DAFTAR PUSTAKA

1.

Chen Y, Rollins J, Paigen B. Toward understanding the molecular basis of

2.

atherosclerosis with genetics and genomics. Cell Metab. 2007;6(3):16479.

Ingall T. Stroke Incidence, Mortality, Morbidity and Risk. J Insur Me.

3.

2007;36:143-52.
Kusuma Y, Venketasubramanian N, Kiemas LS, Misbach J. Burden of Stroke

4.

in Indonesia. International Journal of Stroke. 2009 Okt;4.

Riskesdas. Riset Kesehatan Dasar 2007. Badan

5.

Pengembangan Kesehatan Departemen Kesehatan RI. 2008 Dec.

Petrea ER, Beiser AS, Seshadri S, Kelly-Hayes M, Kase CS, Wolf PA.

penelitian

dan

Differences in Stroke Incidence and Poststroke Disability in the Framingham

6.

Heart Study. Stroke. 2009;40:1032-1037.

National Stroke Association's Publications

7.

Stroke:Targets for Managing Risk Ask the Experts Roundtable. 2009 Dec .
Stanley LC, Frank EA. Prevention of Recurrent Stroke. Stroke.

8.

2006;37:1913-16.
Bang Y, Kim JS. Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin in Atherosclerotic Stroke,

9.

A Surprising Resurrection of Anticoagulants?. Stroke. 2008;43:293-94.

Fromm A, Ariansen O, Haaland, Naess H, Thomassen L, Andreassen UW.

Comitte.

Recurrent

Risk factors and their impact on carotid intima-media thickness in young and
middle-aged ischemic stroke patients and controls: The Norwegian Stroke in
10.

the Young Study. BMC Research Notes. 2014;7:176.

De Groot E, van Leuven SI, Duivenvoorden R, Meuwese MC, Akdim F, Bots
ML. Measurement of Carotid Intima-Media Thickness to Assess Progression

11.

and Regression of Atherosclerosis. Nature Clinical Practice. 2008:1-9.

Della-Mortea D, Gardenera H, Denaroa F, Boden-Albalab B. Metabolic
Syndrome Increases Carotid ArteryStiffness: The Northern Manhattan Study.

12.

Int J Stroke. 2010 June;5(3):13844.

Lakka HM, Lakka TA, Tuomilehto

J, Sivenius

J, Salonen JT.

Hyperinsulinemia and the Risk of Cardiovascular Death and Acute Coronary

and Cerebrovascular Events in Men, The Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease
13.

Risk Factor Study. Arch Intern Med. 2000;160:1160-1168.

The Aric Investigator. The Atherosclerosis Risk In Community (ARIC)

14.

Study: Design And Objectives. Am. J. Epidemiol. 1989;129(4):687-702.

Stein HJ, Douglas PS, Srinivasan SR, Bond MG, Tang R, Li S, et al.
Distribution and Cross Sectional Age-Related Increases of Carotid Artery

Intima-Media Thickness in Young Adults: The Bogalusa Heart Study. Stroke.

15.

2004;35:2782-2787.
Georgios T, Konstantinos V, Christos P. Common Carotid Artery IntimaMedia Thickness and the Risk of Stroke Recurrence. Stroke. 2006;37:1913-

16.

16.
Prati P, Tosetto A, Vanuzzo D, Bader G. Carotid Intima Media Thickness and
Plaques Can Predict the Occurrence of Ischemic Cerebrovascular Events.

17.

Stroke. 2008;39:2470-76.
Hadi NU, Rukhsana, Awan KH, Iqbal N. Frequency of Carotid Artery
Stenosis in Ischemic Stroke by Using Carotid Doppler Ultrasonography in

18.

Teaching Hospital. Gomal Journal of Medical Sciences. 2009; 7(2):82-85.

Kotsis VT, Stabouli SV, Papamichael CM, Zakopoulos NA. Impact of
Obesity in Intima Media Thickness of Carotid Arteries. OBESITY V.

19.

2006;14:1-8.
Howard G, Wagenknecht LE, Burke GL, Diez-Roux A, Evans GW,
McGovern P, et al. Cigarette Smoking and Progression of Atherosclerosis,
Th. Atherosclerosis

Risk in Communities

(ARIC) Study. JAMA.

20.

1998;279(2):1-6.
Powell JT. Vascular damage from smoking: disease mechanisms atthe arterial

21.

wall. Vascular Medicine. 1998;3:2128.

Yu Y, Sachiko M, Satomi SK, Jun H, Masaru K. Oxidants in cigarette smoke
extract modify low-density lipoproteinin the plasma and facilitate
atherogenesis in the aorta of Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic rabbits.

22.

Atherosclerosis. 2001;156:10917.
John AA, Rajat BS. The Pathophysiology of Cigarette Smoking and

23.

Cardiovascular Disease An Update. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;43:17317.

