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CYCLE I
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF THE FOLLOWING CIRCUITS
1. Series and Shunt fedback amplifiers-Frequency response, Input and output impedance
Calculation
2. RC Phase shift oscilator and Wien Bridge Oscillator
3. Hartley Oscillator and Colpits Oscillator
4. Single Tuned Amplifier
5. RC Integrator and Diferentiator circuits
6. Astable and Monostable multivibrators
7. Clipers and Clampers
8. Fre runing Blocking Oscilators
CYCLE-II
SIMULATION USING SPICE (Using Transistor):
1. Tuned Colector Oscillator
2. Twin -T Oscilator /Wein Bridge Oscillator
3. Double and Stager tuned Amplifiers
4. Bistable Multivibrator
5. Schmit Triger circuit with Predictable hysteresis
6. Monostable multivibrator with emiter timing and base timing
7. Voltage and Curent Time base circuits
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
1. POSITIVE CLIPPER:
FIG.1.1
MODEL GRAPH:
FIG.1.2
APPARATUS
RANGE
Resistors
1 k
RPS
(0-30)V
Diode
IN4007
CRO
6
7
Function
generator
Capacitor
(030)MHz
(010)MHz
2.5 uf
Bread board
1.3. DESIGN:
Given f=1 kHz,
T=t=1/f=1x10-3 sec=RC
Assume, C=1uF
Then, R=1K
QUANTITY
1
2
2. NEGATIVE CLIPPER:
FIG.1.3
MODEL GRAPH:
FIG.1.4
1.4 THEORY
CLIPPER:
A Clipper is a circuit that removes either the positive or negative part of a
waveform. For a positive clipper only the negative half cycle will appear as output.
CLAMPER:
A Clamper circuit is a circuit that adds a dc voltage to the signal. A positive clamper
shifts the ac reference level upto a dc level.
WORKING:
During the positive half cycle, the diode turns on and looks like a short circuit
across the output terminals. Ideally, the output voltage is zero. But practically, the diode
voltage is 0.7 V while conducting.
On the negative half cycle, the diode is open and hence the negative half cycle
appear across the output.
APPLICATION:
Used for wave shaping
To protect sensitive circuits
1.5 PROCEDURE:
1. Connect as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the signal voltage (say 5V, 1 KHz) using signal generator.
3. Observe the output waveform using CRO.
4. Sketch the output waveform.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
1. CLAMPER CIRCUIT:
Positive clamper
FIG.1.5
MODEL GRAPH:
FIG.1.6
QUESTIONS:
1. What are the other names of clipper circuits?
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
2. Negative clamper:
FIG.1.7
MODEL GRAPH
FIG.1.8
10
1.6RESULT:
Thus the output waveform for Clipper and clamper was observed
11
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
1. INTEGRATOR:
FIG.2.1
MODEL GRAPH:
FIG.2.2
12
APPARATUS
RANGE
QUANTITY
1.
Function generator
(0-30)MHz
2.
CRO
(0-30)MHz
3.
Capacitor
1f
4.
Resistor
1K
5.
Bread board
2.3 THEORY:
Differentiator:
Differentiator is a circuit which differentiates the input signal, it
allows high order frequency and blocks low order frequency. If time constant is
very low it acts as a differentiator. In this circuit input is continuous pulse with
high and low value.
Integrator:
In a low pass filter when the time constant is very large it acts as an
integrator. In this the voltage drop across C will be very small in comparison with
the drop across resistor R. So total input appears across the R.
2.4 PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the signal voltage.
3. Observe the output waveform.
4. Sketch the output waveform.
13
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
2. DIFFERENTIATOR:
FIG.2.3
MODEL GRAPH:
FIG.2.4
14
QUESTIONS:
2.5 RESULT:
Thus the integrator and differentiator is constructed and output
waveform is observed.
