Grammar to study at each CEF level

The table below shows you the grammar areas that you should be studying at each of the CEF levels:

http://www.examenglish.com/CEFR/cefr_grammar.htm
B1
Adverbs
Broader range of intensifiers such
as too, enough
Comparatives andsuperlatives
Complex question tags
Conditionals, 2nd and3rd
Connecting words expressing
cause and effect, contrast etc.
Future continuous
Modals - must/cant deduction
Modals might, may, will, probably
Modals should have/might have/etc
Modals: must/have to
Past continuous
Past perfect
Past simple
Past tense responses
Phrasal verbs, extended
Present perfect continuous
Present perfect/past simple
Reported speech(range of tenses)
Simple passive
Wh- questions in the past
Will and going to, for prediction

B2
Adjectives and adverbs
Future continuous
Future perfect
Future perfect continuous
Mixed conditionals
Modals cant have, neednt have
Modals of deduction and speculation
Narrative tenses
Passives
Past perfect

Past perfect continuous

Phrasal verbs, extended
Relative clauses
Reported speech
Will and going to, for prediction
Wish
Would expressing habits, in the past

C1
Futures (revision)
Inversion with negative adverbials
Mixed conditionals in past, present
and future
Modals in the past
Narrative tenses for experience,
incl. passive
Passive forms, all
Phrasal verbs, especially splitting
Wish/if only regrets

22. It's no use .... to him. He doesn't listen.

to speak
spoke
speaking

27. Not only ..... to London but she also visited many
other places in England.

she went
went she
did she go (emphasis)

29. Now remember, you ..... the test until the teacher
tells you to.
are not starting
are not to start
haven't started

30. ...She wasn't ...... to reach the ceiling.

tall enough
so tall
as tall

31. He was thought .... the disease in Hong Kong.

to catch
catching
to have caught

34. There's no point .... staying up all night if your exam

is tomorrow.
on
with
in

35. Rarely .... meat.

I eat
do I eat
I have eaten

2) Im looking the summer holidays.

a) before
b) forward

c) for
d) forward to

14) This beer tastes .

a) badly
b) lovely
c) well
d) normally

16) She knows that she to pay now.

a) had better
b) needn't
c) should
d) ought

20) They were hard questions that I had no chance.

a) so
b) some
c) such
d) quite

23) It's all right, we hurry. We have plenty of time.

a) mustn't
b) shouldn't
c) can't
d) needn't

24) You have a terrible fever! call a doctor?

a) Shall I
b) Do I

c) Must I
d) Will I

32) The loudspeakers won't work unless you those cables.

a) connected
b) connect
c) don't connect
d) can't connect

52) Somebody stole his wallet so he money from a friend.

a) lent
b) earned
c) borrowed
d) lended

64) I drink beer than wine.

a) would like more
b) prefer
c) had better
d) would rather

65) I gave her earrings for Christmas.

a) a pair of
b) a set of
c) two
d) a

67) She didn't want the job, .

a) however well paid was it
b) however well paid it was
c) for how good pay might it be
d) however good pay it was

68) He has been for armed robbery.

a) blamed
b) accused
c) charged
d) arrested

73) She's very beautiful but that kind of woman doesn't to me.
a) fancy
b) appeal
c) attract
d) turn on

74) The language school that I attend is 20 kilometres .

a) far
b) away
c) distance
d) long

80) If he hadn't drunk so much, he sick.

a) didn't feel
b) wouldn't feel
c) hadn't felt
d) hasn't felt

81) Maria has two sisters, but she doesn't speak to of them.
a) both
b) any
c) either
d) neither

85) Have you found a job ?

a) soon
b) still
c) longer
d) yet

88) Do you think I should move to Ireland? You shouldn't do anything you think it's the
right thing to do.
a) when
b) unless
c) in case
d) if

90) If she doesn't my sight at once, I'll scream!

a) go out from
b) go off
c) get away from
d) get out of

http://www.examenglish.com/FCE/fce_grammar.htm
Grammar by level
http://www.examenglish.com/CEFR/cefr_grammar.htm
Grammar with explanation
http://www.examenglish.com/grammar/b1_adverbs.htm

