The

Numismatic

Chronicle

VOLUME

141

LONDON
THE

ROYAL

NUMISMATIC

SOCIETY

1981

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CONTENTS
A Black Sea hoard of thelate fifth
century,
byc. m.kraay and p. r. s.
moorey
Galba' s Aequitas,byAndrew Wallace-

hadrill

1
20

A hoardof clippedsiliquaein thePrestonMuseum,byMiss c. e. king

40

The grosau lion of Aquitaine,by e. r. duncan eli a s

65

Mint policies,ratios,and outputsin the Low Countriesand England,

on new data, byjohn h. munro
1335-1420:some reflections

71

The medal of Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester,in the Bibliothque

117
Nationale,byMichael vickers
The silvercoinages of Garhwal and Ladakh, 1686-1871,by n. g.
RHODES

120

The 'Tubac Ingot',by t. v. buttrey

136

NOTES
Now we are eight

143

An unpublishedcoin of AriarathesIII forCybistrain Cappadocia, by

144
U. YARKIN
An unusualcounterfeit
denariusofthereignof Nero,byr. a. brown

145

A copperdupondiusof Domitian,ad 85, by ian carradice

146

Ionian magistrates:Caracalla or Elagabalus? by c. J.howgego

147

Coins ofAurelian.New acquisitionsbytheBritishMuseum,bymarcus

150
weder
A nummusof Honoria and a decanummiumof ConstansII fromthe
154
excavationsat Carthage,byWilliam e. metcalf
The Crusader'TurrisDavi coinage: addendum,by c. J.sabine

156

The sequenceof varietiesof the 'bare head' typeof BohemundIII of

158
Antioch,by c. J.sabine
A parcelapparentlyfroman earlyhoard of 'helmet'deniersof Bohe163
mundIII of Antioch,byalistair lilburn

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vi

CONTENTS

Notes on the classification

of the tramsof CilicianArmenia,by d. m.
metcalf, witha contribution
on the textiletracesby Lawrence
J.MAJEWSKI
166
fromYves and Rummen,bye. m.besly
Fourteenth-century
sterlings

172

Corrigenda:NC 1980

175

REVIEW-ARTICLES
Hubs and dies in classicalantiquity,by Michael h. Crawford

176

New lighton the Thessalonicanmonetaauri in the second halfof the

178
sixthcentury,
byw. r. o. hahn
The coinageof Chersonesus,byr. n. bridge

183

BIBLIOGRAPHY
of
from
non-numismatic
articles
Bibliography
journals,V, by peter
A. CLAYTON

188

REVIEWS
A TribalHistory
India:a Numismatic
, byK. K. das gupta
ofAncient
Approach
- Numismatica
deHispania,
R.Hardaker)
Antigua
byl. villaronga(T.P.A.
(Terry
- Familienpropaganda
derKaiserCaligula
undClaudius
, byw. trillmich
Hillgarth)
- TheWestern
, byd. w. macdowall(Ian
(HaroldB. Mattingly)
Coinages
ofNero
- Les monnaies
du nordtrouves
en Gaule
Afrique
, by b.
antiques
Carradice)
- TheRoman
at Lankhills
H. Crawford)
fischer(Michael
Cemetery
, byg. clarke
Revenue
andMonetary
Policyin the
, Expenditure
(GeorgeC. Boon)- Imperial
- Coinage
in theLatin
Fourth
A.D.,editedbyc. e. king(G. L. Duncan)
Century
andd. m.metcalf(E. M. BeslyandN. M. Lowick)
East, edited
byp.w. edbury
193
Studies
inNumismatics
, editedbyw. A.oddy(Z. Sts-Gale).
Scientific
JOURNAL
THE PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS AND REVIEW OF THE YEAR
PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, 1980-1