15
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
1. Without feed back:
+10V
R1
RC
3K
5K
Rs
Ci
1k
66uf
C1
VCC
1n
Q1
5V
Vi
R2
1.1K
R5
1k
CE
58uf
FIG.3.1
TABULATION:
(Without feedback)
FREQUENCY
OUTPUT
VO(V)
Vin(V)
TAB.3.1
Gain
20log(Vo/Vin)
dB
16
3.1 AIM: To design and study frequency response of voltage shunt feedback amplifier.
3.2 APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No
1
2
3
4
5
6
APPARATUS
AFO
CRO
Resistors
Power supply
Transistors
Capacitors
RANGE
(0-1)MHz
(0-20)V
3k, 1.1 k,5k
2.5 k,1k,
(0-30)V
BC 107
66F, 30F,58 f
QUANTITY
1
1
1
1
1
1
17
WITH FEEDBACK:
FIE.3.2
TABULATION:
(With feedback)
FREQUENCY
OUTPUT
VO(V)
Vin(V)
TAB.3.2
Gain
20log(Vo/Vin)
dB
18
19
MODEL GRAPH:
FIG.3.3
20
3.4 THEORY:
Negative feedback in general increases the bandwidth of the transfer
function stabilized by the specific type of feedback used in a circuit. In Voltage
shunt feedback amplifier, consider a common emitter stage with a resistance R
connected from collector to base. This is a case of voltage shunt feedback and
we expect the bandwidth of the Trans resistance to be improved due to the
feedback through R. The voltage source is represented by its Nortons
equivalent current source Is=Vs/Rs.
3.5 PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set VCC = 10V; set input voltage using audio frequency oscillator.
3. By varying audio frequency oscillator take down output frequency oscillator
voltage for difference in frequency.
4. Calculate the gain in dB
5. Plot gain Vs frequency curve in semi-log sheet.
6. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
7. Set VCC = 10V; set input voltage using audio frequency oscillator.
8. By varying audio frequency oscillator take down output frequency oscillator
voltage for difference in frequency.
9. Calculate the gain in dB
10. Plot gain Vs frequency curve in semi-log sheet.
11. Compare this response with respect to the amplifier without feedback.
21
QUESTIONS:
3. Which sampling and mixing network is used in Voltage shunt feed back
amplifier,
22
3.6 RESULT:
Thus voltage shunt feedback amplifier is designed and studied its
performance.
23
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
1. without feed back:
FIG.4.1
OUTPUT
VO(V)
TAB.4.1
Gain
20log(Vo/Vin) dB
24
4
5
6
APPARATUS
AFO
CRO
Resistors
RANGE
(0-1)MHz
(0-20)MHz
1.5 K,6K,2K,
14k,2.3K,10K
QUANTITY
1
1
Each one
Power supply
Transistors
Capacitors
(0-30V)
BC 107
28F, 10F,720F
1
1
1
25
WITH FEEDBACK:
Fig.4.2
TABULATION:
Vin = ----- (V)
FREQUENCY
OUTPUT
VO(V)
TAB.4.2
RB= 2K
DEPT.OF ECE CHENNAI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Gain
20log(Vo/Vin) dB
26
4.4 THEORY
Negative feedback in general increases the bandwidth of the transfer
function stabilized by the specific type of feedback used in a circuit. In
Voltage series feedback amplifier, consider a common emitter stage
with a resistance R connected from emitter to ground. This is a case
of voltage series feedback and we expect the bandwidth of the trans
resistance to be improved due to the feedback through R.The voltage
source is represented by its Nortons equivalent current source
Is=Vs/Rs.
27
MODEL GRAPH:
FIG.4.3
28
4.5 PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set VCC = 10V; set input voltage using audio frequency oscillator.
3. By varying audio frequency oscillator take down output frequency
oscillator voltage for difference in frequency.
4. Calculate the gain in dB
5. Plot gain Vs frequency curve in semi-log sheet.
QUESTIONS:
1. What is feedback?
5. Calculate the value of output impedance with and without feed back.
DEPT.OF ECE CHENNAI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
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4.6.RESULT:
Thus current series feedback amplifier is designed and studied its
performance.