Efstathios M, Georgios T, Eleni K, Kimon S, Christos P, Savas T, et al.
Impact of Prehypertension on Common Carotid Artery Intima-Media

24.

Thickness and Left Ventricular Mass. Stroke. 2009;40:1515-18.

Hanefeld M, Koehler C, Henkel E, Fuecker K, Scaper, TemelkovaKurtschiev. Post-challenge hyperglycaemia relates more strongly than fasting
hyperglycaemia with carotid intima-media thickness: the RIAD Study.

25.

Diabetic Medicine. 2000;17(12):835-40.

Roxana D, Joanne SD, Wouter JJ, Ton RJ, Stokkel MP, Jan SW, et al.
Increased Carotid Intima-Media Thicknessas a Predictor of the Presence and
Extentof Abnormal Myocardial Perfusion in Type2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care.
2010;33:37274.

26.

Louise C, Thomas A, Bendix C, Lise T, Niels W. Carotid intima-media

thickness

27.

in

individuals

withand

without

type

diabetes:

reproducibilitystudy. Cardiovascular Diabetology. 2010;9(40):1-7.

Thomas E, Jonathan H, Michiel H. Relationship between blood glucose and
carotid intima media thickness: A meta-analysis. Cardiovascular Diabetology

28.

2010;9(37):1-8.
Javier NF, Carlos I, Myron GD, George CW, Richard CG. Uric acid and
serum antioxidant capacity: a reaction to atherosclerosis?. Atherosclerosis.

29.

2000;148:13139.
Shuzo T, Ryuichi K, Tomo K, Masanori A, Morikazu O. Uric acid is an
independent risk factor for carotidatherosclerosis in a Japanese elderly
populationwithout

30.

metabolic

syndrome,

Cardiovascular

Diabetology.

2012;11(2):1-9.
Germaine S, Corina S, Lavinia N, Fira MO, Gaita D, Oana DM, et al. The
role of hyperurecemia in endothelial dysfungtion induce by hypertension,

31.

Romanian. J. Biophys. 2008;18(4),32936.

Klerk M, Verhoef P, Clarke R, Blom HJ, Schounten EG, et al. MTHFR 677C
T Polymorphism and risk of coronary heart disease. JAMA October.

32.

2002;288(16):2023-2032.
Ray JG, Shmorgun D, Chan WS. Common C677T polymorphism of the
methylenetetrahydrofolate

reductase

gene and

the risk of venous

thromboembolism: meta-analysis of 31 studies. Pathophysiol Haemost

33.

Thromb. 2002 Mar-Apr;32(2):51-8.

Varga EA, Sturm AC, Misita CP, Moll S. Homocystein and MTHFR
Mutations Relations to Thrombosis and Coronary Artery Disease.

34.

Circulation. 2005;111:289-293.
Paternoster L, Martinez-Gonzalez NA, Charleton R, Chung M, Lewis S,
Sudlow CLM. Genetic Effects on Carotid Intima- Media Thickness:
Systematic

Assessment

and

Meta-Analyses

of

Candidate

Gene

Polymorphisms Studied in More Than 5000 Subject. Circ Cardiovasc Genet.

35.

2010;3:15-2.
Badan Pusat Statistik Indonesia. Angka Harapan Hidup. 2014 [cited 2014 21

36.

July]; Available from: http://www.datastatistik-indonesia.com.

World Health Organization. Global Health Observatory. Life expectancy.
2014

[cited

2014

http://www.who.int/entity/gho/en/.

21

July];

Available

from:

37.

Air E, Kissela B. Diabetes, the Metabolic Syndrome, and Ischemic Stroke

38.

Epidemiology and possible mechanisms. Diabetes care. 2007;30(12).

Kawamoto R, Ohtsuka N, Tomita H, Kamitani A, Oka Y. Metabolic
syndrome and carotid atherosclerosis: role of elevated blood pressure.

39.

Journal of atherosclerosis and thrombosis. 2005;12(5):268-75.

Jae SY, Fernhall B, Heffernan KS, Kang M, Lee MK, et al. Chronotropic
response to exercise testing is associated with carotid atherosclerosis in

40.

healthy middle-aged men. European Heart Journal. 2006;27:954-959.

Kallikazaros I, Stefanadis C. Carotid Artery Disease as a Marker for the
Presence of Severe Coronary Artery Disease in Patients Evaluated for Chest

41.

Pain. Stroke. 1999;30:1002-7.

Giannattasio C, Failla M, Emanuelli G, Grappiolo A, Boffi L, et al. Local
effects of atherosclerotic plaque on arterial distensibility. Hypertension.

42.

2001;38:1177-1180.
Mickleborough LL, Walker PM, Takagi Y, Ohashi M, Ivanov J, et al. Risk
factors for stroke in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. J

43.

Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1996;112(5):1250-8

Simon A, Levenson J. Intima-media thickness, a new tool for diagnosis and
treatment of cardiovascular risk. Journal of Hypertension. 2002;20(2):159-

44.

