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EC 6411-CIRCUIT AND SIMULATION INTEGRATED LABORATORY

CHENNAI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY


DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATION AND
ENGINEERING

EC6411 CIRCUITS AND SIMULATION


INTEGRATED LABORATORY

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EC 6411-CIRCUIT AND SIMULATION INTEGRATED LABORATORY

EC6411 CIRCUITS AND SIMULATION INTEGRATED LABORATORY

CYCLE I
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF THE FOLLOWING CIRCUITS
1. Series and Shunt fedback amplifiers-Frequency response, Input and output impedance
Calculation
2. RC Phase shift oscilator and Wien Bridge Oscillator
3. Hartley Oscillator and Colpits Oscillator
4. Single Tuned Amplifier
5. RC Integrator and Diferentiator circuits
6. Astable and Monostable multivibrators
7. Clipers and Clampers
8. Fre runing Blocking Oscilators

CYCLE-II
SIMULATION USING SPICE (Using Transistor):
1. Tuned Colector Oscillator
2. Twin -T Oscilator /Wein Bridge Oscillator
3. Double and Stager tuned Amplifiers
4. Bistable Multivibrator
5. Schmit Triger circuit with Predictable hysteresis
6. Monostable multivibrator with emiter timing and base timing
7. Voltage and Curent Time base circuits

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EC 6411-CIRCUIT AND SIMULATION INTEGRATED LABORATORY

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
1. POSITIVE CLIPPER:

FIG.1.1
MODEL GRAPH:

FIG.1.2

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EC 6411-CIRCUIT AND SIMULATION INTEGRATED LABORATORY

1. CLIPPER AND CLAMPER CIRCUITS


1.1 AIM:
To construct and design the clipper and clamper circuits using diodes.
1.2 APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No

APPARATUS

RANGE

Resistors

1 k

RPS

(0-30)V

Diode

IN4007

CRO

6
7

Function
generator
Capacitor

(030)MHz
(010)MHz
2.5 uf

Bread board

1.3. DESIGN:
Given f=1 kHz,
T=t=1/f=1x10-3 sec=RC
Assume, C=1uF
Then, R=1K

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QUANTITY

1
2

EC 6411-CIRCUIT AND SIMULATION INTEGRATED LABORATORY

2. NEGATIVE CLIPPER:

FIG.1.3

MODEL GRAPH:

FIG.1.4

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EC 6411-CIRCUIT AND SIMULATION INTEGRATED LABORATORY

1.4 THEORY
CLIPPER:
A Clipper is a circuit that removes either the positive or negative part of a
waveform. For a positive clipper only the negative half cycle will appear as output.
CLAMPER:
A Clamper circuit is a circuit that adds a dc voltage to the signal. A positive clamper
shifts the ac reference level upto a dc level.
WORKING:
During the positive half cycle, the diode turns on and looks like a short circuit
across the output terminals. Ideally, the output voltage is zero. But practically, the diode
voltage is 0.7 V while conducting.
On the negative half cycle, the diode is open and hence the negative half cycle
appear across the output.
APPLICATION:
Used for wave shaping
To protect sensitive circuits

1.5 PROCEDURE:
1. Connect as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the signal voltage (say 5V, 1 KHz) using signal generator.
3. Observe the output waveform using CRO.
4. Sketch the output waveform.

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
1. CLAMPER CIRCUIT:
Positive clamper

FIG.1.5
MODEL GRAPH:

FIG.1.6

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QUESTIONS:
1. What are the other names of clipper circuits?

2. What is combinational clipper?

3. Why clippers are used in TV receivers.

4. Give one application of clamper.

5. What are biased clipper and clamper?

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
2. Negative clamper:

FIG.1.7
MODEL GRAPH

FIG.1.8

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1.6RESULT:
Thus the output waveform for Clipper and clamper was observed

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EC 6411-CIRCUIT AND SIMULATION INTEGRATED LABORATORY

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

1. INTEGRATOR:

FIG.2.1
MODEL GRAPH:

FIG.2.2

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EC 6411-CIRCUIT AND SIMULATION INTEGRATED LABORATORY

2. INTEGRATOR AND DIFFERENTIATOR


2.1 AIM:
To design and construct a differentiator and integrator circuit.
2.2 APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No.

APPARATUS

RANGE

QUANTITY

1.

Function generator

(0-30)MHz

2.

CRO

(0-30)MHz

3.

Capacitor

1f

4.

Resistor

1K

5.

Bread board

2.3 THEORY:
Differentiator:
Differentiator is a circuit which differentiates the input signal, it
allows high order frequency and blocks low order frequency. If time constant is
very low it acts as a differentiator. In this circuit input is continuous pulse with
high and low value.
Integrator:
In a low pass filter when the time constant is very large it acts as an
integrator. In this the voltage drop across C will be very small in comparison with
the drop across resistor R. So total input appears across the R.
2.4 PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the signal voltage.
3. Observe the output waveform.
4. Sketch the output waveform.

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EC 6411-CIRCUIT AND SIMULATION INTEGRATED LABORATORY

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
2. DIFFERENTIATOR:

FIG.2.3

MODEL GRAPH:

FIG.2.4

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EC 6411-CIRCUIT AND SIMULATION INTEGRATED LABORATORY

QUESTIONS:

1. What is wave shaping circuit?

2. What are the components used in wave shaping circuits.

3. When HPF acts as a differentiator

4. When LPF acts as an integrator.

5. How triangular waveform is obtained using integrator.

2.5 RESULT:
Thus the integrator and differentiator is constructed and output
waveform is observed.

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EC 6411-CIRCUIT AND SIMULATION INTEGRATED LABORATORY

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
1. Without feed back:

+10V

R1

RC

3K

5K

Rs

Ci

1k

66uf

C1
VCC

1n
Q1

5V

Vi

R2
1.1K

R5
1k

CE
58uf

FIG.3.1

TABULATION:
(Without feedback)
FREQUENCY

OUTPUT
VO(V)

Vin(V)

TAB.3.1

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Gain
20log(Vo/Vin)
dB

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EC 6411-CIRCUIT AND SIMULATION INTEGRATED LABORATORY

3. VOLTAGE SHUNT FEEDBAK AMPLIFIER

3.1 AIM: To design and study frequency response of voltage shunt feedback amplifier.
3.2 APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No
1
2
3
4
5
6