i
V

FINANCIAL ACCOUNTS, 1980

Xviii

LIBRARY ACCESSIONS, 1980

XXii

THE ROYAL NUMISMATICSOCIETY

xxiv

HONORARYFELLOWS OF THE SOCIETY

XXvii

MEDALLISTS OF THE SOCIETY

GUIDANCE FOR CONTRIBUTORS

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XXVi
xxix

166
NOTES
withreverse
65-7.Typele. Variety
(1.04,0.98,0.97g.)
pellettoleftofcrossonly.
reverse
I andO. Baseofbustvery
to lb butwith3 annulets
between
*68.Typele. Similar
1.04g.
andback.
widely
spreadbothfront
coins.
69-70.Typele. Similar
(0.94,0.87g.)
onA,nobarsonM orN. Rev.Twopellets
onfirst
*71.Type1/4mule.Obv.Annulets
A,
1.10g.
nobarsonN orH, partssmooth.
doublestruck
annulets
on A, no barson M andN.
*72.Type1/4mule.Obv.Slightly
onN andH.
0.98g
Rev.Fourpellets
on eachA, doublebarswithpellets
double-barred
N withpellets,
N normal
*73.Type4. Obv.Fourpellets
onA, M as reverse
N withpellets.
with
double-barred
onA's,N andH doublebarred
Rev.Fourpellets
onnormal
1.05g.
bars.
pellets
74-83.Type4. Obverse
bustwithforward
undotted.
doublebarsonletters
projection,
(1.03,1.02(2),1.01(2),1.005,1.00,0.995,0.96,0.94g.)
in parentheses
weremeasured
on a different
balanceandappearto be on
(Theweights
0.02-0.03
average
g toolow.)
Notes

on

the

Cilician

Classification
Armenia,

of the
c.i 200-1

Trams

of

270

D. M. METCALF
[plates 32-4]
By courtesy
oftheStateMuseumat Lincoln,Nebraska,and through
thekindness
of theRevd Iain Campbelland his colleaguesMr R. R. Kutcherand Mr R. A.
to recorda parcelof 704 Armeniantramswhichwere
Weimer,I am permitted
in 1974.Mr Campbell'sinquiries
of California
indicated
acquiredfroma resident
thatthecoinsmight
havecomefroma verylargehoardfoundduringthe
originally
of a new airportbetweenTarsusand Gaziantep.The same hoard
construction
doubletrams,whichcame
mighthavebeenthesourceof otherparcels,including
andelsewhere
overa relatively
to lightin Germany
shortperiod.ButtheNebraska
as wellas a number
ofobviously
unrelated
coinsofmuchlaterdate,
parcelincluded,
a largeblockofcoinsofHetumII. Onecannotdiscount
thepossibility
thatportions
of at leastthreehoardshavebeenamalgamated.
Also,it is clearthatthecoinsof
LevonI, at least,havebeenpickedover,and thespecimens
ofvarieties
III and IV
valueas evidenceforthecomposition
takenout.The parcelis thusofdoubtful
of
date.Thereremains
theArmenian
at anyparticular
muchinformation
of
currency
as regardsbotha stylistic
value whichthecoinscan contribute,
analysisof the
andtheirmetrology.
Tracesoftextiles
to someofthecoinshave
varieties,
adhering
Centerof theInstitute
of FineArts,New York
beenstudiedat theConservation
and a reporton themis published
as an Appendix.
University,
1. LEVON I
The classification
of Levon's standardissue of trams1treatsthe obversesand
the obversesbeingnumberedI-IV, and the reversesA-J.
reversesseparately,
1 D. M. Metcalf,
ofthetrams
'Classification
ofLevonI ofCilician
RBN118
Armenia',
(1972),109-26.

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167
NOTES
The reverses
The
are theeasierstarting-point
ofnewspecimens.
in theattribution
moreelaborateforms
to recogofthecrosson C, E, andF makeitstraightforward
nizethosevarieties,
butthepublished
criteria
haveprovedto be notalwayssatisfor
between
A
and
A
factory distinguishing
B, and D, and B and G respectively.2
The correctdistinction
ofthe
in thatthevalidity
between
A and B is important
classification
restson it: the claimmade was thatobverseI and reverseA go
as do II andB. Anyexceptions
affect
thewayinwhichthe
willobviously
together,
A and
mainblocksrelateto eachother.Thenewmaterial
that,as between
suggests
is a short,thinlinethetypeis A, evenifthemaincross
B, wheretheuppercrosslet
is a bar-and-dot
borne
ratherthana T (see Fig. 1). This is, I think,sufficiently
out bythegeneralcorrelation
of I withA and II withB, and,in marginal
cases,
inthestyleofthelions'heads.On coinsofcategory
A theyarelarge
bya difference
and calf-like,
on B morelikea bear.
BetweenB and G thedistinction
with
seemsto be largelyartificial.
Specimens
obverseII andreverses
a variantofB.
thatonewouldlistas G areperhapsmerely