Vocabulary Topics
All the words in this section are in the Cambridge PET word list. These are the important words you need to know to
pass an exam.

http://www.examenglish.com/vocabulary/B1_vocabulary_topics.htm

Grammar Games
http://www.englishmedialab.com/GrammarGames/fling%20the%20teacher/conditionals/conditionals%20practice.html

3. He wouldn't be very happy if he _______ his daughter had been in trouble again.

Incorrect, 2nd

conditional
hear

'd heard

heard

4. We've been colleagues for ages. I _________ him since I first moved to London.

Incorrect, 'since' is

used with a perfect tense

have known

know

am knowing

2. I was rather put out when I heard my daughter's teacher _______ her run twenty times around the playground!
Incorrect, allow + 'to'

made

let

allowed

9. If you like modern art, you ______ really visit the new exhibition at the museum.

Incorrect

must

can

should

10. I'm sorry, I _________ to get to change that money for you, I was too busy.

Correct

couldn't

weren't able

didn't manage

23. I ______ Julia to tell her as soon as we arrive at the hotel.

Incorrect, use this form for scheduled

events
'll call

going to call

'm calling

24. You're so late! What __________________ you?

kept

was keeping

is keeping

Incorrect

27. I'm looking forward to my holiday! I _____ to spend the whole week on a boat!

Incorrect, 'will' is used

for more spontaneous decisions - this is a plan

'm going

will

'll go

37. A: Do you want to go to the cinema tonight? B: I'm afraid I can't. I think I _____ Julia this evening.

Incorrect
'll see

'm going to see

'm seeing

49. I wish I ________ home earlier last night. I'm so tired today.

went

was going

had gone

Correct

This fish is _________ delicious.

Incorrect

very
really
completely

Instant English Test Results

# of questions you got right:

The questions you got wrong:

Grade in percentage:

http://englishenglish.com/englishtest.htm
Solution to Quiz
Question 2=d
Question 14=b
Question 16=d
Question 20=c
Question 23=d
Question 24=a
Question 32=b
Question 52=c
Question 64=d
Question 65=a

Question 67=b
Question 68=d
Question 73=b
Question 74=b
Question 80=b
Question 81=c
Question 85=d
Question 88=b
Question 90=d

Defining Relative Clauses

Use:
Use defining relative clauses to give information about a noun in a sentence. The listener or reader NEEDS this
information to understand the sentence.

A doctor is a person who cures sick people.

The girl who sits next to me at work has a bag just like yours.
Form:

Use who to give more information about a person.

An architect is a person who designs buildings.

Use which or that to give more information about a thing.

A corkscrew is a thing which you use to open bottles.

The book that you gave me for my birthday is really interesting.

Use where to give more information about a place.

Thats the place where we got married.

The town where my uncle lives is a few miles from here.

Because non-defining relative clauses give essential information, no commas (,) are needed.

If the noun which the relative clause describes (usually at the beginning of the sentence) is the OBJECT of
the sentence, you can delete which, that orwho.

The man who is wearing the blue suit is my brother.

The man is the subject of the sentence. You cannot delete who.
The man (who) George is talking to is my brother.
George is the subject of the sentence.
The man is the object of the sentence.
(The sentence can be rewritten: George is talking to a man. The man is my brother). So you can delete who.
The book you lent me is really good.
You is the subject of the sentence.
The book is the object of the sentence.
(The sentence can be rewritten: You lent me a book. The book is really good.Which / that is not necessary.)
The book which is on the table is really good.
The book is the subject of the sentence. (The sentence can be rewritten: The bookis on the table. Its really
good. Which / that is necessary.)

Non Defining Relative Clauses

Use:
Use non-defining relative clauses to give extra information about a noun in a sentence, or part of a sentence. The
listener or reader does not need this information to understand the sentence.
Relative clauses can define the subject of the sentence:
Miranda, who used to go to the same university as me, is having a baby.
Or the object of a sentence:
We went to a lovely restaurant, where we both had steak.
Or the sentence as a whole.
She gave me some money, which was very nice of her.

Form:

Always put the relative clause as close as possible to the noun that you are describing.

Use who to give information about a person, whose to introduce a possession, and which to give
information about a thing. Do not use that.