APPARATUS
AFO
CRO
Resistors
Power supply
Transistors
Capacitors

RANGE
(0-1)MHz
(0-20)V
3k, 1.1 k,5k
2.5 k,1k,
(0-30)V
BC 107
66F, 30F,58 f

QUANTITY
1
1
1
1
1
1

3.3 Design example:


Given specifications:
VCC= 10V, IC=1.2mA, AV= 30, fI = 1 kHz, S=2, hFE= 150, =0.4
The feedback factor, = - 1/RF= +1/0.4=2.5K
(i) To calculate RC:
The voltage gain is given by,
AV= -hfe (RC|| RF) / hie
h ie = re
re = 26mV / IE = 26mV / 1.2mA = 21.6
hie = 150 x 21.6 =3.2K
Apply KVL to output loop,
VCC= IC RC + VCE+ IE RE ----- (1)
Where VE = IE RE (IC= IE)
VE= VCC / 10= 1V
Therefore RE= 1/1.2x10-3=0.8K= 1K
VCE= VCC/2= 5V
From equation (1), RC= 3 K
(ii) To calculate R1&R2:
S=1+ (RB/RE)
RB= (S-1) RE= R1 || R2 =1K
RB= R 1R2 / R1+ R2------- (2)
VB= VBE + VE = 0.7+ 1= 1.7V
VB= VCC R2 / R1+ R2 ------- (3)
Solving equation (2) & (3),
R1= 5 K & R2= 1.1K

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EC 6411-CIRCUIT AND SIMULATION INTEGRATED LABORATORY

WITH FEEDBACK:

FIE.3.2

TABULATION:
(With feedback)
FREQUENCY

OUTPUT
VO(V)

Vin(V)

TAB.3.2

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Gain
20log(Vo/Vin)
dB

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EC 6411-CIRCUIT AND SIMULATION INTEGRATED LABORATORY

(iii) To calculate Resistance:


Output resistance is given by,
RO= RC || RF
RO= 1.3K
input impedance is given by,
Ri = (RB|| RF) || hie = 0.6K
Trans-resistance is given by,
Rm= -hfe (RB|| RF)( RC || RF) / (RB|| RF)+ hie
Rm= 0.06K
AC parameter with feedback network:
(i) Input Impedance:
Rif = Ri /D (where D= 1+ Rm)
Therefore D = 25
Rif= 24
Input coupling capacitor is given by,
Xci= Rif / 10= 2.4 (since XCi << Rif)
Ci = 1/ 2fXCi =66f
(ii) Output impedance:
ROf= RO/ D = 52
Output coupling capacitor:
XCO= Rof /10= 5.2
CO = 1/ 2fXCO= 30f
(iii) Emitter capacitor:
XCE << RE = R/10
RE= RE|| {( hie +RB) / (1+hfe)}
XCE= 2.7
Therefore CE= 58f

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EC 6411-CIRCUIT AND SIMULATION INTEGRATED LABORATORY

MODEL GRAPH:

FIG.3.3

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EC 6411-CIRCUIT AND SIMULATION INTEGRATED LABORATORY

3.4 THEORY:
Negative feedback in general increases the bandwidth of the transfer
function stabilized by the specific type of feedback used in a circuit. In Voltage
shunt feedback amplifier, consider a common emitter stage with a resistance R
connected from collector to base. This is a case of voltage shunt feedback and
we expect the bandwidth of the Trans resistance to be improved due to the
feedback through R. The voltage source is represented by its Nortons
equivalent current source Is=Vs/Rs.

3.5 PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set VCC = 10V; set input voltage using audio frequency oscillator.
3. By varying audio frequency oscillator take down output frequency oscillator
voltage for difference in frequency.
4. Calculate the gain in dB
5. Plot gain Vs frequency curve in semi-log sheet.
6. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
7. Set VCC = 10V; set input voltage using audio frequency oscillator.
8. By varying audio frequency oscillator take down output frequency oscillator
voltage for difference in frequency.
9. Calculate the gain in dB
10. Plot gain Vs frequency curve in semi-log sheet.
11. Compare this response with respect to the amplifier without feedback.

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EC 6411-CIRCUIT AND SIMULATION INTEGRATED LABORATORY

QUESTIONS:

1. Compare the bandwidth of feedback amplifier.

2. Give the stability of gain with feedback.

3. Which sampling and mixing network is used in Voltage shunt feed back
amplifier,

4. Calculate the input impedance for with feed back.

5. What type of feedback is used in amplifier?

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EC 6411-CIRCUIT AND SIMULATION INTEGRATED LABORATORY

3.6 RESULT:
Thus voltage shunt feedback amplifier is designed and studied its
performance.

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EC 6411-CIRCUIT AND SIMULATION INTEGRATED LABORATORY

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
1. without feed back:

FIG.4.1

TABULATION :( Without feedback)


Vin = ----- (V)
FREQUENCY

OUTPUT
VO(V)

TAB.4.1

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Gain
20log(Vo/Vin) dB

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EC 6411-CIRCUIT AND SIMULATION INTEGRATED LABORATORY

4. CURRENT SERIES FEEDBACK AMPLIFER


4.1 AIM:
To design a negative feedback amplifier, and to draw its frequency response.
4.2 APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No
1
2
3

4
5
6

APPARATUS
AFO
CRO
Resistors

RANGE
(0-1)MHz
(0-20)MHz
1.5 K,6K,2K,
14k,2.3K,10K

QUANTITY
1
1
Each one

Power supply
Transistors
Capacitors

(0-30V)
BC 107
28F, 10F,720F

1
1
1

4.3 Design examples:


VCC= 15V, IC=1mA, AV= 30, fL= 50Hz, S=3, hFE= 100, hie= 1.1K
Gain formula is,
AV= - hFE RLeff / hie
Assume, VCE = VCC / 2 (transistor in active region)
VCE = 15 /2=7.5V
VE = VCC / 10= 15/10=1.5V
Emitter resistance is given by, re =26mV/ IE
Therefore re =26
hie= hfe re
hie =2.6K
(i) To calculate RC:
Applying KVL to output loop,
VCC= IC RC + VCE+ IE RE ----- (1)
Where RE = VE / IE (IC= IE)
RE = 1.5 / 1x10-3= 1.5K
From equation (1),
RC= 6K
(ii) To calculate RB1&RB2:
Since IB is small when compared with IC,
IC ~ IE
VB= VBE + VE= 0.7 + 1.5=2.2V
VB= VCC (RB2 / RB1+ RB2) ----- (2)
S=1+ (RB / RE)