i
A

B
Fig. 1

G2

The qualityof coinsof varietyD reinforces

theimpression
thattheymaybe
of linksbetweenD and obverseII (e.g. nos. 61-4
early.The existence
relatively
below)seemsbeyonddoubt.
CATALOGUE
thecoinsthatareillustrated
onPis.32-3.
Anasterisk
marks
tram.
Obverse
II. 2.61g.
Half-double
*1.
style
Tram.Bedoukian
572.2.81g.
*2.
withobverse
instyle
II (nos.3-66)
varieties
TwoLionseries,
*3-10. n/B,coinsofcareful
2.96,2.94,*2.91(2),2.90(2),2.88,2.83g.
workmanship,
Notetheunusual
*11-12. II/B3,similar
letter
-.2.87,*2.72g.
Die-duplicates.
quality.
*13.
2.86g.
II/J1
(cf.RBN4). Small,andpossibly
early.
onthesecondspecimen.
*14-15. II/B4.Notethecrown
3.00,2.82g.
starinlegend).
*16.
Cf.nos.14-15?(butwithout
2.76g.
17.
II/G1.3.14g.
andquality,
*18-53. n/G2.Dies ofmorevariable
ofwhich*18(2.98g) illustrates
style
thebest,and*19(21*76
g)isa moretypical
3.09,3.06,3.03,3.00(2),
specimen.
2.98,2.96,2.95,2.94,2.93,2.91(4), 2.89(2),2.87,2.85(2),2.84,2.83,2.82(2),
2.09g (prob2.81,2.80,2.79,2.78,2.74,2.72,2.69,2.66,2.65,2.32(notclipped),
ablyclipped).
2 WhenMrCampbell
andhiscolleagues
ofidentifying
thecoinsaccording
to
despaired
turned
themoverto me,I had giventhematter
and generously
no
myclassification,
forseveral
To havetopickupthethreads
thediffithought
years.
again,andtodiscover
wascertainly
a caseof'letting
thepunishment
fitthecrime'.
culties,

