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Introduction to differentiation
Introduction
This leaet provides a rough and ready introduction to dierentiation. This is a technique used
to calculate the gradient, or slope, of a graph at dierent points.
2x
So, the gradient of the graph of y = x2 at any point is twice the x value there. To understand how
this formula is actually found you would need to refer to a textbook on calculus. The important
point is that using this formula we can calculate the gradient of y = x2 at dierent points on the
graph. For example,
when x = 3, the gradient is 2 3 = 6.
when x = 2, the gradient is 2 (2) = 4.
How do we interpret these numbers? A gradient of 6 means that values of y are increasing at the
rate of 6 units for every 1 unit increase in x. A gradient of 4 means that values of y are decreasing
at a rate of 4 units for every 1 unit increase in x.
Note that when x = 0, the gradient is 2 0 = 0.
Below is a graph of the function y = x2 . Study the graph and you will note that when x = 3
the graph has a positive gradient. When x = 2 the graph has a negative gradient. When x = 0
the gradient of the graph is zero. Note how these properties of the graph can be predicted from
knowledge of the gradient function, 2x.
y
15
10
When x = 2 the gradient is negative
and equal to 4.
4 3 2 1 0
Example
When y = x3 , its gradient function is 3x2 . Calculate the gradient of the graph of y = x3 when a)
x = 2, b) x = 1, c) x = 0.
business
www.mathcentre.ac.uk
Page 2
Solution
a) when x = 2 the gradient function is 3(2)2 = 12.
b) when x = 1 the gradient function is 3(1)2 = 3.
c) when x = 0 the gradient function is 3(0)2 = 0.
dy
.
dx
dy
, pronounced dee y by dee x, is not a fraction even though it might look like one! This notation
dx
dy
can be confusing. Think of
as the symbol for the gradient function of y = f (x). The process
dx
dy
of nding
is called dierentiation with respect to x.
dx
Example
For any value of n, the gradient function of xn is nxn1 . We write:
y = xn ,
if
then
dy
= nxn1
dx
You have seen specic cases of this result earlier on. For example, if y = x3 ,
dy
= 3x2 .
dx
dy
dx
dy
dx
business
dy
dx
b) x = 6.
3. a) 12,
b) 108.
4. 33.
www.mathcentre.ac.uk
Page 3
A. BASIC RULES
Differential calculus is the branch of mathematics that deals with the process of
differentiation, that is finding gradients of curves, rates of change and applications of
differentiation.
Limits
i)
Definition
A limit in the mathematical sense is concerned with finding the limiting value of a
function f ( x) as x approaches the value of a.
The notation x a is used to denote as x approaches the value of a
The notation lim f ( x) is used to denote the limiting value of the function f ( x )
Together lim f ( x) means the limiting value of the function f ( x) as x approaches the
x a
value of a.
Example 1
Find lim x 2
Solution
lim x = 9
x 3
x 3
Notice that this does not mean that when x = 3 then x 2 = 9 , what it states is that as x gets
closer and closer to the value of 3 then x 2 gets closer and closer to the value of 9.
ii)
Theorems on limits
lim c = c
x a
x a
x a
x a
That is the limit of a sum ( or difference ) is the sum ( or difference ) of the limits.
then lim ( f ( x) g ( x) ) = LM
x a
x a
then lim
x a
x a
f ( x) L
f ( x) lim
= x a
=
g ( x) lim g ( x) M
x a
That is the limit of a quotient is the quotient of the limits provided that M 0
Page 4
Find
Example 2
lim ( 2 x 2 3x + 5 )
x 2
Solution
lim ( 2 x 2 3x + 5 ) by the properties of the limits
x 2
x2
x2
= 86+5
=7
Example 3
Find
x2 9
lim
x 3 x 3
Solution
x2 9
= lim
x 3
x3
( x + 3)( x 3)
= lim
x 3
x3
= lim ( x + 3) since x 3
x 3
=6
Note that we cant merely substitute in x = 3 as this would give
0
which is undefined.
0
0
or in fact a 0 in the denominator we need to factorize and simplify
0
before taking the limit.
x 2 + 10 x 24
Example 4
Find lim 2
x 2 x + 4 x 12
Solution
x 2 + 10 x 24
= lim 2
x 2 x + 4 x 12
( x 2 )( x + 12 )
= lim
x 2 ( x 2 )( x + 6 )
To avoid having
x + 12
since x 2
x 2 x + 6
14 7
=
8 4
= lim
Page 5
Example 5
f ( x) =
x2 9
x 3
Solution
x 2 9 ( x + 3)( x 3)
=
x 3
x3
if x 3
x + 3
=
undefined if x = 3
f ( x) =
f (3) is undefined
2.9
5.9
2.99
5.99
2.999
5.999
3
?
3.001
6.001
3.01
6.01
3.1
6.1
we can see from the table of values that as x approaches the value of 3 from below 3 and
from above 3 the limiting value of the function approaches the value of 6. Hence 6 is the
limiting value. The function however is undefined at x = 3 and the graph below appears
to be a straight line with a hole in the graph at the point where x = 3 . Such graphs are
called discontinous at a point.
We say that as x approaches the value of 3 from ( the left ) or below x 3 then
x2 9
lim
= 6 and as x approaches the value of 3 from ( the right ) or above x 3+
x 3 x 3
x2 9
then lim+
= 6 although both of these limits exist and are equal f ( 3) does not exist,
x 3 x 3
so the function not continous.
Page 6
iii)
Infinite limits
The symbol infinity is really just a notation meaning as x gets very very large, and
1
1
lim = 0 and lim 2 = 0
x x
x x
Example 6
Find
3x + 5
x 2 x 5
lim
Solution
3x + 5
dividing both the numerator and denominator by x
x 2 x 5
lim
3 x +5
x
x 2 x 5
x
= lim
3 + 5x
x 2 5
x
= lim
=
3
2
Example 7
Find
3x 2 + 5 x 4
x 2 x 2 7 x + 5
lim
Solution
lim
x
3x 2 + 5x 4
dividing both the numerator and denominator by x 2
2
2x 7x + 5
3 x2 +5 x 4
x2
2
2
7 x +5
x
x
x2
= lim
= lim
x
3 + 5x x42
2 7x + x52
3
2
Page 7
Gradients of curves
The gradient of a curve is defined to be the gradient of the tangent to the curve at that
point. The gradient of a curve continually changes at each point as we move along a
curve.
Draw tangents to the curve y = x 2 + 5 at x = 3 , 1 , 1 , 3
Example 8
Solution
The gradient of a straight line is constant, and is independent of where we are on the line.
The gradient of a line is denoted by m and is the same at all points on the line.
