The Future of Jet Engine

The Future
of the
Jet Engine
M.J. Benzakein
GE Aircraft Engines
Cincinnati, OH, USA
GE Aircraft Engines
100 Years of Propulsion Innovation
Engine Specifications
Bore: 4 inches
Stroke: 4 inches
Displacement: 201 cubic inches
Compression Ration: 4.7:1
Horsepower: 25 hp
GE90-115B
Cooling: Liquid Circulated by thermosiphon and radiator
Specifications
Lubrication: Splash system, circulation by pump and gravity
Thrust Class (lb)
Dry Weight: 180 pounds
Length (in)
218
Bypass Ratio
7.1
Pressure Ratio
42.2
AT 030905/2 25-May-06
115,300
GE Aircraft Engines
Propulsion Driving Industry Advances

JT3C
0.90
Turbojet
2nd Gen High Bypass

Turbofan
High Bypass
Turbofan
JT3D-1
0.80
SFC 35K/0.8Mn Uninstalled
Low Bypass
Turbofan
CJ805
JT8D-9
JT8D-217
0.70
TAY 620
JT9D-7A
JT9D-3A
CFM56-2
CF6-6D
RB-211-524D
JT9D-7R4G2
CF6-80A
0.60
V2500 A1
CFM56-5A
BR 715
RB-211-535E4 CF6-80C2-B6F
CFM56-5C4
CF6-80E1-A2
PW4168
PW4098
PW2037 PW4056
PW4084
TRENT 895
GE90-85B
GE90-115B
0.50
0.40
1950
AT 030905/3 25-May-06
1960
1970
1980
1990
Certification Date
2000
2010
2020
GE Aircraft Engines
Noise Reduction Advancements

120
Turbojet
Normalized to 100,000-lb. thrust
Noise levels are for airplane/engine
configurations at time of initial service
707-100
110
Noise
Level,
EPNdB
(1500-ft.
sidelines)
DC-9-10
737-200
Second Generation
Turbofan
727-200
100
737-200
747-200
First Generation
Turbofan
A321
A310
747-400
DC-10-30
A330
737-300
90
1950
1960
1970
1980
Year of Initial Service

AT 030905/4 25-May-06
1990
2000
GE Aircraft Engines
Emissions
ICAO NOx Standards
1981 standard
120
CAEP/2 - 1996
100
d
en
Tr
80
NOX
CAEP/4 - 2004
60
40
20
Current GE Engines
0
15
20
25
30
35
40
Engine pressure ratio
Emissions Stringency Increasing

AT 030905/5 25-May-06
45
GE Aircraft Engines
21st Century Vehicle Systems

Safe, Environmentally Friendly, Longer Range
Commercial and Military Transportation
Regional
100-150 pax
250+ pax
Global Reach
Transport
Overland Capable, Environmentally Friendly, Supersonic

Commercial Transport / Military Strike
Supersonic
BisJet
AT 030905/6 25-May-06
Supersonic
Transport
Long Range
Strike Aircraft
GE Aircraft Engines

Heavy-Lift Runway-Independent Aircraft
Apache
V-22 Osprey
High Lift Vehicle
Uninhabited Air Vehicles
Predator
AT 030905/7 25-May-06
Sensorcraft
GE Aircraft Engines

Safe, Low-Cost Access-to-Space Vehicles / Spaceplane
AT 030905/8 25-May-06
GE Aircraft Engines
Simplicity
Low Emissions
Customer
Satisfaction
Reliability
Low Cost of
Ownership
Low Noise
Performance
AT 030905/9 25-May-06
GE Aircraft Engines
GENY The Next Step

Goals
CO2
Ultra Clean: NOX and CO2

20% reduction in engine CO2
(fuel burn) relative to current
(GE90) technology
85% reduction relative to
1996 ICAO
Ultra Quiet
55% Reduction in
noise relative to
todays aircraft
33 EPNdB below
Stage 3
Ultra Intelligent
50% reduction in engine
in-flight failures
50% reduction in delays
and cancellations
On-condition maintenance
21st Century Aeropropulsion Preeminence