Use where to give information about a place ONLY if you introduce another subject after where. Otherwise,
use which.

We met at Bristol University, where we both studied Biology.

We met at Bristol University, which is in the west of England.

Who, which, where and whose cannot be omitted in defining relative clauses.

As non-defining relative clauses are not necessary to understanding the sentence, they are always placed
within commas.

The man who lives next to me has five motorbikes.

In this sentence, who lives to me is necessary. Without it, the sentence (The man has five motorbikes) is
meaningless because it is not clear which man is being talked about. Therefore, commas are NOT necessary.
Tom, who lives next to me, has five motorbikes.
In this sentence, who lives to me is not necessary. Without it, the sentence (Tom has five motorbikes) still has
meaning. Who lives next to me adds more information, therefore, commas ARE necessary.

Common Mistakes
Some Students do not put the non defining relative clause close to the noun it describes.
The chemicals flow into rivers, which are toxic. => The chemicals, which are toxic, flow into rivers.

4. The sentence below indicates that

The apple tree which is at the bottom of the garden needs to be cut down.
there is one apple tree in the garden.

there are several apple trees in the garden.

Incorrect

Correct (they are several, it is one of them)

there are several apple trees at the bottom of the garden.

Future perfect
Use:

Use the future perfect to talk about an event that will be finished and complete before a specified time in the
future.

This time next week, Ill will have finished this project.
Phrases often seen with this use of the future continuous include:
By ..., This time next week..., In __ years time...; when + present simple; by the time + present simple.
When you arrive, Ill have prepared the dinner.
By the time I get home, my mum will probably have tidied the house.

The future perfect is also use to make predictions about future events that will be complete before a
specified future time.

Do you think Mel will have eaten all the chocolate cake?
No, she wont have done that!
Form:
Make the future continuous this way:
Positive and Negative

will have

you

wont have

he / she it
we
they

Questions

past participle

I
you

Will

have

he / she it

Wont

past participle?

we
they

Be going to is rarely used to make the future perfect tense.

Toms going to have finished his lecture by the time we get there.

1. Choose the correct tense.

Sorry, Jake, I ___ late tomorrow, Im afraid.
ll be being

ll have been

ll be

Incorrect

Correct

will / be going to for prediction

Use:
Both be going to and will can be used to predict future events. In many cases they can be used interchangeably.
Experts believe that the recession will continue.
Experts believe that the recession is going to continue.
However, in some cases they are used differently:

Use going to when there is evidence about what is going to happen.

Look at the time! Were going to be late!

Use will / wont when guessing about the future.

I bet Robin will be late again.

Will is often used with phrases such as I think, I expect, I dont think, I bet , Im sure, I doubt
if/that when making predictions

It is more common to use I dont think + will, not I think + wont

I think it wont rain => I dont think it will rain

Form:

be going to
Positive
I

am / m

you / we / they

are / re

he / she / it

is / s

going to

verb (infinitive form)

Negative
I

m not

going to

you

arent

OR re not

he / she / it

isnt

OR

verb (infinitive form)

s not

Questions
Am

Are

you / we / they

Is

he / she / it

going to

verb (infinitive form) ?

Short Answers
I am.
Yes,

No,

Im not.

you / we / they are.

you / we / they

re not / arent

he / she / it is.

he / she / it s not / isnt

will
Positive / Negative
will
I / You / He / She / It / We / They

I / you / he / she / it / we / they /

Will

Used to / Would
Use:

verb (infinitive form).

wont
verb (infinitive form)?

We say Used to to talk about something that was true in the past, but is not true now.
There used to be a park here, but now theres a shopping centre.
My grandmother used to have beautiful blonde hair, but now her hair is grey.

You can say used to to talk about states (things that were true for a long period of time) or repeated actions (things
that happened several times).
I used to live in Denver. (True for a long period of time)
I used to go to the park every Friday. (A repeated action)
Write adverbs before used to.
I always used to cycle to school.
I never used to eat vegetables.

You can use Would in a similar way to used to. It describes things that were true in the past but are not true
now.
When I was a child, my dad would read to me every night.

Would CANNOT be used to talk about states. It can only be used to talk about repeated actions.
There would be a park here.

=>

There used to be a park here.

Write adverbs after would.