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EC 6411-CIRCUIT AND SIMULATION INTEGRATED LABORATORY

WITH FEEDBACK:

Fig.4.2

TABULATION:
Vin = ----- (V)

FREQUENCY

OUTPUT
VO(V)

TAB.4.2

RB= 2K
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Gain
20log(Vo/Vin) dB

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EC 6411-CIRCUIT AND SIMULATION INTEGRATED LABORATORY

We know that RB= RB1|| RB2


RB= R B1RB2/ RB1+RB2--------- (3)
Solving equation (2) & (3),
Therefore,
RB1 = 14K
From equation (3), RB2= 2.3K
(iii) To find input coupling capacitor (Ci):
XCi = (hie|| RB) / 10
XCi = 113
XCi= 1/ 2f Ci
Ci = 1 / 2f XCi
Ci = 1/ 2X3.14X 50 X 113=28f
(iv)To find output coupling capacitor (CO):
XCO= (RC || RL) / 10, (Assume RL= 10K)
XCO= 375
XCO= 1/ 2f CO
CO = 1/ 2x 3.14x 50 x 375=8f =10 f
(v) To find Bypass capacitor (CE):
(Without feedback)
XCE = {(RB+hie / 1+ hfe) || RE}/ 10
XCE = 4.416
CE= 1 / 2f XCE
CE = 720 f
Design with feedback:
To design with feedback remove the bypass capacitor (CE).
Assume RE = 10K

4.4 THEORY
Negative feedback in general increases the bandwidth of the transfer
function stabilized by the specific type of feedback used in a circuit. In
Voltage series feedback amplifier, consider a common emitter stage
with a resistance R connected from emitter to ground. This is a case
of voltage series feedback and we expect the bandwidth of the trans
resistance to be improved due to the feedback through R.The voltage
source is represented by its Nortons equivalent current source
Is=Vs/Rs.

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EC 6411-CIRCUIT AND SIMULATION INTEGRATED LABORATORY

MODEL GRAPH:

FIG.4.3

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EC 6411-CIRCUIT AND SIMULATION INTEGRATED LABORATORY

4.5 PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set VCC = 10V; set input voltage using audio frequency oscillator.
3. By varying audio frequency oscillator take down output frequency
oscillator voltage for difference in frequency.
4. Calculate the gain in dB
5. Plot gain Vs frequency curve in semi-log sheet.

QUESTIONS:
1. What is feedback?

2. what are the parameters used to design the amplifier.

3. Compare the input impedance for with and without feedback?

4. Compare the theorical and practical bandwidth for with feedback.

5. Calculate the value of output impedance with and without feed back.
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EC 6411-CIRCUIT AND SIMULATION INTEGRATED LABORATORY

4.6.RESULT:
Thus current series feedback amplifier is designed and studied its
performance.

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EC 6411-CIRCUIT AND SIMULATION INTEGRATED LABORATORY

BI-POLAR JUNCTION TRANSISTOR

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

FIG.5.1
MODEL GRAPH:

Amplitude (V)

Time (sec)

FIG.5.2

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EC 6411-CIRCUIT AND SIMULATION INTEGRATED LABORATORY

. RC PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR


5.1 AIM:
To design a RC phase shift oscillator and to find the frequency of
oscillation.
5.2 APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.
No

APPARATUS
REQUIRED

RANGE

Resistors

2
3
4

Power supply
Transistor
Capacitors

CRO

7.5k
1.4 k
4.8 k
1.2 k,19K,
6.5K
(0-30)V
BC107
1.3f
,2.1f,1.3f
0.01F
(0-30)MHz

Bread board

QUA
NTIT
Y
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
3
1
1

5.3 Design Example:


Specifications:
VCC = 12V, ICq =1mA, =100, Vceq = 5V, f=1 KHz, S=10, C=0.01 f,
hfe= 330, AV= 29
Design:
(i)To find R:
Assume f=1 KHz, C=0.01f
f=1/2 RC

R=1/2x3.14 6 x1x103x0.01x10-6=6.5K
Therefore R=6.5K
(ii)To find RE & RC:
VCE = VCC /2 = 6V
re= 26mV / IE= 26
hie = hfe re= 330 x 26= 8580
On applying KVL to output loop,
VCC=ICRC + VCE + IERE ----- (1)
VE = IE RE

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EC 6411-CIRCUIT AND SIMULATION INTEGRATED LABORATORY

TABULATION:
Amplitude
(V)

Time period
(msec)

Frequenc
y (Hz)

TAB.5.1
RE = VE / IE =1.2/ 10-3 =1.2K
From equation (1), 12= 10-3(RC+ 1200) +6= RC= 4800=4.8K
(iii)To calculate R1 & R2:
VBB= VCC R2 / R1+ R2 ------ (2)
VB= VBE +VE = 0.7+12 =1.9V
From equation (2), 1.9= 12 R2 / R1+ R2
R2 / R1+ R2= 0.158 -------- (3)
S = 1+ RB / RE= RB = 1.2K
RB =R1 || R2
0.15R1= 1.2x10-3=7.5K
R2 =0.158 R1 + 0.158 R2, R2= 1.425K
(iv)To calculate Coupling capacitors:
(i) XCi= {[hie + (1+hfe) RE] || RB }/ 10 = 0.12K
XCi= 1 / 2 f Ci == 1.3f
(ii) XCO= RLeff / 10
[ AV = - hfe RLeff / hie]
RLeff = 0.74K, XCO=0.075 K
XCO= 1 / 2 f CO , CO = 2.1f
(iii) XCE= RE / 10 = 1.326 f
XCE = 1 / 2 f CE=49.27f
(iv) Feed back capacitor, XCF = Rf / 10
Cf = 0.636f = 0.01f
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EC 6411-CIRCUIT AND SIMULATION INTEGRATED LABORATORY

5.4 THEORY:
The low frequencies RC oscillators are more suitable. Tuned
circuit is not an essential requirement for oscillation. The essential
requirement is that there must be a 180o phase shift around the feedback
network and loop gain should be greater than unity. The 180o
phase shift in feedback signal can be achieved by suitable RC network.
5.5 PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set VCC = 15V.
3. For the given supply the amplitude and time period is measured
from CRO.
4. Frequency of oscillation is calculated by the formula f=1/T
5. Amplitude Vs time graph is drawn.

REVIEW QUESTIONS:
1. What is an oscillator?

