CHAPTER

INTRODUTION

1.1 UNITS

Time, mass and lengtth are three dacic units in science. Newton's Law of Gravitation

introduces mass in the aquation , Where F is

the

attractive force between two masses m1 and m2 , which are separated by a distance
d.
Newton's equation also defines force by the equation F = ma.

The second (s) is the basic of time. The meter (m) is the basic unit of length, and
kilogram (Kg) is the basic unit of mass. Time, mass and length are base units of the
International System of Units (SI units). The prefixes deci-(d), centi-(c), and
mili-(m)
are used in the SI units for the values 0.1, 01, and.001. The unit of volume is the
liter,
which is defined as the volume that is occupied by a mass of 1Kg of pure water at its
maximum density at 4°C and at standard atmospheric pressure (1 atm).

The calorie is the unit of hest and is defined as the amount of heat necessary to raise
the temperature of 1g of water 1°C.

1 calorie = 4.184 Joule

1 Volt-coulomb, the energy that a coulomb of eletricity gains while passind through a 1
volt potential difference, is known as the joul (J).

the watt, Js-1 , is the SI unit of power, which is the rate of work. The of energy is the
watt-hour or kilowatt-horr. The horsepower is 746 watts. The But is the unit of heat
that is equal to 1055J (or 252 calories).

1.1 MATHEMATICAL
RECIEW
Suppose M, N and b are positive numbers and b¹1. If a=bd, then logb (a) = d, which is
the logarithm of a to the base b.

The following relationship can be used to change the dase of logarithms to c, where
c¹1.

Ordinary logarithms are to the base b = 10, and natural logaritms (ln) are to the base
b = e 2.718.
The solution for the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 is

and its roots are either real or imaginary.

The following are derivatives of some functions:

An integral is the area under a curve, which is the opposite of a differential.

In the last three equations constants of integrstion were omitted.

For u = u(x,y,...,z), which is a function of more than one variable, the chang of u
relative to any one of the variable, while the remaining variables stay constant, is
specified by the partial derivative function. The partial derivative of u with respect to
x,
holding and z constant, is as follows:

To determine the second partial

derivative differentiation is carried out
twice.
 (1)

(2)

(1) and (2) are equivalent.

For a function of two variables, u = u(x,y), du is the total differential of u and is

written in the form

The above equation is called the Euler condition for exactness and u, is then called a
state function.

The integral of a state function u around any closed path (where the initial and final
points os the integrating path are the same) should be zero, or

Some useful relatins between partial derivatives are:

 The coefficient of thermal expansion ( ) is expressend by the equation

The compressibity ( ) is expressed by the equation