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Wavelength
760 nm to 1400 nm
1400 nm to 3000 nm
3000 nm to 1 mm
(not used in therapy)
Former Classification
Near or Short IR 760 nm to 1500 nm
Far or Long IR 1500 nm to 15000 nm
Infrared radiations are produced in all matter by various kinds of
molecular vibration. Any hot body emits infrared rays; the sun, gas fires, coal fires,
electric fires, hot water pipes, etc. Thus any object emits infrared radiations and
material that is at temperature above absolute zero emits infrared. The frequencies at
which the maximum intensity of radiation is emitted are proportional to temperature.
Thus the higher the temperature the higher the frequency and hence the shorter the
wavelength.
At the higher temperatures generated by a tungsten filament light bulb the
peak emission is about 960 nm, i.e., in the near infrared, with plenty of emission in the
visible region. The human body also emits a whole range of infrared radiations, mainly
type C, and with peak around 10,000 nm. Absorption of all these radiations causes
similar kinds of molecular vibrations and thereby produces heating effect.
The shorter, visible radiations not only cause molecular and atomic
motion but can also break chemical bonds when they are absorbed. This provokes
chemical changes in the retinal pigments, which are detected via the optic nerve as
sight.
D Luminous Generators:
Luminous generators (incandescent lamps) consist of a tungsten filament
in a large glass envelope, which contains inert gas at low pressure.
Part of the inside of the glass bulb is often silvered to provide a reflector.
These lamps work on the same principle as a simple electric light bulb; the
filament is heated to a high temperature (around 3000C) by the current
passed through it and so gives off a continuous spectrum in the infrared
and visible regions.
Oxidation of the filament does not occur because there is no oxygen
present, only a trace of some inert gas.
The peak emission occurs at near 1000 nm but radiation extends from
the long infrared throughout the visible to the ultraviolet. These later
radiations are absorbed by the glass and are not therefore transmitted by
the lamp.
Sometimes the glass is reddened, absorbing some of the green and blue
rays to give a red visible emission; this is believed to make little difference
therapeutically.
Luminous generators are sometimes called radiant heat generators,
indicating that heating is by both infrared and visible radiations.
D Power:
The power of infrared sources can broadly be described as:
y Smaller lamps (luminous & non luminous), usually 250 500 W
y Large, non luminous, 750 1000 W
y Large, luminous, 600 1500 W
Generally, the larger lamps are used to treat extensive areas but the same
effect can be achieved by mounting three smaller luminous bulbs, which
can be separately controlled in one holder. In this way a large area can be
covered with all the bulbs in use and a small area using only one or two.
Large lamps are fitted with wire-mesh screens over the front of the
reflector to prevent accidental contact with the hot emitter. The screen will
also diminish any remote risk of the hot emitter element falling out.
D Emission:
Non luminous:
y Mainly 3000 4000 nm (long IR), with about 10% between 1500 nm
and visible (short IR)
Luminous:
y Approximately 70% short IR
5% visible
24% long IR
1% UVR absorbed by glass of bulb
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This does not necessarily lead to inefficiency since cooling the surface may
allow better penetration.
D Sensation:
Thermal heat receptors will be stimulated in the skin so that the patient is
aware of the heating.
D Increase in Metabolism:
Due to increase in temperature there will be an increase in the rate of
metabolism.
D Chronic Changes:
Excessive and prolonged infrared application can cause the destruction of
erythrocytes, releasing pigments and causing brown discoloration of the
skin.
This rarely occurs as a sequel to normal treatment; it usually results from
prolonged exposure of the legs to domestic fires.
D Joint stiffness:
Joint stiffness encompasses a number of parameters such as the behavior of
ligaments, joint capsule and periarticular structures, and alterations in fluid
pressure.
Joint stiffness can also be treated by application of infrared radiation to the
joint to some extent.
D Skin Lesions:
Some skin lesions may benefit from a drying heat.
Fungal infections, such as paronychia, and psoriasis may be managed with
infrared treatment.
Infrared radiation has been used in the treatment of psoriasis, on the grounds
that moderate hyperthermia can affect cell replication and therefore could
benefit a hyperproliferative disease like psoriasis.
[Paronychia: An infection of the nail fold especially of the lateral, and it
becomes red, swollen, tender and very painful is known as paronychia. It
involves a single nail at a time.
Psoriasis: A chronic disorder characterized by well-defined, scaly,
erthematous plaques in the extensor surfaces of the extremities like
elbows ands knees, trunk, back and scalp is known as psoriasis. It is an
autoimmune disease.]
D Skin Irritation:
Most acute inflammatory skin conditions are made worse by heating.
Some chemical irritants on the skin have their effects increased by heating,
sometimes to the point of irritation or inflammation.
For this reason liniments, which cause mild erythema, should be removed
prior to treatment.
D Lowered Blood Pressure:
As infrared treatment causes marked cutaneous vasodilatation it may lead to
temporary lowering of blood pressure, particularly in elderly people who
have less effective vasomotor control.
This may lead to faintness especially on standing up immediately after
treatment. It may also cause headache.
D Areas of Defective Arterial Blood Flow:
Areas in which the arteries and arterioles cannot respond by adequate
vasodilatation to the demands of additional heating should not be treated.
Such areas would be those affected by arterial disease such as
altherosclerosis, arterial injury or after skin grafting.
The possible result of heating such tissue would be tissue necrosis
(gangrene).
D Eye Damage:
Prolonged and extensive exposure to infrared, such as occurs in furnacemen,
has been associated with eye damage.
Long-term irradiation can cause corneal burns from far infrared, and
retinal and lenticular damage from near infrared.
This is not a significant danger for the usual lengths of treatment time.
However, infrared applied to the eyes causes surface drying, hence
irritation, and should be avoided.
D Dehydration:
Prolonged and intensive treatment to large body areas could cause sweating,
sufficient to provoke dehydration if the water is not replaced.
Local dehydration of open wounds is also thought to be deleterious.
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