I would always talk to my grandma when I had a problem.
Form:
used to
I / You / He / She / It / They / We

didnt use to / never used to

verb (infinitive)

would
wouldnt
Questions
use to + verb (infinitive)
Did
Would

you / he / she / it / they

verb (infinitive)

Common Mistakes:
Many students confuse used to do and be used to doing. This is another phrase. It means be familiar with doing
something.
I am used to live near here.

9. Which sentence is correct?

=>

I used to live near here.

I would often play by myself when I was younger.

Correct

My brother would be very short when he was younger.

Incorrect

There would be a post office on this street, but its not there now.

Wish / If only
Use:
Wish and If only can be used:
a) To wish for an ability now or in the future.
I wish I could play the guitar!
If only I could dance like that!
I wish I could go to your wedding next week, but I cant.
If only I could see my grandmother more often, but I cant.
b) To wish that something could be true at the moment.
I wish I had long hair!

If only I were taller!

c) To wish that something was happening at the moment.

I wish I was lying on the beach right now!

If only I was lying on the beach right now!

d) To wish that something kept happening again and again, or to wish it could stop happening.
I wish you wouldnt shout so loudly.

If only he wouldnt shout so loudly.

e) To wish that something in the past had happened in a different way.

I wish I had studied for my exam!

If only I hadnt argued with him!

Form:

To wish for an ability now or in the future.

I wish (that) / If only + subject + could + infinitive verb

I wish that I could sing.
If only I could come to Australia too!

To wish that something could be true at the moment.

I wish (that) / If only + subject + past simple

I wish I had a pony.
I wish I was rich.
When using the verb be, you can use were for all persons.
I wish I were rich.

If only I were rich.

To wish that something was happening at the moment.

**

I wish (that) / If only + subject + past continuous

I wish that this traffic was moving.
If only this traffic was/were moving!

To wish that something kept happening again and again, or to wish it could stop happening.

I wish (that) / If only + subject + would + past participle

***

I wish you would tidy up more often.

Often: I wish (that) / If only + subject + would stop + verb-ing
I wish he would stop shouting.

I wish (that) / If only + subject + wouldnt keep + verb-ing

I wish you wouldnt keep hitting me.

To wish that something in the past had happened in a different way.

I wish (that) / If only + past perfect

I wish I had studied for my exam!
If only I hadnt argued with him!

4. Which sentence is correct?

I wish you wouldnt keep shout at me!

I wish we live in a bigger house.

Incorrect

Incorrect

I wish I were going to the beach with my friends!

Correct

10. Your friend keeps hitting you. What do you say?

I wish you stopped doing that!

I wish youd stop doing that!

I wish youd stopped doing that!

Correct

***

Incorrect

**

5. Your colleague talks a lot and you dont like it. What could you say?
If only he is quiet!

Incorrect

If only he had been quiet!

Incorrect

If only he would be quiet!

Correct

***

Future perfect continuous

Use:

Use the future perfect continuous to talk about an event that will be in progress for some
time before a specified time in the future.

Janet will be really tired when we get home. She will have been looking after the children all day!

It can be used to make predictions about event that will be in progress before a specified
time in the future.

**

Joe wont mind that we are late. He wont have been waiting long.

It can be used to predict what was happening in the past.

What do you think the men were doing in the store room?
Dont worry. They will have been unpacking boxes.

Both the fixed future time and the length of time of are often mentioned in future perfect
continuous sentences.

By the end of this week, Ill have been working here for five months.
Fixed future time:
Length of time:

the end of this week

five months

But this is not always the case.

Anne will be in a bad mood at the party this evening because shell have been doing housework.
Form:
Positive and Negative

will have

you

wont have

been + verb-ing

he / she it
we
they

Questions

I
Will
Wont

you

have

he / she it

been + verb-ing?

we
they

There are 10 questions in this quiz. Complete the sentences with the future perfect form of the verb
in bold.
7. (wait)
Hurry up! Your parents

for us for ages!

are w aiting

parents

for us Correct
w ill have been w aitin

Mixed Conditionals

**

Incorrect

Use:
Mixed conditional sentences combine two different conditional patterns.
Several patterns can be used:

mixed first conditional sentences

First conditional sentences can use a variety of modal verbs.

