION?
EXAMPLES:-
BE-VERB
SUBJECT
WAS
HE
SHE
THE CHILD
WERE
YOU
THE PEOPLE
THEY
REST OF
QUESTION?
Impressed by my
performance?
Happy to receive the gift?
Excited to see his parents
again?
Here yesterday?
Relieved when they heard
the news?
Here last week?
ACTION VERBS
DID + SUBJECT + BASE FORM + REST OF THE
QUESTION?
EXAMPLES:-
AFFIRMATIVE
SENTENCE
Ben surfed the internet
last night
Kai and Karu went to
Australia last month
ROOT WORDS
Surfed = did + surf
Went = did + go
QUESTION
Did Ben surf the
internet last night?
Did Kai and Karu go to
Australia last month?
16

17

EXERCISE 1
Fill in the blanks with the correct verbs
1. He ( be).(born) in 1999
2. The woman(open) the door for the man to enter onto
3.
4.
5.
6.
her house yesterday.

The moon.(seem) brighter last night.
She was.(drag) home by her brother last week.
He..(stir) his coffee before he gulped it down his throat.
She ..(slam) the door right before my face last night.
EXERCISE 2
Fill in the blanks with affirmative or negative form of the given verb in
simple past tense
1. The students were naughty, so the teacher..(punish)
them.
2. I..(be) hungry, so I did not eat the sandwiches
3. It rained the whole day, so we ..(enjoy ) our outing
4. She talked on the phone for such a long time that her mother
(scold) her.
5. Jun was sleepy but she .(go) to sleep early because she
had a lot of work to complete
18

EXERCISE 3
Change the following affirmative sentence onto negative sentence
1. The athletes came for the training yesterday.
2. The hippopotamus was in the river when the gamekeeper spotted it.
3. Andrew received many presents for his birthday.
.
4. Both of them were late for their appointments.
.
5. Anita encouraged her daughter to enter the competition.
..
EXERCISE 4
Write appropriate questions for the answers below
1.
John waited for his sister at the commuter yesterday

2.
.
The men painted the hospital last August
3.
Boy scouts from all over the world gathered in Malaysia for the International
jamboree.
4.
..
Suzie and Julius had a picnic on the beach at Tanjung Jara.
5.
..
The baby koala bear was on the tree
6.
The merino sheep were on the eastern slope of the hill.
19

20

FUTURE TENSE
CAN BE EXPRESSED IN THE FOLLOWING FORMS:
1.
2.
3.
4.
WILL/ SHALL ( *SHALL- FOR I AND WE ONLY)

BE GOING TO
PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE ( AM/ IS/ ARE + -ing)
USES:
USES
EXAMPLES
TO EXPRESS THE FUTURE

*In a few minutes, in two weeks, this
weekend, this semester, next month,
next year, tomorrow, soon, shortly,
next Monday, etc.
TO EXPRESS HABITUAL ACTIONS IN
THE FUTURE
TO EXPRESS INSTANT DECISION
TO EXPRESS EXPECTATION/
PREDICTION OF UNCERTAIN EVENTS
*Often with phrases- maybe,
probably, I think, I expect, etc.
TO EXPRESS OFFERS, INVITATIONS,
PROMISES
I will move to my new apartment

next month
The director will attend the meeting
shortly
He will coach the players every day
for the next two weeks.
The phone is ringing. I will get it.
I think France will win the World cup
this year. It is the best team in
Europe.
Will you come to Rome with me?
Will you marry me?
AFFIRMATIVE FORM AND NEGATIVE FORM

AFFIRMATI EXAMPLES
VE FORM
WILL/ SHALL
(WILL/SHALL
+ BASE FORM)
I will visit Aunt

Julia tomorrow
They will study
Mandarin next
semester
BE GOING TO
I am going to
NEGATIVE
FORM
EXAMPLES
WILL/ SHALL
NOT
(WONT/
SHANT)
[WILL/SHALL
+ NOT + BASE
FORM)
BE NOT GOING
I will not visit

Aunt Julia
tomorrow
They will not
study Mandarin
next semester
I am not going
21

(..IS/AM/ARE +
GOING TO)
sell my books
this week
She is going to
prepare for her
lunch
They are going
to clean up
their room this
weekend
TO
(AM/IS/ARE +
NOT + GOING
TO)
PRESENT TENSE
*Fixed
schedules
*Usually come
with time
expressionsnext, coming,
etc.
The charity
show for the
orphanage
begins at
8.00p.m
The French
Restaurant
opens at
7.00a.m
tomorrow
I am
participating
in the upcoming
event
Tina is coming
to visit me any
time now
They are
presenting the
paper to the
professor
PRESENT
CONTINUOUS
TENSE
(IS/ARE/AM +
.ING)
*Fixed definite
plans
*Usually come
with time
expressionupcoming, now,
next, any time,
etc.
PRESENT
CONTINUOUS
TENSE
(IS/ARE/AM +
NOT+ING)
*Usually come
with time
expressionnext month,
next season,
after this, etc
to sell my
books this week
She is not
going to
prepare for her
lunch
They are not
going to clean
up their room
this weekend
-
Rita is not
taking the
dance class
anymore
They are not
playing for
Johors football
team next
season
I am not
giving him
money after
this because he
is such a
spendthrift
INTERROGATIVE FORM
INTERROGATIVE FORM
WILL/SHALL
EXAMPLES
Will Rachel meet her coach
22

(WILL/SHALL + SUBJ + BASE FORM

+ REST OF QUESTION?)
GOING TO
(BE VERB + SUBJ + GOING TO +
REST OF QUESTION?)