Parallel lines all have the same gradient and lines sloping upwards to the right have a
positive gradient, while lines sloping upwards to the left have a negative gradient.
m>0
m<0
Page 8
First principles
Consider the curve y = f ( x) we want to find a formulae which gives the gradient of the
curve y = f ( x) at a general point P with coordinates P ( x, f ( x) ) on the curve.
To do this consider a neighbouring point Q on the curve y = f ( x) , by this we mean
that the point Q is close to the point P in fact it is a small horizontal distance h away, so
that the coordinates of Q are Q ( x + h, f ( x + h) )
y
Q ( x + h, f ( x + h ) )
f ( x + h) f ( x)
P ( x, f ( x ) )
x
h
Now the gradient of the line segment joining the points P and Q is given by
f ( x + h) f ( x )
h
Imagine now as the points P and Q get closer and closer to each other.
That is the horizontal distance between them h approaches zero.
In the limit as h approaches zero, the points P and Q coincide and
we have the gradient at P. The gradient at this point is denoted by f ( x)
m( PQ) =
f ( x) = lim
h 0
f ( x + h) f ( x )
h
Using this formula to obtain the gradient function is called using the
METHOD OF FIRST PRINCIPLES.
The actual process of finding the gradient function from the original function is called the
process of DIFFERENTIATION.
There are alternative notations for this and often we use the symbol x ( this is one
single quantity ) meaning the small change in x instead of h and in this case the formulae
dy
y
= lim
is written as
dx x 0 x
6
Page 9
Example 9
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
v)
vi)
vii)
{ x : f ( x) > 0}
Solution
i) f ( x ) = x 2 + 4 x 12
f ( x + h ) = ( x + h ) + 4 ( x + h ) 12
2
f ( x ) = lim
h 0
f ( x ) = lim
f ( x + h) f ( x)
h
x 2 + 2 xh + h 2 + 4 x + 4h 12 ( x 2 + 4 x 12 )
h
h 0
2 xh + h + 4h
h 0
h
h ( 2x + h + 4)
f ( x ) = lim
h 0
h
f ( x ) = lim ( 2 x + h + 4 ) h 0
f ( x ) = lim
h 0
f ( x) = 2x + 4
ii) For the tangent to the curve to be parallel to the x axis we require that the gradient is
zero. This will give the x coordinate of the turning point or the vertex of this parabola
we need to solve { x : f ( x ) = 0}
f ( x ) = 2 x + 4 = 0 so that 2 x = 4
x = 2
Now when x = 2 y = f ( 2 ) = 4 8 12 = 16
{ y : y 16} = [ 16, )
iii) f ( 3) = 9 + 12 12 = 9 and f ( 3) = 6 + 4 = 10
When x = 3 the y coordinate is 9 and the gradient at this point is 10
iv) to find the equation of the tangent to the curve at the point ( 3,9 ) where the gradient
is mT = 10 we use the result y y1 = mT ( x x1 ) so that
Page 10
y 9 = 10 ( x 3) or y = 10 x 21
vi)
( 0, 12 )
{ x : f ( x) > 0}
This means find the x values for which the function is positive
{ x : x > 2} { x : x < 6} = ( 2, ) ( , 6 )
vii)
{ x : f ( x) > 0}
This means find the x values for which the gradient is positive
{ x : x > 2} = ( 2, )
( 6, 0 )
and
( 2, 0 )
Page 11
i)
Derivative of f ( x) = x
f ( x) = x
f ( x + h) = x + h
f ( x + h) f ( x )
h 0
h
x+hx
= lim
h 0
h
h
= lim
h 0 h
= lim 1
f ( x) = lim
h 0
=1
ii)
Derivative of f ( x) = x 2
f ( x) = x 2
f ( x + h) = ( x + h ) = x 2 + 2 xh + h 2
2
f ( x + h) f ( x )
h
2
x + 2 xh + h 2 x 2
= lim
h 0
h
2
2 xh + h
= lim
h 0
h
h ( 2x + h)
= lim
h 0
h
= lim ( 2 x + h ) h 0
f ( x) = lim
h 0
h 0
= 2x
Page 12
iii)
Derivative of f ( x) = x 3
f ( x) = x3
f ( x + h) = ( x + h ) = x3 + 3 x 2 h + 3 xh 2 + h3
3
f ( x + h) f ( x )
h
3
x + 3 x 2 h + 3 xh 2 + h3 x 3
= lim
h 0
h
2
2
3x h + 3 xh + h3
= lim
h 0
h
2
h ( 3 x + 3xh + h 2 )
= lim
h 0
h
2
= lim ( 3x + 3 xh + h 2 ) h 0
f ( x) = lim
h 0
h 0
= 3x 2
iv)
Derivative of f ( x) = x 4
f ( x) = x 4
f ( x + h) = ( x + h ) = x 4 + 4 x 3 h + 6 x 2 h 2 + 4 xh3 + h 4
4
f ( x + h) f ( x )
h 0
h
4
x + 4 x 3 h + 6 x 2 h 2 + 4 xh3 + h 4 x 4
= lim
h 0
h
3
2 2
4 x h + 6 x h + 4 xh3 + h 4
= lim
h 0
h
3
2
h ( 4 x + 6 x h + 4 xh 2 + h3 )
= lim
h 0
h
3
2
= lim ( 4 x + 6 x h + 4 xh 2 + h3 ) h 0
f ( x) = lim
h 0
= 4 x3
10
Page 13
Derivative of f ( x) =
v)
f ( x) =
1
x
1
x
1
x+h
f ( x + h) f ( x )
f ( x) = lim
h 0
h
1
1
= lim x + h x
h 0
h
( x + h) x
= lim
h 0 hx ( x + h )
f ( x + h) =
= lim
h 0
vi)
1
h0
x ( x + h)
1
x2
Derivative of f ( x) = x
f ( x) = x
f ( x + h) = x + h
f ( x + h) f ( x )
h 0
h
x+h x
= lim
h 0
h
x+h x
x+h + x
= lim
x
h 0
h
x+h + x
( x + h) x
= lim
h 0
h x+h + x
f ( x) = lim
= lim
h 0
1
h0
x+h + x
1
2 x
11
Page 14
vii)
Summary
dy
dx
4 x3
3x 2
2x
1
x12 = x 2
1
x
viii) Rule 1:
x4
x3
x2
x
= x 1
Power rule
Find
dy
if i) y = x101
dx
y=
ii)
1
x2
iii) y =
Solution
i) y = x101
n = 101 n 1 = 100
dy
= 101x100
dx
ix)
Rule 2:
1
= x 2
2
x
n = 2 n 1 = 3
ii) y =
dy
2
= 2 x 3 = 3
dx
x
iii) y = x = x 2
n=
1
2
n 1 = 12
dy 1 12
1
=2x =
dx
2 x
Derivative of constants
Since any line parallel to the x axis has a zero gradient it follows that if C is a constant
dy
=0
dx
the derivative of a constant is zero
y = C then
12
Page 15
x)
Rule 3:
We can differentiate term by term so long as the functions are added or subtracted.