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168
NOTES
*54-5. II/G3.2.94,*2.90g.
*56.
with3 dotsat footofcross).2.84g.
II/G4(newvariety,
*57-60. II/G2,butdistinctive
obverses
andsmalldies.Coinsinvery
fresh
condisketchy
tion.*3.11,2.90,*2.73,2.64g.
*61-4. Il/cf.D (no crosslet).
*2.98and2.77,samedies;*2.96,2.88g. Notethat63-4
areclearly
instyle
seemtobefrom
wornandperhaps
rusted
II; 61-2,which
dies,
arelessclearly
aredie-linked
toa coin(no.136below)witha style
I
so,andthey
obverse.
newvariety.
*65.
Similar
tonos.61-4,with2 dotsaddedbelowthearmsofthe
II/J7,
cross.2.81g.
*66.
3.00g.
II/D3= J6(cf.RBN34,butnewobv./rev.
combination).
TwoLionseries,
instyle
I (nos.67-138)
varieties
withobverse
and elaborate
*67-73. I/D. Dies of careful
workmanship,
e.g. thecrossand sceptre
terminate
ina dotbelowtheking's
hands.Well-centred
Onecoin(*67,
strikings.
crosspomme
andthekingholdsa crosspomme
D2, 2.84g) hasan initial
; on
another
Thedrapery
over
(68,Dl, 2.84g) thekingagainholdsa crosspomme.
theking's
kneesvaries(cf.*69,Dl, 2.85g).Therearetwopairsofcoinssharing
obverse
dies(70-1,Dl, 2.93,2.84,and*72-*73,
of
D2, butnotethedivergence
inthereverses
ofthesetwo:2.98,2.96g).
style
instyle
*74-5. I/J(related
toD). *74,2.95g,hasmatching
ornamental
initial
crossand
instyle.
cross,cf.67above.75,2.88g,is simpler
*76-7. I/A,withfield-mark
. to left.Ornamental
crown.
Twocoinsfromsameobv.,
*3.01,2.75g.
: to left.Similar
78-84. I/A,withfield-mark
ornamental
crownto 76-7:a duplicate
coinfrom
thesameobv.die,3.01,2.88,2.78g; twoothers,
pair,anda third
2.97,
2.76g. Coinswitha simpler
crown,
2.83,2.39g (notclipped).
: toright.
*85-100.I/A,with
field-mark
Theform
ofthecrossisvariable.
Of16specimens,
8 havea T-shaped
central
andtheother8 havea baranddot(butstill
element,
- cf.RBN14-15.Thetwoversions
with
a thin
aredie-linked,
crosslet)
e.g.by*85
and*86,2.69and2.98g.A duplicate
baranddot,3.02,2.31g(pierced,
pair,with
butnotclipped);
anobverse
baranddot,*2.94,
2.76g; anobverse
link,with
link,
withT-shaped
withT, 3.01,2.96,2.91,2.78g (2);
cross,3.05,2.95g. Singletons,
withbaranddot,2.93,2.87,2.69g.
*101-25.I/A,without
WithT-shaped
field-mark.
cross:Al, 2.70g; A2,3.15,3.04,2.92(2),
2.80g; A3,2.91g.Withbaranddot:Al,2.94,2.84,2.75,2.66,2.59g;
2.91,*2.89,
A2,3.02,2.99,2.96,2.92,2.86,2.85,2.74,2.72g; A3,*3.12,2.99,2.92g.
*126-8. I/A,withelaborate
overknees,
cf.Ib. Thestyle
resembles
thatofI/A4,
drapery
nos.129-30below.*2.94,2.86,2.80g.
*129-30.I/A4,*2.93,2.84g.
*131-2. I/A,unusual
obverse
Twofrom
sameobv.die,*2.97,2.91g.
style.
*133. I/A4,irregular
reversal.
2.88g.
obv.,withlateral
*134. I/J5.
Cf.RBN59.2.99g.
*135. I/?J3.
2.92g.
*136. I/cf.
D. Samerev.dieas nos.61-2above.2.92g.
137-8. ?I/A,unclassified.
TwoLionseries,
instyle
withobverse
III
variety
139. IIIb/C2.2.76g.
Half-tram
140. 1.35g (pierced).

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NOTES

169

2. HETUM I
The tramsof Hetum(1226-70)showingthetwostanding
of thekingand
figures
Zabel
were
classified
Bedoukian3
into
six
Queen
by
chronological
groups,by the
criteria:
following
Obv.
Rev.
I
Crosswithstar Lionholding
cross
II
Crosswithdot

Transitional
coins
II/III
III
Crosswithdot
Lionwalking
IV
Plaincross

V
Starunder
lion

VI
Starunder

lion,nocross
No star,nocross
VII

VII,withnameofLevonII (1270-)
similarities
Die-linksand stylistic
whilebroadly
suggestthatthisarrangement,
doesnotalwayscorrespond
withthesequenceofissue.In studying
correct,
exactly
theNebraskacoins,an attempt
was madeto subdivide
someofthegroupson the
basis:
following
IIA. The queen'scloakis carefully
: diesofexceptionally
carefulwork,
depicted
on thecross(see Fig. 2a). Theseseemto be theinitialdiesof
oftenwitha pennant
in GroupI, theorderof
theissue,and as similarcoinshavenot beenreported
GroupsI and II shouldprobablybe reversed.
IIB. Obversediesmorestylized
(see Fig. 2b).