(BE VERB + SUBJ +.ING)
*Usually come with time
expression- tomorrow, next, etc.
tomorrow?
Will he watch the football match
this evening?
Am I going to pick you up after
class today?
Is Sam going to sing at the annual
dinner?
Are they going to submit the
paper later?
Is Gary going to the party
tomorrow?
Are Lisa and Noah participating in
the upcoming dance competition?
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN WILL AND BEGOING TO

WILL VS BE-GOING TO
EXPLAINATION
You see your lecturer carry a pile of

books.
You say:
I will help you with the books
You see a cheap and beautiful outfit
at Isetan.
You say:
Im going to buy this today
See these two sentences:
(a) Mobile phones are very popular
these days, and the trend will
continue
(b)Mobile phones are very popular
these days, and the trend is
going to continue
WILL
Expresses unplanned intention,
spontaneous intention
BE-GOING TO
Expresses strong intention
WILL and BE-GOING TO

The use is the same when it comes to
make predictions about the future.
23

EXERCISE 1
The following sentences contain errors. Underline the error and
write the correct answers in the boxes provided
1. Carine is moved house at the end of the next month.
2. Ronald and Ridzuan are not represent Cambridge College
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
for the coming inter-college debate.

I was flying to Washington this weekend.
The council are not meeting tomorrow.
Do Jack and Lea playing tennis today?
We is having a farewell party for Mr. Rogers next week.
Is veronica joined us for dinner on Thursday?
You can come over at 1.00p.m. I was not going anywhere
tomorrow afternoon.
9. Are you went downtown this Friday?
10.I was taking my father to the clinic after work today.
24


USES:
USES
EXAMPLES
To express activity/ situation which is

happening:
(a)
AT THE MOMENT OF
SPEAKING
(b)
OVER A PERIOD OF
TIME
-Mrs. Lawrence is feeding her

Siamese cat
-The Law students are working hard
on their translation assignments this
week
-The guards are patrolling the
prison grounds
-I am making the cake and my sister
is preparing the icing
*Some of the time expressions

used with this tense are- still,
now, at present, currently,
presently, at present, at the
moment
-At the moment, the florist is

arranging the flower
-The soldiers are still marching
around the field
-The fishmonger is cleaning the fish
now
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PRESENT CONTINUOUS

TENSE AND SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
TENSE
25

ACTION-IN PROGRESS/ GOING ON

*The Present Cont. Tense is used to
indicate- action started some time in
the past, is in progress now and will
probably end in the future
Eg:(a)
The men are praying in
the mosque right now
(b)We are typing our
assignments right now
(c) At the moment, the students
are eating in the canteen
ACTION- FACT/ PRESENT/

HABITUAL
*Simple Past Tense- indicate
fact/present/ habitual action ( have
been done in the past, is still being
done now, continue to be done in the
future)
Eg(a) Muslim men pray in the
mosque every Friday
(b)Sarah types her assignments
every weekend
(c) The students eat in the
canteen every afternoon
RULES TO FOLLOW:
SPELLING
RULES
BASE FORM
-ING FORM
Words that end

with the vowel
e, replace e
with ing
PLACE
ARRANGE
PLACING
ARRANGING
Words that end

with a vowel
and a
consonant,
double the
consonant and
add ing
Words that end
with
ie,
change ie to y
PLAN
REFER
SIT
DROP
PLANNING
REFERRING
SITTING
DROPPING
LIE
TIE
LYING
TYING
EXAMPLES
The waiters are
placing the
cards on the
table.
Meg is
arranging the
bouquet.
The town council
is planning to
build a school.
The construction
workers are
sitting there.
The witness is
lying
The kidnapper is
26

and add ing
tying the
victims hands
AFFIRMATIVE SENTENCE
BE-VERB ( IS/ ARE/ AM) + VERB +
-ING
EXAMPLE:-
BASE FORM
PRESENT CONT.
TENSE FORM
REST
AM + RESTING
LISTEN
IS + LISTENING
DISCUSS
ARE + DISCUSSING
EXAMPLES
I am resting after a
long day at work
Cory is listening
attentively to her
mothers advice
The committee
members are
discussing about the
project
27

NEGATIVE SENTENCE
BE-VERB (IS/ARE/AM) + NOT + VERB

+ ING
EXAMPLE:-
BASE FORM
PRESENT CONT.
TENSE (-VE)
WRITE
AM + NOT + WRITING
PARTICIPATE
IS + NOT +
PARTICIPATING
COLLECT
ARE + NOT +
COLLECTING
EXAMPLES
I am not writing a
memorandum
She is not
participating in the
competition
The girls are not
collecting seashells
INTERROGATIVE FORM
BE VERB (IS/ARE/AM) + SUBJ + VERB + ING +
REST OF QUESTION?
EXAMPLE:-
BE VERB
SUBJECT
VERB + ING REST OF

QUESTION?
AM
INTERRUPTING
Your discussion?
IS
JEAN
TALKING
To you?
ARE
THE CUSTOMERS
BUYING
The new
products?
28

EXERCISE 1
Complete the sentences using SIMPLE PRESENT or PRESENT CONTINUOUS
TENSE
1. Right now, my father ..(read) an
article on cloning and he (find) it difficult to understand
some of the scientific term used.
2. The heart patient.(complain) to the doctor
that
he.(feel)
like
something
(press) down to his chest. He (moan) with pain and

