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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The chapter focuses on methodology used to explore the relationship between workplace
bullying, occupational injuries, psychological distress and psychosocial safety climate. It covers
research design, population and sample, instrumentation, data analysis procedure and methods
associated with data analysis.
3.2 Population:
A research population is the collection of individuals or objects that have similar characteristics
(Castillo, 2009). The population of the current study are all the industrial workers working in
cement plants.
3.3 Sampling:
It is method or process of selecting representative part of population for the study. Convenience
sampling technique has been used for the current study due to time and resource constraints. The
said technique refers to selection of sample which is at ease to access (Cohen, Manion &
Morrison, 2007). Sample of 400 respondents was established and it was assumed that the
suggested sample would represent the population.
3.3.1 Sample Characteristics:
Gender is excluded from the sample as all the first line workers are male in cement industry. The
following tables indicate the sample characteristics from whom the data was collected.
Valid Percent
Cumulative Percent
18 - 25 years
65
22.1
22.1
26 - 33 years
124
42.2
64.3
34 - 41 years
75
25.5
89.8
42 - 49 years
22
7.5
97.3
50 years - more
2.7
100.0
Middle
66
22.4
22.4
Matric
129
43.9
66.3
Intermediate
59
20.1
86.4
Bechelor
32
10.9
97.3
Masters
2.7
100.0
5-10 years
149
50.7
50.7
11-15 years
86
29.3
79.9
16-20 years
42
14.3
94.2
21-25 years
12
4.1
98.3
26-30 years
1.4
99.7
35-more years
.3
100.0
Age
Qualification
Experience
Sample consists of first line workers of the cement industry who were more exposed to the
workplace injuries. Out of 294 respondents, 22.1 % belonged to 18-25 years of age group, 42.2%
26-33 years, 25.5% 34-41 years, 7.5% 42-49 years and 2.7% belonged to 50 years or more.
Mostly the respondents were young with the age of 26 33 years.
22.4% of the respondents were with eight years of education, 43.9 % high school, 20%
intermediate, 11% with Bachelors degree and 2.7% with Masters level of education. Mostly the
education level of the sample was matric.
50.7% were having 5-10 years of experience, 29.3% 11-15 years, 14.3% 16-20 years, 4.1% with
21-25 years of experience, 1.4% with 26 to 30 years and 0.3% are with 35 years or above than 35
years of experience were noted. 5-10 years experience found to be more frequent in the sample.
3.4 Instrumentation
3.4.1 Workplace Bullying
Exposure to bullying behaviours in the workplace was measured with the 22-item Negative Acts
Questionnaire Revised (NAQ-R) developed by Einarsen, Hoel and Notelaers (2009). NAQ-R
measures direct, indirect, personal and work related bullying. Response categories range from 1
5 (never, now and then, monthly, weekly and daily). This is the most widely used
scale to measure the construct (see, e.g., Nielsen, Hetland, Matthiesen & Einersen, 2012;
Mikkelsen & Einersen, 2002) and its different version for different cultures have been introduced
but the most valid is NAQ-R.
3.4.2 Psychological Distress
For Psychological Distress, a 10 items scale called Kessler 10 (K10; Kessler and Mroczek, 1994)
has been used in the study. This scale gauges psychological distress, including depression and
anxiety experienced during the 4 weeks period. A 5 point Likert scale was used to measure
having a range none of the time to all the times.
participation. All items were measured on a 5-point Likert scale, ranging from 1(strongly
disagree) to 5 (strongly agree) and were added together to form a composite scale.
3.4.4 Occupational Injuries
The measure for Occupational injuries was taken from Barling, Loughlin and Kelloway, (2002)
which was mainly for manufacturing concerns. For Injuries, Self-reported measures consisted of
asking the frequency in which each specific injury had occurred over the 12-month period on a
5-point scale from 1 (never) to 5 (frequently). The representative item for this questionnaire is
Strains or Sprains.
No. of Items
Cronbachs alpha ()
Workplace Bullying
22
.925
Psychological Distress
10
.911
12
.964
Occupational injuries
09
.887