AT 030905/10 25-May-06
GE Aircraft Engines
GENY Technologies
Advanced
Composite Fan
Hybrid/Ceramic
Bearings
Intelligent
Engine Controls
and Adv. Sensors
Counterrotating
Vaneless
LPT
Fluidics for
Noise Reduction
and High
Stage Loading
Ceramic
Matrix Composite
Liners, Blades,
& Vanes
Nano
Material
Blade/Structure
Technology
Hi Temp.
Rotor Materials
High
Pressure Ratio
Compressor
Active
Combustor
Controls for
Ultra-Low
Emissions
Technology to Revolutionize the State of the Art

AT 030905/11 25-May-06
GE Aircraft Engines
Nano-Phase Aluminum Blades and Vanes

20 nm
200nm
Yield Strength (ksi)
120
Nano-Al
Goals
80
Conventional
7xxx Alloys
40
0
0
100
200
300
400
Temperature (F)
Improved Strength and Fatigue Capability Using Advanced Al Alloys

AT 030905/12 25-May-06
GE Aircraft Engines
Ceramic Matrix Composites (CMC)
CMC Combustor Liner

2200F Capability
50% Cooling Air Reduction
50% Weight Reduction
20% NOx Reduction
CMC Vane
CMC Blade
2200F Capability
70% Weight Reduction
Reduced Cooling Air
Increased Efficiency
CMCs Reduce Weight and Improve Performance

AT 030905/13 25-May-06
GE Aircraft Engines
Nitrided Bearing Material Technology

Microhardness
71
70
69
70 HRC
Nitrided Case
68
67
HRC
66
65
Nitrided Surface
64
63
62
61
60
60 HRC
Base Hardness
59
58
57
10
12
14
16
18
20
distance from edge (mils)
!Leading Cause of Bearing Failures Due to Hard Particle Contamination

!Nitriding Significantly Increases the Surface Hardness
AT 030905/14 25-May-06
GE Aircraft Engines
Airfoil Materials Trendline

Gen III
CMC Vane &

Coating System
300
250
Temp. 200
Capability,
F
150
100
va
d
A
N5/Baseline TBC
50
y
l o i er
l
A r
d ar
e
c lB
n
a
va rm
d
A he
T
d
e
N6/TBC-1
nc
g
in
t
a
Co
MX4/TBC-2
Gen II
Nb-Si &
Coating System
Gen I
MX4/TBC-1.5
N6/TBC-1.5
N5/TBC-1
MX4
N6
N5
N4
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
Introduction Date, NPI TG6
Turbine Airfoil Material Advancements Pushing the Envelope

AT 030905/15 25-May-06
GE Aircraft Engines
Chevron Nozzle Technology Development

Chevron Nozzle
Flight Tested on Bombardier CRJ700

Production Nozzle on CRJ900
AT 030905/16 25-May-06
GE Aircraft Engines
NOx Reduction
Goal: Levels 85% Below CAEP 2
Lean Blowout Detection & Avoidance

Low NOx Production
Microelectromechanical
Local Flow Control
Improved Emissions/Operability/Reliability
AT 030905/17 25-May-06
GE Aircraft Engines
Intelligent Engine
Fault Detection &
Accommodation
Detect and Isolate
Mission
Optimization
Adjust Operation
Service
Optimization
Predict Service Need
Revolutionary Improvement in Reliability

AT 030905/18 25-May-06
GE Aircraft Engines
Improved Thrust-to-Weight and Reduced Engine

Envelope
Relative Engine Size At Equal Thrust
Year
T echnology
T hrust-to-Weight
Engine Technology Improvements

Reduced Volume
Reduced Weight
Improved Fuel Consumption
Reduced Cost
Improved Thrust-to-Weight
1960
1980
2000
2020
J79
F404
F414/F120
VAATE
4.5
20
Aircraft
Benefits
AT 030905/19 25-May-06
Lowered Acquisition Cost

Reduced Fuel Burn
Smaller Spot Factor
Reduced Vulnerability
GE Aircraft Engines
Adaptive Cycle Engine
Features
Payoffs
Versatile Core with Core Drive Fan
Highly Integrated Engine/Airframe
Lower Low Spool Temperatures