69.
Kwon SU, Kim BJ, Kim SR, Kim DE, Kim HY, et al. The response of
carotid intima-media thickness to medical treatment is correlated with that of

45.

intracranial atherosclerosis. J Clin Neurol. 2013;9:231-236.

Eigenbrodt ML, Evans GW, Rose KM, Bursac Z, Tracy RE, et al. Bilateral
common carotid artery ultrasound for prediction of incident strokes using
intima-media thickness and external diameter: an observational study.

46.

Cardiovascular Ultrasound. 2013;11:22.

OLeary DH, Polak JF, Kronmal RA, Manolio TA, Burke GL, et al. Carotid
artery intima and media thickness as a risk factor for myocardial infarction
and stroke in older adults. The New England Journal of Medicine. 1999

47.

January 7;340(1):14-22.
Turan MN, Demirci MS, Asci G, Yaprak M, Ok ES, et al. The Association
Between Progression of Carotid Artery Intima-Media Thickness and
Cardiovascular Events in Peritoneal Dialysis Patients. Turk Neph Dial

48.

Transpl. 2013;22(3):238-244.
Desvarieux M, Demmer RT, Jacobs DR, Papapanou PN, Sacco RL, et al.
Changes in Clinical and Microbiological Periodontal Profiles Relate to

Progression of Carotid Intima-Media Thickness: The Oral Infections and

Vascular Disease Epidemiology Study. J Am Heart Assoc. 2013
49.

December;2(6).
Freitas D, Alves A, Pereira A, Pereira T. Increased Intima-Media Thickness is
Independently Associated with Ischemic Stroke. Arq Bras Cardiol.

50.

2012;98(6):497-504.
Chin SO, Hwang JK, Rhee SY, Chon S, Hwang YC, et al. Risk Factors for
the progression of intima-media thickness of carotid arteries: a 2-year followup study in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Metab J.

51.

2013;37(5):365-74.
An WS, Son YK. Vascular calcification on plain radiographs is associated
with carotid intima media thickness, malnutrition and cardiovascular events
in dialysis patients: a prospective observational study. BMC Nephrology.

52.

2013;14:27.
Panayiotou AG, Griffin M, Kouis P, Tyllis T, Georgiou N, et al. Association
between presence of the metabolic syndrome and its components with carotid
intima-media thickness and carotid and femoral plaque area: a population

53.

study. Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2013 August 20;5:44.

Huang TL, Hsu HC, Chen HC, Lin HC, Chien CY, et al. Long-term effects
on carotid intima-media thickness after radiotherapy in patients with

54.

nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Radiat Oncol. 2013 November;8:261

Palinski W, Napoli C. Pathophysiological events during pregnancy influence
the development of atherosclerosis in humans. Trends Cardiovasc Med.

55.

1999;9:205-14.
Stary HC, Chandler AB, Dinsmore RE. A definition of advanced types of
atherosclerotic lesions and a histological classification of atherosclerosis. A
report from the Committee on Vascular Lesions of the Council on
Arteriosclerosis, American Heart Association. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc

56.

Biol. 1995;15:1512-31.
Song Y, Manson JE, Tinker L. Circulating Levels of Endothelial Adhesion
Molecules and Risk of Diabetes in an Ethnically Diverse Cohort of Women.

57.

Diabetes. 2007 July;56:1898-04.

Reinders ME, Sho M, Robertson SW, Gehan CS, Briscoe DM. Proangiogenic

58.

function of CD40 ligand-CD40 interactions. J Imunol. 2003;171:1534-41.

Roos R. Atherosklerosis an inflamatory disease. N Eng J Med.
1999;340:115-26.

59.

Colman RW, Victor MJ, Alexander CW, James GN, Samuel G. Hemostasis
and Thrombosis, Basic Principles and Clinical Practice. Lippincott Williams

60.

& Wilkins. 2006:751- 23.

Piero V, Tanenbaum LN, Borden NM, Sen S, Eshkar N. CT Angiography in

61.

Acute Ischemic Stroke Preliminary Results Stroke. 2002;33:276-278.

Vicente A. Control of vascular cell proliferation and migration by cyclindependent kinase signalling: new perspectives and therapeutic potential.

62.

Cardiovascular Research. 2004;63:11 21.

Hansson, GK. Inflammation, atherosclerosis, and coronary artery disease. N

63.

Engl J Med. 2005;352:1685-95.

Norata GD, Catapano AL. Molecular mechanisms responsible for the
antiinflammatory and protective effect of HDL on the endothelium. Vascular

64.

Health and Risk Management. 2005;1(2):11929.

Shibata N, Glass CK. Regulation of macrophage function in inflammation

65.

and atherosclerosis. Journal of Lipid Research. 2009:227- 282.