If u = u ( x) and v = v( x) are both function of x then if
dy du dv
y = u v then
=
dx dx dx
These rules can be proved from first principles and the properties of limits.
Example 11
If y = x 5 x 3 + x then find
dy
dx
Solution
y = x5 x3 + x
dy
= 5 x 4 3 x 2 +1
dx
xi)
Rule 4:
Constant multiples
Constants which multiply the function merely multiply the derivatives, that is if
dy
= nax n 1
a is a constant and y = ax n then
dx
Using these basic rules we can merely write down the derivative of polynomial functions
Example 12
If
f ( x) = 3 x 2 6 x + 5 find f ( x )
Solution
f ( x) = 3 x 2 6 x + 5 then
f ( x) = 6x 6
In many other differentiation problems it may be first necessary to simplify the function,
before we perform the differentiation process.
13
Page 16
Differentiate
Example 13
( 3x
5)
Solution
let y = ( 3 x 2 5 )
y = 9 x 4 30 x 2 + 25 now differentiating
dy
= 36 x3 60 x
dx
Example 14
Differentiate
3x 2 + 5
2x
Solution
3x 2 + 5
let y =
2x
2
3x
5
y=
simplifying
+
2x 2x
3x 5 1
y=
+ x
2 2
dy 3 5 2
= x simplifying
dx 2 2
dy 3 5
=
dx 2 2 x 2
dy 3x 2 5
=
dx
2 x2
Example 15
Differentiate
3 x 5
2x2
Solution
3 x 5
let y =
2 x2
1
3x 2
5
y = 2 2 simplifying using index laws
2x 2x
3 3 5
y = x 2 x 2
2
2
dy
9 5
= x 2 + 5 x 3
dx
4
dy
9
5
=
+ 3
5
dx
x
4 x
dy 20 9 x
=
dx
4 x3
Exercise 1.
14
Page 17
dy dy du
=
dx du dx
this can be proved from first principles and the limit theorems.
Example 16
Differentiate
(5x + 4)
with respect to x
Solution
Method II
Method I
y = (5x + 4)
y = (5x + 4)
expanding using
(a + b)
= a 3 + 3a 2b + 3ab 2 + b3
Example 17
Given that
f ( x) =
1
1
= ( 4 x + 5)
4x + 5
y = u 1 where u = 4 x + 5
dy
du
= u 2 and
=4
du
dx
dy dy du
4
=
= 4u 2 = 2
dx du dx
u
dy
4
f ( x) =
=
2
dx
( 4 x + 5)
y=
f (1) =
y = u 3 where u = 5 x + 4
dy
du
= 3u 2 and
=5
du
dx
dy dy du
=
= 15u 2 but u = 5 x + 4
dx du dx
dy
2
= 15 ( 5 x + 4 )
dx
1
find f (1)
4x + 5
Solution
4
81
15
Page 18
Example 18
Determine
d
9 x + 4
dx
Solution
let y = 9 x + 4 = ( 9 x + 4 ) 2
1
y = u 2 where u = 9 x + 4
dy 1 12
du
1
= 2u =
and
=9
du
dx
2 u
dy dy du
9
=
=
dx du dx 2 u
dy
9
=
dx 2 9 x + 4
In general if y = ( ax + b )
Example 19
then
Differentiate
dy
n 1
= na ( ax + b )
dx
1
with respect to x
4x + 9
2
Solution
1
1
= ( 4 x2 + 9)
4x + 9
1
y = u where u = 4 x 2 + 9
dy
du
1
= u 2 = 2 and
= 8x
du
u
dx
dy dy du
8x
=
= 2
dx du dx
u
dy
8 x
=
dx ( 4 x 2 + 9 )2
let y =
16
Page 19
f ( x) =
Given that
Example 20
( x2 + 5)
find f ( x)
Solution
let y = f ( x ) =
(x
1
2
+ 5)
= ( x2 + 5)
y = u 2 where u = x 2 + 5
dy
du
= 2u 3 and
= 2x
du
dx
4x
dy dy du
=
= 4 xu 3 = 3
dx du dx
u
4x
dy
=
f ( x) =
3
dx
( x 2 + 5)
Example 21
Solution
let y = 4 x 2 + 9 = ( 4 x 2 + 9 ) 2
1
y = u 2 where u = 4 x 2 + 9
dy 1 12
du
2
and
= 2u =
= 8x
du
dx
u
dy
4x
f ( x) =
we require x such that f ( x ) = 1
=
dx
4x2 + 9
so that 4 x = 4 x 2 + 9 squaring both sides
16x 2 = 4 x 2 + 9 so that 12 x 2 = 9
x2 =
3
3
or x =
the coordinates are
4
2
n 1
dy
= n f ( x) f ( x )
dx
4
d 3
2
Determine
2
x
5
x
x
+
(
)
dx
In general if y = f ( x )
Example 22
3
, 2 3 and
, 2 3
then
Solution
4
d 3
2 x 5 x 2 + x )
(
dx
= 4 ( 6 x 2 10 x + 1)( 2 x 3 5 x 2 + x )
17
Page 20
Differentiate y = ( 3 x 2 + 5 )( x 2 + 4 x 3)
Solution
Method I
y = ( 3 x 2 + 5 )( x 2 + 4 x 3)
y = uv where u = 3x 2 + 5 and v = x 2 + 4 x 3
du
dv
= 6 x and
= 2x + 4
Now
dx
dx
dy
dv
du
=u +v
dx
dx
dx
dy
= ( 3x 2 + 5 ) ( 2 x + 4 ) + 6 x ( x 2 + 4 x 3) expanding
dx
dy
= 6 x 3 + 12 x 2 + 10 x + 20 + 6 x3 + 24 x 2 18 x
dx
dy
= 12 x 3 + 36 x 2 8 x + 20
dx
Method II
y = ( 3 x 2 + 5 )( x 2 + 4 x 3) expanding first
y = 3 x 4 + 12 x 3 9 x 2 + 5 x 2 + 20 x 15
y = 3 x 4 + 12 x 3 4 x 2 + 20 x 15 now differentiating
dy
= 12 x 2 + 36 x 2 8 x + 20
dx
Both methods produce the same result, and in this case above the second method is
probably the preferred method, however in other cases when we can not simply first
before we differentiate, we have no alternative but to use the product rule.