30
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
FIG.5.1
MODEL GRAPH:
Amplitude (V)
Time (sec)
FIG.5.2
31
APPARATUS
REQUIRED
RANGE
Resistors
2
3
4
Power supply
Transistor
Capacitors
CRO
7.5k
1.4 k
4.8 k
1.2 k,19K,
6.5K
(0-30)V
BC107
1.3f
,2.1f,1.3f
0.01F
(0-30)MHz
Bread board
QUA
NTIT
Y
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
R=1/2x3.14 6 x1x103x0.01x10-6=6.5K
Therefore R=6.5K
(ii)To find RE & RC:
VCE = VCC /2 = 6V
re= 26mV / IE= 26
hie = hfe re= 330 x 26= 8580
On applying KVL to output loop,
VCC=ICRC + VCE + IERE ----- (1)
VE = IE RE
32
TABULATION:
Amplitude
(V)
Time period
(msec)
Frequenc
y (Hz)
TAB.5.1
RE = VE / IE =1.2/ 10-3 =1.2K
From equation (1), 12= 10-3(RC+ 1200) +6= RC= 4800=4.8K
(iii)To calculate R1 & R2:
VBB= VCC R2 / R1+ R2 ------ (2)
VB= VBE +VE = 0.7+12 =1.9V
From equation (2), 1.9= 12 R2 / R1+ R2
R2 / R1+ R2= 0.158 -------- (3)
S = 1+ RB / RE= RB = 1.2K
RB =R1 || R2
0.15R1= 1.2x10-3=7.5K
R2 =0.158 R1 + 0.158 R2, R2= 1.425K
(iv)To calculate Coupling capacitors:
(i) XCi= {[hie + (1+hfe) RE] || RB }/ 10 = 0.12K
XCi= 1 / 2 f Ci == 1.3f
(ii) XCO= RLeff / 10
[ AV = - hfe RLeff / hie]
RLeff = 0.74K, XCO=0.075 K
XCO= 1 / 2 f CO , CO = 2.1f
(iii) XCE= RE / 10 = 1.326 f
XCE = 1 / 2 f CE=49.27f
(iv) Feed back capacitor, XCF = Rf / 10
Cf = 0.636f = 0.01f
DEPT.OF ECE CHENNAI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
33
5.4 THEORY:
The low frequencies RC oscillators are more suitable. Tuned
circuit is not an essential requirement for oscillation. The essential
requirement is that there must be a 180o phase shift around the feedback
network and loop gain should be greater than unity. The 180o
phase shift in feedback signal can be achieved by suitable RC network.
5.5 PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set VCC = 15V.
3. For the given supply the amplitude and time period is measured
from CRO.
4. Frequency of oscillation is calculated by the formula f=1/T
5. Amplitude Vs time graph is drawn.
REVIEW QUESTIONS:
1. What is an oscillator?
34
5.6 RESULT:
Thus the RC-phase shift oscillator is designed and constructed
the given frequency.
Theoretical frequency :
Practical frequency
:
DEPT.OF ECE CHENNAI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
for
35
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
FIG.6.1
MODEL GRAPH:
Amplitude (V)
Time (msec)
FIG.6.2
36
6. HARTLEY OSCILLATOR
6.1 AIM:
To design and construct a Hartley oscillator at the given operating
frequency
6.2 APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No
APPARATUS
RANGE
QUANTITY
Resistors
2k
1K
100 k
22k
1
1
1
1
2
3
4
RPS
Transistor
Capacitors
5
6
7
Inductor
CRO
Bread board
(0-30)V
BC107
3.2nf
0.1F
0.01F
10mH
30MHz
-
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
6.3Design Example:
Design of feed back Network:
Given L1= L2=10mH, f=20 KHz, VCC=12V, IC=3mA, S=12
f = 1/2 ( L1 L2)C
C= 3.2nf
Amplifier design:
(i) Selection of RC:
Gain formula is,
AV= - hfe RLeff / hie
Assume VCE=VCC/2 (Transistor active)
VCE= 12/2= 6V
VE=IERE= VCC/10=1.2V
VCC=ICRC + VCE + IERE
RC= (VCC- VCE -IERE) / IC
Therefore RC = 1.6K=2 K
37
TABULATION:
TAB.6.1
(ii) Selection of RE:
IC= IE=3mA
RE= VE/IE
RE= 1.2 / 3x10-3=400 =1K
(iii) Selection of R1 & R2:
Stability factor S=12
S=1+ (RB/ RE)
12=1+ (RB/1x103)
RB=11K
Using potential divider rule,
RB=R1R2 / R1+R2 & VB= (R2/ R1+R2) VCC
RB /R1= R2/ R1+R2
Therefore RB/R1= VB/VCC
VB=VBE+ VE= 0.7+1.2=1.9V=2V
R1= (VCC/ VB )RB
R1= (12/2)x 11x103=66K=100K
VB/VCC =R2 / R1+R2
2/ 12=R2 / 100x103+R2
(100x103)+R2=R2/0.16=19K
R2=19K=22 K
DEPT.OF ECE CHENNAI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
38
QUESTIONS:
1. How does an oscillator differ from an amplifier?
39
6.5 PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set VCC = 12V.
3. For the given supply the amplitude and time period is measured
from CRO.