Spagnoli LG, Bonanno E, Sangiorgi G, Mauriello A. Role of inflammation in

66.

atherosclerosis. J Nucl Med. 2007;48:1800-15.

Clappers N, Brouwer MA, Verheugt FWA. Antiplatelet Treatment for

67.

Coronary Heart Disease. Heart. 2007;93:25865.

Virmani, R, Kolodgie FD, Burk AP, Farb A, Kolodgie FD. Pathology of the

68.

vulnerable plaque. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;47:13-8.

Spagnoli LG, Mauriello A, Sangiorgi G. Extracranial trombotically active
carotid plaque as a risk factor for ischemic stroke. JAMA. 2004;292:1845-

69.

52.
Packard RRS, Andrew H. Lichtman Innate and Adaptive Immunity in

70.

Atherosclerosis. Semin Immunopathol. 2009;31(1):1-27.

Peter L, Paul RM, Gran HK. Inflammation in Atherosclerosis: From

71.
72.

Pathophysiology to Practice. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2009;54:2129-38.

Peter L. Inflammation in atherosclerosis. JAMA. 2002;420:868-74.
Barton M, Minotti R, Haas E. Inflammation and Atherosclerosis. Circulation

73.

Research. 2007;101:750-51.
Clarke MCH. Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Apoptosis Induces Interleukin-

74.

1Directed Inflammation. Circulation Research. 2010;106:363-72.

David LCW, Bikramjit D, Hongyun Y, Paul SE, Subodh V. Adipokines:
molecular links between obesity and atheroslcerosis. Am J Physiol Heart

75.

Circ Physiol. 2005;288:2031-41.

Bath PM, Hassal DG, Gladwin AM, Palmer RM, Martin JF. Nitric oxide and
prostacyclin, Divergence of inhibitory effects on monocyte chemotaxis and
adhesion to endothelium invitro. Arterioscler Thromb. 1991;11:254-60.

76.

Zeiher AM, Drexler H, Saurbier B, Just H. Endothelium-mediated coronary

blood flow modulation in humans. Effects of age, atherosclerosis,

77.

hypercholesterolemia, and hypertension. J Clin Invest. 1993;92:652-62.

Kathryn MJ, Ira T. Macrophages in the Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis, J

78.

Cell. 2011:1-15.
Consigny PM. Pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. AJR Am J Roentgenol.

79.

1995;164:553-8.
Demer LL, Tintut Y. Mineral exploration: search for the mechanism of
vascular calsification and beyond. Atherosclerosis Thromb Vasc Biol.

80.

2003;23:1739-43.
Fuster V, Badimon JJ, Chesebro JH. The Pathogenesis of coronary artery

81.

disease and the acute coronary syndroms. N Engl J Med. 1992;326:242-50.

Virmani R, Kolodgie FD, Burke AP, Farb A, Schwartz SM. Lessons from
sudden coronary death: a comprehensive morphological classification
scheme for atherosclerotic lesions. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol.

82.

2000;20:1262-75.
Naghvi M, Liby P, Falk E. From vulnerable palque to vulnerable patient: a
call for new difinitions and risk assessment strategies: Part II. Circulation.

83.

2003;108:1772-8.
Crowther MA. Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis. ASH Education Book.

84.

2005;1:436-41.
Mitchell RSKV, Abbas AK, Fausto N. Robbins Basic Pathology: With

85.

Student Consult Online Access, 8 ed. Philadelphia: Saunders;2007.

Vinay K, Abbas AK, Fausto, Mitchell RN. The Heart. In: Robbins basic
Pathology

86.

8th

Edition.

Philadelphia:

Saunders

Elsevier

publications;2007:523-576.
Zieskea AW, McMahanb A, McGill HC, Hommaa S, Takeia H, Malcoma GT,
et al. Smoking is associated with advanced coronary atherosclerosis in
youthfor the Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth

87.

(PDAY) Research Group. Atherosclerosis. 2005;180:8792.

Madhuri, Chandra S, Jabbar A. Age Associated in Intima Media Thickness in

88.

Adults. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 2010;54(4):371-375.

Iglseder B, Cip P, Malimare L, Ladurner G, Paulweber B. TheMetabolic
Syndrome Is a Stronger Risk Factor for Early Carotid Atherosclerosis in

89.

WomenThaninMen.Stroke.2005;36:12121217.
StenslandBuggeE,BnaaKH,JoakimsenO,NjlstadI.SexDifferencesin
the Relationship of Risk Factors to Subclinical Carotid Atherosclerosis
Measured15YearsLater:TheTromsStudy.Stroke.2000;31:574581.

90.

Stamatelopoulosa KS, Armenib E, Georgiopoulosa G, Kazania M, Kyrkoua

K, et al. Recently postmenopausal women have the same prevalence of
subclinical carotid atherosclerosis as age and traditional risk factor matched

91.

men. Atherosclerosis. 2012;221:508513.