18
Page 21
Find
Example 24
dy
3
if y = 3x 2 ( 5 x + 4 )
dx
Solution
y = 3x 2 ( 5 x + 4 )
y = uv where u = 3x 2 and v = ( 5 x + 4 )
du
dv
2
= 6 x and
= 15 ( 5 x + 4 ) from the chain rule
dx
dx
dy
3
2
= 6 x ( 5 x + 4 ) + 45 x 2 ( 5 x + 4 )
dx
dy
2
= 3x ( 5 x + 4 ) 2 ( 5 x + 4 ) + 15 x
dx
dy
2
= 3x ( 25 x + 8 )( 5 x + 4 )
dx
Example 25
Find
dy
if y = 5 x 4 x 2 + 9
dx
Solution
y = 5x 4 x2 + 9
y = uv where u = 5 x and v = 4 x 2 + 9
du
dv
4x
from the chain rule
= 5 and
=
dx
dx
4 x2 + 9
dy
20 x 2
=
+ 5 4x2 + 9
2
dx
4x + 9
2
2
dy 20 x + 5 ( 4 x + 9 )
=
dx
4 x2 + 9
1
dy
= ( 40 x 2 + 45 )( 4 x 2 + 9 ) 2
dx
12
dy
= 5 ( 8 x 2 + 9 )( 4 x 2 + 9 )
dx
19
Page 22
Find
dy
dx
if y =
4x + 3
3x 5
Solution
4x + 3 u
=
3x 5 v
where u = 4 x + 3 and v = 3x 5
du
dv
= 4 and
=3
now
dx
dx
dy 4 ( 3x 5 ) 3 ( 4 x + 3)
=
2
dx
( 3x 5 )
y=
dy
29
=
dx ( 3x 5 )2
Example 27
Find
dy
dx
3x 2
if y = 2
2x + 5
Solution
u
3x 2
=
2
2x + 5 v
where u = 3x 2 and v = 2 x 2 + 5
du
dv
now
= 6 x and
= 4x
dx
dx
2
3
dy 6 x ( 2 x + 5 ) 12 x
=
2
dx
( 2 x 2 + 5)
y=
dy
30 x
=
dx ( 2 x 2 + 5 )2
20
Page 23
Find
Example 28
dy
dx
if y =
2x2 + 5
3x
Solution
Method II
Method I
using the quotient rule
simplify first
2x2 + 5
3x
2
2x
5
+
y=
3x 3x
2 x 5 1
+ x
y=
3 3
dy 2 5 2
= x
dx 3 3
dy 2 5
=
dx 3 3 x 2
2 x2 + 5 u
=
v
3x
2
where u = 2 x +5 and v = 3 x
y=
y=
now
dy
=
dx
du
dv
= 4 x and
=3
dx
dx
12 x 2 3 ( 2 x 2 + 5 )
( 3x )
dy 6 x 2 15
=
9x2
dx
dy 6 x 2 15
=
dx 9 x 2 9 x 2
dy 2 5
=
dx 3 3 x 2
Find
Example 29
dy
dx
if y =
3x
4 x2 + 9
Solution
y=
3x
4x + 9
2
u
v
where u = 3x and v = 4 x 2 + 9
du
dv
4x
now
from the chain rule
= 3 and
=
dx
dx
4x2 + 9
12 x 2
3 4 x2 + 9
dy
4x2 + 9
=
2
dx
4x + 9
2
3 ( 4 x + 9 ) 12 x 2
dy
4 x2 + 9
=
dx
4 x2 + 9
dy
27
=
3
dx ( 4 x 2 + 9 ) 2
Exercise 2
21
Page 24
i)
Derivative of f ( x) = a x
f ( x) = lim
h 0
The graphs below show the shape of the graphs of y = a x for various values of a
a = 2 , 3 , e and 10 and the tangents to the curves at the point where they cross the y axis.
y = 2x
y = 3x
22
Page 25
y = ex
y = 10 x
Curve
slope at x = 0
y = 2x
y = 3x
y = ex
y = 10 x
m = 0.693
m = 1.099
m =1
m = 2.303
The Euler number e is defined so that the gradient of the curve y = e x at the point where
it crosses the y axis, that is at x = 0 is precisely equal to 1.
In fact 2 < e < 3 , e is an irrational number and its value e 2.718 This requirement
eh 1
lim
= 1 so that the derivative of e x is itself
then means that when a = e
h0
h
dy
= ex
That is if y = e x then
dx
ii)
Derivative of y = e kx
dy
= ke kx here we a function whose derivative is proportional
dx
to itself. This result has many applications.
In general if y = e kx then
23
Page 26
Example 30
y = 4e 2 x
i)
Solution
1
6e3 x
1
y = e 3 x
6
dy
1
= e 3 x
dx
2
ii) y =
i) y = 4e2 x
dy
= 8e2 x
dx
y = 6e 3 x
dy
= 18e3 x
dx
Example 31
y = ( 5e 2 x + 3)
i)
iii) y = 36e6 x
ii)
y = ( e3 x e 3 x )
Solution
i) y = ( 5e
+ 3)
2 x
y = 25e
4 x
ii) y = ( e3 x e 3 x )
+ 30e
2 x
y = e 6 x 2 + e 6 x
+9
dy
= 6e6 x 6e 6 x
dx
dy
= 100e4 x 60e2 x
dx
Differentiate
Example 32
5e3 x + 6e 3 x
with respect to x
ex
Solution
5e3 x + 6e 3 x
= e x ( 5e3 x + 6e3 x )
x
e
2x
y = 5e + 6e 4 x
dy
= 10e 2 x 24e 4 x
dx
let y =
If y = 4e
Example 33
32x
show that 2
dy
+ 3y = 0
dx
Solution
If y = 4e
32x
so LHS = 2
then
dy
3x
= 6e 2
dx
dy
3x
3x
+ 3 y = 12e 2 + 12e 2 = 0 = RHS
dx
24
Page 27
Example 34
Find
dy
if y = 5e3 x + 2
dx
Solution
Method I
using the chain rule
Method II
using index laws
y = 5e3 x + 2
y = 5e3 x + 2 = 5e3 x e2
y = 5eu where u = 3x + 2
dy
du
= 5eu and
=3
du
dx
dy
= 15eu = 15e3 x + 2
dx
y = 5e2 e3 x
dy
= 15e2 e3 x
du
dy
= 15e3 x + 2
dx
iii)
In general
if y = Ae kx + c then
Example 35
dy
= kAekx + c
dx
Find
3
dy
if y = e x
dx
Solution
y = ex
y = eu where u = x3
dy
du
= eu and
= 3x 2
du
dx
3
dy
= 3 x 2 eu = 3 x 2 e x
dx
In general if y = e
f ( x)
then
dy
f x
= f ( x)e ( )
dx
25
Page 28
Example 36
Find
dy
if y = x5e2 x
dx
Solution
y = x5e 2 x
y = uv using the product rule
where u = x5 and v = e 2 x
du
dv
= 5 x 4 and
= 2e 2 x
dx
dx
dy
dv
du
=u +v
dx
dx
dx
dy
= 2 x 5e 2 x + 5 x 4 e 2 x
dx
dy
= x 4 e 2 x ( 5 2 x )
dx
so that
Exercise 3
26
Page 29
10
i)
Derivative of y = log e x
y = log e x = ln x
x = e y so that
dx
= e y now
dy
dy 1 1
=
=
dx e y x
Example 37
y = log e 3x
find
dy
dx
Solution
Method I
Using the chain rule
y = log e 3 x = log e u where u = 3 x
Method II
Using log laws
y = log e 3x = log e 3 + log e x
dy 1
du
and
=
=3
du u
dx
dy 3 3 1
= =
=
dx u 3 x x
1 1
dy
= 0+ =
dx
x x
Example 38
y = log e x3
find
dy
dx
Solution
Method I
Using the chain rule
Method II
Using log laws
y = log e x 3 = 3log e x
dy 1
du
and
=
= 3x 2
du u
dx
2
3
dy 3 3x
= = 3 =
dx u x
x
dy 3
=
dx x
27
Page 30
Example 39
y = log e ( 4 x + 5 )
find
dy
dx
Solution
ii)
A general result
if y = log e ( ax + b ) then
Example 40
dy
a
=
dx ax + b
y = log e ( x 2 + 4 x + 13)
find
dy
dx
Solution
Using the chain rule
y = log e ( x 2 + 4 x + 13) = log e u where u = x 2 + 4 x + 13
dy 1
du
=
= 2x + 4
and
du u
dx
dy 2 x + 4
2x + 4
=
= 2
dx
u
x + 4 x + 13
iii)
A Final Rule
if y = log e f ( x) then
dy f ( x)
=
this is the rule that we will now use, there is no need
dx f ( x)
28
Page 31
y = log e x 2 + 9
Example 41
find
dy
dx
find
dy
dx
Solution
y = log e x 2 + 9
y = log e ( x 2 + 9 )
1
2
by log laws
y = 12 log e ( x 2 + 9 )
dy
x
= 2
dx x + 9
Example 42
3x + 5
y = log e
3x 5
Solution
3x + 5
y = log e
3x 5
y = log e ( 3 x + 5 ) log e ( 3 x 5 ) by log laws
3 ( 3x 5) 3 ( 3x + 5)
dy
3
3
=
=
dx 3 x + 5 3 x 5
( 3x + 5)( 3x 5 )
30
dy
= 2
dx 9 x 25
29
Page 32
(c)
(e)
(g)
(i)
(d)
lim
x2
lim (2 x 3 xh)
(f)
lim
x3 + 4
x+2
x 2 25
x 5
(h)
lim
x2 a2
xa
lim
2 x 2 3x 20
x4
x2
lim (3 x 4)
x 3
h0
lim
x 5
lim
x 3
x2 + x 6
x+3
(k)
(m)
lim
lim
h0
x 4
(j)
lim
2x 3
3x + 1
x 1
xa
x4
(l)
x3 a 3
lim
xa x a
5 x 2 h 2 xh + h
h
(n)
lim
x2 5x + 6
x2 4x + 3
x 2 + 8 x + 16
x+4
(p)
lim
x 2 + 3x + 2
x2 + x 2
x 3
x 2
Find f '( x) using the definition of the derivative (that is first principles):
(a)
x4
x
x3 27
lim
x 3 x 3
(o)
(b)
lim 3 x
f ( x) = x 2 2 x
(b)
f ( x) = x 2 + x + 1
f ( x) = 3 x 2 5
(b)
f ( x) = 3 x 2 + 21
(c)
f ( x) = 4 + 5 x
(d)
f ( x) = 2 3x
Page 33
(b)
10
Find
f ( x ) = ( 2 x + 3)
(b)
f ( x) =
(b)
y=
1
x
dy
from first principles:
dx
x2
6x + 4
2
(a)
y = 2 x 2 3x
(a)
(b)
If y = (2 x + 3) 2 , find
(a)
A straight line has the equation y = mx + c . Show from first principles that the
gradient of the line is m .
(b)
(a)
(b)
dy
.
dx
dy
.
dx
Page 34
11
12
(c)
(e)
(g)
(i)
(k)
13
Find
1
x2
3
x2
1
x4
1
x1.4
1
3
(d)
(f)
1
3
1
x
(b)
x
1
x
(h)
x 200
(j)
1
x 0.9
(l)
x p/q
dy
for each of the following:
dx
1 2
x + 8 x 21
4
(a)
y = 2 x 2 3x + 5
(b)
y=
(c)
y = ax 2 + bx + c
(d)
y = 2 x3 6 x 2 + 6 x 6
(e)
1
1
y = x 3 + x 2 + x + 101
3
2
(f)
y = ax3 + bx 2 + cx + d
(g)
y = x 4 x3 x 2 + 1
(h)
y = 2 x 4 4 x3 + 2 x 2 3 x + 18
Page 35
Find
d
( x 2 3x)
dx
14
(a)
15
2 x3 3 x 2 + 5 x
(c)
x+
1
x
2
(e)
(3x 4)
(g)
x 2 3x + 4
x2
(b)
Determine
(b)
3x(4 3x)
(d)
x2 +
(f)
x 2 3x + 4
x
(h)
x 2 3x + 4
x
d 2 x2 + x
dx x
1
x2
16
For the curve f ( x) = x (2 x 2 3 x + 1) find an expression for the gradient of the curve
at any x value. Find f '(4) .
17
18
Determine the coordinates of the point on the curve y = x 2 4 x + 6 where the gradient is
parallel to the x-axis .
19
20
y = x 4 + 3x 4 at (-2 , 6)
(b)
f ( x) = x3 + 3x at x = 1
(b)
What are the coordinates of the point where the tangent to the curve is parallel to
the x-axis ?