(sweat) profusely.
3. We .(watch) a cultural performance right
now. The dancers..(perform) a traditional Iban dance.
4. My elder brother.(try) to fix the blender. He
(unscrews) the motor unit. Now he
(tighten) the blades.
5. Jonathan and his brother..(argue) again. Now he
(scream)
at
the
top
of
his
voice
and
his
brother(yell) at him. He (be) angry

that his brother..(never, listen) to a word she
(say).
29

PAST CONTINOUS TENSE

USES:
USES
1. TO DESCRIBE ACTION/ACTIVITY
that was:
(a) IN PROGRESS AT A
PARTICULAR TIME IN THE PAST
(b)THE ACTION/ ACTIVITY HAD
STARTED BUT HAD NOT BEEN
COMPLETED AT THAT
PARTICULAR TIME
EXAMPLES
The students were studying for
their examinations the whole of last
month
The workers were busy renovating
the bungalow form May to November.
* Time expressions used:

The whole of last month, all
night, from May to November, for
five hours yesterday.
*Note- these time expressionhappen in the past and take a
long time to complete
2. TO DESCRIBE 2/MORE ACTIONS
THAT WERE ON PROGRESS AT
THE SAME TIME IN THE PAST
*The word WHILE and WHEN
used to combine sentences
describing 2/more actions in the past
cont. tense
3.
(a) USED TOGETHER WITH SIMPLE
PAST TENSE
(b)TO DESCRIBE ACTION IN
PROGRESS WHEN ANOTHER
ACTION TOOK PLACE
(c) SIMPLE PAST TENSE- ACTION-
Paul was working in the garden

while his wife was cooking in the
kitchen
While Michele was writing her
essay, her roommate was cleaning
their room
The reporter was typing the report
and the office boy was sorting the
letter as the managers were
attending the meeting
The reporter was interviewing the
minister when the photographer
took picture
Simon was telling his friend a joke
when the teacher called him
The children were riding on the
30

TOOK PLACEPAST CONT TENSEACTION IN PROGRESS

*Note- if the first action was
completed before the second action
happened, the simple past tense
should be used for both the actions
elephant when it suddenly started to

rain
When the director arrived, the

meeting started
When the show ended, we left the
hall
AFFIRMATIVE SENTENCE
BE-VERB(WAS/WERE) + VERB
+ ING
EXAMPLES:-
BASE FORM
PAST CONT.
TENSE
HIKE
WAS + HIKING
TRY
WERE + TRYING
EXAMPLES
Anne was hiking in
Taman Negara when her
mother called.
The biologists were
trying to raise the
sunken ship before the
hurricane hit the site
NEGATIVE SENTENCE
BE-VERB (WAS/WERE) + NOT +

VERB + ING
EXAMPLES:-
BASE FORM
PAST CONT.
TENSE (-VE)
EXAMPLES
31

WATCH
WAS + NOT +
WATCHING
The detective was not

watching the house
the whole night
TRAIN
WERE + NOT +
TRAINING
The players were not

training from 6.00p.m
till nightfall
INTERROGATIVE SENTENCE
BE-VERB + SUBJECT + VERB + ING + REST OF

THE QUESTION?
EXAMPLES:-
BE- VERB
SUBJECT
VERB + ING
REST OF
QUESTION?
WAS
THE DETECTIVE
WATCHING
The house the

whole of last
night?
WAS
THE BIRD
BUILDING
A nest in the oak

tree?
WERE
THE PLAYERS
TRAINING
Until nightfall?
WERE
YOU
LISTENING
To music when I
came?
32

EXERCISE 1
Complete
the
sentence
using
SIMPLE
PAST
TENSE
or
PAST
CONTINUOUS TENSE
1. The salesmen(show) a customer how to
operate the machine when a little boy.(run)
into him.
2. Michele..(lose)
her
purse
she.(shop) at the supermarket.

3. I
..(read)
a
novel
while
when
the
light(go) off.
4. As the man..(walk) out of the shop, a security
guard .(stop) him.
5. They
.(drive)
car.(break) down.
6. He(meet)
to
with
he.(study) in Japan.
7. Diana(check)
Johor
an
the
when
their
accident
while
report
..(discover) her mistakes.

8. Jill..(play)
the
violin
when
when
she
her
father..(return) home from work.

the taxi (arrive), she
9. When
(search) for her key.
33

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

USES:
USES
EXAMPLES
1.TO DESCRIBE ACTIVITY/SITUATIONOCCURRED IN THE PAST AND

CONNECTED TO NOW
I have put the icing and the cherries

on the cake
The droning of the airplane has
awakened the baby
The company has sold its shares to
settle the debts
*The time it happened is not

important and need not be
mentioned
2. TO DESCRIBE ACTIVITY/ EVENT
WHICH BEGAN AT SPECIFIC TIME IN
THE PAST AND CONTINUES TO NOW
I have been awake since 5.00a.m

this morning
I have been awake for four hours
*The time expression is used:(a) Since : to show an activity that

started at particular time in the past
and has continued until now
(b) For : to show how long an action
has taken place from the past up to
now
3. TO SHOW AN ACTIVITY THAT
HAPPENED IN THE PAST
Recently, the prices of goods have

remained high
It has been so hot lately
*Time expression used do not show

any specific time:- recently, lately,
just, already
4. TO DESCRIBE ACTIVITY STARTED IN Diana has taken a piece of paper to
THE PAST AND HAS NOT BEEN
write to her pen-pal. However, she
COMPLETED
has not yet written anything on it.
Iman has been in Karate class since
*Time expression used:- still, yet
8 this morning. It is now noon and he
has still not returned home.
5. TO SHOW AN ACTIVITY THAT
The twins have never attended
NEITHER HAPPENED AT THE PAST
acting classes.
NOR AT THE TIME OF SPEAKING.
They have never liked acting.
34

NEGATIVE FORM OF THE TENSE IS

USED.
Karim has never ever met his real

parents. He was adopted at birth.
*Time expression used:- never, ever,

never ever.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SIMPLE PAST TENSE