Fig.2
and thensubdivided
as follows
:
GroupsIII and IV shouldbe amalgamated,
from10 to 2 o'clock).
(new)III (withinnerdottedcircleon obverseinterrupted
The coins fall into two varieties(possiblytwo officinae?)
distinguished
by the
initialcrosson theobverse.Each varietycan be arrangedintoa chronological
sequence(see below).Coins thatwould be assignedto GroupsIII and IV of
Bedoukian'sclassification
occuralongsideeachotherin mostsub-varieties.
from10 to 2 o'clock).These
(new)IV (innerdottedcirclemoreor lesscomplete
coinsare of smallermodule.Thereappearto be twovarieties
in continuation
of
thetwoin GroupIII.
3 P. Bedoukian,
Two hoardsofHetoum-Zabel
ANSMN8 (1958),145-80.
trams',

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170

NOTES
CLASSIFICATION

butall the
GroupIIA. On PL 34, 1, thecrosson thereverselacksa cross-bar,
otherspecimens
ofIIA haveone.Pl. 34, 2-3 arefromthesamereverse.
Thefieldmark. occurson one specimen.
^ , is closerin styleto IIA thanmost.
GroupIIB. Pl. 34, 4, withfield-mark
^ aredie-linked,
thefield-mark
butboththemarks
GroupI. Coinswithandwithout
w(8 specimens)
and ^ (5 specimens)
aretightly
werefound
grouped.No die-links
betweenGroupsI and II.
schemewas evolved,on thebasisoftheinitialcrossand
GroupIII. The following
thegeneralqualityofthedies:
A. With
1. Withcross-bar
on staff
theseobverses
arefromthe
(PI. 34, 5-6).Although
samedie,theywouldinevitably
havebeenattributed
to separategroups
in theoriginalclassification.
2. Cross-bar
indicated
bytwodots(PI. 34, 7).
3. No cross-bar
(PI. 34, 8).
In eachofthethreesub-varieties
thecrownsmaybe shownwitha curvedoutline,
or bythreebold dots.
B. With+
1. Withcrosson staff,
i.e. twocrossesone abovetheother(PI. 34, 9).
2. Cross-bar
indicated
bytwodots(PI. 34, 10).
3. No cross-bar(mostspecimensof thiscategoryare betterassignedto
GroupIV).
X. Withmoon-shaped
field-mark
behindking.Poorstyle.
a . Crossas in A (PI. 34, 11-12).
b. Crossas in B.
uncommon.
Sometimes
thecrownscomplete
GroupIV. A, withgg, is relatively
thecircle(PI. 34, 13,withfield-mark
not(PI. 34, 14).
v), sometimes
muchmoreplentiful.
B, with is relatively
Again,thecrownsmay
thecircle(PI. 34, 15),or not(PI. 34, 16). Thereis a variety
complete
in whichthegap is filledby morewidelyspaceddots(PI. 34, 17on whichtheinitialcrossis indeterminate).
DIE-ESTIMATION
A carefulcheckwas madeof each of thestylistic
groupsexceptHIB, withthe
resultstabulatedbelow.
In theANS hoard,GroupsVI andVII amounttoc.22.5percent.Thewholeseries
ofHetum-Zabeltramsmaytherefore
havebeenequivalent
to 300-20obversedies.
to a die-ratioof 1:2, whileIV exceeds1:3.
GroupsI, II, and V approximate
Estimatesbasedon thepublication
of theANS and Poladianhoardsworkout a
good deal higher.

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171

NOTES

II
I
IIIA
HIB
IV
V
Total

Obverse
Estimated
Reverse
output
Dies Non-sg.*Dies Non-sg. Obverse Reverse
22
17
25
11
41
73
16
23
21
16
22
41
56
46
67
n.d.
n.d.f n.d.
n.d.
n.d.
n.d.
n.d.
n.d.
(c.70)
25
43
42
20
31
111
13
31
20
27
15
27
246
* Non-sg.
= Non-singleton.f n.d.= notdetermined.