Dawson JD, Sonka M, Blecha MB, Lin W, Davis PH. Risk factors associated
with aortic and carotid intimal-medial thicness in adolescents and young
adults: the Muscatine Offspring Study. J Am Coo Cardiol. 2009;53(24):2273-

92.

79.
Chiara B, Andrea P, Rodolfo P. Smoking and gender. Cardiovascular

93.

Research. 2002;53:56876.
Shimada K, Miyazaki T, Daida H. Adiponectin and atherosclerotic disease.

94.

Clinica Chimica Acta. 2004;344:112.

Hajer GR, Van Haeften TW, Visseren FLJ. Adipose tissue dysfuntion in
obesity,

95.

diabetes,

and

vascular

2008;29:2959-71.
Williams IL, Wheatcroft

SB,

disease.
Shah AM,

European
Kearney

Heart

Journal.

MT.

Obesity,

atherosclerosis and the vascular endothelium: mechanisms of reduced nitric

oxide bioavailability in obese human. International Journal of Obesity.
96.

2002;26(6):754764.
World Health Organization. BMI Classification. 2004 [cited 2014 21 July];

97.

Available from: http://apps.who.int/bmi/index.jsp?introPage=intro_3.html.

Foresta C, Ferlin A, De Toni L, Lana A, Vinanzi C, Galan A, Caretta N.
Circulating endothelial progenitor cells and endothelial function after chronic
Tadalafil treatment in subjects with erectile dysfunction. Int J Impot Res.

98.

2006;18(5):484-8.
Lane HA, Jamie SC, Jamie DS. Noninvasive assessment of preclinical

99.

Atherosclerosis. Vascular Health and Risk Management. 2006;2(1)1930.

Zvonimir SK. Mechanisms of Endothelial Dysfunction Induced by Aging.

Circulation Research. 2007;101:640-41.

100. Cade WT. Diabetes-Related Microvascular and Macrovascular Diseases in
the Physical Therapy Setting. PHYS THER. 2008;88:1322-35
101. Stauffera BL, Westbya CM, Christopher A. DeSouzaa Endothelin-1, aging
and hypertension. Curr Opin Cardiol. 2008;23(4):35055
102. Quehenberger P, Bierhaus A, Fasching P. Endothelin 1 transcription is
controlled by nuclear factor-kappa B in AGE-stimulated cultured endothelial
cells. Diabetes. 2000;49:1561-70.
103. Schoenhagen P, Tuzcu EM, Apperson-Hansen C, Wang C. Determinants of
Arterial

Wall

Remodeling

During

Lipid-Lowering

Therapy

Serial

Intravascular Ultrasound Observations From the Reversal of Atherosclerosis

With Aggressive Lipid Lowering Therapy (REVERSAL) Trial. Circulation.
2006;113:2826-34.
104. Achmad TH, Winterscheidt A, Lindemann C, Rao GS. Oxidized low density
lipoprotein acts on endothelial cells in culture to enhance endothelin
secretion and monocyte migration. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol.
1997;19:153-9.
105. Huebschann AG, Regensteiner JG, Vlassara H, Jane EB. Reusch, Diabetes
and

Advanced

Glycoxidation

End

Products.

DIABETES

CARE.

2006;29(6):1420-32.
106. Beckman JA, Creager MA, Libby P. Diabetes and atherosclerosis:
epidemiology, pathophysiology, and management. JAMA. 2002;287:257081.
107. Kaufmann PA, Gnecchi-Ruscone T, Schafers KP. Low Density Lipoprotein
Cholesterol

and

Coronary

Microvascular

Dysfunction

in

Hypercholesterolemia. Journal of the A, merican College of Cardiology.

2000;36(1):1-9.
108. Silva IT, Mello APQ, Damasceno NRT. Antioxidant and inflammatory
aspects of lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2). Lipids in
Health and Disease. 2011:1-10.
109. Uemura S, Matsushita H, Li W. Diabetes mellitus enhances vascular matrix
metalloproteinase activity: role of oksidatif stress. Circ Res. 2001;88:1291-8.
110. Beer S, Feihl F, Ruiz J, Juhan-Vague I. Comparison of skin microvascular
reactivity with hemostatic markers of endothelial dysfunction and damage in
type 2 diabetes. Vascular Health and Risk Management. 2008;4(6):144958.
111. Dullaart RP, Vries RD, Tol AV, Sluiter WJ. Lower plasma adiponectin is a
marker of increased intima media thickness associated with type 2 diabetes
mellitus and with male gender. European Journal of Endocrinology.
2007;156:38794.
112. Li-xin G, Qi P, Xiao-xia W, Hui L, Li-na Z, Jia-min, et al. Effect of short
term intensive multi therapy on carotid intima-media thickness in patients
with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus. Chinese Medical Journal.
2008;121(8):687-90.
113. Rogowicz-Frontczak A, Araszkiewicz A, Pilacinski S, ZozulinskaZiolkiewicz D, Wykretowics A, Wierusz-Wysocka B. Carotid intima-media
thickness and arterial stiffness in type 1 diabetic patients with and without
microangiopathy. Arch Med Sci. 2012 Jul;8(3):484490.