AND PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
SIMPLE PAST TENSE
She checked out of the hotel
yesterday afternoon
They bought a lot of souvenirs when
they were in Canada
A thief stole her purse last night
She had a medical check-up last
week
PRESENT PERFECT
TENSE
She has just checked out of the
hotel.
They have bought a lot of
souvenirs.
A thief has stolen her purse.
She has already had a medical
check-up.
Note: They both refer to the actions that took place in the past. Difference
is- simple past tense is used when specific time is mentioned while present
perfect is used when specific time IS NOT MENTIONED.
AFFIRMATIVE SENTENCES
HAS/HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE

EXAMPLES:-
BASE FORM
CLEAN
PRESENT PERFECT
TENSE
HAS + CLEANED
HAVE + CLEANED
EXAMPLES
Nurul has cleaned her
room.
Nurul and her sisters
have cleaned their
35

BE
HAS + BEEN
HAVE + BEEN
room.
I have cleaned my
room.
Faris has been to Hong
Kong several times.
They have been to
Amsterdam several
times.
You have asked that
question twice.
NEGATIVE FORM SENTENCE

HAS/ HAVE + NOT + PAST
PARTICIPLE
EXAMPLES:-
BASE FORM
PRESENT
PERFECT TENSE
EXAMPLES
FULFILL
HAS + NOT +
FULFILLED
HAVE + NOT +
FULFILLED
Dee has not (hasnt)

fulfilled his ambition.
Jun and Kurt have not
(havent) fulfilled
their ambitions.
PAINT
HAS + NOT + PAINTED

HAVE + NOT + PAINTED
She has not (hasnt)

painted her room yet.
They have not
(havent) painted the
old fence yet.
INTERROGATIVE FORM
36

HAS/ HAVE + SUBJECT + VERB (PAST PARTICIPLE) +

REST OF QUESTION?
EXAMPLES:-
HAS/ HAVE
SUBJECT
PAST
PARTICIPLE
REST OF
QUESTION?
The mess in the
kitchen?
The phone call to
their parents?
HAS
FINN
CLEANED
HAVE
THEY
MADE
EXERCISE 1
Complete the sentences below using PRESENT PERFECT TENSE or
PAST TENSE.
1. I ..(wait) for two weeks for a reply from the
company. Im not going to wait any longer.
2. He .(be) very depressed since his grandfather
passed away.
3. Kurt and Sebastian (write) several scripts
since they joined the Warner Brothers.
4. Since she returned from United Kingdom, she.
(introduce) many changes in her school.
5. My sister.(just, get) married to her fiance.
6. The patient(so far, undergo) four
operations at Aventist Medical Centre.
7. Amar..(buy) a present
for
his
mother
but
he
.(not, yet, give) it to her.

8. Fatin (buy, never) expensive jewelry although
she can afford it.
37

9. Akif has been walking for one hour but he.

(still, not, find) his friends house
10.
Last year, flowers..(cover) the hills since
there were adequate rainfalls and sunshine.
38

PAST PERFECT TENSE

USES:
USES
EXAMPLES
TO SHOW RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN 2

EVENTS/ACTIVITIES THAT HAPPENED
IN THE PAST
Before I went to the office, I had

deposited some money in the bank.
After I had bought the books, I
rushed to the library.
When I arrived at her room, she told
me nobody had come to visit her
PAST PERFECT TENSE is used in the

EARLIER ACTION and the SIMPLE
PAST TENSE is used in the LATER
ACTION
*Time expressions used: BEFORE,
AFTER, WHEN, AS SOON AS, BY
THE TIME, UNTIL show the time
relationship between the earlier
events and the later ones
By the time I reached home, my

parents had already left for work.
I had promised to give her the fees
before she went to school.
I promised to give her the books
before she went to school.
*If BEFORE or AFTER is used in the

sentence- simple past tense can be
used for both actions because the
time relationship is already clear.
AFFIRMATIVE FORM
HAD + PAST
PARTICIPLE
EXAMPLES:-
BASE FORM
BE
PAST PERFECT
TENSE
HAD + BEEN
EXAMPLES
Nancy had been a
39

ARRIVE
FORGET
LEAVE
HAD + ARRIVED
HAD + FORGOTTEN
HAD + LEFT
teacher before she

became a nurse.
The doctor had arrived
before the ambulance
came.
My mother had
forgotten her keys.
After I had left the
place, Sarina arrived
NEGATIVE FORM
HAD + NOT + PAST PARTICIPLE

EXAMPLES:-
BASE FORM
PAST PERFECT
TENSE (-VE)
GO
HAD + NOT + GONE
FINISH
HAD + NOT + FINISHED
EXAMPLES
The children had not
(hadnt) gone to
school for weeks.
We had not (hadnt)
finished cooking
when the guest
arrived.
INTERROGATIVE FORM
HAD + SUBJECT + PAST PARTICIPLE+

REST OF QUESTION?
EXAMPLES:-
HAD
SUBJECT
PAST
PARTICIPLE
REST OF
QUESTION?
40

JUDITH
WRITTEN
GEORGE
LIVED
THEY
READ
Many novels
before she met
with the
accident?
In the jungle
before he met
Jane?
They book before
they bought it?
HAD
EXERCISE 1
Fill in the blanks with the SIMPLE PAST TENSE or the PAST PERFECT
TENSE form of the verb given in the brackets.
1. The police ( interview) several people
before they(arrest) the suspect.
2. By the my brother(finish) his conversation on the
phone, my elder sister..(eat) her dinner.
3. Lee(wait) for almost two hours when Judith
finally(turn) up.
4. My
parents(go)
to
..(arrive) home.
5. I
(call,
not)
bed
when
as
medicine,
she
Brandon
.(misplace) his number.

