CHAPTER-I

INTRODUCTION AND DESIGN OF THE STUDY

INTRODUCTION
Investment is an activity by it self and it seems to be of the future for
any individuals to consider it today. Therefore investment has lost its
importance among the common man since, he/she are reluctant to neither
think for future nor take a decision for what they want in future?
However, if the importance of future is understood and realized then
investments would increase the money an individual will count tomorrow,
which would rather enhance their life style, way of living and the way they
look at life. Therefore, the term investment is used in a wide variety of
contexts, where both individuals and business houses visualize the pay off
by investing their money in productive avenues.
Thus investment as such involves the following divisions with
important characteristics like.
It involves commitment of funds in a plant, dream house, corporate
securities locked for certain future period of time in expectation of a good
return for the risk taken.

The broad investment choices could be made either in physical assets

as decided by the individual investor keeping in mind their immediate
requirement and necessity.
Hence it is found that an investment plan by an individual needs to
know the various reasons for their investment decisions or plans, the pre
requisites for investing, the analysis of the investment returns and how an
individual get that money to invest? In order to answer these questions, one
should understand presumably why people invest? There cannot be one
simple answer but still the following can be the factors that could take the
prime role for an individual to think and invest.
Women are in tough jobs, breaking down the joint family system
promoting good quality of life as equal partners. The male dominated
world financial community is awakening to the surprising reality that the
best investment is in the third world is women , who work harder than man
and employing then could be more advantageous than any other investment
in the developing nations. The world has realized that economic progress
can be attained only with the involvement of women in various incomes
generating jobs.
All over the world women play a vital role in the development of the
community by becoming toppers in education and also excelling in
employment .The middle and upper class women have begun to affirm this
independence in concrete ways through changes in this life styles. By
increasing womens ability to earn in independent income, employment has
increased womens status in society and leads to greater input into family
2

and community. Knowledge and income have placed women on an equal

footing with their mare counter-parts. The inner strength of employed
women has changed the behavior of men to react positively to the needs of
the family promoting good quality of life.
Working women, becoming individualistic play an effective role in
society .Women have moved towards economic freedom and their selfconfidence has increased through all stages of woman-hood.
NEED OF INVESTMENT
In every economic system there are deficit generators and surplus
generators, and these surplus generators are also called savers while deficit
generators are called spenders. Here it is very imperative that most of the
individuals are known to be savers while the government agencies, corporate
are spenders or deficit generators.
But this financial theology cannot be taken as a totality factor and
cannot be very accurately applicable to every single situation in the context
of financial services, investment avenues, risk and return management. The
due consideration is that, the most common presumption that exists in
todays scenario is that the pattern of investment is not evenly spread across
different layer and strata of individuals in the society.
Hence, the golden question in the field of investment and financial
services as to what people do with these surplus funds or savings with them?
The ready reckoning answer would be to say that they invest in purchase of
3

land, building, precious metals, buying of shares fixed for a future period of
time with an expected return adequate enough to induce them for future
investments. While the other option would be to simply hold their savings in
cash and put them into use when required in their life time.
Eventually, the above ready reckoned answer would not suffice the
study on the investment pattern and the various reasons for the same by
various surplus generating units. In case the surplus generating units is a
corporate or a government agency their funding would certainly go towards
land and building, plant and machinery, infrastructure building with a focus
on prosperity and growth.
While in case of individuals or household surplus generating units,
their funding pattern needs several questions to be answered and these
questions will be answered through several people. Hence it is found that
several people are investing their savings in precious metals like gold, silver
and diamonds, land and buildings, shares and securities etc.,
As of today, it is seen that there are lot of changes and variations
happening in all the sectors of investment and more so in the physical assets
and their values, which are variables in nature carrying much apprehension
to the investing individuals, households whether to proceed with their
investments in these areas or not to invest?

INVESTMENT MEDIA
Many types of investment media are available. The investment
program can be constructed if the investor familiarize themselves with the
varies alternatives available. Investment Medias are several times which can
be invited as follows:

CLASSIFICATION OF INVESTMENT
Bank Fixed Deposits
Is the very common investment method with the lowest risk available
in India? It can be said that there is no risk at all when compared to other
investment options. These deposits can be blocked for a term of 15 days to
05 years and the rate of interest varies from bank to bank and the term period
it is chosen. Some of the additional benefits one gets through this investment
option would be free credit card, free debit card cum ATM card, easy
withdrawal with or without penalty, overdraft facility through SB account on
term deposit at minimal interest, auto renewal and others.
Life Insurance
Both government and private players are in the market at present in
this sector of investment which not only secures the future of the insured but
also protects the family in times of uncertainty with very small amount of
investment made systematically and regularly. In India, Life insurance
Corporation of India, is the major stake holder in this field followed by
several private insurance companies in collaboration with various foreign
corporations from around the world.

Postal Saving Schemes

The various financial services rendered by the postal department of
India, provides the absolute solution for the common man with major
income and very less to save. The postal services provides certain
investment avenues like recurring deposits, postal life insurance, savings
account, Indira vikas patra, National savings scheme and certificate.
Precious Metals/Gems/Stones
The demand for precious metals have been in vogue from the primitive
human being lived on the earth with groups, family and others in a societal
setup. From that day to today there has been increased demand for the
precious metals and no diminishing values for these metals have been found.
With the rate of considerable reduction in its availability in the world
around, the demand for the same has gone manifold and every human being
will have the aspiration to have a few grams of the precious metals during
their life time.
However, one should be also aware that investing in these precious
metals/gems/stones in its original form than in form of any ornaments would
be more advisable, as the later would bring in some loss in terms of
wastages, purity value, loss of weight etc.

Real Estate/Investment in Property

Its one of the major stake holders in the investment avenues today and
its considered to be one good idea, safe investment with absolute good
returns which would be sometime up to 10 times the money invested.
Whatever is the place of investment and whatever the kind of property like a
build house, flat, gated community sites, houses, independent houses, land,
villas bungalows, farm house the investment getting appreciated is for sure
to the extent of 100%, provided the investor looks into the document of the
property on which the investment is made and obtains a legal clearance from
an legal expert in the real estate.
Shares and Mutual Funds
Is one of investments with the maximum risk and maximum returns?
The investor needs good assistance towards making the right choice of
investment in shares of companies and need to understand the company first
with whom he or she is making an investment, evaluate the various possible
pros and cons of the investment avenues, the benefits to be accrued and the
expected returns by understanding the past performance of the company are
some of the important apart from the individual investor need to open an
DEMAT account, if one needs to invest in the shares of the company.
However, if one is not interested in taking this big risk and to move in
depth to understand the aspects of investing in shares, an individual can
easily opt for mutual funds, another best option in which the mutual fund
portfolio manager would take care of its values, returns and risks involved.
8

National Savings Certificate and Public Provident Fund

National savings certificate and the public provident fund are the most
safe and secure. Investment option with less return when compared to return
to the investment accrued from current bank interest rates and share market
investments.
Since, these investments are managed and held by the government at
the centre and the state, its 100% safe, genuine, timely recovery of returns
and investment guaranteed for withdrawal after fulfilling certain stipulations
and guidelines prescribed.
Bonds and Corporate Fixed Deposits
Individuals have other investment options like corporate fixed bonds,
investment option bonds issued by both government and private agencies.
These investing options are good choice of investment and returns are good,
but still depend on the performance of the company in the past and the
present with the project and its returns. However, keeping in mind the kind
of returns one would expect, if the project towards which the company is
investing, the investment made would be an ideal choice for individual
investors provided they can bear that minimum risk.

Chit Funds
Is another option for the individual investor as this investment is very
close to ones living geographical area, seen and experienced by them from
their fore fathers, returns are adequately good and can be withdrawn at the
wish and will of the investor in accordance to their need, guaranteed by
people very well known in the society who have gained that goodwill among
people and like wise.
In spite of the above facts are true and correct, its the scenario of the
past and seldom to be applied in the present day context, where the society,
people in the society, the ethics of life and the morals have taken a back seat
in the verge of heavy competition and survival capability.
In this present context, chit fund companies are existing in regulated
and un regulated market, while the companies in the regulated market are
recognized by the government and its agencies, as those in the unregulated
market are the one that are not recognized by the government and its
agencies. However, it is seen that these unrecognized private chit fund
companies are playing a very dominant role in the unregulated market.
Hence, its inevitable to understand the nature and back ground of the
chit funds company and their credentials before any investment decisions are
made.