Page 36
Differentiate each of the following with respect to x by applying the chain rule:
(a)
9 5x
(b)
(c)
1
6 5x
(d)
(e)
1
7x + 8
(f)
(g)
( x3 + x2 + x 1)
(i)
( 3x
15 x
( 2 3x )
( x3 x2 + x 1)
1
5x 7
(h)
(j)
1
2
x + x+
x
(k)
x2 + 8
(l)
8 x2
(m)
8x2 7
(n)
7 8x3
(o)
x 2 + 3x 7
(p)
4 x 2 + 3x 9
(q)
x 2 + x 10
(r)
13 + 12 x 11x 2
(s)
x 2 + 10
1
(u)
1
3x 4
3x 2 + 2 x + 1
(t)
9 x2
1
(v)
7 x2 6 x + 5
x2 + 1
(b)
x x2
Page 37
(d)
(1 + 5x 2 )
(f)
3
1 + x2
1
7 3x
(h)
(1 + x )
(i)
2
2 x2
(j)
3(1 x 4 )5
(k)
4 1 + x2
(l)
(m)
(1 +
(o)
13 x
(c)
(7 x)
(e)
5 x
x
(g)
7x
(q)
(1 x + 3x2 )
(s)
( 2x 9)
(u)
5/ 4
1 3x x 3
(a)
(b)
If y = 4 x 2 1 show that xy
(a)
If y = ax 2 + b write down
3x
(n)
( 7 3x2 )
(p)
1
(7 + 8 x)3
(r)
(1 x2 )
(t)
7 1 + 3
x
(v)
(9 + 5x + 2 x2 )
dy
+x =0.
dx
dy
= 1+ y2 .
dx
dy
.
dx
(1 +
3/ 2
Page 38
d 5
x + 5x2
dx
3
4
(b)
Determine
(a)
(b)
Differentiate y = 6 x 2 + 3 x + 5 + 3 2 x3 + 6 x .
( x 2 + 3 x 2 ) ( x 2 + 4 x 3)
(b)
( 2 x 2 + 3x 4 )( x2 + x )
(c)
( x3 + x 2 + x ) ( x 2 + 7 x + 4 )
(d)
( 9 x2 )( 4 + 7 x + x 2 )
(e)
( 9 x 2 x3 )( 2 4 x2 7 x3 )
(f)
( x 2 + x )( 2 + x2 )
(g)
( x + 1) ( 2 x + 3)
(h)
( 3x + 2 ) ( 4 x 1)
(i)
( x 2 + 1) ( x3 + 4 )
(j)
( x 2 x ) ( 2 x + 5 )2
(k)
(1 + x )
( x2 + 2)
(l)
x 1+ x
(m)
( x + 1) ( x 3)
(n)
( 3 x 2 ) ( x + 3)
(o)
( x + 4) x3 + 3x
(p)
(3x + 4) x 2 1
x
x +1
(b)
x
x 1
(c)
4x + 7
9x + 3
(d)
x +1
x2 1
(e)
x2
x2 1
(f)
6x 5
2 x2
Page 39
(g)
3x
1 x
(h)
(i)
x +1
x2
(j)
(k)
3x 2 4 x
3 5x2
(l)
(m)
2( x + 1)
x2 + x 1
(n)
x 2 3x 1
3x 1
5 x
x2
1 + 2x x 2
2 + 3x + x 2
1+ x
1 x
(o)
1 x
1+ x
(p)
x
1 x2
(q)
2x
1 + x2
(r)
1 x2
1+ x
1 + x2
1 x
(b)
x2
( x + 2)( x + 3)
(c)
x3
x3 + 1
(d)
1 + x3
1 x3
(e)
x2 x 1
x2 + x + 1
(f)
2
3x 1
(g)
1
1 5x2
(h)
x+2
x +1
(i)
5x
x + 10
(j)
2x 1
3x + 4
(k)
x
x +1
(l)
x 1
x
Page 40
(m)
x 1
x +1
(n)
2 + x + x2
x
(o)
2x 4
1 x2
(p)
2 x 2 3x 4
3x 2 x + 1
(q)
x1/ 2 + 2
x3/ 2
(r)
3 x3/ 2
x1/ 2
(s)
xa
x+a
(t)
x+a
xa
(u)
x( x 1)
x2
(v)
x3
a2 x2
(w)
x( x + 2)
2
x 5x + 4
(x)
x3 1
x3 + 1
(y)
5x
x 1
(z)
3x
x +1
y=
Find
dy
for:
dx
(a)
y=
x
2x + 5
(b)
(c)
y=
x
ax + b
(d)
(e)
y=
x
2
ax + b
(f)
2x
3x + 2
x
3 2x2
y = 2x + 5
3x + 2
4x + 3
Page 41
e6 x
(b)
e8 x
(c)
e x
(d)
e 2 x
(e)
e x +3
(f)
e x+4
(g)
e x+2
(h)
e x +3
(i)
e4 x
(j)
e5 x
(k)
ex
(l)
ex
(m)
e x
(n)
e x
(o)
e8 5 x
(p)
e9 4 x
(q)
e7 +3 x
(r)
e8 + 9 x
(s)
ex
2 +2 x
(t)
e3 x
2 +5 x
(u)
ex
2 3 x +1
(v)
ex
2 2 x +3
(w)
(x)
e2
(y)
x +3
(z)
x+4
(c)
e( x + 2)
(d)
e( x 3)
(g)
x ex
(h)
2 x e3 x
(a)
(e)
e( x 1)
(i)
5 x
(b)
(f)
e( x 2)
3x e 2 x
(j)
x e x
(k)
e2 x
x
(l)
e3 x
x
(m)
e x
x
(n)
e2 x
x
(o)
x 2e x
(p)
x e2 x
(q)
x e3 x
(r)
x 3e x
(s)
(u)
3x e2 x
(v)
5 x e3 x
x e x
(t)
Page 42
(e x + e x ) 2
(e)
(e 2 x e 2 x ) 2 (f)
(i)
3 x
(m)
( x 3)e
(b)
ex 1
Determine
(e x e x ) 2
(c)
( x e x )2
(d)
( x + e x )2
(e 2 x + e 2 x ) 2
(g)
( x + 1)e x
(h)
( x 1)e x
(k)
ex
x +1
(l)
e x
x 1
(j)
( x + 4)e
(n)
e2 x + 1
dy
given that:
dx
e2 x + e x
ex
(a)
y = e x (e 2 x e 3 x )
(b)
y=
(c)
e3 x 2e x
e x
(d)
y = (e 2 x + 1) 2
(f)
y = x + + (e 3 x ) 2
x
(h)
y = (2e3 x + 5) 4
2x
+e
2 x 2
(e)
y = (e
(g)
y = (e 2 x + 3)
e (1/ 2) x
(b)
xe
Page 43
log e 5 x
(b)
log e 3x
(c)
log e 6 x
(d)
log e 7x
(e)
2 log e 3x
(f)
3 log e 4x
(g)
log e ( x 1)
(h)
log e (2 x 1)
(i)
log e ( x 2 + 3)
(j)
log e (4 x 2 )
(k)
2 log e
(l)
3 log e
(m)
log e
(n)
2
log e
(o)
(log e x) 4
(p)
(log e x)3
1
x
(q)
log e (2 x 2 + 3)
(r)
log e (3 x 2 1)
(s)
log e ( x + x 2 4)
(t)
log e ( x 1 x 2 )
(v)
x2 + x 1
log e
x3
(b)
x log e x 2
(u)
log e ( x + 2)( x + 3)
x 2 log e x
log e (3 x 4)
log e
3 x
3+ x
(d)
log e (2 5 x)
Page 44
(a)
y=
(b)
y = log e ( x + 1)3
(c)
y = 4e3 x
(d)
f ( x) = ( x 1)( x 2 + 5 x + 3)
(e)
g ( x) = e x ( x 2 + 3)
(f)
g ( x) =
(g)
f ( x) = [ log e (5 x 1) ]
(h)
y=
(i)
g ( x) =
2 5 x + 2
(2 x + 3)5
x3 5
4
log e x
x
log e x3/ 2
x2
Page 45
Exercises A - Answers
Exercise 1
(a)
12
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
2 x3
(f)
(g)
10
(h)
2a
(i)
-5
(j)
13
(k)
27
(l)
3a 2
(m)
5x2 2 x + 1
(n)
(o)
(p)
(a)
2x 2
(b)
2x +1
(a)
6x
(b)
6x
(c)
(d)
-3
(a)
4 x 5 + 2h
(b)
4 x 5, 3
(a)
2x 8
(b)
when x = 4 gradient is 0
(a)
8 x + 12
(b)
1
x2
(a)
4x 3
(b)
x6
(a)
4 x + 7
(b)
4 (2 x + 3)
10
(a)
(b)
11
(a)
8+ h
(b)
12
(a)
2
x3
(b)
(d)
x 3/ 4
4
(e)
(g)
2 x 5/3
3
(j)
0.9
x1.9
(c)
2 x 3/ 2
3
4
x5
(f)
x 4/3
3
(h)
200 x199
(i)
1.4
x 2.4
(k)
5 x 8/3
3
(l)
p pqq
x
q
2 x3
Page 46
(a)
4x 3
(b)
x
+8
2
(c)
2ax + b
(d)
6 x 2 12 x + 6
(e)
x2 + x + 1
(f)
3ax 2 + 2bx + c
(g)
4 x3 3x 2 2c
(h)
8 x3 12 x 2 + 4 x 3
14
(a)
2x 3
(b)
15
(a)
6 x2 6 x + 5
(b)
12 18x
(c)
1
x2
(d)
2x
2
x3
(e)
6 (3x 4)
(f)
4
x2
(g)
3 8
x 2 x3
(h)
13
16
5 x 3/ 2 9 2 x1/ 2 + 1 2 x 1/ 2 , 31 1 4
18
(2 , 2)
19
(a)
-29
(b)
20
(a)
(b)
(2 , -1)
22
3 (2 x 1)
8 x
3
2 x
2 x 3/ 2
Page 47
Exercise 2
5
2 9 5x
(b)
(e)
(a)
(d)
6
(2 3x)3
(f)
3 ( x 3 x 2 + x 1) 2 (3 x 2 2 x + 1)
(h)
(j)
1
1
3 x2 + x + 2x + 1 2
x
x
2 (3x 4)3
5
2 (6 5 x)3
7
2 (7 x + 8)3
5
2 (5 x 7)
(c)
(g)
2 ( x3 + x 2 + x 1)(3 x 2 + 2 x + 1)
(i)
(k)
(n)
(q)
(t)
(a)
(l)
x +8
12 x 2
7 8x
(o)
2x +1
2 x 2 + x 10
x
(9 x 2 )3
2x
33
( x + 1)
(b)
8 x
2
2 x + 3x 7
6 11x
13 + 12 x 11x 2
3x + 1
(3 x 2 + 2 x + 1)3
1 2x
55
2 4
(x x )
(e)
35 x
x
(g)
3
(7 3 x) 2
(h)
5 (1 + x ) 4
2 x
(j)
60 x3 (1 x 4 ) 4
(k)
(d)
60 x
(1 + 5 x 2 )7
4x
1 + x2
8x
(m)
2x + 3
(r)
(u)
1 + 2
x
(p)
8x2 7
8x + 3
2 4 x 2 + 3x 9
(s)
(v)
(c)
4 (7 x)3
(f)
(i)
4x
(2 x 2 ) 2
(l)
( x 2 + 10)3
7x 3
(7 x 2 6 x + 5)3
6x
(1 + x 2 ) 2
3 3 (1 + 3x)
4 x
Page 48
(m)
(p)
3 7 (1 + 7 x)
4 x
24
(7 + 8 x) 4
8
(n)
18x
(7 3x 2 ) 4
(q)
(t)
105
1
4 1 + 3
x x
(s)
18 (2 x 3)
(v)
3 (9 + 5 x + 2 x 2 ) 2 (5 + 4 x)
ax
1 x + 3x 2 (6 x 1)
1
2 13 x
(o)
(r)
3x (1 x 2 )
(u)
(b)
( 3 4) (5 x 4 + 10 x) ( x5 + 5 x 2 ) 1/ 4
(b)
12 x + 3 + 2( x 2 + 1) (2 x3 + 6 x) 2/3
3(1 + x 2 )
2 1 3 x x3
(a)
(a)
(a)
4 x3 + 21x 2 + 14 x 17
(b)
8 x 3 + 15 x 2 2 x 4
(c)
5 x 4 + 32 x3 + 36 x 2 + 22 x + 4
(d)
4 x3 21x 2 + 10 x + 63
(e)
84 x 5 + 40 x 4 252 x3 120 x 2 + 18
(f)
4 x3 + 3x 2 + 4 x + 2
(g)
2 ( x + 1)( 2 x + 3)( 4 x + 5 )
(h)
2 ( 3 x + 2 )( 4 x 1)( 24 x + 5 )
(i)
x x 2 + 1 7 x 3 + 3x + 16
(j)
2 x ( x 1)( 2 x + 5 ) 6 x 2 + 6 x 5
(k)
x2 + 2x 2
(1 + x) 2
(n)
6x + 7
(3x 2) 2 ( x + 3) 2
(o)
(a)
1
( x + 1) 2
(b)
1
( x 1) 2
(c)
(d)
(e)
2x
2
( x 1) 2
(f)
2(3x 2 5 x + 6)
(2 x 2 ) 2
(g)
3