6. As soon as Juliet.(take) her
.(go) straight to bed.

7. When Brittany.(return) home from home, she
realized that somebody..(ransack) her house.
41

8. After I(deposit) my cheque, the teller..

(give) me a receipt.
9. I
..(read)
all
his
books
before
eventually..(meet) John Grisham.

10.
She .(meet) him only twice before they
.(decide) to get engaged.
OVERVIEW OF VERB TENSES

Complete the sentences with a form of STUDY. Then, identify the
tense in each sentence.
1. Jun is a student. He ..every day.
2. Jerry is at his desk. He ..right now.
3. Tory had some assignments to do, so he .last
night.
4. Judy began studying at 7:00 last night. Her friends came over around
7:30. Judy was still at her desk when they arrived. In other words,
Judy.last night when her friends came over.
5. Harold tomorrow.
6. Katie is studying chapter 7. She (already)
.chapter 1 until 6.
7. Last week Daren finished studying chapter 1. This week hes studying
chapter 2. He (already)..chapter 1 when he
started chapter 2.
PRACTICE 1
Complete the sentences with the words in parentheses. Use the
SIMPLE PRESENT or PRESENT PROGRESSIVE.
1. Right now Yuki ( read) .an article in the
newspaper, but she (understand, not) ..it.
Some of the vocabulary (be).too difficult for her.
42

2. Right now I (look)at the board. I (see)

.some words on the board.
3. I (need)to call my parents
today and tell them about my new apartment. They cant call me
because they (know, not).my new
telephone number.
4. Right now the children (be)..at the beach. They
(have)a good time. They (have)
a beach ball, and they (play)
..catch with it. They (like)
..to play catch. Their parents (sunbathe)
.. They (try)..to
get a tan. They (listen)..to some music on a transistor
radio. They also (hear)..the sound of
seagulls and the sound of waves.
5. Mike is at the library. He (sit).at a table.
He (write)a composition. He (use)
.a dictionary to look up the spelling of some
words. The dictionary (belong, not).to
him. It (belong)..to his classmate. Mike (look)
up words in the dictionary because he (want)
..to make sure that he doesnt have any misspelled
words in his paper.
6. A: Which colour (prefer, you)., red or
blue?
B: I (like).blue better than red. Why?
A: According to this magazine article I (read)
..right now, people who (prefer)
blue to red (be)
.calm and (value)
.honesty and loyalty in their friends. A preference for
the colour red (mean)that a person (be)
43

.aggressive and (love)

.excitement.
B: Oh? That (sound).like a bunch of nonsense to
me.
7. This coffee is good. I (like)..it. What
kind is it? I (prefer) coffee to tea. How about you?
8. Right now, I (think)about seagulls and
waves.
9. I (think).that seagulls are
beautiful birds.
44

PRACTICE 2
Complete the sentences with the words in parentheses. Use the
SIMPLE PAST or PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE.
1. At 6:00p.m, William sat down at the table and began to eat. At
6:05p.m, William (eat)..dinner.
2. While William (eat)dinner, Emma (come)
through the door.
3. In other words, when Emma (come)through the
door, William (eat)..dinner.
4. William went to bed at 10:30. At 11:00, William (sleep)
..
5. While William (sleep)..the phone (ring)
.
6. In other words, while the phone (ring).William
(sleep)
7. William left his house at 8:00a.m, and (begin)
.to walk to class. While he (walk)
.to class, he (see)
..Ms. Sylvester.
8. My roommates parents (call)him last night while
we (watch).television.
9. Yesterday afternoon I (go)..to visit Berrys
family. When I (get)there, Mrs. Berry (be)
in the yard. She (plant)
flowers in her garden. Mr. Berry (be)
..in the garage. He (work)
.on their car. He (change)
..the oil. The children (play)
in the front yard. In other words,
while Mr. Berry (fix)..the oil in the car, the
children (play)in the front yard.
45

PRACTICE 3
Complete the sentences by using a form of the words in the
parentheses. Read carefully for time expressions.
1. Before Harry (go)to bed later tonight, he
(write).a letter to his uncle.
2. After I (get)home from the school tomorrow afternoon, I
(drink)a cup of tea.
3. As soon as Quinn (get).up tomorrow
morning, she (brush) her teeth.
4. Ben (meet)me at the airport when my
plane (arrive) tomorrow.
5. My friend (drop)over again tomorrow. When she
(come).. I(prepare)..some
aspirin for her.
6. If I (see)..him tomorrow, I (tell)
..him about the test.
7. While I (drink)a cup of coffee yesterday
evening, my cousin (come)over, so I (offer)
..him a cup of coffee too.
8. I go to New York often. When I (be).there, I
usually (see)a Broadway play.
9. Piper and I (go)..to the beach tomorrow if
the weather (be) warm and sunny
46

PRACTICE 4
Complete the sentences with the words in parentheses. Use
PRESENT PERFECT, PAST PERFECT or SIMPLE PAST.
1. Last night I (go).to bed at 10:00. I (finish,
already).. my homework.
2. Bob and Jane are old friends. They (know)
..each other for a long time.
3. My husband and I (come)here two
months ago. We (be) in this city for two months now.
4. I was late. The movie (started, already)..by
the time I (get).. there.
5. Your Mandarin is getting better. You (learn)
..a lot of Mandarin since you came here.
6. A: (you, enjoy)the concert last
night?
B: very much. I (go, not).to the concert
for a long time.
7. A: Until now, what European countries (you, visit)
?
B:I (visit)Hungary, German
and Switzerland. I (visit)..Hungary in 2009. I (be)
.in German and Switzerland in 2011.
8. By the time class was over this morning, the rain (stop)
. So, I didnt need my umbrella
anymore.
47