114. Yoshida M, Mita T, Yamamoto R, Shimizu T, Ikeda F, Ohmura C, et al.

Combination of the Framingham Risk Score and Carotid Intima-Media
Thickness Improves the Prediction of Cardiovascular Events in Patients With
Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2012 Jan;35:178-180.
115. Belibou C, Ancuta C, Ancuta E, Filos C, Chirieac R. Carotid Intima-Media
Thickness and Plaque as Surrogate Biomarkers of Atherosclerosis Among
Consecutive Women with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Rom J Morphol
Embryol. 2012;53(1):29-34.
116. Marcos M, Rodrguez J, Sa nchez E, Alonso M, Magallo R, Vizcaino V, et
al. Carotid Intima Media Thicknessin Diabetics and Hypertensive Patients.
Esp Cardiol. 2011:10-101.
117. Opara JU. The deadly quarter-the insulin resistance syndrome. South Med J.
1997;90:1162-68.
118. Akishima Y, Yoshikiyo A, Yukio I , Zhang L. Role of macrophage and
smooth muscle cell apoptosis in association with oxidized low-density
lipoprotein in the atherosclerotic development.

Modern Pathology.

2005;18:36573
119. Rashid S, Genest J. Effect of Obesity on High-density Lipoprotein
Metabolism. Obesity. 2007;15:287588.
120. Mathieu P, Philippe P, Jean-Pierre D. Metabolic Syndrome, The Danger
Signal in Atherosclerosis. Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2006;2(3):28502.
121. Francone OL. SR-BI A New Player in an Old Game. Arterioscler Thromb
Vasc Biol. 2003;23:1486-87.
122. Anke K, Harchaoui KE, van der Steeg WA, Boekholdt SM. Cholesteryl Ester
Transfer

Protein

Lipoprotein

(CETP)

Cholesterol

Inhibition
Levels.

Beyond

Arterioscler

Raising
Thromb

High-Density
Vasc

Biol.

2006;26:706-15.
123. Perdomo G, Kim DH, Zhang T, Qu S, Thomas EA. A role of apolipoprotein
D in triglyceride metabolism. J. Lipid Res. 2010;51:129811.
124. Saranteas, Zotos T, Lolis N, Stranomiti, Mourouzis J, Chantzi, et al.
Mechanisms of ketamine action on lipid metabolism in rats. European
Journal of Anaesthesiology. 2005;22(3):222-26.
125. Knopp RH, Pathmaja P. Oxidized LDL and abdominal obesity: a key to
understanding the metabolic syndrome. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006;83:12.
126. Krauss RM. Lipids and Lipoproteins in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes.
Diabetes Care. 2004;27(6):1496-04.

127. Pandolfi A, De Filippis EA. Chronic hyperglicemia and nitric oxide

bioavailability play a pivotal role in pro-atherogenic vascular modifications.
Genes Nutr. 2006:195-08.
128. Agarwal A, Nandipati KC, Sharma RK, Zippe CD. Role of Oksidatif Stress
in the Review Pathophysiological Mechanism of Erectile Dysfunction. J
Andrology. 2006;27(3):335-348.
129. Steinberg D. The LDL modification hypothesis of atherogenesis: an update. J
Lipid Res. 2009;50:76-81.
130. Tall AR. Cholesterol efflux pathways and other potensial mechanisms
involved in the athero-prospective effect of high density lipoproteins. J Int
Med. 2007;263:256-73.
131. Gutierrez J, Ballinger SW, Usmar VMD, Victor M. Free Radicals,
Mitochondria, and Oxidized Lipids, The Emerging Role in Signal
Transduction in Vascular Cells. Circulation Research. 2006;99:924-32.
132. Tsimikas S, Brilakis ES, Miller ER. Oxidized Phospholipids, Lp(a)
Lipoprotein, and Coronary Artery Disease. N Engl J Med. 2005;353:46-57.
133. Sudhir K. Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2, vascular inflammation
and cardiovascular riskprediction. Vascular Health and Risk Management.
2006;2(2):15356.
134. Stefania M, Simeone C, Melissa LW, Pierre P. Vascular gene expression in
mice overexpressing human endothelin-1 targeted to the endothelium.
Physiol. Genomics. 2011;43:148-60.
135. Harris JD, Vanessa E, James OS. ApoE gene therapy to treat hyperlipidemia
and atherosclerosis. Current Opinion in Molecular Therapeutics. 2006;8(4):113.
136. Dickstein DL, Jesica W, Hannah B. Role of Vascular Risk Factors and
Vascular

Dysfunction

in Alzheimer's

Disease.

Mt

Sinai

Med.