If + present simple, can / may / might / will / should + verb (infinitive)

**

If you give me some money, I can buy some milk.

If I finish my homework, may I go out with my friends?
If you switch the photocopier off and on again, it should work.
First conditional sentences can also use going to, as well as will.
If + present simple, going to + verb (infinitive)
If you dont get ready soon, were going to be late!
The present continuous and going to can also appear in the If clause
If youre going to the shop, can you buy me some cola?
If youre going to pay him, make sure you get a receipt.
The present perfect may also appear in the If clause.

****

If youve finished your work, you can go home.

mixed third / second conditional

This combination describes an imagined event in the past and the present result.
If + past perfect, would + verb (infinitive)
If he'd taken the medicine, he wouldn't still be sick.
He wouldnt still be sick if hed taken the medicine.

mixed second / third conditional

This combination describes a situation which is never true, and the past consequence of this
situation.

***

If + past simple, would have + verb (infinitive)

If you were better at speaking in public, the presentation would have been more successful.
The presentation would have been more successful if you were better at speaking in public.

If he ___ you an invoice, you should pay him.

**

would send
s sent
had sent

Incorrect
Correct
Incorrect

6. Complete the sentence.

If ____ late, can you turn everything off before you go?
youve worked

youre working
youll work

Correct

**

Incorrect

I dont have a degree, so I didnt get the job.

If I had a degree, I would have got that job.

Correct

If I have a degree, I would have got that job.

If Id had a degree, I would get that job.

If someone ____ my purse, Ill be furious!

takes
took

has taken

Incorrect
Incorrect

Correct

****

Incorrect

***

Reported Speech
Use:
Use reported speech to talk about what another person said in the past.
Eve:

I went to the party on Friday night.

James:

Eve said that she had gone to the party on Friday night.

Form:
1) When reporting speech, the verb in the sentence may shift to a past tense.
am / is / are
I am fine.
present simple
I like it.
present continuous
Shes sleeping.
will
Ill be there.
can
I can come to the meeting.
past simple
I did the shopping.
present perfect
Ive read that book.
past continuous
She was walking home alone.
present perfect continuous
Ive been working,

changes to was / were

She said that she was fine.
changes to past simple
He said he liked it.
changes to past continuous
He said that she was sleeping.
changes to would
You said that youd be there.
changes to could
You said that you could come to the meeting.
changes to past perfect
Tom said that he had done the shopping.
changes to past perfect
I told him that Id read the book.
changes to past perfect continuous
He said that she had been walking home alone.
changes to past perfect continuous
I told him that Id been working.

2) To report speech, use He / She / I said (that) ...

You can also use He / She told me (that)...; I told him / her (that)...
3) Dont use quotation marks () when reporting speech.
4) References to times in the past also may need to change when using reported speech, if that
time is no longer the same.
this morning / week / month
yesterday
last week / month
ago

that morning / week / month

the previous day
the previous week / month
earlier / previously

tomorrow
next week / month

the following day

the following week / month

Both, either and neither

Use:
1) Both
Both means two of two things. (los dos, ambos)
I have two cats. I like both of them.
2) Neither
Neither means not one or the other of two things (ninguno)
Neither of my cats is grey.
Remember to use a singular verb after neither.
Neither of the dogs are dangerous. => Neither of the dogs is dangerous.
3) Either
Either means one or the other (cualquiera)
There are two cakes. Please have one. You can have either one.

Form:
1) You can use both, neither and either directly before a noun.
Both supermarkets are good.
Neither supermarket sells electrical goods.
We can go to either supermarket, I dont mind.
2) Both, neither and either are often used with of. But you must always use a determiner (the,
my, these, those, his etc) before the noun.
Both of children like chocolate cake. => Both of the children like chocolate cake.
However, you dont have to use of with both.
Both of the children like chocolate cake.
Both children like chocolate cake.
3) You can use both, neither and either+ of + object pronoun(you, them, us).

Both of them wore white dresses.

Neither of us was late.
Have either of you got a pen?
4) You can use both ... and ...; neither ... nor ..., and either ... or ....
Examples:
Both James and Diana work here.
Neither James nor Diana works here.
You can ask either James or Diana.