Specimens
checked
32
31
82
84
53
37

METROLOGY
werepreparedwitha stepinterval
of0.1 g, and thepositionof the
Histograms
of coinsin thecentralstep,with
stepswas adjustedto maximizetheproportion
theresultstabulatedbelow.
Mean
IIA
IIB
II (all)
I
IIIA, 1-2
HIB,1-2
IIIA,3
IIIB,3
III (all)
IV
V

2.98
2.93
2.94
2.91
2.92'
2.88/
2.91'
2.91J
2.90
2.89
2.96

Maximum
percent
ofcoinsincentral
step
47
55
S1

Location
of
central
step
2.91-3.00
2.89/91-2.98/3.00
__
__

43
43
51

2.88/9-2.97/8
2.89-2.98
2.93/4-3.02/3
The earliestcoins,in veryfinestyle,are slightly
heavier.Thereis an improvement
withGroupV (distinguished
bya star),whichmighthoweverbe partlyaccounted
forbythemingling
ofcoinsfromdifferent
hoards.
APPENDIX
TEXTILE

TRACES ON THE COINS OF HETUM AND ZABEL

LAWRENCE J. MAJEWSKI

Centerof the
to the Conservation
Four coins fromthe hoardweresubmitted
The following
detailswereobserved.
Institute
ofFineArts,New YorkUniversity.
CoinA
Thereare twosmallroundpatchesof textileon thesurfaceof theobverseside
thelargerabout0.004m across.
ofthecointo eithersideofthestanding
figures,
is badlyabradedbutappearsto haveabout16 threads
Thelargerpieceoftextile
incolour.
arean off-white
thread;theremainder
percmandthereis onedark-brown
The threadis looselyspunin an S twistand singleply.
Thefibreis cotton.

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NOTES
172
CoinB
Thereis an irregular
somewhat
triangular
patchof textileon theobverseside
near the centreof the coin acrossthe standingfigures.
Its maximumlengthis
about0.008m.
It is ofa plain(tabby)weaveabout16 threadspercm.The threadhas a looseS
spinand is singleply.The colouris an off-white.
Thefibreis cotton.
CoinC
Thereis an irregular
somewhat
rectangular
patchoftextileon thereverse
along
theedgeof thecoin above theback of thecentralanimal.Its maximum
length
is about0.010m.
It is a plain(tabby)weaveabout 18 threadspercm. The threadhas a loose S
spinand is a singleply.The colouris off-white.
Thefibreis cotton.
CoinD
Thereare irregular
patchesof textileon theobversesideof thecoinovermuch
ofthestanding
Threeofthepatchesare triangular
withone sharppoint.
figures.
The textilehas a plain(tabby)weaveabout 18 threadsper cm.The threadis
looselyspunS twistsingleply.The colouris an off-white.
The fibreis cotton.
Conclusion
All fourcoinsfromthehoardhavefragments
ofcottonfabricwiththreadsthat
are S spunsingleply.The weaveis tabbywithabout16 to 18 threadspercm.The
oftextile
fabricon all coinsarequiteprobably
all fromthesametextile
fragments
or container.
The fibresare badlydeteriorated
but stillhave themorwrapping
ofcotton.
phologicalcharacteristics

Fourteenth-century
and

Sterlings
Rummen

from

Yves

E. M. BESLY
[plate 35]
1. IMITATIVESTERLINGSOF GAUCHERDE CHTILLON
In an articlepublishedin 1975,Mayhewsuggested
thatGaucherde Chtillon,
in parallelwithhisissuesof imitative
in his ownnamec.1314-22,struck
sterlings
a seriesof sterlings
in thenameof KingEdwardof England.1
His argument
was
basedon an analysisofthepunches,
whichhe demonstrated
to havebeenusedon
bothseriesof imitations.
In a review-article,
Duplessycast doubton Mayhew's
1 N. J.Mayhew,
'Gaucher
de Chtillon
andtheimitation
ofsterlings
in thenameof
ofEngland',
Edward
RBN121(1975),109-16;atpp.115-16,
L. O. Lagerquist
and
quoting
M. DolleyinForvnnen
inNC 1976,89-90.
(1959),129-32.Summarized

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METCALF,ARMENIA(1)

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METCALF,ARMENIA(2)

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PLATE

METCALF,ARMENIA(3)

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34