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NCS (n-chlorosuccinimide)
N-chlorosuccinimide is a source of reactive,
electrophilic, chlorine. It is used for the
formation of chlorohydrins from alkens.
NH2NH2
Hydrazine is a good reductant and
nucleophile. It is used in the Wolff-Kishner
reaction, a way of converting ketones to
alkanes. It is also used in the final step of
the Gabriel amine synthesis to liberate the
free amine.
NH2OH
Hydroxylamine is used to the formation of
oximes from aldehydes or ketones. The
resulting oximes can be converted into
amides using the Beckman rearrangement.
NH3
Ammonia is a base and a nucleophile. It is
often used as a solvent in reactions
involving L I, N a , and K. It has a fairly low
boiling point of -33 celcius.
NI-B
Nickel boride is a reagent that acts
similarly to the Lindlar catalyst, reacting
with alkynes to give cis-alkens.
N I S (n-iodosuccinimide)
N-iodosuccinimide is a source of
electrophilic iodine, similar to NBS and
NCS. When added to an alkene in the
presence of water, it will form iodohydrins.
O3 (ozone)
Ozone will cleave alkens and alkynes to
give carbonyl compounds. This is called
oxidative cleavage. The products formed
can be dependent on the type of workup
used. Reductive workup preserves
aldehydes, whereas oxidative workup will
oxidize any aldehydes to carboxylic acids.
OH-
PCl5
Phosphorus pentachloride will convert
alcohols to alkyl chlorides, and carboxylic
acids to acid chlorides (acyl chlorides)
Pd-C
Palladium adsorbed on charcoal (carbon) is
a heterogeneous catalyst. In the presence
of hydrogen gas H2, it will convert alkenes
and alkynes to alkanes. The hydrogens are
delivered syn.
POC l 3
Phosphorus oxychloride (POC l 3) is used
for the dehydration of alcohols to alkenes.
Essentially it converts alcohols to a good
leaving group, which is then removed by
an added base (often pyridine). It can also
be used to convert amides to nitriles.
Potassium phthalimide
Sodium (or potassium) pthalimide is a
nitrogen-containing nucleophile used in the
Gabriel synthesis. Potassium pthalimide
reacts with alkyl halides to form a C-N
bond, which is then hydrolyzed by
treatment with hydrazine (NH2NH2) to give
a primary amine.
PPh3
P P h 3 is used for the formation of ylides in
the Wittig reaction. It can also be used for
reductive workup in the ozonolysis of
alkenes.
Pt
Platinum is a "noble metal," is used as a
catalyst for the reduction of carbon-carbon
multiple bonds in the presence of hydrogen
gas.
Pyridine
Pyridine is a mild base. Since it bears no
charges it is especially soluble in organic
solvents. It is often used in reactions that
generate H C l and other strong acids think of it like a sponge for strong acid.
R a N i (Rayney nickel)
Rayney nickel is a reagent for the
reduction (hydrogenation) of double bonds.
It sees the most use as a reagent for the
replacement of sulfur by hydrogen.
RO-OR (peroxides)
Peroxides are used to initiate free-radical
reactions. The oxygen-oxygen is very
weak, and will fragment homolytically to
generate radicals.
A g NO3 (silver nitrate)
Silver nitrate will react with alkyl halides to
form silver halides and the corresponding
carbocation.
A g 2 O (silver oxide)
Silver oxide is used in the Tollens reaction
to oxidize aldehydes to carboxylic acids.
This is the basis of a test for the presence
of aldehydes, since a mirror of metallic
silver will be deposited on the flask. It is
also commonly used as a base for the
Hofmann elimination.
Sn
In the presence of acid, tin will reduce nitro
groups to form amines.
SO3
Sulfur trioxide is a reagent for the
sulfonylation of aromatic groups. In the
presence of acid, it will lead to the
formation of sulfonic acids.
SOB r 2
Thionyl bromide is a useful reagent for the
formation of alkyl bromides from alcohols,
as well as acid bromides (acyl bromides)
from carboxylic acids.
SOC l 2
Thionyl chloride is used for the formation
of alkyl chlorides from alcohols and acid
chlorides (acyl chlorides) from carboxylic
acids.