2. What is barkhausen criterion for oscillation?

3. Which feedback is used in oscillators?

4. Give the frequency of oscillation for RC-phase shift oscillator?

5. Give the disadvantages of phase shift oscillator.


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EC 6411-CIRCUIT AND SIMULATION INTEGRATED LABORATORY

5.6 RESULT:
Thus the RC-phase shift oscillator is designed and constructed
the given frequency.
Theoretical frequency :
Practical frequency
:
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for

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EC 6411-CIRCUIT AND SIMULATION INTEGRATED LABORATORY

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

FIG.6.1

MODEL GRAPH:
Amplitude (V)

Time (msec)

FIG.6.2

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EC 6411-CIRCUIT AND SIMULATION INTEGRATED LABORATORY

6. HARTLEY OSCILLATOR
6.1 AIM:
To design and construct a Hartley oscillator at the given operating
frequency
6.2 APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No

APPARATUS

RANGE

QUANTITY

Resistors

2k
1K
100 k
22k

1
1
1
1

2
3
4

RPS
Transistor
Capacitors

5
6
7

Inductor
CRO
Bread board

(0-30)V
BC107
3.2nf
0.1F
0.01F
10mH
30MHz
-

1
1
1
1
2
2
1
1

6.3Design Example:
Design of feed back Network:
Given L1= L2=10mH, f=20 KHz, VCC=12V, IC=3mA, S=12
f = 1/2 ( L1 L2)C
C= 3.2nf
Amplifier design:
(i) Selection of RC:
Gain formula is,
AV= - hfe RLeff / hie
Assume VCE=VCC/2 (Transistor active)
VCE= 12/2= 6V
VE=IERE= VCC/10=1.2V
VCC=ICRC + VCE + IERE
RC= (VCC- VCE -IERE) / IC
Therefore RC = 1.6K=2 K

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EC 6411-CIRCUIT AND SIMULATION INTEGRATED LABORATORY

TABULATION:

Amplitude(V) Time(msec) Frequency(Hz)

TAB.6.1
(ii) Selection of RE:
IC= IE=3mA
RE= VE/IE
RE= 1.2 / 3x10-3=400 =1K
(iii) Selection of R1 & R2:
Stability factor S=12
S=1+ (RB/ RE)
12=1+ (RB/1x103)
RB=11K
Using potential divider rule,
RB=R1R2 / R1+R2 & VB= (R2/ R1+R2) VCC
RB /R1= R2/ R1+R2
Therefore RB/R1= VB/VCC
VB=VBE+ VE= 0.7+1.2=1.9V=2V
R1= (VCC/ VB )RB
R1= (12/2)x 11x103=66K=100K
VB/VCC =R2 / R1+R2
2/ 12=R2 / 100x103+R2
(100x103)+R2=R2/0.16=19K
R2=19K=22 K
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EC 6411-CIRCUIT AND SIMULATION INTEGRATED LABORATORY

(iv)Output capacitance (CO):


XCO=RC/10=2x103/10=200
1/2fCO=200
CO=1/2x3.14x20x103x200
CO=0.039=0.01f
(v) Input capacitance (Ci):
XCin= RB/10=11x103/10=1.1x103
1/2fCin=1.1x103
Cin=1/2x3.14x20x103x1.1x103
Cin= 0.007=0.01f
(vi) By pass Capacitance (CE):
XCE=RE/10=1x103/10=100
1/2fCE=100
CE= 1/2x3.14x20x103x100
CE = 0.079f = 0.1f
6.4 THEORY:
Hartley oscillator is very popular and is commonly used as
local oscillator in radio receivers. The collector voltage is applied to
the collector through inductor L whose reactance is high compared
with X2 and may therefore be omitted from equivalent circuit, at zero
frequency, however capacitor Cb acts as an open circuit.

QUESTIONS:
1. How does an oscillator differ from an amplifier?

2. What is the approximate value of hfe in a Hartley oscillator using BJT?

3. Mention the expression for frequency of oscillation?

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EC 6411-CIRCUIT AND SIMULATION INTEGRATED LABORATORY

4. Mention the reasons why LC oscillator is preferred over RC oscillator at


radio frequency?

5. How the Hartley oscillator satisfy the barkhausen criterion

6.5 PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set VCC = 12V.
3. For the given supply the amplitude and time period is measured
from CRO.
4. Frequency of oscillation is calculated by the formula f=1/T
5. Verify it with theoretical frequency, f= 1/2 ( ( L1 L2)C )
6. Amplitude Vs time graph is drawn.

6.6 RESULT:
Thus the Hartley oscillator is designed and constructed for the
given frequency.
Theoretical frequency :
Practical frequency :
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EC 6411-CIRCUIT AND SIMULATION INTEGRATED LABORATORY

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

FIG.7.1
MODEL GRAPH:

Amplitude (V)

Time (msec)

FIG.7.2

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EC 6411-CIRCUIT AND SIMULATION INTEGRATED LABORATORY

7. COLPITTS OSCILLTOR
7.1 AIM:
To design and construct a Colpitts oscillator at the given operating
frequency.
7.2 APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No

APPARATUS

RANGE

QUANTITY

Resistors

2k
1K
100 k
22k

1
1
1
1

RPS

(0-30)V

3
4

Transistor
Capacitors

BC107
0.1F
0.01F

1
1
1

5
6
7

Inductor
CRO
Bread board

10mH
30MHz
-

1
1
1

7.3 Design of feed back Network:


Given C1= 0.1 F, L=10mH, f=20 KHz, VCC=12V,IC=3mA, S=12
C1 C 2
f = 1/2
, C2= 0.01F
LC1C 2
Amplifier design:
(i)Selection of RC:
Gain formula is,
AV= - hfe RLeff / hie
Assume VCE=VCC/2 (Transistor active)
VCE= 12/2= 6V
VE=IERE= VCC/10=1.2V
VCC=ICRC + VCE + IERE
RC= (VCC- VCE -IERE) / IC
Therefore RC= 1.6K=2 K
(ii) Selection of RE:
IC= IE=3mA
RE= VE/IE= 1K

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EC 6411-CIRCUIT AND SIMULATION INTEGRATED LABORATORY

TABULATION:

Amplitude(V)

Time( msec )

TAB.7.1

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Frequency(Hz)

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EC 6411-CIRCUIT AND SIMULATION INTEGRATED LABORATORY

(iii) Selection of R1 & R2:


Stability factor S=12
S=1+(RB/ RE)
12=1+ (RB/1x103)=11k
Using potential divider rule,
RB=R1R2 / R1+R2 & VB= (R2/ R1+R2) VCC
RB /R1= R2/ R1+R2
Therefore RB/R1= VB/VCC
VB=VBE+ VE= 0.7+1.2=1.9V=2V
R1= (VCC/ VB ) RB=66K=100K
VB/VCC =R2 / R1+R2
2/ 12=R2 / 100x103+R2
R2=19K=22 K
(iv) Output capacitance (CO):
XCO=RC/10=2x103/10=200
1/2fCO=200
CO=1/2x3.14x20x103x200=0.039=0.01f
(v) Input capacitance (Ci):
XCin= RB/10=11x103/10=1.1x103
1/2fCin=1.1x103
Cin=1/2x3.14x20x103x1.1x103=0.0101f
(vi) By pass Capacitance (CE):
XCE=RE/10=1x103/10=100
1/2fCE=100
CE= 1/2x3.14x20x103x100=0.079f = 0.1f
7.4 THEORY:
Colpitts oscillator is very popular and is commonly used as
local oscillator in radio receivers. The collector voltage is applied to the
collector through inductor L whose reactance is high compared with X2
and may therefore be omitted from equivalent circuit, at zero frequency;
The circuit operates as Class C. the tuned circuit determines basically the
frequency of oscillation.

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EC 6411-CIRCUIT AND SIMULATION INTEGRATED LABORATORY

QUESTIONS:
1. What is the approximate value of hfe in a colpitts oscillator using BJT for
sustained oscillation?

2. What is Tank circuit?

3. Mention the expression for frequency of oscillation?

4. What are the essential parts of an oscillator?

5. Name two high frequency oscillators?

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EC 6411-CIRCUIT AND SIMULATION INTEGRATED LABORATORY

7.5 PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set VCC = 12V.
3. For the given supply the amplitude and time period is measured
from CRO.
4. Frequency of oscillation is calculated by the formula f=1/T
5 .Amplitude Vs time graph is drawn.

7.6 RESULT:
Thus the colpitts oscillator is designed and constructed for
the given frequency.
Theoretical frequency :
Practical frequency
:

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EC 6411-CIRCUIT AND SIMULATION INTEGRATED LABORATORY

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

FIG.8.1

TABULATION:
Amplitude(V)

TAB.8.1

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Time
period(msec)

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EC 6411-CIRCUIT AND SIMULATION INTEGRATED LABORATORY

8. EMITTER COUPLED ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR


8.1 AIM:
To design an Emitter coupled Astable multivibrator and study the
output waveform.
8.2 APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No

APPARATUS

Resistors

RANGE

QUANTITY

RPS

4.7k
470k
(0-30)V

2
2
1

Transistor

BC107

Capacitors

0.01F

CRO

(0-30)MHz

Bread board

8.3 Design example:


Given specifications:
VCC= 10V; hfe = 100; f=1 KHz; I c = 2mA; Vce (sat) = 0.2v;
To design RC:
R hFE RC
RC= VCC- VC2 (Sat) / IC= 4.9 k
Since R hFE RC
Therefore R 100 x 4.7 x103=490 k
To Design C:
Since T= 1.38RC
1x10-3=1.38x 490x103x C
Therefore C=0.01F

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470 k

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EC 6411-CIRCUIT AND SIMULATION INTEGRATED LABORATORY

MODEL GRAPH:

FIG.8.2

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EC 6411-CIRCUIT AND SIMULATION INTEGRATED LABORATORY

8.4. THEORY:
The astable multivibrator generates square wave without any
external triggering pulse. It has no stable state, i.e., it has two quasistable states. It switches back and forth from one stable state to other,
remaining in each state for a time depending upon the discharging of a
capacitive circuit.
When supply voltage + Vcc is applied, one transistor will
conduct more than the other due to some circuit imbalance.

8.5 PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set VCC = 5V.
3. For the given supply the amplitude and time period is measured
from CRO.
4. Frequency of oscillation is calculated by the formula f=1/T
5. Amplitude Vs time graph is drawn.

QUESTIONS:
1. What is meant by multivibrator?

2. What is the frequency of oscillation of astable multivibrator?

3. Distinguish oscillator and multivibrator?

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4. List the applications of astable multivibrator.

5. Why it is called as free running multivibrator.

8.6 RESULT:
Thus the astable multivibrator is designed and output waveform is plotted.

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

FIG.9.1
TABULATION:
Amplitude(V)

Time period(msec)
TON

TAB.9.1

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TOFF

52

EC 6411-CIRCUIT AND SIMULATION INTEGRATED LABORATORY

9. MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR
9.1 AIM:
To design and test the performance of Monostable multivibrator
for the given frequency.
9.2 APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No

APPARATUS RANGE

QUANTITY

Resistors

5.9 k
452 k,
100 k
10K

2
1
1
1

2
3

RPS
Transistor

(0-30)V
BC107

1
1

CRO

(0-30)MHz

Capacitor

Bread board

3.2nf
25pf
-

1
1
1

9.3 Design Example:


Given specifications:
VCC= 12V; hfe = 200; f=1 KHz; I c = 2mA; Vce (sat) = 0.2v; VBB= - 2V,
(i)To calculate RC:
RC = VCC - Vce (sat) / IC
RC = 12 0.2 / 2x10-3=5.9K
(ii) To calculate R:
IB2(min)=IC2 / hfe= 2x10-3 / 200 = 10 A
Select IB2 > IB1(min) (say 25 A)
Then R = VCC V BE (sat) / IB2
Therefore R= 12-0.7/25x10-6=452K
(iii) To calculate C:
T=0.69RC
1x10-3= 0.69x452x103xC
C=3.2nf

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MODEL GRAPH:

FIG.9.2

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EC 6411-CIRCUIT AND SIMULATION INTEGRATED LABORATORY

To calculate R1 & R2:


VB1= {(VBB R1/ R1 +R2) + (VCE (sat) R2 / R1+R2)}
Since Q1 is in off state ,VB1 0
Then (VBB R1/ R1 +R2) = (VCE (sat) R2 / R1+R2)
VBB R1 = VCE (sat) R2
2 R1 = 0.2 R2
Assume
R1=10K, then R2=100 K
Consider, C1= 25pf (commutative capacitor)
9.4 THEORY:
The monostable multivibrator has one stable state when an
external trigger input is applied the circuit changes its state from stable to
quasi stable state. And then automatically after some time interval the
circuit returns back to the original normal stable state. The time T is
dependent on circuit components.
The capacitor C1 is a speed-up capacitor coupled to base of Q2
through C.Thus DC coupling in bistable multivibrator is replaced by a
capacitor
coupling. The resistor R at input of Q2 is returned to VCC.
The value of R2 , V BB are chosen such that transistor Q1 is off
by reverse biasing it. Q2 is on. This is possible by forward biasing Q2
with the help of VCC and resistance R. Thus Q2-ON and Q1-OFF is
normal stable state of circuit.
9.5 PROCEDURE:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.