2010;77(1):82102.
137. Sturgeon JD, Aaron F, Molly BS. Apolipoprotein E Genotype and Incident
Ischemic Stroke : The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. Stroke.
2008;36:2484-86.
138. Meer IM, Witteman JCM. Apolipoprotein E genotype, smoking and
cardiovascular disease. J Hypertens. 2002;20:2327-29.
139. Haan NM, Elizabeth MR. Apolipoprotein E Genotype and Cardiovascular
Diseases in the Elderly. Curr Cardio Risk Rep . 2010;4:36168.
140. Vidal PM, Bongard V, Ruidavets JB, Fauvel J, Broutin HH, Perret B, et al.
Obesity and alcohol modulates the effect of apolipoprotein E polymorphism
on lipids and insulin. Obes Res. 2003;10:1200-06.

141. He LN, Recker RR, Deng HW, Dvornyk V. A polymorphism of

apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene is associated with age at natural menopause
in Caucasian females. Maturitas. 2009;62(1): 3741.
142. Tamam Y, Tasdemir TN, Taman B, Iltumur K. Apolipoprotein E genotype in
patients with cerebrovascular diseases and its effect on the disease outcome.
Int J Neurosci. 2009;119:919-35.
143. Ravaglia G, Paola F, Fabiola M. Apolipoprotein E e4 allele affects risk of
hyperhomocysteinemia in the elderly. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006;84:147380.
144. Gregg DJ, Sing CF. Apolipoprotein E polymorphism and atherosclerosis.
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1988;8:1-21.
145. Myllykangas L, Gam N, Sulkava R, Polvikoski. Apolipoprotein E (APOE)
and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) gene variants and carotid atherosclerotic lesion
in the oldest old: A population-based autopsy study. Arch Gerontol Ger.
2008:108-12.
146. Wang B, Zhao H, Zhao L, Dai X, Wang D, Cao J. Association of genetic
variation in apolipopritein E and low density lipoprotein receptor with
ischemic stroke in Northern Han Chinese. J Neurol Sci. 2009;276(1-2):11822.
147. Lee YH, Shin MH, Kweon SS. Alcohol consumption and carotid artery
structure in Korean adults aged 50 years and older. BMC Public Health.
2009:1-10.
148. Polak JF, Pencina MJ, Pencina KM, ODonnell CO. Carotid wall Intima
Media Thickness and cardiovascular Events. The New England Journal of
Medicine. 2011;365(3):213-22.
149. Karaseka D, Vaverkovaa H, Halenkaa M, Jackuliakovaa D, Frysaka Z,
Orsaga J, et al. Prehypertension in dyslipidemic individuals; relationship to
metabolic parameters and intima-media thickness. Biomed Pap Med Fac
Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub. 2012;156:20.
150. Trindade M, Martucci RB, Burla AK, Oigman W, Neves MF, Araujo DV.
Evaluation of Clinical Variable associated with increased Carotid IntimaMedia Thickness in Middle-Aged Hypertensive Women. International
Journal of Hypertension. 2012:1-6.
151. Jeong K, Wei Y, Sowers JR. Role of Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Insulin
Resistance. Circ Res. 2008;102:401-14.
152. Djokomoeljanto R. Renin Angiotensin System and Atherosclerosis. In:
Tanuwidjojo S, Sungkar MA, Rifki S, editors. New Trends in Cardiovascular
Pharmacotherapy. Semarang: Universitas Diponegoro; 2005:122-32.

153. Mehta PK, Griendling KK. Angiotensin II cell signaling: physiological and
pathological effects in the cardiovascular system. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol.
2007;292:82-97.
154. Garrido AM, Griendling KK. NADPH Oxidases and Angiotensin II Receptor
Signaling. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2009;302(2):14858.
155. Paul M, Mehr AP, Kreutz R. Physiology of Local Renin-Angiotensin
Systems. Physiol Rev. 2006;86:74703.
156. Kuller LH, Gregary G, Jerome C. Lipoprotein Particles, Insulin, Adiponectin,
C-Reactive Protein and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease among Men with
Metabolic Syndrome. Atherosclerosis. 2007;195(1):12228.
157. Christen W, Ajani UA. Blood Levels of Homocysteine and Increased Risks
of Cardiovascular Disease. Arch Intern Med. 2000;160:422-34.
158. Hodis HN, Mack WJ, Dustin L, Mahrer PR. High-Dose B Vitamin
Supplementation

and

Progression

ofSubclinical

Atherosclerosis

Randomized Controlled Trial. Stroke. 2009;40:730-36.

159. Dessein PH, Joffe BI, Singh S. Biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction,
cardiovascular risk factors and atherosclerosis in rheumatoid arthritis.
Arthritis Research & Therapy. 2007;7(3):634-43.
160. Mishra PK, Tyagi N, Sen U, Joshua IG, Tyagi SC. Synergism in
hyperhomocysteinemia and diabetes: role of PPAR gamma and tempol.
Cardiovascular Diabetology. 2010;9:49:1-13.
161. McKay DL, Perrone G, Rasmussen H. The Effects of a Multivitamin/Mineral
Supplement on Micronutrient Status, Antioxidant Capacity and Cytokine
Production in Healthy Older Adults Consuming a Fortified Diet. J Am Coll
Nutr. 2000;19(5):613-21.
162. De Luca G, Suryapranata H, Gregorio G. Homocysteine and Its Effects on
In-Stent Restenosis. Circulation. 2005;112:307-11.
163. erban C, Drgan S, Christodorescu R, uan L, Mozo I, Caraba A, et al.
Association of Serum Uric levels and Carotid Intima Thickness with the
Numbers of Organ Damaged in Hypertensive Patients. International Journal
of Collaborative Research on Internal Medicine & Public Health. 2011;3(1).
164. Mazzali M, Kanellis J, Han L. Hyperuricaemia induces a primary renal
arteriolopathy in rats by a blood pressure-independent mechanism. Am J
Physiol Renal Physiol. 2002;282:991-97.
165. Feig D, Kang DH ,Richard J. Uric Acid and Cardiovascular Risk. N Engl J
Med. 2008;359(17):1811-1821.

166. Panoulas H, Milionis J, Douglas KMJ. Association of serum uric acid with
cardiovascular disease in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology. 2007;46:1466
70.
167. Johnson RJ, Gaucher EA, Sautin YY, Henderson GN. The Planetary Biology
of Ascorbate and Uric acid and their Relationship with the Epidemic of
Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease. Med Hypotheses. 2008;71(1): 2231.
168. Hediger MA, Johnson RJ, Miyazaki H. Molecular Physiology of Urate
Transport. J. Biol. Chem. 2010;285(45):35123-32.
169. Watanabe S, Kang DH, Feng L. Uric acid, hominoid evolution, and the
pathogenesis of salt-sensitivity. Hypertension. 2002;40:355-60.
170. Baldwin W, McRae S, Marek G, Wymer D. Hyperuricemia as a Mediator of
the Proinflammatory Endocrine Imbalance in the Adipose Tissue in a Murine
Model of the Metabolic Syndrome. Diabetes. 2011;60:125869.
171. Touboul PJ, Labreuche J, Vicaut E, Amarenco P. Carotid Intima-Media
Thickness,

Plaques,

and

FraminghamRisk

Score

as

Independent

Determinants of Stroke Risk. Stroke. 2005;36:1741-45.

172. Ewoud AT, Anton SF, Jacqueline DG. What is the role of non-invasive
measurementsof atherosclerosis in individual cardiovascular risk prediction?.
Clinical Science. 2007;112:50716.
173. Lee EJ, Kim HJ, Bae JM, Kim JC, Han CS. Relevance of common carotid
intima-media thickness and carotid plaque as risk factors for ischemic stroke
in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. ANJR Am J Neuroradiol.
2007;28:916 -19.
174. Norbert N, Derex L, Douek P. The Vulnerable Carotid Artery Plaque Current
Imaging Methods and New Perspectives. Stroke. 2005;36:2764-72.
175. Viikari JS, Raitakari OT, Simell O. Nutritional Influences on lipids and
future atherosclerosis beginning prenatally and during childhood. Curr Opin
Lipidol. 2002;13(1):11-8.
176. Madhuri V, Chandra S, Jabbar A. Age Associated Increase In Intima Media
Thickness In Adults. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 2010;54(4):371375.
177. Kozakova M, Palombo C, Morizzo C, Nolan JJ, Konrad T, Dekker JM, et al.
Gender-specific differences in carotid intima-media thickness and its
progression over three years: a multicenter European study. Nutr Metab
Cardovasc Dis. 2013;23(2):151-8.
178. Sinning C, Wild PS, Echevarria FM, Wilde S, Schnabel R, Lubos E, et al.
Sex differences in early carotid atherosclerosis (from the community-based
Gutenberg-Heart Study). Am J. Cardiol. 2011;107(12):1841-7.

179. El-Hafez HA, Elrakhawy MM, El-Baiomy AA, El-Eshmawy MM. Carotid
Intima Media Thickness Is Independently Associated with Male Gender,
Middle Age, and IGF-1 in Metabolically Healthy Obese Individuals. ISRN
Obesity. 2014.
180. Katarina K, Eero J, Maiju S, Mauri H, et al. Arterial intima-media thickness,
endothelial function, and apolipoproteins in adolescents frequently exposed
to tobacco smoke. Cirs Cardiovase Qual Outcomes. 2010;3:196-203.
181. Jose IRR, Manuel AGM, Maria CPA, Carlos MC, et al. Association between
smoking status and the parameter of cascular structure and function in adults:
result from the EVIDENT study. BMC Cardiovascular Disorders.
2013;13:109.
182. