COMMUNICATION

Communication is a two way process of exchanging ideas, thoughts, opinions, feelings to one
another.
Speech is the major medium of communication of our daily experiences.
Speech Communication
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It is the process of sharing meaning through audible and visual codes.

ELEMENTS IN COMMUNICATION PROCESS

1. Source it is the birth of an idea.
2. Encoding refers to the activities that a source goes through to translate thoughts and
ideas into a form that may be perceived.
- Formulate different things about the idea.
3. Message the actual physical product that the source encodes.
- It is organized and encoded in a language understood by both participants.
4. Channel/Medium refers to the way which the message travels to the receiver.
- These are means of accessing the messages whether via the visual channel or via the
auditory channels.
5. Decoding this element will lead to listeners to understand what the source or sender
wants to convey.
6. Receiver the target of the message one ultimate goal.
7. Feedback refers to those responses on the receiver.
NOISE this means distractions within the communicator such as psychological or
biological noise.
TYPES AND LEVELS OF SPEECH COMMUNICATION:
1. Intrapersonal first level of communication, communication within yourself.
Factors:
a. motivation
b. environment
c. personality
Main goal :
A. self-awareness
B. self-actualization
C. self-realization
2. Interpersonal second level of communication, it occurs only when we communicate on
a one-on-one basis.
Factors:
a. Personality
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b. Cohesion
c. Proportion
Characteristics:
1. It involves at least two or more people.
2. It involves feedback.
3. It is not need to be face-to-face.
4. It is not need to be intentional.
5. It produces effect.
6. Need not to involve others.
7. It is affected by the context.
8. It is affected by the noise.
9. It is transactional.
Forms of Interpersonal Communication:
1. Dyadic Communication (one-on-one communication). It is a communication that is
characterized by face-to-face situation.
2. Small group communication is a kind of multi-person communication activity.
Types of Small Group Communication
a. Panel discussion is a free discussion, having eight members to discuss a topic for
the benefit of the audience.
b. Parliamentary Procedure is a standardized code of behavior addressed to especially
created situations which are characterized by large group of people, to achieve a
specific purpose ; set of rules.
c. Committee or Conference meeting
- Is a type of discussion that requires at least 10 -15 persons to meet to investigate and
learn the necessary facts to be reported to a large group or organization.
d. Symposium series of short speeches delivered by 3-5 knowledgeable people
e. Debate is an argument between an affirmative and a negative proposition.
3. Public Communication
- is the third level of communication. One person delivers his remarks to the audience.
- Present a public speech.
COMPONENTS OF SPEECH COMMUNICATION
1. Participants
- communicators who are both senders and receivers.
2. Context
- refers to the interrelated conditions of communication.
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Factors:
a. Physical Milieu is where communication takes place, the time of day, environmental
conditions, distance between or among communicators, and seating arrangements.
b. Social Milieu is the nature of relationships existing between or among the
communicators.
c. Psychological Milieu is the communicators moods and feelings.
d. Cultural Milieu are beliefs, values and norms shared by a large group of people.
e. Historical Milieu is the background provided by previous communication incidents
between or among the communicators and which affects understandings in the current
exchange.
3. Messages
- are meanings or ideas and feelings that are encoded and sent by means of verbal and non-verbal
symbols then received and decoded into ones own ideas and feelings.
4. Channels
-are means of accessing the messages whether via visual channel (gestures, facial expressions) or
via the auditory channel (vocal cues like tone, rate, pitch, volume, sound).
5. Noise
- means distractions that interfere with the accurate transmission and reception of message.
a. External noise refers to sights, sounds and any distraction in the environment.
b. Internal noise within the communicator such as psychological or biological noise
c. Semantic Noise is an unintentional meaning caused by certain symbols, ethnic slurs,
profanity and vulgar speech.
6. Feedback
- signifies verbal / nonverbal responses.
DIFFERENT FUNCTIONS OF SPEECH COMMUNICATION
1. The Senders Viewpoint (PEII)
a. Persuasion is a message designed to alter a persons beliefs or behavior.
b. Entertainment amuses or gives pleasure.

c. Information refers to the data or facts which are shared every time a sender communicates
something to another person.
d. Instruction is information-plus, that is, facts and some organizing or interpretive principles.