10

Gold And Silver Ornaments

The amount invested in gold and silver ornaments is the ancient
method of investment. The appreciation in value is an important benefit of
this kind of investment. However, safety is the main drawback in gold and
silver ornaments. Now-a-days importance of this system of investments has
been reduced considerably. Because of the development of various new
investment avenues. Even in modern times, this kind of investment
constitutes an important source of investment in rural areas.
Government Saving Certificate
Avoidance of tax is the main motive for investing money in
government saving certificate, such as national saving certificate, Indira
vikas parta, Rahat patra, public provident fund, national savings scheme, etc.
These instruments are administrated through selected post offices and
banks. The rate of interest usually varies from percentages to percentage
accordingly.
Miscellaneous Investment Opportunity
There are many others investments opportunities like genuine antiques
rare stamps, classical paintings period furniture, first edition of books,
manuscripts, letter, autographs and other items like a piece of Berlin wall.
Some of these items appreciate in value only if they become the vague.

11

On account of ones consideration for a happy future life he tries to

select an avenue of investment for various reasons depending upon his
character, intelligence, age, educational status, occupational status, family
property, size of the family, annual income, amount of saving ,period of
investments, return on investment, motive of investment, etc.
The avenue to be selected differs from person to person, for instance a
person who is ready to take risk will selected such an avenue of investment
which can yield him high return in short duration like shares, etc. On the
other hand, one who is very particular of safety of money will select
common type of investment like bank deposits.
Women Inventors
Women today have broken every barrier in the corporate world and
occupy top status in quite few of these places. While men and women
holding equal positions in an organization do not really earn the same
amount of money be because still their capacity is not recognized fully. Even
then the women employment is increasing every day and now they
command and get their dues from prospective employers which leave a lot
of women to earn more. This leads to increase in savings in turn leads to
investment.
So what do these Indian women do with their money? Where do they
invest their surplus cares? Is gold still all time favorite or whether they are
investing in commercial banks? Men and women differ in their investment
choices. Usually a woman takes risk less and safe investments. Women
12

investors tend to spent more time or researching their investment choice.

Even then, they hesitate to investment their surplus income in capital
market, real estate, etc.
Now-a-days most of the women are aware of investment avenues and
they invest their savings. The new generation is now taking very active
interest to invest their surplus.
At present, most of the women have good education and have learned
the advantages and benefits of investing. So the number of women investors
is increasing. In order to reduce the tax level they are selecting a proper
investment channel.
Women today share the time light with men in almost all fields. More
and more women are joining the workforce in our country and the number of
women making inroads in the top management is increasing everyday which
helps to make investment.
Women investors have disproved the old theories and assumption
about them. It is only last to ten years women have started becoming
investors in almost all the fields.
The evergreen investment option, banking sectors is on the faster
growth, which proves more number of women is investing. Gold is another
form of Investment Avenue for more number of women investors. The
number women investors invested is post office savings when there is more
interest returns interesting procedure reduced to the government.
13

The sustained raise in the price of gold attracts the investors

particularly women. There is a feeling now among the women investors as
they think gold has risen enough and some of the money from gold may be
put into equity. Women investors have become more aware and knowledge
about investing in equities.
The faster growth in banking sector and stock investment attract all the
women investors. Studies conducted by organization such as us-based
national center for women and retirement research seen to suggest that
women investors are more conversation in their safe options such as bank
deposits and investors with guaranteed returns over stocks. While this might
provide them with safe return investment consultant point to the fact that
equalities have historically had higher returns then bonds which is why
make investors who prepare investments in equalities tend to get larger
returns from their investments. But my research women investors invited in
a short term investors.

14

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

In general the women investors perception is influenced by their taste
which because they have different views about the investment. They raise
some important questions. They are:
1) How do they carry out this investment activities?
2) What are the sources of the investment?
3) What are all the factors they are considering while making their
investments?
4) Which is the alternative investment that to have been selected by
women investors among the available different alternatives of
investment. In order to find out solutions to the above cited
questions the present study is carried out.
OBJECTIVES
The objectives of the study are as follows.
1) To measure the extend of savings and investment made by working
women.
2) To point out the alternative investment that they normally prefer for
their investments.
3) To find out the inter relationship between savings and investments.
4) To give suggestions to improve the investment pattern among
women investors.

15

SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The study is confined to the analysis of finding the investment pattern
towards women employees. The study reveals about present investment
pattern and also it provides some valuable suggestion for improving the
present pattern of women employees.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The methodology adopted for the present study regarding sources of
data analysis and research and techniques.
Source of data
This study is mainly based on the primary data. The required data were
selected directly from the women employees. The secondary data were also
used in the study. They collected from books, magazines, journals and prior
study under sources of data.
Sample procedure and size
In the study primary data is collected from the women employees. 100
samples were selected for the study. In the selection of respondents
convenient sampling method is used.

Area of study
The area of study conducted with in Erode district. The analysis of
investment pattern is conducted with reference to women employees in
Erode district.
16

Statistical tools used in the study

The following statistical tools are used in the study for the purpose of
analysis.
Percentage of analysis
Chi- square analysis
F- Test
LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
1) The data was collected from working women employees of selected
public and private sector organizations and officers.
2) Some of the respondents where not willing to divulge information
about their income, savings and investments.
3) Investment trend is a dynamic process; various hidden variables are
involved in their investments.
4) The investing population is numerous with a small sample of hundred
respondents the study cannot give a realistic trend.
5) The analysis of the present study has been carried out based on the
information collected from the respondents who are residency
Erode district alone.
6) The study would give certain finding for the present investing
community alone and not for the future investing community. Because
there may be a change in government policies, economic conditions,
change in taste and preference of investors, change in external
factors,etc.

17

CHAPTER SCHEME
The first chapter deals with Introduction, Need of Investment,
Investment Media, Classification of Investment, Women Investor,
Statement of The Study, Objectives of The Study, Methodology,
Sampling Design and Limitation of The Study.
The second chapter describes the Review of The Literature
The third of the Profile of The District
The forth chapter Data Analysis and Interpretation of The Study
The final chapter entitles Summary of Findings, Suggestions and
Conclusion.

18

CHAPTER-II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Finance is the life blood of business in any productive sphere and its
vital need is doubly realized where it is lacking as in the case of industries.
The importance of finance in this field is as fundamental as elsewhere.
Among the general government models adopted in India HarrodDomar model considered the rate of saving as a variable institutionally;
hence, small units might be favoured as providing larger savings by touching
savers. who would otherwise board or consume, in short the potential of
small firms is to be taken note of in providing a channel to saving that would
otherwise remain unutilized. Otherwise, however it is pointed out that
Harrod- Domar suggested de- emphasis on the small- sector.
R.K.Gupta1 CEO, Taurus mutual fund says Now the time has come
for the mutual fund industry to address the problem of size and its impact on
the investors. The Indian mutual fund industry is tightly regulated by the
SEBI. Many short comings faced by the industry in adhering to these
regulations are being regularly discussed by the top management or SEBI
with the captains of industry directly as well as through the association of
mutual funds in India (AMFI). The industry has also realized that managing
the others, money is more risky, and therefore, they have to be vigilant in
their operations. The industry is so sensitive that the media and other
19

competitors can exploit wrong action of even the junior staff of a fund. The
main challenge before the industry is how to attract retail investors, who are
the backbone and provide stability for the growth of the mutual fund
industry. The SEBI chairman has also expressed his concern on many
occasions on this issue. The percentage or retail investors in the overall
assets under management of the mutual fund industry are reducing. SEBI,
time and again is emphasizing that mutual fund instruments are meant for
retail investors. However, looking at the present scenario, the situation is
unlikely to improve in the near future, unless it is critically analyzed and
addressed by the regulator and various players,
According to R.Swami Nathan head, sales and distribution, can bank
investment management services limited, there is no doubt mutual funds
are have to say. The challenges are formidable, but they can be overcome.
The government and regulators with tax sops and investor, protection
guideline nurture the industry. Now it is also the responsibility of the
industry members to spread across the country for development, to ensure
consistent growth in numbers as well as the much sought after AUM.
Sanjay sinha fund manager, UTI mutual fund, express his view, as
corporate profit and liquidity will primarily drive markets in March 2005
corporate results were very good. A recent study by a broking firm pointed
out that the composite Eps or the sensex company was between 563 and 570.
This gave a price- earning multiple of less than 26 at the peak of 8500.
Makers still holds a lot of value even at these levels. FIIs inflows will
continue to provide more liquidity. The appreciation of the rupee is adding
comfort. There is also the concern of asset bubble taking place. But this will
20