PASSIVE SENTENCES
ACTIVE
SENTENCE
Bob (s) / kicked (v) / the ball (o)
The ball (o) / was kicked (v)/ by the boy (s)
PASSIVE
*The active and passive sentence, both; have the same meaning.
* Form of all passive verbs: BE + PAST PARTICIPLE
TENSES FORMS OF PASSIVE VERBS

*Based on the first 3 examples below, detect the verb and notice the change
according to- verb and subject (singular/plural)
TENSES
SIMPLE PRESENT
( IS/ARE/AM +
P.PARTICIPLE)
SIMPLE PAST
(WAS/WERE +
P.PARTICIPLE)
PRESENT CONT.
(IS/ARE/AM + BEING
+ P.PARTICIPLE)
PAST CONT.
(WAS/WERE + BEING
+ P.PARTICIPLE)
ACTIVE
PASSIVE
The news surprises me

The news surprises
Sam
The news surprises us
I am surprised by the
news
Sam is surprised by
the news
We are surprised by
the news
The news surprised me I was surprised by the
The news surprised us news
We were surprised by
the news
Mary is helping her
Her mother is being
mother (s)
helped by Mary
Mary is helping the
The children are being
children(p)
helped by Mary
Mary was helping her
Her mother was being
mother(s)
helped by Mary
Mary was helping the
The children were being
children(p)
helped by Mary
48

PRESENT PERFECT
(HAS/HAVE + BEEN +
P.PARTICIPLE)
Bob has mailed the

letter(s)
Bob has mailed the
letters(p)
The letter has been

mailed by Bob
The letters have been
mailed by Bob
PAST PERFECT
(HAD + BEEN +
P.PARTICIPLE)
Bob had mailed the

letter(s)
Bob had mailed the
letters(p)
Mary will help her
mother
The letter had been

mailed by Bob
The letters had been
mailed by Bob
Her mother will be
helped by Mary
Mary is going to help

her mother
Mary is going to help
the children
Mary was going to help
her mother
Mary was going to help
the children
Mary will have helped
her mother
Her mother is going to

be helped by Mary
The children are going
to be helped by Mary
Her mother was going
The children were going
Her mother will have
been helped by Mary
Bob will mail the letter

Bob can mail the letter
Bob should mail the
letter
Bob ought to mail the
letter
Bob must mail the letter
Bob has to mail the
letter
Bob may mail the letter
Bob might mail the
letter
The letter will be mailed

by Bob
The letter could be
mailed by Bob
The letter should be
mailed by Bob
The letter ought to be
mailed by Bob
The letter must be
mailed by Bob
The letter has to be
mailed by Bob
The letter may be
mailed by Bob
The letter might be
mailed by Bob
SIMPLE FUTURE
(WILL + BE +
P.PARTICIPLE)
BE GOING TO
( BE-GOING TO + BE
+ P.PARTICIPLE)
FUTURE PERFECT
(WILL HAVE + BEEN +
P.PARTICIPLE)
MODAL AUXILIARIES
( MODAL + BE +
P.PARTICIPLE)
49

NON- PROGRESSIVE PASSIVE (ACTION

NOT HAPPENING)
EXAMPLES
NOTES
The door is locked

Now the door is locked
Now, the window is broken
*Used to describe an existing

state/situation, action happened
earlier.
*There is no by-phrase
*Past participle- function as adjective
COMMON NON-PROGRESSIVE PASSIVE VERB +

PREPOSITION
EXAMPLES
NOTES
I am interested in Malay culture

He is worried about losing his job
He is known for his integrity
She is tired of her job
*Many non-progressive verbs are

followed by prepositions other than
by
*eg:- about, for, of, by, with, to, etc.
PASSIVE WITH GET

RULES
GET + ADJECTIVE/
P.PARTICIPLE
(ADJECTIVE)
EXAMPLES
I am getting
hungry
I am getting fat
NOTES
*Get may be
followed by
adjective/ past
50

I am getting sleepy
I stopped working
because I got
sleepy
I am getting
married next month
participle but, past

participle also
functions as
adjective ->
describing
noun/subject.
PARTICIPIAL ADJECTIVE
EXAMPLES
The problem confuses the
students
(a)
It is a confusing
problem
The students are confused by
the problem
(b)
They are confused
students
The story amuses the children
(c)
It is an amusing
story
The children are amused by the
story
(d)
They are amused
children
NOTES
*(a) and (c) the present
participle serves as an adjective
with an active meaning. The
noun it modifies performs an
action.
*(b) and (d) the present
participle serves as an adjective
with passive meaning.
51

EXERCISE 1
Change the sentences from active to passive
1. Thomas Edison invented the phonograph
2. Water surrounds an island
3. A plumber is going to fix the leaky faucet
..
4. The teacher is going to explain the lessons
5. Waiter and waitresses serve the customers
..
6. She has examined the sick child
..
7. Maria has designed several public buildings
.
8. My mistake embarrassed me
.
9. Did a cat kill the bird?
10.
My cat didnt kill the bird
11.
Does the hotel provide clean towels?
.
12.
Do a large number of people speak English?
52

13.
This news will amaze you
14.
Sometimes my inability to speak English frustrates me
..
15.
After class, one of the students always erases the board
.
16.
I didnt write that note. Did Elsa write it?
53

REPORTED SPEECH
FIXED
TENSES
DIRECT SPEECH
PAST PERFECT TENSE
I had taken English

lessons before
WOULD
I would help, but
COULD
OUGT TO
I could swim when I

was four
I should call my
mother
I ought to watch TV
MIGHT
I might be late
SHOULD
REPORTED
SPEECH
She said that she had
taken English lessons
before
She said that she
would help, but
She said that she could
swim when she was four
She said that she
should call her mother
She said that she ought
to watch TV
She said that she might
be late
*General truth/ fact does not change too