Give a negative trigger input to Q2.
Note the output of transistor Q2 and Q1.
Find the value of Ton and Toff.

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EC 6411-CIRCUIT AND SIMULATION INTEGRATED LABORATORY

QUESTIONS:
1. Give the other names of monostable multivibrator?

2. What is the use of commutating capacitor?

3. What is the frequency of oscillation of monostable multivibrator?

4. Why it is called as one-shot multivibrator?

5. List the applications of mono stable multivibrator.

9.6 RESULT:
Thus the monostable multivibrator is designed and the
performance is tested.
Theoretical period
Practical period

:
:

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EC 6411-CIRCUIT AND SIMULATION INTEGRATED LABORATORY

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

FIG.10.1

TABULATION:
Amplitude(V)

Time period(msec)

TAB.10.1

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EC 6411-CIRCUIT AND SIMULATION INTEGRATED LABORATORY

10. BISTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR


10.1 AIM:
To design a bi-stable multivibrator and study the output waveform

10.2 APPARATUS REQUIRED:


S.No

APPARATUS RANGE

QUANTITY

Resistors

5.9 k
100 k
10K

2
2
1

RPS

(0-30)V

Transistor

BC107

CRO

(0-30)MHz

Capacitor

50pf

Bread board

10.3 Design Example:


Given specifications:
VCC =12V,VBB = - 12V, IC= 2mA , VC(Sat) = 0.2V, VBE(Sat)= 0.7V, hfe=200
Assume Q1 is cut off, i.e. VC1= VCC (+12V)
Q2 is saturation (ON), i.e.VC2= VC (Sat) (0.2V)
Using superposition principle,
VB1 = [VBB ( R1/ R1+R2) + VC2(R2 / R1+R2)] << 0.7
Consider VB1= -1V
-1= (-12R1 / R1+ R2) + (0.2 R2 / R1+R2) -------- (1)
To calculate RC:
IC = VCC VC2 / RC
RC = VCC VC2 / IC = 12-0.2 / 2x10-3 = 5.9K

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EC 6411-CIRCUIT AND SIMULATION INTEGRATED LABORATORY

MODEL GRAPH:

FIG.10.2

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EC 6411-CIRCUIT AND SIMULATION INTEGRATED LABORATORY

To calculate R1 & R2:


Assume, R1 = 10K
By using inequality, R1 < hfe RC
R2= 91.67k= 100k
[Using equation (1)]
Since IB2 > IB2(min) , Q2 is ON
Choose Capacitor C1= 25pf (commutative capacitor)

10.5 PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram
2. Switch on the regulated power supply and observe the output
waveform at the collector of Q1 and Q2.
3. Sketch the waveform.
4. Apply a threshold voltage of VT (pulse voltage) and observe the
changes of states of Q1 and Q2
5. Sketch the waveform

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EC 6411-CIRCUIT AND SIMULATION INTEGRATED LABORATORY

QUESTIONS:

1. Define storage time of bistable multivibrator?

2. What are the different types of triggering of bistable

multivibrator?

3. List the application of bistable multivibrator.

4. What is the use of triggering in bistable multivibrators?

5. Give the differences between three multivibrators.

10.6 RESULT:
Thus the bistable multivibrator is designed and the
performance is tested.

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EC 6411-CIRCUIT AND SIMULATION INTEGRATED LABORATORY

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

FIG11.1
MODEL GRAPH:

FIG.11.2

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EC 6411-CIRCUIT AND SIMULATION INTEGRATED LABORATORY

11. SINGLE TUNED AMPLIFIER


11.1 AIM:
To design a single tuned amplifier and to draw its frequency
response.
11.2 APPARATUS REQUIRED:

APPARATUS

RANGE

S.No
1

Resistors

10k
63 k
1.2k
10 k

1
1
1
2

2
3

RPS
Transistor

(0-30)V
BC107

1
1

Capacitors

CRO

0.1f ,0.6f
1 f , 0.01 f
(0-30)MHz

Function generator

(0-10)MHz

QUANTITY

Each one
1
1

7
Bread board
1
11.3
DESIGN EXAMPLE:
Given specifications
Vcc = 12V, = 100, Ic = 1mA, L=1mH, f=2 KHz, S= [2-10]
Assume, VCE = VCC / 2=6V
VE = VCC / 10 =1.2V
To calculate C:
F = 1/ 2 LC
Therefore C=0 .6f
To calculate RE:
VE= IE RE (IC= IE)
RE = VE / IE= 1.2 / 1x10-3 = 1.2K
Assume S= 10, S= 1+ (RB / RE)
Therefore RB= 10K
To find R1 & R2:
RB = R1 || R2
RB= R1 R2 / R1+ R2 ------------- (1)
VB= VCC x (R2 / R1+ R2) ------ (2)
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TABULATION:
V in= ------- (V)
FREQUENCY OUTPUT
VO(V)

Vin (V)

Gain
20log(Vo/Vin) dB

TAB.11.1

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EC 6411-CIRCUIT AND SIMULATION INTEGRATED LABORATORY

From equation 1 & 2


RB / R1 = VB/ VCC --------------- (3)
VB = VBE + VE
(VBE= 0.7)
VB= 0.7 + 1.2 = 1.9V
Substitute values in equation 3, R1 = 63K
From equation 2 , R2= 11K 10K
To calculate coupling capacitors:
(i)Input capacitance (Ci):
XCi = {[ hie + (1+ hfe)RE] || RB } /10 (OR) RB /10
XCi = 100
XCi = 1/ 2fCi
Therefore Ci = 0.7 f 1f
(ii) Output capacitance ( CO):
XCO = RC || RL / 10 RL / 10
XCO = 1000
[since RL= 10K]
XCO= 1/ 2fCO
CO = 0.0796 f 0.1 f
(iii) Bypass capacitance (CE):
XCE = RE/ 10
XCE= 120
XCE= 1/ 2fCE
CE = 0.06 f 0.01 f
11.4 THEORY:
The single tuned amplifier selecting the range of frequency the
resistance load replaced by the tank circuit. Tank
circuit
is nothing but inductors and capacitor in parallel with each other.
The tuned amplifier gives the response only at particular
frequency at which the output is almost zero. The resistor R1 and R2
provide potential diving biasing, Re and Ce provide the thermal
stabilization. This it fixes up the operating point.
11.5 PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram
2. By varying frequency, amplitude is noted down
3. Gain is calculated in dB
4. Frequency response curve is drawn.