Fixed Nozzle Capability
FLADE
Inlet flow control (simpler/lighter inlets)

Improved installed SFC
Smaller diameter / reduced drag
Nozzle cooling
Multiple Nozzle Configuration Capability
AT 030905/20 25-May-06
Fixed/Simpler Inlets/Nozzles
Extended Range
Significantly Improved Survivability
Low Community Noise
Improved Durability Turbines,
Exhaust System
GE Aircraft Engines
Technology Needs to Achieve A Long Range

Propulsion Vision
Compression
High Stage
Space Loading
Flow Controlled Airfoils
Core Drive Fans
Passive
& Active Stability
Supersonic
Subsonic
Composite High Speed
Airfoils
Hypersonic
Blisks
AT 030905/21 25-May-06
GE Aircraft Engines

Propulsion Vision
Compression
High Stage Loading

Core Drive Fans
Passive & Active Stability
Composite High Speed Airfoils
Blisks
Combustion
Space
Low Emission Research
High Mach Combustion
High
Heat Sink Fuels
Supersonic
Subsonic
Coke Barrier Coatings
Hypersonic
Active Combustion
Control
AT 030905/22 25-May-06
GE Aircraft Engines

Propulsion Vision Combustion
Compression
High Stage Loading

Core Drive Fans
Blisks

High Heat Sink Fuels
Active Combustion Control
Space
Turbines
Integrated Turbine Blades/Disks

Advanced Cooling
Wake/Shock
Supersonic
Management
Subsonic
Clearance Management
Hypersonic
Highly Loaded Aerodynamics
AT 030905/23 25-May-06
GE Aircraft Engines

Compression
High Stage Loading

Core Drive Fans
Blisks

Space
Turbines
Mechanical Components

Advanced Cooling
Wake/Shock Management
High DN Bearings
Magnetic
Bearings
Supersonic
Subsonic
Air-Oil Brush Seals
Hypersonic
AT 030905/24 25-May-06
GE Aircraft Engines

Compression
High Stage Loading

Core Drive Fans
Blisks

Materials
High Space
Temp. Ni Alloys
Integrated Turbine Blades/DisksCMCs
Advanced Cooling
PMCs
Highly Loaded Aerodynamics Nano
Supersonic
Structures Subsonic
Smart Materials
& Structures
Hypersonic
Advanced NDE
Accelerated Implementation Methods
Turbines
High DN Bearings
Magnetic Bearings
Air-Oil Brush Seals
AT 030905/25 25-May-06
GE Aircraft Engines

Compression
High Stage Loading

Core Drive Fans
Blisks
Turbines

Inlet /Space
Nacelle/ Nozzle
High Temp. Ni Alloys

CMCs
PMCs
Nano Structures
Smart Materials & Structures
Advanced NDE
Accelerated Implementation
Methods
Light Weight Structures

Integrated Airframe/Engine Structures
Supersonic
TiAl
Structures Subsonic
Fluidic Mixing
Hypersonic
Fluidic Vectoring

Advanced Cooling
High DN Bearings
Magnetic Bearings
Air-Oil Brush Seals
AT 030905/26 25-May-06
Materials
GE Aircraft Engines

Compression
High Stage Loading

Core Drive Fans
Blisks

Controls
Space
Turbines
Advanced Cooling
Materials
CMCs
PMCs
Nano Structures
Advanced NDE
Methods
Intelligent Controls
Distributed Control System
Prognostic Sensors
Supersonic
Subsonic
MEMS
Wireless Hypersonic
Communications
Inlet / Nacelle/ Nozzle

High DN Bearings
Magnetic Bearings
Air-Oil Brush Seals
AT 030905/27 25-May-06

TiAl Structures
Fluidic Mixing
Fluidic Vectoring
GE Aircraft Engines

Controls
Compression
High Stage Loading

Core Drive Fans
Blisks
Turbines
Advanced Cooling

Modeling
Physics-based Tools
Materials
Space
Time Unsteady Aero
CMCs
Aeromechanics
PMCs
Nano Structures
CFD Design Tools
Advanced NDE
Supersonic
Combustor Codes
Subsonic
Methods
Digital Engine
Model
Hypersonic
Noise Prediction Tools
Manufacturing Modeling
High DN Bearings
Magnetic Bearings
Air-Oil Brush Seals
AT 030905/28 25-May-06
Prognostic Sensors
MEMS
Wireless Communications