Eg: The world is round -> She said that the world is round
CHANGE USING SPECIFIC RULES

TENSES/ RULES
DIRECT SPEECH
S.PRESENT ->
S.PAST
PRESENT CONT.
-> PAST CONT.
I like ice cream
S. PAST -> PAST

PERFECT
PAST CONT. ->
PAST PERFECT
CONT.
PRESENT PERFECT
I bought a car
I am living in
London
I was walking
along the beach
I havent seen
REPORTED
SPEECH
She said that she
liked ice cream
She said that she
was living in
London
She said that she
had bought a car
She said that she
had been walking
along the beach
She said that she
54

-> PAST PERFECT

WILL -> WOULD
Julie
Ill see you later
SHALL -> WOULD
I shall come later
CAN -> COULD
I can speak
perfect English
MUST -> HAD TO
I must study at
the weekend
hadnt seen Julie

She said that she
would see me later
She said that she
would come later
She said that she
could speak perfect
English
She said that she
had to study at the
weekend
REPORTED QUESTIONS USE THE SAME

RULES ABOVE
EXAMPLES:-
TENSES/ RULE
DIRECT
QUESTION
S. PRESENT-> S. PAST
Where is the post

office, please?
Where is Julie?
Where do you live?
(live)
Do you love me?
(love)
Do you like chocolate?
(like)
PRESENT CONT ->

PAST CONT
What are you doing?

Are you living here?
S. PAST -> PAST

PERFECT
PRESENT PERFECT ->
Who was that man?

Have you ever been to
REPORTED
QUESTION
She asked me where
the post office was.
She asked me where
Julie was.
She asked me where I
lived.
She asked me if I loved
her.
She asked me if I liked
chocolate.
She asked me what I
was doing.
She asked me if I was
living here.
She asked me who that
man had been.
She asked me if I had
55

PAST PERFECT
Mexico?
ever been to Mexico
56

REPORTED REQUEST
DIRECT REQUEST
Please help me.
Please dont smoke
Could you bring my book tonight?
Could you pass the milk, please?
Would you mind coming early
tomorrow?
Please dont be late
Close the window, please?
Could you close the window
please?
Would you mind closing the window
please?
REPORTED REQUEST
She asked
She asked
She asked
night.
She asked
She asked
day
She asked
She asked
me to help her.
me not to smoke.
me to bring her book that
me to pass the milk
me to come early the next
me not to be late
me to close the window
REPORTED ORDERS
DIRECT ORDER
Go to bed!
Dont worry!
Be on time!
Dont smoke!
Sit down!
REPORTED ORDER
He
He
He
He
He
told
told
told
told
told
me
me
me
me
me
to go to bed
not to worry
to be on time
not to smoke
to sit down
TIME EXPRESSION WITH REPORTED

SPEECH
NOW
TODAY
YESTERDAY
LAST NIGHT
THEN/ AT THAT TIME

YESTERDAY/ THAT DAY/
TUESDAY/ THE 25TH OF MARCH
THE DAY BEFORE YESTERDAY/
THE DAY BEFORE/ WEDNESDAY/
THE 5TH OF NOVEMBER
THE NIGHT BEFORE/ THURSDAY
57

LAST WEEK
TOMORROW
NIGHT
THE WEEK BEFORE/ THE
PREVIOUS WEEK
THE NEXT DAY/ TODAY/ THE
FOLLOWING DAY/ FRIDAY
58

EXERCISE 1
Complete the sentence using the correct reported speech
1. Lee asked, What do you want?
Lee
asked
me
..
2. Jun asked, Are you hungry?
Jun
wanted
to
know
..
3. Im going to Kedah said Bruno
Bruno
informed
me
4. Did you enjoy your holiday? asked Mai

Mai
asked
me
.
5. Gerard asked What are you talking about?
Gerard
asked
me
..
6. Aiman asked Have you seen my literature book?
Aiman
wanted
to
know
7. Ana said, I dont want to go.

Ana
said
..
8. Can you help me with my homework? asked Lucy
59

Lucy
asked
me
9. Why is the sky blue? asked my niece.

My
niece
asked
me
10.My mother asked, Where is everyone?

My
mother
wondered
.
11.I think Ill go to the library tomorrow, said Catherine
Catherine
said
12.Adam just asked Hisyam, Will you be in class next week?

Adam
wanted
to
know
13.Is what Ive heard true?

I
wondered
..
14.I may be late, said Noah
Noah
said
..
15.Didi said I have to go downtown
Didi
said
..
60

PAST YEAR QUESTION (MAY 2013/SET A/ HPE3023)

PART A : TENSES
Fill in the blanks with the correct verb forms of the verbs in brackets.
Eg: The library is (be) open.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
I ..( read ) a very interesting book now.

Your train will .(leave) at 17.24 from platform 9.
Aina. (sit) behind the door when we were looking for her.
Johanne.. (lose/just) her keys.
The Monsoon season.. (come) once or twice a year.
He. (eat/already) his lunch.
I... ( begin/ already) to read the texts in my English textbooks
again.
8. (I / be going to/ listen) to your nagging all day?
9. (he/listen) to the songs after this?
10. She.. ( admire) him for the last five years.
11. I. (watch) an interesting television show last night when my
brother arrived.
12. By the time we ( reach ) his home, he had already gone.
13. The lady. ( pay) for her purchases when the thief snatched her
handbag.
14. We had completed our project by the time he.. ( arrive)
15. They. ( forbid) to enter the room
PART B: ERROR IDENTIFICATION

The following sentences contain errors. Underline the errors and correct them as shown
in the example.
Eg: She is a kind of person which others consider shy.
1. Two people got hurt in the accident and were took to the
Whom
hospital by an ambulance.
2. Dont be a workaholic. You may spend some time with your family. .
61

3. The winner of the race has not been announcing yet.

..
4. Many strange things happen last night.
.
5. In class yesterday, I was confusing. I didnt understand the lesson.
6. I didnt go to dinner with them because I had already ate.
7. She is the woman whose I told you about.
8. You look tired. You would sleep early.