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EC 6411-CIRCUIT AND SIMULATION INTEGRATED LABORATORY

QUESTIONS:
1. Define Q-factor?

2. What is tuned circuit?

3. What is coil loss?

4. Give the application of Single tuned Class-C amplifier

5. What is tank circuit?

11.6 RESULT:
Thus the class c single tuned amplifier is designed and
frequency response is plotted.

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EC 6411-CIRCUIT AND SIMULATION INTEGRATED LABORATORY

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

FIG.12.1

TABULATION:

Amplitude(V)

Time(msec)

TAB.12.1
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12. WEIN- BRIDGE OSCILLATOR


12.1 AIM:
To design a Wein-bridge oscillator using transistors and to find the frequency
of oscillation.
12.2 APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No APPARATUS REQUIRED RANGE QUANTITY
1
Resistors
1
33 k
1
1.5 k
1
15 k
1
2
3

Power supply
Opamp

5V
IC147

1
1

Capacitors

0.1F

CRO

Bread board

12.3 Design Example:


Assume f=1 KHz, C=0.1f
f = 1/ 2RC
R= 1/2fC
R =1/2x3.14x1x103x0.1x103
R= 1.59K
To calculate R1:
R1= 10R
R1 =10x1.5K
R1 =15.9K
To calculate Rf (Feed back resistor):
Rf = 2R1
Rf = 2(15.9x103)=31.8K 33K

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MODEL GRAPH:

Amplitude (V)

Time (sec)

FIG.12.2

12.4 THEORY:
Generally in an oscillator, amplifier stage introduces 180o phase shift and
feedback network introduces additional 180o phase shift, to obtain a phase shift of
o
360 around a loop. This is a condition for any oscillator. But Wein bridge oscillator
uses
a non-inverting amplifier and hence does not provide any phase shift during
amplifier
stage. As total phase shift requires is 0o or 2n radians, in Wein bridge type
no phase
shift is necessary through feedback. Thus the total phase shift around a
loop is 0o.
The output of the amplifier is applied between the terminals 1 and 3, which
are the input to the feedback network. While the amplifier input is supplied from the
diagonal terminals 2 and 4, which is the output from the feedback network. Thus
amplifier supplied its own output through the Wein bridge as a feed back network.
The two arms of the bridge, namely R1, C1 in series and R2, C2 in parallel are
called frequency sensitive arms. This is because the components of these two arms
decide the frequency of the oscillator. Advantage of Wein bridge oscillator is that by
varying the two-capacitor values simultaneously, by mounting them on the common
shaft, different frequency ranges can be provided.

12.5 ROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set VCC = 5V.
3. For the given supply the amplitude and time period is measured from CRO.
4. Frequency of oscillation is calculated by the formula f=1/T
5. Amplitude Vs time graph is drawn.

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EC 6411-CIRCUIT AND SIMULATION INTEGRATED LABORATORY

QUESTIONS:
1. Give the condition for maximum oscillation.

2. What is the frequency of oscillation under balanced condition?

3. In which way high gain is obtained in wein bridge oscillator.

4. How to improve the amplitude stability of output waveform.

5. What is the frequency of oscillation?

12.6 RESULT:
Thus the Wein bridge oscillator is designed for the given frequency of
oscillation.
Theoretical frequency :
Practical frequency
:

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EC 6411-CIRCUIT AND SIMULATION INTEGRATED LABORATORY

SIMULATION USING PSPICE

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

FIG.1.1
MODEL GRAPH:

FIG.1.2

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1. ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR
1.1 AIM:
To simulate an astable multivibrator using PSPICE

1.2APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. PC
2. PSPICE software

1.3 THEORY:
Astable multivibrator has two states and both states are quasi states
without giving any external trigger pulse, so this multivibrator is also
called as free running multivibrator, it is used to generate square wave
oscillations. It can be operated as an oscillator over wide range of audio
and radio frequencies. Used as voltage frequency converter and in pulse
synchronization as clock for binary logic signal.

1.4 PROCEDURE:
1. Click on the start menu and select the pspice simulation software
2. Select the parts required for the circuit from the parts menu and place
them in the work space
3. Connect the parts using wires
4. Save the file and select the appropriate analysis
5. Simulate the circuit and observe the corresponding output waveforms

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EC 6411-CIRCUIT AND SIMULATION INTEGRATED LABORATORY

QUESTIONS:
1. What is PSpice?

2. What is the use of Pspice?

3. What are the different types of analysis done using Spice?

4. List the limitation of Pspice

5. What are the different output commands?

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EC 6411-CIRCUIT AND SIMULATION INTEGRATED LABORATORY

1.5 RESULT:
Thus the astable multivibrator is simulated using PSpice.

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

FIG.2.1
MODEL GRAPH:

FIG.2.2

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2. MONO STABLE MULTIVIBRATOR


2.1 AIM:
To simulate an monostable multivibrator using PSPICE

2.2 APPARATUS REQUIRED:


1. PC
2. PSPICE software

2.3 THEORY:
Monostable multivibrator is an electronic circuit which has
one stable state and one quasi stable state. It needs external pulse to
change their stable state to quasi state and return back to its stable state
after completing the time constant RC. Thus the RC time constant
determines the duration of quasi state. Also called as one-shot, single shot
and one swing multivibrator.Used as triggering circuit for some circuits
like timer circuit, delay circuits etc.

2.4 PROCEDURE:
1. Click on the start menu and select the pspice simulation software
2. Select the parts required for the circuit from the parts menu and
place them in the work space
3. Connect the parts using wires
4. Save the file and select the appropriate analysis
5. Simulate the circuit and observe the corresponding output
waveforms

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EC 6411-CIRCUIT AND SIMULATION INTEGRATED LABORATORY

QUESTIONS:
1. Give the other names of monostable multivibrator?