(1 x) 2
(h)
3x 2 2 x + 6
(3 x 1) 2
(i)
(j)
3x 20
2 x3 5 x
(k)
2 (10 x 2 9 x + 6)
(3 5 x 2 ) 2
(l)
1 6x 5 x 2
( x 2 + 3 x + 2) 2
ax + b
2
)(
1
( x 1) 2
)
(l)
3x + 2
2 1+ x
5 x3 + 12 x 2 + 9 x + 12
2 x 2 + 3x
(m)
(p)
4
( x + 1) 2
6x2 + 4x 3
x2 1
51
(9 x + 3) 2
3x + 4
2 x3 x + 1
Page 49
(m)
2 ( x 2 + 2 x + 2)
( x 2 + x 1) 2
(n)
(p)
1 + x2
(1 x 2 ) 2
(q)
2 (1 x 2 )
(1 + x 2 ) 2
(a)
1 + 2x x 2
(1 x) 2
(b)
(d)
6 x2
(1 x 3 ) 2
(e)
(g)
10 x
(1 5 x 2 ) 2
(h)
(j)
11
(3 x + 4) 2
(o)
(r)
-1
(c)
3x 2
( x3 + 1) 2
2 x ( x + 2)
( x 2 + x + 1) 2
(f)
1
( x + 1) 2
(i)
50
( x + 10) 2
(k)
1 x
2 x ( x + 1) 2
(l)
(n)
2
+1
x2
(o)
4 x3 (2 x 2 )
(1 x 2 ) 2
(p)
7( x 2 + 4 x 1)
(3 x 2 x + 1) 2
(q)
1
3
2
x
x5
(r)
(s)
2a
( x + a)2
(t)
2a
( x a)2
(u)
x2 4x + 2
( x 2) 2
(v)
x 2 (3a 2 x 2 )
(a 2 x 2 )2
(w)
8 + 8x 7 x 2
( x 2 5 x + 4) 2
(x)
6x 2
( x3 + 1)3
(y)
(z)
3
( x + 1) 2
(a)
( x + 5)(2 x + 5) 3/ 2
(b)
(3x + 4)(3x + 2) 3/ 2
(c)
(d)
3 (3 2 x 2 ) 3/ 2
(e)
b (ax 2 + b) 3 / 2
(f)
2+
(m)
x
x +1
5
( x 1) 2
1 + x (1 x)
x (5 x + 12)
( x 2 + 5 x + 6) 2
(1 x) (1 + x)3
6
(3x 1) 2
x +1
2 x3
3
2 x3
(ax + 2b)(ax + b) 3/ 2
12 x + 7
2(4 x + 3) 2 3 x + 2
Page 50
Exercise 3
(a)
6e6 x
(b)
8e8 x
(c)
e x
(d)
2e 2 x
(e)
e x +3
(f)
e x+4
(g)
e x + 2
(h)
e x + 3
(i)
e 4 x
(j)
e5 x
(k)
2 xe x
(l)
3x 2e x
(m)
2 xe x
(n)
3 x 2 e x
(o)
5e85 x
(p)
4e94 x
(q)
3e7 +3 x
(r)
9e8+9 x
(s)
2 ( x + 1) e x
2 +2 x
(t)
(6 x + 5) e3 x
(u)
(2 x 3) e x
(v)
2 ( x 1) e x
2 2 x +3
(y)
1
e
2 x+3
(a)
(d)
2 ( x 3) . e( x 3)
(g)
(w)
1
2 x
2 +5 x
(x)
(z)
1
e
2 x+4
(b)
(e)
2 ( x 1) . e( x 1)
( x + 1) e x
(h)
(j)
(1 x) e x
(m)
x +3
1
e
2 4 x
1 2
e
x
2 3 x +1
x+4
1
e
2 5 x
(c)
2( x + 2) . e( x + 2)
(f)
2 ( x 2) . e( x 2)
2(3x + 1) e3 x
(i)
3(1 2 x) e 2 x
(k)
(2 x 1) e 2 x
x2
(l)
(3 x 1) e3 x
x2
(1 + x) e x
x2
(n)
(1 + 2 x) e 2 x
x2
(o)
x( x + 2) e x
(p)
(1 + 2 x) e 2 x
(q)
(1 + 3x) e3 x
(r)
x 2 ( x + 3) e x
(s)
(1 2 x) e x
2 x
(t)
(4 x + 1) e 2 x
2 x
(u)
3(2 x + 1) e 2 x
(v)
5 (3x + 1) e3 x
(a)
2 (e 2 x e 2 x )
(b)
2 (e 2 x e 2 x )
(c)
2 ( x e x )(1 e x )
(d)
2 ( x + e x )(1 e x )
(e)
4 (e 4 x e 4 x )
(f)
4 (e 4 x e 4 x )
(g)
( x + 2)e x
(h)
(2 x) e x
(i)
(10 3x) e 3 x
4 x
5 x
Page 51
(j)
(m)
4
ex
2 ex 1
(k)
(n)
xe x
( x + 1) 2
(b)
e x 2e 2 x
(d)
4e 4 x + 4e 2 x
(e)
4 e 4 x e 4 x
(h)
(b)
e2 xe
(a)
2x
+3
xe 1/ 2 x
( x 2) e x
( x 1) 2
(c)
4e 4 x
(f)
2x
e2 x + 1
3e3 x + 2e 2 x
e2 x
(l)
e2 x
(a)
(g)
( x + 5) e x
2 1
2
6e 6 x
x3
Page 52
Exercise 4
(a)
(d)
x
1
(e)
1
x 1
(h)
(j)
2 x
4 x2
(k)
(m)
(r)
(t)
(b)
(g)
(p)
3
x
(n)
(log e x) 2
(q)
3x
2
(3 x 1) log e (3 x 1)
x + 1 x2
1 x2 x 1 x2
(c)
x
2
(f)
2
2x 1
(i)
(l)
(o)
2x
1
x
3
x
2x
x +3
2
3
2x
4
x
. (log e x)3
2x
(2 x 2 + 3) log e (2 x 2 + 3)
(s)
1
2
x 4
(u)
2 x (2 x 2 + 5)
( x 2 + 2)( x 2 + 3)
(v)
x2 6x 2
( x 2 + x 1)( x 3)
(a)
x (1 + 2 log e x)
(b)
2 (1 + log e x)
(c)
3
2 (3x 4) log e (3x 4)
(d)
5
2 (5 x 2) log e (2 5 x)
(e)
3
( x 3)( x + 3)
(a)
(b)
3x + 8
2 (3x + 1)3
3
x +1
Page 53
2 5 x + 2
(c)
4 (6 x 5) e3 x
(e)
e x x2 + 2 x + 3
20 [log e (5 x 1)]3
(g)
5x 1
(i)
3 4 log e x3/ 2
2 x3
(d)
3x 2 + 8 x 2
(f)
(4 x3 9 x 2 50)(2 x + 3) 4
( x3 5) 2
(h)
1 2 log e x
2 x2