happen only if the growth of profit is not able to keep pace with the rise in
the markets. This is not visible at this point of time. Investors may allocate
40 percent for equity, based on their risk appetite.
Amid Chandra joint MD, DSP Merrill Lynch limited, says, in 2006
the Indian market will be driven a lot more by investment demand than
consumption demand. The big story will be impact of increasing, corporate
capex, due to rising capacity utilization and the need to accelerate
infrastructure spends across sectors. We accept a sharp rise of over 60% in
infrastructure spend across sectors. Annual spending could hit $25 billion a
year over the next three years and the impact of a at will be felt at a macro
level and in the stock markets, he adds. Talking about sectors, Chandra is of
the opinion that the pharma and textile sectors will be carefully watched in
2006- for the impact of major changes (adoption of patent laws and removal
of quota system) in the regulatory environment on these sectors.
Gagan Bange Director, Indian Bulls, expressed that at a time when the
sensex is ruling at 6500 levels, it is still at a moderate PE levels, Feels
Banga, reaction. If the industry is able to sustain a 25 percent growth rate,
FII inflows will surely continue. I also sense that the government is trying
to address the fiscal deficit situation. Progress needs to be made on
managing fiscal deficit with infrastructure development and industrial
growth. If we have progress on these fronts markets will continue to buy the
Indian story he said, talking about valuation Banga feels that valuation in
some stocks are stretched. That will always happen in a dull market
scenario. But we have new sectors emerging with many companies reporting
robust growth. I sense that stock- specific positive momentum will continue.
21

Says Banga who, as a firm believer in fundamentals. Recommends

splitting the portfolio allocations into sectors like steel, infrastructure,
construction, retail, financial services and some of if in cement, FMCG and
IT.
S.A. Narayan managing director, Kotak securities said that forecast
equities at the very conservative levels will gives a return between 15 and 20
percent, in case of debt, even in the best scenario; it may be possible to get
more then 6 percent. This may not give any real returns. (After factoring
inflation 6-7 percent) even on international comparison, equities look good,
fundamental factors favour investment in equities. Bullion is also good and
will give returns. However, problems of strong handlings safety remain a
concern for retail investor, strategy allocates and stay invested. Dont get
carried away by daily fluctuation Look at portfolio allocation. Take advice of
professionals if required Follow a systematic investment plans approach to
spread risks.
In India unfortunately not many investors at bullion as an investment
India consumers buy about 20 percentage of the global gold supply every
year. This works out to about Rs.40, 000 crore, bulk of which is in the form
of jewellery about Rs.6000 crore is held in physical bars and coins form.
According to Sanjeev Agarwal managing director, Indian
subcontinent, world gold council, who is of the view that this category of
holders of bars and coins is on the increase and would continue to do so.
Agarwal for one justifies the investment, gold is the only universal asset
with no geographic religious (or) socio- economy boundaries, any
22

government (or) industry does not influence its performance and prices and
it acts a currency and inflation and inflation hedge. And above all if does not
have a strong or liquidity problem. If has an adornment value and gets
translated into a financial asset as a last resort.
H.S.Kaplan has stated that small units have inadequate accounting and
hardly any in sight into their own financial positions. The cost of keeping
track for small loans and investment in such concerns is pretty high. Hence
industries are unable to secure the correct type of finance from commercial
banks and other institutions.
H.S.Pareek in his analysis of the problems of 181 small scale units in
Rajasthan, has reviewed financial problems in particular. The study has
established an attitudinal indifference on the part of financial institutions to
cater to the financial requirements of the small units.
Grewal and navjot Grewal S.S., 1 Stated that the art of successful
investments rests on the foundation of certain basic principles, which
generally hold good for all times and places. Moreover these principles are
also readily applicable to all types of investment media whether it is real
estate, shares, government securities, bonds, gold, silver, jewellary or
collectibles like paintings stamps and antiques.
Anatar murad2 stated that investment is an essential requirement for
full employment and the key to priority in a capitalist economy. This is so
widely and generally recognized by all economy schools and sects that it
may be regarded as an axiom of modern economics. Not only net investment

23

but also an increasing rate of net investment is necessary to assure continued

full employment.
Kapil Malhotra3 in his article on getting an early grip argues that
the investor must look for the three major factors in any scheme.
Safety of the fund over a period
The funds expertise and track records
Likely requirements of the child in whose name the investment
are made
The safety of the fund is critical since the nature of its investment will
determine the returns and protection for the investors.
Amling Fredric4 stated that investment is the employment of funds
with the aim of achieving additional income or growth in value. The
essential quality of investment is tat it involves waiting for a reward.
There are a number of investment possibilities that prospective investor can
think of.
Ram.k. piparaya5 stated that to earn money is difficult. But to save
money is still more difficult. How much you save depends up on your
profession, and up on years personal factors very often, there is very little
you can do about either your profession or the various personal factors.
However,if you manage to save even more money for you. A prudent
investment of saving can gradually help you to create another source of
income for your self besides your profession.

24

Bhalla v.k. and Tuteja6 stated that investing has been an activity
confined to the rich and business class in the past. This can be attributed to
the fact that availability of invest able funds is a pre- requisite to deployment
of funds. But today, we find that investment has become a household word
and is very popular with people from all walks of like.
Timothy E. Johnson 7 stated that investors objective is to obtain the
highest possible total rate of return at the highest acceptable level of risk.
The individual may not have the financial stability, psychological make up
or knowledge and experience to with stand increased risk. In such a case
increased risk may lead to financial disasters.
Timothy E. Johnson8 investment principles prentice hall inc. Engle
wood drifts N.J. Stated that individuals differ greatly in their circumstances.
Therefore, a financial programmed well suited to one individual may be
inappropriate for another. An analysis of an individuals investment situation
requires a study of his or her personal characteristics, such as age health
conditions, personal habits, martial status, business or professional situation
and tax status all of which affect a willingness to assume risk.
Vivan mehra9 in his article quoted the need for investor plan.
India has no `social security` net
Off spring- support is getting fly
Like expectancy is increasing
Medical costs are rising
Career-spans and shortening

25

 Inflation could erode savings

Umesh Goswami chairman of ICICI bank procedly said, we have so
many talented people of which many happen to be women this proves that
employment of women which helps them to become a good investors.
Kiram mazumdar Shaw chairman and M.D Biocon India she said that
they have attracted many women for good administration. This proves an
increased in the numbers of women at the workplace to help earn, save and
invest.
S.Edwin Christopher10, Here, the investor should be well aware that
even through these investments would appreciate their investment value, it
would be very minimal when compared to the other investment avenues
available. It is therefore, said that higher the risk in investment, higher the
returns and less the risk to the invested amount, less is the returns on that
investment.

26

REFERENCE
1. Successful stock market investing, vision book Pvt. Ltd., 1987,
P.no.15.
2. The post Keynesian economics Kenneth k. Kurichara, 1975, P.no.227.
3. Kapil malhotra Getting an early gripTheweek-journal, volno.2,
no.8,january27, 2002 page no.48.
4. The Investment, prentice Hall, Englewood cliffts N.J.1978, P.no.20.
5. Successful stock market investing, vision book Pvt. Ltd., 1987
P.no.15.
6. The paradox of money, Aridhi Investment consultant (P) Ltd, 1979,
P.no.
7. Investment management, S.K.S. chand and company Ltd, 1994,
P.no.10.
8. Investment principles prentice hall inc. Englewood cliffs N.J.1983.
9. Retiring unhurt, Business today journal. July7, 20002, P.no.99.
10.International journal of business management, Economics and
information technology vol.3, 1, January- Jun 2011: 1-5.

27

CHAPTER-III
PROFILE OF THE ERODE DISTRICT
LOCATION
Erode ([iro]) is a city, a municipal corporation and the headquarters
of Erode district in the South Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It is situated at the
center of the South Indian Peninsula, about 400 kilometres (249 mi) southwest
of the state capital Chennai and about 80 kilometres (50 mi) east of
Coimbatore on the banks of the river Kaveri. It is well known for hand loom,
power loom textile products and ready made garments. It is referred to as
'loom city' or 'turmeric city'.
GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES
s of 2001, the Indian census recorded a population of 156,953. Males
constituted 51 per cent of the population and females 49 per cent. The
average literacy rate of 88.39 per cent was higher than the national average
of 75.06 per cent. Male literacy was 93.18 per cent and female literacy was
83.65 per cent. In Erode, 9 per cent of the population was under 6 years of
age.[1] The provisional figures of the 2011 the Indian census indicate that
Erode had a population of 706,529 with 186,637 households

28

CLAMATIC CONDITIONS AND RAINFALL

Erode District comes under the North western agro climatic zone
(Excluding Trichengode Taluk) of Tamil Nadu. It is situated in the dividing
portion of two water sheds between Cauvery and Vellar system.
Tiruchengode Taluk alone is placed under western agro climatic zone.
Erode district experiences semi and tropical climate wherein four
distinct seasons are experienced. The maximum temperature ranges from
280 to 400C and the minimum from 140 to 260C. During January and
February lowest temperatures are recorded while maximum temperature
recorded during April-may.
Annual Normal rainfall (Normal means average of 75 years rainfall) of
the district is 784.10mm. Nearly 80% of the tot rainfall is received during
the southwest (June to September) and Northeast (October to December)
monsoon period. The table below shows the month wise normal and actual
rainfall of the district for the year 2008-09 (June 08 to May 2009).
LAND USE PATTERN
For the year 2008-09 the net area sown is 1, 66,510 Hectares which is
50% of the Total geographical area of the district. Forest area accounted for
13% of the Total area Barren and uncultivable land comes to 7% land put to
non agricultural uses are 12% permanent pastures and other grazing land
worked out to 2%. Land under miscellaneous tree crops accounts to 1%. The
current fallows and other lands are 12% and 3% respectively. Table 3.1
below shows the land use pattern for the year 2008-09.
29

TABLE 3.1
LAND USE PATTERN IN ERODE DISTRICT FOR THE YEAR
UPTO 2008 -09
S.no
1
2
3
4
5

Classification
Forest
Bareen and Uncultivable
Land put to Non-Agricultural uses
Cultivable Waste
Permanent pastures and other

Grazing Land
Land under miscellaneous tree crops

7
8
9
10

not included in net area sown

Current fallows
Other fallows land
Nett area sown
Geographical area according to

11
12

village papers
Total cropped area
Area sown more than once

Area in hectors
43909
24743
38308
4861
6664

%
13%
7%
11%
1%
2%

63858

1%

38406
9077
166510
10336335

11%
3%
50%
100%

19849
31960

IRRIGATION
e sub-soil in most parts of the district being sandy and surface soil thin
and of poor quality, the farmers have to depend heavily on irrigation
facilities. The uncertain aspects of North-Eastern monsoon and not too
favorable contribution from the South-West monsoon make the plight of
local agriculturists miserable. The chief sources of irrigation in the district
are the canals and wells and these constitute the main stay of the farmers.
As noted earlier, the main sources of irrigation are the canals and wells.
Canals under various irrigation projects together help to irrigate about
30

98,805 hectares of land while the wells irrigated 68,570 hectares. Area
irrigated by tanks and springs and channels are negligible. The net area
irrigated under various sources together constitute 58.9% area irrigated to
total area sown in the district. The net area irrigated in the district totals to
209,432 hectares.
Rivers in the western ghats and fed mostly by the south-west monsoon are
the chief sources of irrigation in the district. These rivers are Cauvery and
Noyyal. Apart from these main rivers, there are a few uncertain jungle
streams which also contribute towards better irrigation and drainage in a
small way. The main irrigation projects of consequence in the district is the
Lower Bhavani project.

the district

The completion of Lower Bhavani

project under First-Five-year Plan has boosted the irrigation resources

considerably.
Industries and Trade:
In the Industrial map of Tamil Nadu, Erode district has a place of unique
importance with

40.32

percent of population depending on non-

agricultural sector.

Industries and trade naturally occupy a place of

prominence in the economy of the district. Industries that flourished in early

days in the area were handloom weaving, carpet manufacturing, cart
manufacturing, oil-pressing, brass vessel manufacturing etc. Though these
industries flourished well in the early days, the advent of modern times
changed the fate of some of these well established ancient industries.
However, the industry still survives here and load carrying carts are still
manufactured. Similarly, Bhavani which was noted the world over for its
very beautiful carpets, has shrunk into insignificance and the industry is
31

almost non-existent now. Bhavani, Erode and Gobichettipalayam contribute

to occupy important place in the field of oil-pressing. The industry which
has been able to totally withstand the on slaught of modernisation has been
the handloom weaving. Erode, Chennimalai etc. still hold their way and the
district is noted for its handloom products, which include cotton sarees, bedspreads, towels, furnishing fabrics etc. Two other important production
centers are Bhavani and Jambai.
The cotton textile industry in Coimbatore and handloom industry in Erode
district have encouraged the growth of various ancillary industries to meet
the needs of the textile mills. Chennimalai, Erode, Gobichettipalayam etc.,
are important centres where cotton ginning is carried on a large scale. There
are also important dying works in Erode, Chennimalai and Bhavani. A
number of factories engaged in cotton fabric printing are functioning in
Erode.
Rice milling is yet another industry which has been able to hold its own.
Erode, Bhavani and Perundurai are the centers where a number of rice mills
are flourishing. These mills carry on lucrative trade in the west coast. A
number of lorries carrying boiled rice ply between the centers and the
delivery point in Kerala. There are a number of leather tanneries in Erode
area. Large quantities of leather are brought here for tanning and later
exported to foreign countries.
The Government has also come forward to provide incentives to small
enterprenuers. Industrial estates have been set up at Erode and other places
where full facilities are offered to small industrialists. Small units have been

32

set up here for the manufacture of steel furniture, nuller screen, etc. There is
also a unit at Erode for the manufacture of bolts and nuts and screws.
Both manufactured items as well as agriculture commodities are included
in the trade items. Major items of export from the District are handloom
products, dairy products, raw cotton, rice etc. While the items brought are
mostly oil-seeds, coal etc. A large number of lorries, carrying various items
into and from the district ply day in and day out and no detailed statistics are
available regarding the flow of trade from and to the district.
Education and Health
In the field of education also, Erode District has recorded remarkable
achievement. There are a number of well established schools and colleges
preparing students for the usual degree and post-graduate degree courses in
various branches of science and humanities. Apart from these institutions,
there are a number of Polytechnic and other institutions which provide
technical education.
Medical facilities are provided by the District Headquarters Hospital at
Erode and taluk hospitals at each taluk headquarters. Public health activities
are guided and supervised by the District Health Officers Erode and Joint
Director of Medicals at Erode. There is a Medical College at Perundurai run
by the Road Transport Corporation. There are 74 Primary Health Centres
under the control of District Health Officer at Erode. These institutions
provide succor to the suffering people. 277 Primary Health Sub-centres
under the control of District Health Officer at Erode.
FEATURES OF POPULATION
33

As per 2001 causes the total population of the district is 14, 93,462 out
of which 759551 are males and 733911 are females.
RURAL AND URBAN POPULTION
Nearly 948230 persons are living in rural areas which accounts for
63.5% of the total population, and 545232 persons are living in urban areas
i.e. 36.5% of the total population.
AREA UNDER PRINCIPAL CROPS CULTIVATED
Principal crops cultivated in Erode District are paddy, Cholam,
Groundnut, cotton, sugarcane, Tapioca, Onion and pulses. Table-3.2 below
shows the area and production of principal crops.
AREA AND PRODUCTION OF PRINCIPLE CROPS
S.no
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

Name of the crop

Area Cultivated (in Hec.)

Production in

15223
16407
42196
3160
21079
25519
2296
2121
4338

Matric Tonnes
55654
15898
66712
1333
2929981
1230500
27014
12978
2646

Paddy
Cholam
Groundnut
Cotton
Sugarcane
Tapiaco
Onion
Turmeric
pulses

ANIMAL HUSBANDARY AND FISHERIES

34

As per the 17th Quinquinnial Livestock census the total cattle

population for the districts is 396064, sheep 140233 and goat is 378885.
Nearly 600 poultry forms functioning in this district having 2.5 crore birds
producing 1.25 crore eggs per day. Since it produces major share of eggs in
the state and sent to all over the country and also, outside the country.
Therefore Erode is called Egg city. Nearly one lakh people getting
employment directly and indirectly from this poultry forms. No inland and
marine Fishing Centers in Erode District.
MINING & FORESTRY BASED ACTIVITIES
Bauxite, Limestone, Quartz and Feldspar are the major minerals taken
from the mining units in the district. Nearly 116226 M.T. of Bauxite, 26312
MTs of Limestone and 89601 MTs of granite taken up during the year 200809 Nearly 13%of the total Geographical area is under reserve forest which is
in Kolli Hills block. Eucalyptus, Bamboos, silver ock is the major trees
growing in the forest area.

TABLE 3.3
BASIC CHARACTERISTICS
Particulars

Erode District

Tamil Nadu

% share in

Area (Sq.Kms.)
Population (Lakh

3,363
14.96

1,30,058
6,24,05,679

the state
2.22
1.75

persons)
Forest (Hecs.)

47,196

22,86,444

4.54

35

Coastal line (Kms.)