2. What is the use of commutating capacitor?

3. What is the frequency of oscillation of monostable multivibrator?

4. Why it is called as one-shot multivibrator?

5. List the applications of mono stable multivibrator.

2.5 RESULT:
Thus the monostable multivibrator is simulated using PSpice .
DEPT.OF ECE CHENNAI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

78

EC 6411-CIRCUIT AND SIMULATION INTEGRATED LABORATORY

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

FIG.3.1
MODEL GRAPH:

FIG.3.2
DEPT.OF ECE CHENNAI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

79

EC 6411-CIRCUIT AND SIMULATION INTEGRATED LABORATORY

3. BI-STABLE MULTIVIBRATOR
3.1 AIM:
To simulate an Bi-stable multivibrator using PSPICE

3.2 APPARATUS REQUIRED:


1. PC
2. PSPICE software

3.3 THEORY:
Bi- stable multivibrator contains two stable states and no quasi
states. It requires two clock or trigger pulses to change the states. It is
also
called as flip flop, scale of two toggle circuit, trigger circuit. It is
used in digital
operations like counting, storing datas in flip flops and
production of square
waveforms.
\
3.4 PROCEDURE:
1. Click on the start menu and select the pspice simulation software
2. Select the parts required for the circuit from the parts menu and place
them in the work space
3. Connect the parts using wires
4. Save the file and select the appropriate analysis
5. Simulate the circuit and observe the corresponding output waveforms

DEPT.OF ECE CHENNAI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

80

EC 6411-CIRCUIT AND SIMULATION INTEGRATED LABORATORY

QUESTIONS:
1. Define storage time of bistable multivibrator?

2. What are the different types of triggering of bistable


multivibrator?

3. List the application of bistable multivibrator.

4. What is the use of triggering in bistable multivibrators?

5. Give the differences between three multivibrators.

3.5 RESULT:
Thus the Bi-stable multivibrator is simulated using PSpice.

DEPT.OF ECE CHENNAI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

81

EC 6411-CIRCUIT AND SIMULATION INTEGRATED LABORATORY

CMOS

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

FIG.4.1
MODEL GRAPH:

DEPT.OF ECE CHENNAI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

82

EC 6411-CIRCUIT AND SIMULATION INTEGRATED LABORATORY

FIG.4.2

4. CMOS INVERTER
4.1 AIM:
To simulate an CMOS inverter using PSPICE

4.2 APPARATUS REQUIRED:


1. PC
2. PSPICE software
4.3 THEORY:
CMOS-Complementary metal oxide semiconductor.it uses
one pmos and nmos connected together in complementaryto the
another.any number of circuits can be designed using CMOS.input is
commonly given to the base and due to the circuit nconnection output
of a CMOS is inverted.

4.4 PROCEDURE:
1. Click on the start menu and select the pspice simulation software
2. Select the parts required for the circuit from the parts menu and
place them in the work space
3. Connect the parts using wires
4. Save the file and select the appropriate analysis
5. Simulate the circuit and observe the corresponding output
waveforms

DEPT.OF ECE CHENNAI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

83

EC 6411-CIRCUIT AND SIMULATION INTEGRATED LABORATORY

QUESTIONS:
1. What is the advantage of CMOS over NMOS and PMOS?

2. What are different types of CMOS inverter?

3. What is the current CMOS technology?

4. List the CMOS parameters.

5. Give the applications of CMOS.

4.5 RESULT:
Thus the CMOS inverter is simulated using PSpice.

DEPT.OF ECE CHENNAI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

84

EC 6411-CIRCUIT AND SIMULATION INTEGRATED LABORATORY

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

FIG.5.1
MODEL GRAPH:

FIG.5.2
DEPT.OF ECE CHENNAI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

85

EC 6411-CIRCUIT AND SIMULATION INTEGRATED LABORATORY

5. ANALOG MULTIPLIER
5.1 AIM:
To simulate an Analog multivibrator using PSPICE

5.2 APPARATUS REQUIRED:


1. PC
2. PSPICE software

5.3 THEORY:
Anolog multiplier is used to multiply two input singal.if a
input is given to a log amplifier an dthe output can be taken in the
antilog amplifier.it is the simple way to test the multiplied signal.in this
circuit it is designed using Ic.input is given to the terminals of two Ics
and output is taken across . It is similar to log and antilog operation.

5.4 PROCEDURE:
1. Click on the start menu and select the p spice simulation software
2. Select the parts required for the circuit from the parts menu and
place them in the work space
3. Connect the parts using wires
4. Save the file and select the appropriate analysis
5. Simulate the circuit and observe the corresponding output
waveforms

DEPT.OF ECE CHENNAI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

86

EC 6411-CIRCUIT AND SIMULATION INTEGRATED LABORATORY

QUESTIONS:
1. Draw the analog multiplier circuit using log and antilog.

2. Give the effect of output using log and antilog amplifiers.

3.

Give the applications of analog multiplier.

4.

Give the advantage of analog multiplier.

5. What are the circuits used to multiply two inputs.

5.5 RESULT:
Thus the analog multivibrator is simulated using PSpice.

DEPT.OF ECE CHENNAI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

87

EC 6411-CIRCUIT AND SIMULATION INTEGRATED LABORATORY

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

FIG.6.1

MODEL GRAPH:

FIG.6.2
DEPT.OF ECE CHENNAI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

88

EC 6411-CIRCUIT AND SIMULATION INTEGRATED LABORATORY

6. BUTTER WORTH FILTER


6.1 AIM:
To simulate a second order active low pass butter worth filter
using PSPICE

6.2 APPARATUS REQUIRED:


1. PC
2. PSPICE software

6.3 THEORY:
A second order filters can be constructed using RC-(resistorcapacitor) passive circuits, and they have been implemented for radio
frequency for cheap and simplicity. For audio frequency range,
unfortunately the size for the inductor and capacitor become too large,
space consuming, and the most important is theyre really expensive.
Because of this, active filter is commonly used for audio application.

6.4 PROCEDURE:
1. Click on the start menu and select the p spice simulation software
2. Select the parts required for the circuit from the parts menu and
place them in the work space
3. Connect the parts using wires
4. Save the file and select the appropriate analysis
5. Simulate the circuit and observe the corresponding output
waveforms

DEPT.OF ECE CHENNAI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

89

EC 6411-CIRCUIT AND SIMULATION INTEGRATED LABORATORY

QUESTIONS:
1. Calculate the cutoff frequency from the graph.

2. What is butter worth filter?

3. How second order varies from first order.

4. What is active filter?

5. Give the application of second order filter.

6.5 RESULT:
Thus the second order active low pass butter worth filter is simulated using
PSpice.

DEPT.OF ECE CHENNAI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

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