4. Frequency of oscillation is calculated by the formula f=1/T
5. Verify it with theoretical frequency, f= 1/2 ( ( L1 L2)C )
6. Amplitude Vs time graph is drawn.
6.6 RESULT:
Thus the Hartley oscillator is designed and constructed for the
given frequency.
Theoretical frequency :
Practical frequency :
DEPT.OF ECE CHENNAI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
FIG.7.1
MODEL GRAPH:
Amplitude (V)
Time (msec)
FIG.7.2
41
7. COLPITTS OSCILLTOR
7.1 AIM:
To design and construct a Colpitts oscillator at the given operating
frequency.
7.2 APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No
APPARATUS
RANGE
QUANTITY
Resistors
2k
1K
100 k
22k
1
1
1
1
RPS
(0-30)V
3
4
Transistor
Capacitors
BC107
0.1F
0.01F
1
1
1
5
6
7
Inductor
CRO
Bread board
10mH
30MHz
-
1
1
1
42
TABULATION:
Amplitude(V)
Time( msec )
TAB.7.1
Frequency(Hz)
43
44
QUESTIONS:
1. What is the approximate value of hfe in a colpitts oscillator using BJT for
sustained oscillation?
45
7.5 PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set VCC = 12V.
3. For the given supply the amplitude and time period is measured
from CRO.
4. Frequency of oscillation is calculated by the formula f=1/T
5 .Amplitude Vs time graph is drawn.
7.6 RESULT:
Thus the colpitts oscillator is designed and constructed for
the given frequency.
Theoretical frequency :
Practical frequency
:
46
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
FIG.8.1
TABULATION:
Amplitude(V)
TAB.8.1
Time
period(msec)
47
APPARATUS
Resistors
RANGE
QUANTITY
RPS
4.7k
470k
(0-30)V
2
2
1
Transistor
BC107
Capacitors
0.01F
CRO
(0-30)MHz
Bread board
470 k
48
MODEL GRAPH:
FIG.8.2
49
8.4. THEORY:
The astable multivibrator generates square wave without any
external triggering pulse. It has no stable state, i.e., it has two quasistable states. It switches back and forth from one stable state to other,
remaining in each state for a time depending upon the discharging of a
capacitive circuit.
When supply voltage + Vcc is applied, one transistor will
conduct more than the other due to some circuit imbalance.
8.5 PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set VCC = 5V.
3. For the given supply the amplitude and time period is measured
from CRO.
4. Frequency of oscillation is calculated by the formula f=1/T
5. Amplitude Vs time graph is drawn.
QUESTIONS:
1. What is meant by multivibrator?
50
8.6 RESULT:
Thus the astable multivibrator is designed and output waveform is plotted.
51
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
FIG.9.1
TABULATION:
Amplitude(V)
Time period(msec)
TON
TAB.9.1
TOFF
52
9. MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR
9.1 AIM:
To design and test the performance of Monostable multivibrator
for the given frequency.
9.2 APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No
APPARATUS RANGE
QUANTITY
Resistors
5.9 k
452 k,
100 k
10K
2
1
1
1
2
3
RPS
Transistor
(0-30)V
BC107
1
1
CRO
(0-30)MHz
Capacitor
Bread board
3.2nf
25pf
-
1
1
1
53
MODEL GRAPH:
FIG.9.2
54
55
QUESTIONS:
1. Give the other names of monostable multivibrator?
9.6 RESULT:
Thus the monostable multivibrator is designed and the
performance is tested.
Theoretical period
Practical period
:
:
56
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
FIG.10.1
TABULATION:
Amplitude(V)
Time period(msec)
TAB.10.1
57
APPARATUS RANGE
QUANTITY
Resistors
5.9 k
100 k
10K
2
2
1
RPS
(0-30)V
Transistor
BC107
CRO
(0-30)MHz
Capacitor
50pf
Bread board
58
MODEL GRAPH:
FIG.10.2
59
10.5 PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram
2. Switch on the regulated power supply and observe the output
waveform at the collector of Q1 and Q2.
3. Sketch the waveform.
4. Apply a threshold voltage of VT (pulse voltage) and observe the
changes of states of Q1 and Q2
5. Sketch the waveform
60
QUESTIONS:
multivibrator?
10.6 RESULT:
Thus the bistable multivibrator is designed and the
performance is tested.