Literates
% of Labor force
Workforce

Nil
67.66%
41.12%
37.21%

1076
73.47%
44.78%
49.56%

X
X
X
X

dependent on Agri.

TOP 10 INDUSTRIES- SUITABLE FOR THE DISTRICT

Name of the

Suggested

Total

Suitable Blocks

product
Poultry based

capacity
250 MT.

investment
Rs.25 Lakh

Erode & Rasipuram

products
Cold storages
Fruit &

200 MT
1200 MT /P.a

Rs.1 crore
Rs.50 Lakh

Rasipuram & Erode

All the blocks in the

vegetable

District

process
Dehydrated

100 MT /P.a.

Rs.50 Lakh

Erode

vegetable
Garlic

200 MT / P.a

Rs.46 Lakh

Rasipuram

pastel/powder
Tomato products

10 MT / P.a.

Rs.15 Lakh

All the blocks in the

Tamarind starch

15 MT / P.a.

Rs.25 Lakh

District
Paramathi

& powder
Essential oil
Neem based

50 MT / P.a.
200 MT.

Rs.70 Lakh
Rs.15 Lakh

Rasipuram & Erode

Rasipuram, Erode &

products

Tiruchengode

THE LIST OF INDUSTRIES, WHICH HAVE SCOPE IN ERODE

DISTRICT
36

 Activated carbon from paddy husk.

Groundnut oil extraction.
Cotton seed oil extraction.
Coconut oil extraction.
Coconut shell powder.
Instant food mixes
Cereal flour.
Bakery products like biscuits, bun etc.
Mango pickle/chutney/squash.
Extruded snack foods.
Sugar candy.
Silk cotton beds and pillows.
Screen-printing on cloth.
Country Bricks.
Wooden furniture.
Packing material and wooden cases.
Saw Mill.
Poultry farm.
TV and Radio repairing Centre.
Poultry Feed.
Cattle feed.
Cleaning powder.
Wetting and sizing agents.

37

 Injection molded plastic items for domestic and industrial

uses.
Cotton pressing units.
Cotton yarn spinning.
Cotton ginning.
Cotton beds.
Pillows and mattresses.
Winding warping dyeing and bleaching of cotton yarn.
Terry Towel.
Braided cords. Tapes and ropes.
Leather bags, purses, belt etc.
Bolt and Nuts.
Small springs.
Aluminum implements.48. Small springs.
Automobile repairing and servicing.
Cycle seat covers.
Small transformers.
OVERALL SCENARIO AFTER 5 YEARS
S.no

classificatio

n
Food based

2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13

688

757

832

916

201
3-14
1007

CATEGORY WISE NUMBER OF WORKERS

S.no

Category

Total

Male
38

Female

of workers
Main

171838

95385

76453

22.29

cultivators
Main

222900

102783

120117

28.91

laborers
Marginal

6879

2495

4384

9.59

cultivators
Marginal

42859

13488

29371

59.78

agricultural

agricultural
laborers
EMERGING ACTIVITIES
Food processing.
Cattle feed.
Milk products.
The best way to reach Erode is by road. The nearby cities are Salem (48
km), Erode, Tiruchirapalli. Chennai is 380 km away from Erode and is well
connected by rail and roads. The nearest airport is in Tiruchirapalli(74 km).
Erode finds a place of importance in the map of India because of its
Lorry body building industry, a unique feature of the town. More than 150
Lorry body building work shops and with a number of subsidiary industries of
auto body works are operating since 1960s. There are Lorries and, Trailors
and L.P.G. Tanker Lorries are in Erode district. Therefore it is called as
Transport City. Erode is the major producer of Egg in Southern Region.
Hence, called as Egg City.
39

40

CHAPTER-IV
DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATIONS
Chi-square test is applied to test the goodness of fit to verify the
distribution of observed data with assumed theoretical distribution. It is a
measure to study the divergence of actual and expected frequencies. Karl
pearsons has developed a method to test the difference between the
theoretical value (hypothesis) and the observed value.
For the purpose of the study, an questionnaire was prepared to study
the problem and data were collected from women employees and these data
were analyzed systematically and presented in the following pages.
This chapter consist of two sections viz. Section A and B.
The presents statistical analysis
Chi-square analysis.
F-test.

Chi- square analysis

If there is no difference between the actual and expected frequencies 2
is zero. Thus, the chi-square test describes the discrepancy between theory
and observation observation.

41

he 2 may be defined as 2

(Oi E i ) 2
E
i

O = Observed frequencies
E = Expected frequencies
F- Test
The F test named in honour of the great satisfaction R. A. Fisher.
The objective of the F-test is to find out whether the two independent
estimates of population variance differ significance or whether the two
samples may be regarded as drawn from the normal populations having
same variances. We calculate the ratio F.
F is defined as
S1 2
F=
S2 2

42

SECTION A
ANALYSIS OF DATA RELATING TO WOMEN EMPLOYEES
This section deals with the data which were collected from employees by
using questionnaire method. The data so collected were systematically
processed and presented in tables which provides for descriptive analysis.

TABLE-4.1
TABLE SHOWING AGE GROUP OF THE RESPONDENTS
S.no

Age group

Number

(%)

21-30

150

75

31-40

34

17

41-50

14

2
200

1
100

Above 50
Total
Source: primary data

Table 4.1 CHART the age group of sample respondents. It is found that
among the respondents 75% are in the age group of 21-30 years, 17% are in
the age group of 31-40 years, 7% are in the age group of 41-50 years, and
1% are in the age group of above 50 years.
It is interred that majority of the sample respondents are in the age
group of 21-30 years

43

CHART-1

44

TABLE- 4.2
TABLE SHOWING MARITAL STATUS OF THE RESPONDENTS
S.no
A
B

Marital status
Married
unmarried

Total
Source: primary data

Number
84

(%)
42

116
200

58
100

The above table 4.2 shows that out of total respondents taken for the
study, 58% of the respondents are unmarried, and 42% of the respondents
are married.
Majority of the respondents are unmarried.

CHART-2
45

TABLE- 4.3
46

TABLE SHOWING FAMILY SIZE OF THE RESPONDENTS

S.no
A

Family size
Upto2

Number
20

(%)
10

3-5

150

75

Above 5

30
200

15
100

Total
Source: primary data

The above table 4.3 shows that out of total respondents taken for study.
75% of their family size is 3-5, 15% of their family is above 5, 10% of their
family size is upto2.
Majority of the respondents have a family size of 3-5 members.

EXIHIBIT-3

47

48

TABLE- 4.4
TABLE SHOWING EDUCATIONAL LEVEL OF THE
RESPONDENTS
S.no
A

Educational qualification
Schooling

Number
14

(%)
7

Graduate

50

25

Post graduate

104

52

Professional

32

16

200

100

Total
Source: primary data

It is clear from the above table 4.4 shows that out of total
respondents taken for study, 52% of the respondents are qualified with post
graduate, 25% of the respondents posses under graduate, 16% are qualified
with professional degree, and 7% of the school level.
It is inferred that majority of the respondents have their post graduate.

49

CHART-4

50

51

TABLE -4.5

52

TABLE SHOWING OCCUPATIONAL STATUS OF THE

RESPONDENTS
S.no
A

Occupation
Employed in government sector

Number
50

(%)
25

Employed in private sector

82

41

Profession

28

14

others

40
200

20
100

Total
Source: primary data

It is known from the above table 4.5 of the total respondents taken for
study, 41% of the respondents are employed in private sector, 25% of them
are employed in government sector, 20% of them are in others, and 14% of
them are profession.
It is inferred that majority of the respondents belong to employed in
private sector.

53

CHART-5

54

55

TABLE- 4.6
TABLE SHOWING MONTHLY SALARY OR INCOME OF THE
RESPONDENTS
S.no
A

Monthly salary
Upto-5000

Number
28

(%)
14

5001-10000

66

33

10000-20000

70

35

36
200

18
100

Above 20000
Total
Source: primary data

The above table 4.6 shows that out of total respondents taken for
study, 35% of their income level lay Between Rs.10000-20000, 33% of
their income level is between Rs. 5001-10000, 18% of their income level
is between above Rs.20000, 14% of their income level is upto-Rs.5000.
The income level for majority of respondents is found to be
between Rs.10000-20000.

56

CHART-6

57

58

TABLE -4.7

59

TABLE SHOWING SALARY SATISFACTION OF THE

RESPONDENTS
S.no
A

Salary satisfaction
Yes

Number
122

(%)
66

No
Total

68
100

34
100

Source: primary data

The above table 4.7 shows that out of total respondents taken for
study. 66% of the respondents salary are satisfied, 34% of the
respondents unsatisfied of the salary.
Majority of the respondents are satisfied on the salary.

CHART-7

60

TABLE- 4.8

61

TABLE SHOWING INVESTMENT INFORMATION SOURCE OF

THE RESPONDENTS
S.no

Investment information

Number

(%)

sources
Advertisement

36

18

Share brokers

12

Friends and relatives

84

42

68
100

34
100

Family members
Total
Source: primary data

The above table 4.8 indicates that out of total respondents taken for
study. 42% of the respondents are aware of investment information through
friends and relatives, 34% are aware through their family members,18% are
aware through advertisement, 6% of them are aware through share brokers.
Majority of the respondents are aware of investment information
through friends and relatives.

CHART-8

62

TABLE -4.9

63

TABLE SHOWING MONTHLY FORD EXPENSES OF THE

RESPONDENTS
S.no
A

Ford expenses
Below 500

Number
40

(%)
20

501-1000

76

38

1001-2000

48

24

36
200

18
100

Above 2000
Total
Source: primary data

Table 4.9CHART the monthly ford expenses of the respondents. It is

found that among the respondents 38% are in the 501-1000, 24% of the
respondents 1001-2000, 20% of the respondents are below 500, 18% of the
respondents are above 2000.
Hence, the majority of the sample respondents are in the monthly ford
expenses of 501-1000.

CHART-9

64

65

TABLE -4.10
TABLE SHOWING MONTHLY TRANSPORTATION EXPENSES
OF THE RESPONDENTS
S.no
A

Transports expenses
Below 500

Number
78

(%)
39

501-1000

80

40

1001-2000

36

18

6
200

3
100

Above 2000
Total
Source: primary data

Table showing 4.10 CHART the monthly transportation expenses of

the respondents. 40% of the respondents are 501-1000, 39% of the
respondents are below 500, 18% of the respondents are 1001-2000, 3% of
the respondents are above 2000.
Hence, majority of the sample respondents are in the monthly
transportation expenses of 501-1000.

66

CHART-10

67

68

TABLE -4.11
TABLE SHOWING MONTHLY MEDICAL EXPENSES OF THE
RESPONDENTS
S.no
A

Medical expenses
Below 500

Number
86

(%)
43

501-1000

86

43

1001-2000

16

Above 2000

12
200

6
100

Total
Source: primary data

It is known from the above table 4.11 of the total respondents taken
for study. 43% of the respondents both of below 500, and 501-1000, 8% of
the respondents are 1001-2000, 6% of the respondents are above 2000.
Hence, majority of the respondents belong to both below 500 and 5011000 the monthly medical expenses.

69

CHART-11

70

71

TABLE-4.12

72

TABLE SHOWING MONTHLY CHILDREN EDUCATION

EXPENSES OF THE RESPONDENTS
S.no
A

Children education expenses

Below 500

Number
16

(%)
8

501-1000

32

16

C
D

1001-2000

36

18

No expenses

116
200

58
100

Total
Source: primary data

It is known from the above table 4.12 of the total respondents taken
for study. 58% of the respondents are no expenses, 18% of the respondents
are 1001-2000, 16% of the respondents are 501-1000, 8% of the respondents
are below 500.
Hence, the majority of the respondents belong to the no expenses the
monthly children education expenses.

CHART-12

73

74

TABLE-4.13
TABLE SHOWING MONTHLY PERSONAL SHOPPING
EXPENSES OF THE RESPONDENTS
S.no
A

Personal shopping expenses

Below 500

Number
66

(%)
33

501-1000

76

38

1001-2000

50

25

No expenses

8
200

4
100

Total
Source: primary data

It is known from the above table 4.13 of the total respondents taken for
study. 38% of the respondents are 501-1000, 33% of the respondents are
below 500, 25% of the respondents are 1001-2000, 4% of the respondents
are no expenses.
Hence, majority of the respondents are in the monthly personal
shopping expenses of 501-1000.

75

CHART-13

76

77

TABLE- 4.14
TABLE SHOWING MONTHLY OTHER EXPENSES OF THE
RESPONDENTS
78

S.no
A

Other expenses
Below 500

Number
62

(%)
31

500-1000

86

43

1001-2000

50

25

2
200

1
100

No expenses
Total
Source: primary data

It is known from the above table 4.14 of the total respondents taken for
the study. 43% of the respondents are 500-1000, 31% of the respondents are
below 500, 25% of the respondents are 1001-2000, 1% of the respondents
are no expenses.
Hence, majority of the respondents are in the monthly other expense of
500-1000.

CHART-14

79

80

TABLE- 4.15
TABLE SHOWING YEARLY SAVINGS RANGE OF THE
RESPONDENTS
S.no
A
B

Yearly saving range

Below 25000
25000-50000

Above 50000
Total
Source: primary data

Number
100

(%)
50

70

35

30
200

15
100

It is known from the above table 4.15 of the total respondents taken for
the study. 50% of the respondents are below Rs.25000, 35% of the
respondents are between Rs.25000-50000, 15% of the respondents are above
Rs.50000.
Hence, majority of the respondents belong to the yearly savings range
of the below Rs.25000.

81

CHART-15

82

83

TABLE-4.16
TABLE SHOWING INVESTMENT DECISION OF THE
RESPONDENTS
84

S.no
A

Investment decision
Past experience

Number
62

(%)
31

Consulting spouse

38

19

Consulting experts(friends)

100

50

200

100

family members
Total
Source: primary data

It is known from the above table 4.16 of the total respondents taken for
study. 50% of the respondents are consulting experts (friends) family
members, 31% of the respondents are past experience, 19% of the
respondents are consulting spouse.
Hence, majority of the respondents belong to the investment decision
of the consulting experts (friends) family members.

CHART-16

85

86

TABLE-4.17
TABLE SHOWING TERM OF INVESTMENT OF THE
RESPONDENTS
S.no
A

Term of investment
Short term

Number
34

(%)
17

Medium term

114

57

Long term

52
200

26
100

Total
Source: primary data

It is known from the above table 4.17 of the total respondents taken for
the study. 57% of the respondents are medium term, 26% of the respondents
are long term, 17% of the respondents are short term.
Hence, majority of the respondents belong to the term of investment of
the medium term.

87

CHART-17

88

89

TABLE-4.18

90

TABLE SHOWING PERIOD OF INVESTMENT OF THE

RESPONDENTS
S.no
A

Period of investment
Every month

Number
100

(%)
50

Once in 6 month

60

30

Every year

34

17

6
200

3
100

Whenever surplus is available

Total
Source: primary data

It is known from the above table 4.18 of the total respondents taken for
the study. 50% of the respondents are every month, 30% of the respondents
are once in 6 month, 17% of the respondents are every year, and 37% of the
respondents are whenever surplus is available.
Hence, majority of the respondents belong to the period of investment
of the every month.

CHART-18

91

92

TABLE- 4.19
TABLE SHOWING INVESTMENT AMOUNT OF THE
RESPONDENTS
S.no
A

Investment amount
Below 20000

Number
84

(%)
42

20000-40000

70

35

40000-60000

30

15

16
200

8
100

Above 60000
Total
Source: primary data

It is known from the above table 4.19 of the total respondents taken
for study. 42% of the respondents are below 20000, 35% of the respondents
are 20000-40000, 15% of the respondents are 40000-60000, 8% of the
respondents are above 60000.
Hence, majority of the respondents belong to the investment amount
of the below 20000.

93

CHART-19

94

95

TABLE-4.20
TABLE SHOWING RETURNS OF INVESTMENT OF THE
RESPONDENTS
S.no
A

Returns of investment
Regular returns

Number
104

(%)
52

Capital appreciation

60

30

Both

36
200

18
100

Total
Source: primary data

It is known from the above table 4.20 of the total respondents for
study. 52% of the respondents are regular returns, 30% of the respondents
are capital appreciation, and 18% of the respondents are both.
Hence, majority of the respondents belong to the returns of investment
of the regular returns.

96

97

CHART-20

98

TABLE- 4.21
99

TABLE SHOWING THE RATE OF RETURNS OF INVESTMENT OF

THE RESPONDENTS
S.no
A

Rate of returns of investment

Less than 5%

Number
66

(%)
33

5%-10%

112

56

10%-20%

22
200

11
100

Total
Data Source: primary data

In the table 4.21 shows the respondents for rate of returns of

investment. 56% of the respondents are 5%-10%, 33% of the respondents
are less than 5%, 11% of the respondents are 10%-20%.
Hence, majority of the respondents 5% - 10% the rate of returns of
investment.

CHART-21

100

101

TABLE- 4.22
TABLE SHOWING THE INVESTMENT PATTERN OF THE
RESPONDENTS
S.no

Satisfaction of investment

Number

(%)

pattern
Yes

158

79

No
Total

42
200

21
100

Data Source: primary data

In the table 4.22 shows the respondents for investment pattern. 79%
of the respondents are accepted, 21% of the respondents are unaccepted.
Hence, majority of the respondents accepted the satisfaction of
investment pattern.

102

CHART-22

103

104

TABLE-4.23

105

TABLE SHOWING THE INCOME TAX PAYEESOF THE

RESPONDENTS
S.no

Income tax payees

Number

(%)

Yes

136

68

64
200

32
100

no
Total
Data Source: primary data

In the table 4.23 shows the respondents for income tax payees. 68% of
the respondents are accepted, 32% of the respondents are unaccepted.
Hence, majority of the respondents accepted the income tax payees.

CHART-23

106

107

TABLE-4.24
TABLE SHOWING THE SAVING FOR TAX PLANNING OF THE
RESPONDENTS
S.no
A

Savings for tax planning

Strongly agree

Number
60

(%)
30

Agree

100

50

Neither agree nor disagree

22

11

Disagree

12

6
200

3
100

Strongly disagree
Total
Data Source: primary data

In the table 4.24 shows the respondents for tax planning. 50 % of the
respondents are agree, 30% of the respondents are strongly agree, 11% of the
respondents are neither agree nor disagree, 6% of the respondents are
disagree, 3% of the respondents are strongly disagree.
Hence, majority of the respondents agreed savings for the tax
planning.

108

CHART-24

109

110

TABLE-4.25

111

TABLE SHOWING SAVINGS FOR CHILDREN EDUCATION OF

THE RESPONDENTS
S.no
A

Savings for tax planning

Strongly agree

Number
82

(%)
41

Agree

82

41

Neither agree nor disagree

12

Disagree

16

8
200

4
100

Strongly disagree
Total
Data Source: primary data

In the table 4.25 shows the respondents for children education. 41 %

of the respondents both are strongly agree and agree, 8% of the respondents
are disagree, 6% of the respondents are neither agree nor disagree, 4% of the
respondents are strongly disagree.
Hence, majority of the respondents both are strongly agree and agree
the children education.

CHART-25

112

113

TABLE-4.26
TABLE SHOWING THE SAVING FOR FUTURE PLANNING OF
THE RESPONDENTS
S.no
A

Savings for tax planning

Strongly agree

Number
104

(%)
52

Agree

68

34

Neither agree nor disagree

18

Disagree

4
200

2
100

Strongly disagree
Total
Data Source: primary data

In the table 4.26 shows the total respondents taken for study on
savings for future planning. 52% of the respondents are strongly agree, 34%
of the respondents are agree, 9% of the respondents are neither agree nor
disagree, 3% of the respondents are disagree, 2% of the respondents are
strongly disagree.
Hence, majority of the respondents strongly agree the savings for
future planning.

114

CHART-26

115

116

TABLE-4.27
TABLE SHOWING THE SAVINGS FOR DAUGHTERS MARRIAGE
OF THE RESPONDENTS
S.no
A

Savings for tax planning

Strongly agree

Number
80

(%)
40

Agree

68

34

Neither agree nor disagree

16

Disagree

28

14

8
200

4
100

Strongly disagree
Total
Data Source: primary data

In the table 4.27 shows the respondents for daughters marriage. 40 %

of the respondents are strongly agree, 34% of the respondents are agree,
14% of the respondents are disagree, 8% of the respondents are neither agree
nor disagree, 4% of the respondents are strongly disagree.
Hence, majority of the respondents strongly agree the savings for
daughters marriage.

117

CHART-27

118

119

TABLE-4.28
TABLE SHOWING THE MARITAL WEALTH OF THE
RESPONDENTS
S.no
A

Marital wealth
Strongly agree

Number
70

(%)
35

Agree

94

47

Neither agree nor disagree

18

Disagree

12

Strongly disagree
Total
Data Source: primary data

6
200

3
100

In the table 4.28 shows the respondents for marital wealth. 47% of the
respondents are agree, 35% of the respondents are strongly agree, 9% of the
respondents are neither agree nor disagree, 6% of the respondents are
disagree, 3% of the respondents are strongly disagree.
Hence, majority of the respondents agree the marital wealth.

120

121

CHART-28

122

TABLE-4.29
TABLE SHOWING THE RETIREMENT LIFE OF THE
RESPONDENTS
S.no
A

Retirement life
Strongly agree

Number
74

(%)
37

Agree

94

47

Neither agree nor disagree

18

Disagree

10

4
200

2
100

Strongly disagree
Total
Data Source: primary data

In the table 4.29 shows the respondents for retirement life. 47% of the
respondents are agree, 37% of the respondents are strongly agree, 9% of the
respondents are neither agree nor disagree, 5% of the respondents are
disagree, 2% of the respondents are strongly disagree.
Hence, majority of the respondents agree the retirement life.

123

CHART-29

124

125

SECTION-B
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
In this section, the data collected were analyzed using statistical using
statistical tools relevant to the study. Accordingly the following statistical
tools are used in this study.
1. Chi-square analysis.
2. F-test.

1. chi-square analysis
The chi-square test is a technique used to test independence of any
two attributes. In other words, it is used to test whether one characteristics
has significant influence over the other. For applying chi-square test, the
factors in this study are classified into two groups. The first group consists
of personal factors namely,
a. Age group of the respondents
b. Investment amount of the respondents
c. Monthly income level of the respondents
d. Occupational status of the respondents
126

e. Marital status of the respondents

f. Period of investment of the respondents

The second group consists of two factors namely

a. period of investment of the respondents
b. Occupational status of the respondents
Further the chi-square test is also applied between the factors of group
two and some of the study factors, namely
a. Period of investment of the respondents
b. Investment amount of the respondents
c. Occupational status of the respondents
d. Retirement life of the respondents
Each factor in the first group is associated with each factor in the
second group and also each factor in the second group is associated with
each study factor and chi-square tests were applied. The results are given
below one after another. All the tests were carried out at 5% level of
significant.

127

CHI-SQUARE ANALYSIS
TABLE-4.30
AGE AND INVESTMENT AMOUNT OF THE RESPONDENTS-TWO
WAY TABLE
Aim: To find out the relationship between age of the investment amounts of
the respondents
Ho: There is no relationship between ages of the investment amounts of the
respondents.
H1: There is a relationship between ages of the investment amounts of the
respondents.
Age
21-30

31-40

41-50

Above 50

Total

66

10

84

20000-40000

(63)
58

(14.3)
10

(5.9)
0

(0.84)
2

70

40000-60000

(52.3)
14

(11.9)
12

(4.9)
4

(0.7)
0

30

Above 60000

(22.5)
12

(5.1)
2

(2.1)
2

(0.30)
0

16

(12)
150

(2.7)
34

(1.1)
14

(0.20)
2

200

Investment
Amount
Below 20000

Total
Source: primary data
Degree of freedom

(R-1) (C-1) = (4-1) (4-1) = (3X3) = 9

128

Factor

Level of

Degree of

Table

Calculated

satisfaction

freedom

value

value

0.05

16.9

26.83132

Results

Age and
investment
amount

Rejected

Conclusion
The calculated value is 26.831 and the table value at the 5% level
of significance is 16.919. Hence calculated value is grater than the table
value, Hence Null hypothesis H0 is rejected. Hence there is no significant
relationship between age and investment amount of the respondents.

TABLE-4.31
129

INCOME AND OCCUPATION OF THE RESPONDENTSTWO WAY TABLE

Aim : To find out the relationship between income and occupation of the
respondents.
Ho

: There is no relationship between income and occupation of the

respondents.

H1

: There is a relationship between income and occupation of the

respondents
Income

Upto

5001-

10000-

Above

5000

10000

20000

20000

occupation
Employed in

10

12

22

government

(7)

(8.5)

(8.75)

(4.5)

sector
Employed in

44

34

82

private sector
Profession

(5.74)
0

(13.53)
10

(14.35)
16

(14.76)
2

28

Others

(3.92)
16

(9.24)
6

(9.8)
8

(5.1)
10

40

(5.6)
Total
28
Source: primary data

(13.2)
66

(14)
70

(7.2)
36

200

Degree of freedom
(R-1) (C-1) = (4-1) (4-1) = (3X3) = 9
130

Total

50

Factor

Level of

Degree of

Table

Calculated

satisfaction

freedom

value

value

0.05

16.9

47.71

Results

Income and
Occupation

Rejected

of the
respondents
Conclusion
From the above table 4.33 it informed the calculated value (47.71) is
more than the table value (16.9) so null hypothesis is Rejected. There is
relationship between occupation and monthly salary (or) income of the
respondents.

TABLE - 4.32
MARITAL STATUS AND PERIOD OF INVESTMENT OF THE
RESPONDENTS-TWO WAY TABLE

131

Aim : To find out relationship between marital status and period of

investment of the respondents
Ho

: There is no relationship between marital status and period of

investment of the respondents.

H1

: There is a relationship between the marital status and period of

investment of the respondents
Period of

Every

Investment

month

Once in 6 Every year

Whenever

month

Total

surplus is

Marital

available

status

Married

40

24

16

84

Unmarried

(21)
60

(12.6)
36

(7.14)
18

(1.26)
2

116

(29)
Total
100
Source: primary data

(17.4)
60

(9.86)
34

(1.74)
6

200

Degree of freedom:
(R-1) (C-1) = (2-1) (4-1) = (1X3) = 3

CHI-SQUARE TEST TABLE

Factor

Level of

Degree of

132

Table

Calculated

Results

satisfaction

freedom

value

value

0.05

7.81

2.118549

Marital
status and

Accepted

period of
investment
Conclusion
From the above table it informed the calculated value (2.118549) is
Less than the table value (7.81) so null hypothesis is Accepted. There is no
relationship between marital status and period of investment of the
respondents.

PERIOD OF INVESTMENT AND INVESTMENT AMOUNT

OF THE RESPONDENTS F-TEST

133

NULL HYPOTHESIS
There is no significant difference between period of investment and
investment amount of the respondents.
ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS
There is significant difference between period of investment and
investment amount of the respondents.
TABLE-4.33
PERIOD OF INVESTMENT AND INVESTMENT AMOUNT OF THE
RESPONDENTS
X1

X1 - x1

(X1 - x1)2

X2

X2 x2

100

50

2500

84

34

1156

60

10

100

70

20

400

34

-16

256

30

-20

400

6
200

-44

1936
4792

16
200

-34

1156
1156

134

(X2 x2)2

x1

200

x2

X1 =
n1

200

= 50 ; x2 =

n2

=50

(x1 - x1)2

(x2 x2)2

S1 1 =

; S22 =
n1 1

n2 - 1

4792

1156

4-1

4-1

S11 = 1597

S2 2 = 1037

Largest value
F=

S1
;

1597
=

Small value

S2

Degree of freedom
r1 =

n1 1

= 4-1

=3

r2 =

n2 1

= 4-1

=3

135

= 1.54
1037

At the 5% level of significance

Table value = 9.2766
F-TEST TABLE
Factor

Calculated

Table value

Results

value
Period of investment
and amount of the

1.54

9.2766

Accepted

respondents

Conclusion
From the above table 4.37 it informed that the calculated value (1.54)
is less than the table value (9.2766). So, Null hypothesis is accepted. There
is no relationship between period of investment and investment amount of
the respondents.

136

OCCUPATION AND RETIREMENT LIFE OF THE

RESPONDENTS-F-TEST
NULL HYPOTHESIS
There is no significant difference between occupation and retirement
life of the respondents.
ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS
There is significant difference between occupation and retirement life
of the respondents.
TABLE-4.34
OCCUPATION AND RETIREMENT LIFE OF THE RESPONDENTS

X1

X1 - x1

(X1 - x1)2

X2

X2 x2

(X2 x2)2

50

74

1156

289

82

32

1024

94

2916

729

28

-22

484

18

484

121

40

-10

100

10

900

225

1608

4
200

1296
6752

324
1688

200

137

x1

200

X1 =

=
n1

x2

200

= 50 ; x2 =

n2

=40

(x1 - x1)2

(x2 x2)2

S1 1 =

; S22 =
n1 1

536

n2 - 1

1688

1608

6752

4-1

5-1

S11 = 536

; S2 2 = 1688

Largest value

S2

F=

;
Small value

=
S1

Degree of freedom
r1 =

n1 1

= 4-1

=3

r2 =

n2 1

= 5-1

=4

138

1688
536

= 3.15

At the 5% level of significance

Table value = 9.1172
TABLE 4.35
F-TEST TABLE
Factor

Calculated

Table value

Results

9.1172

Accepted

value
Occupation and
retirement life of the

3.15

respondents
Conclusion
From the above table 4.39 it informed that the calculated value (3.15)
is less than the table value (9.1172). So, Null hypothesis is accepted. There
is no relationship between Occupation and retirement life of the respondents

139

CHAPTER-V
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, SUGGESTIONS AND CONCLUSION
There are many Investments are available. So, the Investment decision
of women employees is very careful. Because, the future is uncertain of the
nature.
This chapter has been assigned to recapitulate the key findings of the
study and to offer suitable suggestions to the women employees.
The major findings are,
1. The majority of the respondents (75%) are in the age group of 21-30
years.
2. The majority of the respondents (58%) are unmarried in the marital
status.
3. The majority of the respondents (75%) have 3-5 members in the age
group of the Respondents in family size.
4. The majority of the respondents (52%) are post graduate in the
educational status of the respondents.
5. The majority of the respondents (41%) are employed in the private
sector in the group of the respondents occupational status.
6. The majority of the respondents (35%) earn up to Rs.10000-20000 per
month in the monthly income group of the respondents.
7. The majority of the respondents (66%) satisfied with their salary.

140

8. The majority of the respondents (42%) are collecting information

friends and relatives.
9. The majority of the respondents (38%) are coming under the category
501-1000 spends for ford expenses.
10. The majority of the respondents (40%) spend 501-1000 for
Transportation expenses.
11. The majority of the respondents (43%) spend 501-1000 for medical
expenses.
12. The majority of the respondents (58%) spend no expenses their
children education expenses. Because majority of the respondents are
unmarried.
13. The majority of the respondents (38%) they spend 501-1000 for their
personal shopping expenses.
14. The majority of the respondents (43%) they spend 500-1000 for their
other expenses per month from their salary.
15. The majority of the respondents (50%) savings range is below 25000
for their yearly savings.
16. The majority of the respondents (50%) take decision about their
investment by consulting with the experts (friends) family members.
17. The majority of the respondents (57%) mostly prefer medium term
investment.
18. The majority of the respondents (50%) are investing every month.
19. The majority of the respondents (42%) yearly investment amount
below 20000.
20. The majority of the respondents (52%) prefer regular returns of the
investment made by them.

141

21. The majority of the respondents (56%) are getting 5%-10% return
from their investment.
22. The majority of the respondents (79%) are satisfied their investment
pattern.
23. The majority of the respondents (68%) are paying income tax to the
government.
24. The majority of the respondents (50%) agree the opinion that savings
is for the future planning.
25. The majorities of the respondents (41%) strongly agree and agree the
opinion that the savings is for children education.
26. The majority of the respondents (52%) strongly agree the opinion that
savings is for future planning.
27. The majority of the respondents (40%) strongly agree that perception
towards savings is for daughters marriage.
28. The majority of the respondents (47%) agree that perception towards
savings is for marital wealth.
29. The majority of the respondents (47%) agree that perception towards
savings is for maintaining retirement life.

142

Chi-square findings
1. There is significant relationship between age and investment amount
of the respondents.
2. There is relationship between occupation and monthly salary (or)
income of the respondents.
3. There is no relationship between marital status and period of
investment of the respondents.
F-Test
1. There is no relationship between period of investment and investment
amount of the respondents
2. There is no relationship between occupation and retirement life of the
respondents.

143

SUGGESTIONS
Investments can be improved by women investors through proper
planning.
Future is uncertain. So women should try to save at least a mere
amount.
Inflation rate should be considered before making any investments.
If the women are ready to take risk they can invest their money in
Jwellery share and debentures that will earn greater rate of interest.
The govt should introduce some schemes for women to improve
saving habits among working women.
The employers should maintain a good relationship and they
motivate them for better utilization of their monthly salary.
The tax relaxation to women employees (upto 1,90,000 under the
income tax act 1961) is more as compared to men, inspite of this
most of them are paying income tax. So, they should be educated
to invest their excess money in proper way.
They are motivated to save the excess money for their future.

144

CONCLUTION
This study mainly deals with the investment pattern of women
employees. This study concludes that future is uncertain With this trend in
the spree, its very relevant to make an individual understand that one can
spend only if she has the capacity to earn, while its also required to make
them understand that savings and investment will enhance their capability to
spend.
They are also aware that no investment has its own risk. So, the
women employees should increase their savings and investment their money
in a profitable way through proper planning. This will help them for tax
purpose also. They will utilize that amount after their retirement.

145