.
9. I am bake a chocolate cake at this moment.
10. Most students want to returned home as soon as possible.

.
11. He avoided to answering my question.
..
12. She deserve to win the prize.
.
13. The rain had stopping when I woke up.
14. If I taught this class, I would not giving tests.

..
15. The students are helped by the clear explanation that their
teacher gave yesterday.

PART C
PASSIVE VOICE (SENTENCE CONSTRUCTION)

Change the following sentences into the passive voice.
1. That 10 years old genius created and developed the software.
2. Ahmad is preparing that report.
3. Afiqah had returned the book to the library.
4. I paid RM50 to the taxi driver.
5. I paid the taxi driver RM 50.
6. They must complete the project before the deadline.
7. Someone was making the coffee when I walked into the kitchen.
8. Suzy had taken Mandy to the bookstore.
9. Two horses were pulling the farmers wagon.
10. We expect the students to finish the assignments.
11. Lightning didnt cause the fire
12. The cat knocked over the milk.
13. The Persians invented windmills around 1500 years ago.
14. The waiter has not brought us the coffee.
62

15. The waiter has not brought the coffee to us.
16. Farah sent me the videos that she got from Nani.
17. Farah sent the videos that she got from Nani to me.
PART D: GERUND AND INFINITIVES

Fill in each blank with either the gerund or the infinitive form of the verb in parentheses
Nadine and her family have been thinking of (1).(look) for a house to buy.
They have been considering (2).(buy) their own place ever since Nadines brother
moved in with them last year. There are now three adults and four children living in a small
apartment, and the rent keeps (3).(go) up every year.
63

Although they need more space and dislike (4).(argue) with the landlord
who refuses (5)(fix) things, they are afraid that they cannot afford a house. They
enjoy (6)..(walk) around the neighborhoods that they like, and they sometimes
write down phone numbers of real estate offices when they walk past For Sale signs in front of
nice houses. But they are always shocked at the prices. They remember (7)(see)
much bigger houses at lower prices back in their hometown, so they get discouraged.
Nadines cousin, who is a real estate agent, has told them (8).( not,
hope) for a dream house. He tells them (9).(look) for a fixer upper a house
in bad condition! He says that they should expect (10)..(do) a lot of work on
their first house and make it nice.
Nadine and her husband Aiman Hariss, are planning on (11).(do) part
time job if they really decide to buy a house because they know it will be difficult (12)
(pay) the bills with just their monthly paychecks. They worry about (13)
..(leave) their children while they are at work, and they do not look forward to (14)
(try) to find child care for them. But her sister Alyaa has promised (15)
(help) her.
64

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Prepared by: Nurul Zahidah Hassan,

As referred to Ms. Suzannas notes

MY DUMMY & INCOMPLETE

INTAKE SESSION JULY 2013

Prepared by: Nurul Zahidah Hassan,

Prepared by: Nurul Zahidah Hassan,

SUBJECT- VERB AGREEMENT RULES

2. PLURAL SUBJECT- PLURAL VERB

3. 2 SUBJECT JOINED BY AND=

Five kilometres is a really long

Prepared by: Nurul Zahidah Hassan,

EG: Association, committee,

The news is broadcast at prime time

Both Farah and Azman are

Prepared by: Nurul Zahidah Hassan,

SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

The earth is round

2. INFORMATION- TRUE AT THE

I have ten ringgit in my purse now

3. REPEATED/ HABITUAL ACTION

Ken walks to college everyday

Prepared by: Nurul Zahidah Hassan,

AFFIRMATIVE FORM OF SIMPLE PRESENT

For verbs ending

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NEGATIVE FORM OF SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

Prepared by: Nurul Zahidah Hassan,

Kim listens (does

Kim does not listen to

Kim doesnt listen to

Vanessa does not play

Vanessa doesnt play

My little boy jumps

My little boy does not

My little boy doesnt

VERB AFTER DO/DOES OR DO NOT/DOES NOT =

INTERROGATIVE/ QUESTION FORM OF SIMPLE

BE-VERB + SUBJECT + REST OF

Still angry with me?

Ready for rehearsal?

Prepared by: Nurul Zahidah Hassan,

ACTION VERB- YES/ NO QUESTION, BUT USING THE

DO/DOES + SUBJECT + BASE FORM + REST

Krish and Amir go to the Go = do + go

Prepared by: Nurul Zahidah Hassan,

2. These bags come in different shapes and sizes

3. UITM is the smallest university in Malaysia

4. MPP represents the students voices in the college

5. I like walking on the beach at night

6. I have the freedom here

Prepared by: Nurul Zahidah Hassan,

Yes, the twins look very much alike

Yes, athletes are very strong, tough people

The government allocates a portion of its annual budget for education

Yes, I know the history of Melaka very well.

Prepared by: Nurul Zahidah Hassan,

SIMPLE PAST TENSE

1.USUALLY USED WITH SPECIFIC

2.OR TIME CLAUSES

Prepared by: Nurul Zahidah Hassan,

AFFIRMATIVE FORM OF SIMPLE PAST TENSE

I was impressed by his

REGULAR ACTION VERBS:

Prepared by: Nurul Zahidah Hassan,