61
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
FIG11.1
MODEL GRAPH:
FIG.11.2
62
APPARATUS
RANGE
S.No
1
Resistors
10k
63 k
1.2k
10 k
1
1
1
2
2
3
RPS
Transistor
(0-30)V
BC107
1
1
Capacitors
CRO
0.1f ,0.6f
1 f , 0.01 f
(0-30)MHz
Function generator
(0-10)MHz
QUANTITY
Each one
1
1
7
Bread board
1
11.3
DESIGN EXAMPLE:
Given specifications
Vcc = 12V, = 100, Ic = 1mA, L=1mH, f=2 KHz, S= [2-10]
Assume, VCE = VCC / 2=6V
VE = VCC / 10 =1.2V
To calculate C:
F = 1/ 2 LC
Therefore C=0 .6f
To calculate RE:
VE= IE RE (IC= IE)
RE = VE / IE= 1.2 / 1x10-3 = 1.2K
Assume S= 10, S= 1+ (RB / RE)
Therefore RB= 10K
To find R1 & R2:
RB = R1 || R2
RB= R1 R2 / R1+ R2 ------------- (1)
VB= VCC x (R2 / R1+ R2) ------ (2)
DEPT.OF ECE CHENNAI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
63
TABULATION:
V in= ------- (V)
FREQUENCY OUTPUT
VO(V)
Vin (V)
Gain
20log(Vo/Vin) dB
TAB.11.1
64
65
QUESTIONS:
1. Define Q-factor?
11.6 RESULT:
Thus the class c single tuned amplifier is designed and
frequency response is plotted.
66
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
FIG.12.1
TABULATION:
Amplitude(V)
Time(msec)
TAB.12.1
DEPT.OF ECE CHENNAI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
67
Power supply
Opamp
5V
IC147
1
1
Capacitors
0.1F
CRO
Bread board
68
MODEL GRAPH:
Amplitude (V)
Time (sec)
FIG.12.2
12.4 THEORY:
Generally in an oscillator, amplifier stage introduces 180o phase shift and
feedback network introduces additional 180o phase shift, to obtain a phase shift of
o
360 around a loop. This is a condition for any oscillator. But Wein bridge oscillator
uses
a non-inverting amplifier and hence does not provide any phase shift during
amplifier
stage. As total phase shift requires is 0o or 2n radians, in Wein bridge type
no phase
shift is necessary through feedback. Thus the total phase shift around a
loop is 0o.
The output of the amplifier is applied between the terminals 1 and 3, which
are the input to the feedback network. While the amplifier input is supplied from the
diagonal terminals 2 and 4, which is the output from the feedback network. Thus
amplifier supplied its own output through the Wein bridge as a feed back network.
The two arms of the bridge, namely R1, C1 in series and R2, C2 in parallel are
called frequency sensitive arms. This is because the components of these two arms
decide the frequency of the oscillator. Advantage of Wein bridge oscillator is that by
varying the two-capacitor values simultaneously, by mounting them on the common
shaft, different frequency ranges can be provided.
12.5 ROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set VCC = 5V.
3. For the given supply the amplitude and time period is measured from CRO.
4. Frequency of oscillation is calculated by the formula f=1/T
5. Amplitude Vs time graph is drawn.
69
QUESTIONS:
1. Give the condition for maximum oscillation.
12.6 RESULT:
Thus the Wein bridge oscillator is designed for the given frequency of
oscillation.
Theoretical frequency :
Practical frequency
:
70
71
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
FIG.1.1
MODEL GRAPH:
FIG.1.2
72
1. ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR
1.1 AIM:
To simulate an astable multivibrator using PSPICE
1.2APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. PC
2. PSPICE software
1.3 THEORY:
Astable multivibrator has two states and both states are quasi states
without giving any external trigger pulse, so this multivibrator is also
called as free running multivibrator, it is used to generate square wave
oscillations. It can be operated as an oscillator over wide range of audio
and radio frequencies. Used as voltage frequency converter and in pulse
synchronization as clock for binary logic signal.
1.4 PROCEDURE:
1. Click on the start menu and select the pspice simulation software
2. Select the parts required for the circuit from the parts menu and place
them in the work space
3. Connect the parts using wires
4. Save the file and select the appropriate analysis
5. Simulate the circuit and observe the corresponding output waveforms
73
QUESTIONS:
1. What is PSpice?
74
1.5 RESULT:
Thus the astable multivibrator is simulated using PSpice.
