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153
B.J. Vickery
University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
and
R. Basu
H.G. Engineering Ltd., Toronto,
Canada
SUMMARY
A model for the prediction of the response of chimneys to vortex sheading
is outlined and the major characteristics of solutions employing the model are
described.
Simplified equations suitable for routine office use are derived.
For modes other than the fundamental the simplified forms require a knowledge of
the mode shapes and frequencies but, for the fundamental mode, it is shown that
an equivalent static load can be defined with a knowledge of the frequency only.
The application of the simplified forms is demonstrated with sample calculations presented for two chimneys.
The results of the simplified forms are
shown to be slightly conservative in relation to estimates obtained using the
detailed approach.
NOTATION
B
CL
d
fs
fi
g
h
m
me
bandwidth of spectrum
rms lift force coefficient
diameter
mean diameter of top third
of chimney
frequency
shedding frequency
frequency of ith mode
a peak factor
height of chimney
correlation length in diameters
mass per unit height
equivalent mass per unit length
Strouhal Number
Ks;K a
mBs/Pd2; -mBa/Pd 2
INTRODUCTION
It is well known that tall slender structures of circular cross-section,
such as chimneys,
across-wind direction,
the dynamic response in the across-wind direction is often greater than alongwind.
The mechanics of across-wind response resulting from vortex-shedding forces
are less well-understood
0167-6105/83/$03.00
154
Nevertheless,
[I I.
The
feature.
In the paragraphs below an outline of the theoretical model developed to
predict response to vortex shedding forces is given.
not suitable for design office use a number of simplified methods have been
formulated;
A comprehesive
2.
[2,3].
such as
The total
y(z,t)
where
~
ai(t ) ~i(z)
i=i
(i)
i;
the spectrum of
w(z,t),
z, is of the form:
Note:
gw 2
f Sw(f)/U w 2 : I / B ~
exp { -((l-f/fs)/B) 2 }
O w 2 = CL 2 {%Q
d 2 = variance
u 2}2
of w(z,t)
fo,
155
(b)
where
RCZl, z 2)
cos (2r/3)
21z
(3a)
{exp(-(r/3i) 2}
(3b)
z21/(d(z 1) + d(z2))
WdCZ)
(4)
where
and
intensity of turbulence
Re
Reynolds Number
~y
r.m.s, displacement
Uai/d 0 = C 3 / { B s - (Pdo2/me)(Ci-C2
where;
do
tip diameter
me
fhm(z)
C3
fh Kao(Z) (d(z)/do)2
1/~2 fh
Kao(Z) ~i 4 (z)
exp(-(r/3) 2)
(8)
l-f/fs2
{z/~ Bfs)
3
~i 2 Cz) dz
c~ ~a 2
{f~f~
exp (-%{
2r
--
~z/fh
o
c ~ p d u 2 ~u ~
COS
(7)
/~ fo~
2meh(2~fo)2do
(6)
c2
(5)
(~ai/do)2)}
CI
{2,3}
) } z:z I
1-f/~ J}z=z2
B
(9)
156
lifications.
Before proceeding
to these simplifications
3.
of solutions
it is of interest to
to the equations.
to (8) it is sufficient
long cylinder with
velocity when
to consider
u(z)
= u, d ( z )
and
K s = mSs/Dd 2
and
(1-(~a/~do)2)}
is dependent
~(z) = i
(i0)
parameters,
CL, , B
(5)
f s = fo"
~a/d o = C/{Ks-Kao
where
of a cantilever
and
S.
This general
results of Wooton
[4] obtained
from
structure.
defined by Equation
10 divides naturally
into
A large amplitude
or "lock-in"
region corresponding
aerodynamic
Ua/d 0 :
{i
is determined
- Ks/Kao }
motion)
as demonstrated
of
cylinder.
is independent
to low values of
comparatively
minor varia-
(which approaches / 7
trace in
for a steady
shown in Fig. 3.
region in which the response can be regarded as
is given by;
C/{K s - Kao}
A transition
K s = Kao
strong dependence on
in which the
and the amplitudes
Ks.
developed
157
0.10
Experimental
Re No =- 600000
Height/Diamete~ = 11.5
0.0043
[K s - 0.54 ( ] - (
"Lock-ln", ~
Regime
Y ~ ) )1
I
t
i,
D
FIG. 1
- -
Variation of RMS
Amplitude with K s
(Wooton)
o23~,
max
001
"Transition"
Regim
0(301
__
0.1
0.2
0.4
0.6
t__
08
1.0
t _ _ - J
2.0,
40
Ks
(a)
C/C .