TiAl Structures
Fluidic Mixing
Fluidic Vectoring
GE Aircraft Engines

Controls
Compression
High Stage Loading

Core Drive Fans
Blisks

Prognostic Sensors
MEMS
Wireless Communications
Materials
Space
Turbines
Advanced Cooling
Supersonic
Subsonic

CMCs
PMCs
Nano Structures
Advanced NDE
Methods
Hypersonic
Modeling
Physics-based Tools
Time Unsteady Aero
Aeromechanics
CFD Design Tools
Combustor Codes
Digital Engine Model
Noise Prediction Tools
Manufacturing Modeling
AT 030905/29 25-May-06

High DN Bearings
Magnetic Bearings
Air-Oil Brush Seals

TiAl Structures
Fluidic Mixing
Fluidic Vectoring
GE Aircraft Engines
Propulsion Vision for the 21st Century

LOCKHEED MARTIN
Academia
Industry
Government
Key to Success is Strong Cooperation Between
Academia, Industry, and Government Agencies
AT 030905/30 25-May-06
GE Aircraft Engines
Summary
U.S. Aerospace industry provides export leadership .
Propulsion key contributor to aerospace superiority.
Propulsion is a technology driven business
Great advances have been made
Lots of challenges and opportunities ahead
Great payoffs in the commercial and military fields
Propulsion requires aggressive short- and long-range
technology development
A strong Federal Labs /Industry/Academic World
Partnership is key to maintaining U.S. leadership in
Aeronautics .
AT 030905/31 25-May-06

The Future of Jet Engine

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The Future

100 Years of Propulsion Innovation

Cooling: Liquid Circulated by thermosiphon and radiator

Lubrication: Splash system, circulation by pump and gravity

Thrust Class (lb)

Dry Weight: 180 pounds

Propulsion Driving Industry Advances

2nd Gen High Bypass

SFC 35K/0.8Mn Uninstalled

Noise Reduction Advancements

Year of Initial Service

Engine pressure ratio

Emissions Stringency Increasing

21st Century Vehicle Systems

Overland Capable, Environmentally Friendly, Supersonic

21st Century Vehicle Systems

High Lift Vehicle

Uninhabited Air Vehicles

21st Century Vehicle Systems

GENY The Next Step

Ultra Clean: NOX and CO2

21st Century Aeropropulsion Preeminence

Technology to Revolutionize the State of the Art

Nano-Phase Aluminum Blades and Vanes

Yield Strength (ksi)

Improved Strength and Fatigue Capability Using Advanced Al Alloys

Ceramic Matrix Composites (CMC)

CMC Combustor Liner

CMCs Reduce Weight and Improve Performance

Nitrided Bearing Material Technology

distance from edge (mils)

!Leading Cause of Bearing Failures Due to Hard Particle Contamination

Airfoil Materials Trendline

CMC Vane &

Introduction Date, NPI TG6

Turbine Airfoil Material Advancements Pushing the Envelope

Chevron Nozzle Technology Development

Flight Tested on Bombardier CRJ700

Lean Blowout Detection & Avoidance

Revolutionary Improvement in Reliability

Improved Thrust-to-Weight and Reduced Engine

Engine Technology Improvements

Lowered Acquisition Cost

Adaptive Cycle Engine

Versatile Core with Core Drive Fan

Highly Integrated Engine/Airframe

Lower Low Spool Temperatures

Inlet flow control (simpler/lighter inlets)

Multiple Nozzle Configuration Capability

Technology Needs to Achieve A Long Range

Technology Needs to Achieve A Long Range

High Stage Loading

Technology Needs to Achieve A Long Range

High Stage Loading

Low Emission Research

Integrated Turbine Blades/Disks

Technology Needs to Achieve A Long Range

High Stage Loading

Low Emission Research

Integrated Turbine Blades/Disks

Technology Needs to Achieve A Long Range

High Stage Loading

Low Emission Research