75
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
FIG.2.1
MODEL GRAPH:
FIG.2.2
76
2.3 THEORY:
Monostable multivibrator is an electronic circuit which has
one stable state and one quasi stable state. It needs external pulse to
change their stable state to quasi state and return back to its stable state
after completing the time constant RC. Thus the RC time constant
determines the duration of quasi state. Also called as one-shot, single shot
and one swing multivibrator.Used as triggering circuit for some circuits
like timer circuit, delay circuits etc.
2.4 PROCEDURE:
1. Click on the start menu and select the pspice simulation software
2. Select the parts required for the circuit from the parts menu and
place them in the work space
3. Connect the parts using wires
4. Save the file and select the appropriate analysis
5. Simulate the circuit and observe the corresponding output
waveforms
77
QUESTIONS:
1. Give the other names of monostable multivibrator?
2.5 RESULT:
Thus the monostable multivibrator is simulated using PSpice .
DEPT.OF ECE CHENNAI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
78
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
FIG.3.1
MODEL GRAPH:
FIG.3.2
DEPT.OF ECE CHENNAI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
79
3. BI-STABLE MULTIVIBRATOR
3.1 AIM:
To simulate an Bi-stable multivibrator using PSPICE
3.3 THEORY:
Bi- stable multivibrator contains two stable states and no quasi
states. It requires two clock or trigger pulses to change the states. It is
also
called as flip flop, scale of two toggle circuit, trigger circuit. It is
used in digital
operations like counting, storing datas in flip flops and
production of square
waveforms.
\
3.4 PROCEDURE:
1. Click on the start menu and select the pspice simulation software
2. Select the parts required for the circuit from the parts menu and place
them in the work space
3. Connect the parts using wires
4. Save the file and select the appropriate analysis
5. Simulate the circuit and observe the corresponding output waveforms
80
QUESTIONS:
1. Define storage time of bistable multivibrator?
3.5 RESULT:
Thus the Bi-stable multivibrator is simulated using PSpice.
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CMOS
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
FIG.4.1
MODEL GRAPH:
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FIG.4.2
4. CMOS INVERTER
4.1 AIM:
To simulate an CMOS inverter using PSPICE
4.4 PROCEDURE:
1. Click on the start menu and select the pspice simulation software
2. Select the parts required for the circuit from the parts menu and
place them in the work space
3. Connect the parts using wires
4. Save the file and select the appropriate analysis
5. Simulate the circuit and observe the corresponding output
waveforms
83
QUESTIONS:
1. What is the advantage of CMOS over NMOS and PMOS?
4.5 RESULT:
Thus the CMOS inverter is simulated using PSpice.
84
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
FIG.5.1
MODEL GRAPH:
FIG.5.2
DEPT.OF ECE CHENNAI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
85
5. ANALOG MULTIPLIER
5.1 AIM:
To simulate an Analog multivibrator using PSPICE
5.3 THEORY:
Anolog multiplier is used to multiply two input singal.if a
input is given to a log amplifier an dthe output can be taken in the
antilog amplifier.it is the simple way to test the multiplied signal.in this
circuit it is designed using Ic.input is given to the terminals of two Ics
and output is taken across . It is similar to log and antilog operation.
5.4 PROCEDURE:
1. Click on the start menu and select the p spice simulation software
2. Select the parts required for the circuit from the parts menu and
place them in the work space
3. Connect the parts using wires
4. Save the file and select the appropriate analysis
5. Simulate the circuit and observe the corresponding output
waveforms
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QUESTIONS:
1. Draw the analog multiplier circuit using log and antilog.
3.
4.
5.5 RESULT:
Thus the analog multivibrator is simulated using PSpice.
87
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
FIG.6.1
MODEL GRAPH:
FIG.6.2
DEPT.OF ECE CHENNAI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
88
6.3 THEORY:
A second order filters can be constructed using RC-(resistorcapacitor) passive circuits, and they have been implemented for radio
frequency for cheap and simplicity. For audio frequency range,
unfortunately the size for the inductor and capacitor become too large,
space consuming, and the most important is theyre really expensive.
Because of this, active filter is commonly used for audio application.
6.4 PROCEDURE:
1. Click on the start menu and select the p spice simulation software
2. Select the parts required for the circuit from the parts menu and
place them in the work space
3. Connect the parts using wires
4. Save the file and select the appropriate analysis
5. Simulate the circuit and observe the corresponding output
waveforms
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QUESTIONS:
1. Calculate the cutoff frequency from the graph.
6.5 RESULT:
Thus the second order active low pass butter worth filter is simulated using
PSpice.