0.2$
0.5 d
~:~ l~l~nI~lIlllIllllll
I Il I I II
:~""~"~A~"""`~""~`"~"~""`~"~`~"~"~`"","~Li~U~W~]~g~i~W~[~[~[[~[~[~[~[~[~
Lo.5 d
O.
(b)
cIc= o,5~
]]lllllJllllllllllll"""""tllllllI]m~IIIIIII1
mil~fIInlllllililllniliH/n~lllnltlmlllglllJlllljllll/ljr
ii[lilllllllllIlilljlllmiJllt
o jlllllllillllllilllJilll[lmmmmlrmmUlllnl.,..,.mmrllltrmmmmlmll]l
o. t d
(c)
C/co - 2~
l- 0.03 d
FIG.
NUMERICALLYSIMULATEDRESPONSETO SHEDDING
IN LARGESCALE (L/D> lO0) TURBULENCE
Cl I" 0.20, i - O.lO, M/odz'lO0
158
&
Narl~w B i n d G e u s s ~ n
1~---41
0% 50
30
3o
3O
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
Ks/K%
FIG. 3
3.0
/q
\
2.5
.J
rn
2.0
-IN
u.i
i.o
.5
.5
i.O
1.5
K V / VCRIT
FIG. 4
2)
2.5
159
{13)
Ks = Ka
K s < Ka o.
are extremely
4.
4.1
(typically,
the res-
ponse computed assuming forces over the top third only amounts to 90%+ of that
computed assuming excitation over the complete height).
It is therefore
reasonable to neglect the variation of wind speed with height and assume a
constant speed equal to the average over the top one third.
The response
Ua i
d =
CL
(2__.X_)
Pd 2
me
,{B,k)/{~f h * i 2 ( z ) d z }
n o
{Ss-dKa( Pd )}
me
where
1
~(B,k)
k
The function
values of
1 k~ 2
l-k- 2}
~B
exp {-(
)
B
(14)
=
V/VCRIT ,
;
VCRIT
=
-~1 fi d
~(B~k)
is shown in Fig. 4 and it is apparent that for
(VMAx)
then;
Oai
(
~_
CL
2.5
Pd 2
_ _
z--------2
8W S
me
/~Z
(
21
2
)/( ~s_K a %
me
(L
h
fh ~i (z)dz)
o
(15)
VMA X ~
i.i
(lid~S)
(16)
In many instances the critical speed for modes other than the fundamental
mode are well beyond the design speed and, for the fundamental mode only, an
equivalent static load can be defined.
load should follow the distribution of the inertial loads for vibration in the
fundamental mode.
160
Wo is chosen as
If
can be determined
Wo = C
by equating
pv2/2
gdal,
defined
and
by Equation
17.
w(z)
This procedure
pd2
c~
Ua i
F
2.5q
where
-~
__
8n2S 2 m e
(L
p 2
)/(6s_K a Pd )%
fh ~i2(z)dz) (17)
2~
me
h
o
i
1
(C/8W2)(pd2/me)(V/fod)f
~(x) xdx/f
~2(x) xdx
o
o
-~
and hence
2.5gCr,
(6s-KaPd2/me
If
maximum
(/____-~) . (fQd)2
21
VS
fod/VS ~ I/i.I0;
then
~(x){1.73
C
accepting
w(z) ~
4.2
x dx
Tapered
a correlation
static
3.4 gC L
1.79 for
~(x) = x 2}
3.4 g C L / F ~ / { ~ s - K a P d 2 / m e }
where;
fol~(x)
fo I 92(x)dx)
load
w(z)
it follows
that;
is given by;
(PV 2) d ( z / h ) / V ~ / { ~ s - K a P d 2 / m e }
I.i fod/S
Chimneys
A slightly modified
form of an a p p r o x i m a t i o n
~11 is
~i(Ze)
(~/2t)
ai
where
Ze
(zs)
8~2S2mehlo I ~i2(x)dx
=
~(Ze)
height at which
(B s + 6a)
d d(z)
d(z)
) + ~ z )Z=Ze
(-( dz
{2A
Ze-A
6t
(z) dz} %
Z=Ze
The m a x i m u m response
d~fz)
maximum.
occurs when
is such that
@(z)//~
is a
161
zM
at w h i c h
N/((N+4)(I-8))
where
Ca
~(z) =
e = d(h)/d(o)
= tip d i a m . ~ b a s e
diam.
N = 2
and then;
ZM/h = 1/3(1-6)
and
and
d(zs)/d(o)
= 2/3
I / S 2/3 d(o) fo
w(z)
Wo(Z/h)
g(
where
4
)2
9(1-@)
w o = C ( p V C z)
CL {
nd(o)Z
2(!-O)h
d(o)
(19a)
1
(Bs + Be)
putting l o : h/d(o)
4
)2
9!-0 )
c
.~
}~
-- ~r s
~ cL,'(/~,~o
+ ~~ s i~)
~
19.