2. The Receivers Viewpoint (PSEC)

a. Personal Identity function provides individuals an understanding of who they are.
b. Social Integration Function - is the way in which communication is used to meet our need to
belong.
c. Escape / Withdrawal Function to be free from stress.
d. Cognition is the ability to use symbols and internalize speech.

3. The Societys Viewpoint (SECS)

a. Surveillance is served by mass media when they monitor and report what is happening in
the environment.
b. Entertainment is the primary function of mass media as source of enjoyment or pleasure.
c. Correlation is provided by mass media when they interpret what is happening in the
environment.
d. Socialization is played by mass media in teaching members of the society what their roles
are and how things work so it is often considered as regulatory functions.
PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION (PPITIC)
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It is a package of signals.
It is a process of adjustment
It is inevitable.
Transactional process
Irreversible
Communication is purposeful

MODELS OF SPEECH COMMUNICATION (LITOD)

1. Linear Communication Model shows communication as a one-way activity where
information flows from sender to receiver.
2. Interactive Communication Model characterizes communication as a two-way process.

* Interview, *limited knowledge

3. Transactional Communication Model shows that communicators often send and receive
messages simultaneously. *Conflict, affected by previous communication that is done between
two parties.
4. Osgood and Schramm Circular Model is an endless circular flow of communication
between two acting parties. *they have enough knowledge on the topic.
5. Dance Helical Model states that the process of communication moves upward and forward.
* knowledge tends to create more knowledge.
LISTENING
- is the complex process of receiving, attending, understanding, and responding to message
transmitted through the medium of sound.
PROCESS OF LISTENING: (RAUR)
1. Receiving
- Taking auditory messages into ones mind.
2. Attending
focusing or paying attention to the message received through hearing.
3. Understanding
- Means building meanings to the message received.
4. Responding
- Form of feedback that completes the communication transaction.
EFFECTIVE LISTENERS BEHAVIOR (MAPAMAE)
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Make eye contact

Ask questions
Paraphrase
Avoid distracting actions or gestures
Make smooth transitions between the roles of speaker and listener
Avid interrupting the speaker
Exhibit affirmative nods and appropriate facial expressions
TYPES OF LISTENING (IRAC)

1. INFORMATIVE LISTENING
- this is listening to obtain information and understand messages heard from speeches, lectures, reports,
briefings, and instructions.
Factors:
a. The listeners concentration and focus on the message
b. The listeners memory on the message encountered
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c. The listeners vocabulary to be increased to enhanced ones potential for better understanding.
2. RELATIONSHIP LISTENING
- this is listening to improve interpersonal relationships.
Demands Three (3) Behaviors:
a. Attention
b. Support
c. Empathy
3. APPRECIATIVE LISTENING
- this type of listening aims to appreciate and enjoy hearing good speakers, whom we admire, the sound
of classical music, the sound of roaring engines, the sound of nature and the like.
4. CRITICAL LISTENING
- this is listening in order to analyze, interpret, assess, and/or evaluate the message received. We listen
critically to have a basis in making plans, decisions, inferences, conclusions and recommendations.

LISTENING BARRIERS
- are objects, behaviors, or any roadblocks that can interfere with effective listening.
CTPPVCNLLL
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Conflicting contextual meanings

Thinking of doing other tasks
Prejudging the speaker or the message
Passive Listening
Varying Perceptions
Conflicting nonverbal cues
Noise
Letting emotions take control
Lacking the motivation to accept responsibility for good listening
Lacking the initiative to respond
GUIDELINES TO OVERCOME THE LISTENING BARRIERS: (KALFS)

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Keep your focus.

Avoid overreacting emotionally to the message.
Listen with eyes and ears.
Focus on the speakers message, not on the style of delivery or on his/her appearance.
Summarize mentally what the speaker has said.