(19b)
2(~-@ )
wo
near
I and
17
d, w h i c h
will be taken as the average diameter over the top third of the chimney.
The
w{z) :
where for
% 9 ~v~:2 ~ (=/h)
2e)
(2!a
3 . U T C L ( / l }4/(~ s + ~a,!~
(21Z !
-K a p c2,'Sme
(21c)
neap I;
Vy.
C
~a
and for small 0 ;
3.64 g C L
C
c ,
(--/:~
({D s + ~:~a) ~:
)3/2
4fo~/S(i+50 )
0
=
(32b)
~i~
(22a)
:
i
w(z)
is then;
!.!/(Te(z) for
@
{~ <<
i} : 0 . 0 7 ! ( ! - C )siZ(z+50)712
0.5
162
For values of
8a
8a(@<%)
5.
-(KaPd2/me)(0.6+0.8@)
(23)
the two chimneys are shown in Figs. 6 and 7 and the predicted peak base moments
in Figs.
8 and 9.
Strouhal Number,
= 0.22
Correlation Length,
= 1
Aerodynamic Damping
K a = 0.6
g = /2~oT
CL
= 0.20
Structural Damping
~s
= 0.01
Terrain Roughness
zo = . O 0 8 m
+ 0.577//21nfoT
discussed by Basu [5] who suggests that the values of 0.2 for
CL
is
0.96
vM
i.I
(>
x
17.63
3.65
k
m/p d 2
1/0.22
17.63
= 32.1
m/s
= 10.98
3.65
0.20
1
x
11.6
126
126 x
1576
0.333
vn
4/(1
16.8m
3.55
Moment
=
(0.01
Base
0.364
103
3.4
wfz)
193.6/17.63
=
0.5)
- 0.60/103)
x
17.63
(z/h)
)%
Ii.6
10.98
x
1.20
32.12
z/h
.252
kN/m
193.6
106
2/3
193.6
Nm
Chimney No. 2
(<
0.5)
+ 5/3)
1/0.22
16.8
28.9
m/s
163
, 12.6m
FIG. 5
30(3
2C~
= 17.63m
10C
= 17.63rn
>= 37.8m
= 18.4m
Chimn~ No. 1
0.8
0.6
H
0.4
FIG. 6
= 193.6m
f=
MI
= 7.44 x 106 kg
0.364 Hz
/ 1
1.0
(~zI
No. 2
Chlmn~
0.2
I
10
20
3O
411
~(z)
/J
f2 = 0,88 Hz
MI=
13.3 x 106 kg
/
1
\
,
M l
X
x BM 2
-3
-2
-1
-40
-20
20
80
164
1500
~'/s = 0.01
0
;,
oE
1000
500
rot
10
15
20
25
30
U 1o (m/s)
FIG. 8
2000
175 = 0.01
/~M ode
x 1500
z
~E I000
.E
500
10
20
--
30
40
50
Ulolm/sl
FIG. 9
35
165
m/Dd 2
365.8/16.8
107
3.64
Base
Moment
3.55
0.20
=
(0.01
= 21.8
- 0.60/103)
4.50
38
(z/h)
38
1690
16.8
1
(
)
21.8
1.20
1
= 4.5
(.67)5/2(2.67)3/2
28.9 2
(z/h)
kN/m
x
106
365.8
2/3
x 365.8
Nm
The simplified forms requiring a knowledge of the mode shape may also be
used to obtain estimates of the maximum base moment and these are included in
Table I together with the results of the detailed approach.
As would be expected
from the nature of the approximations used in deriving the simplified methods
these yield conservative estimates.
yields estimates which are 8% and 16% high while the simplified modal approach
yields Ist mode estimates which are high by 7%,
6.
CONCLUSIONS
The simplified forms developed have been demonstrated to provide adequate
is not covered in the paper but which has been addressed by Basu 15J in considerable depth.
CL
S, K a
and
ratio.
25% for
Ka
and
20% for
25% for
CL,
I0%
of 20% for the structural damping the resultant level of reliability on the
prediction is of the order of
40%.
166
TABLE I:
Method
Chimney I: Mode I
Detailed
Simplified
Static Load Approx.
Chimney 2: Mode I
Detailed
Simplified
Static Load Approx.
Chimney 2 : Mode 2
Detailed
Simplified
Static Load Approx.
Max. Base
Moment
Nm x 106
Speed (@ 10m)
at Max. Resp.
m/s
1430
22.6
1533
1576
1460
23.0
23.0
20.0
1730
1690
1790
20.6
20.6
39
1850
38
not applicable
REFERENCES
I.
2.
4.
5.
6.
7.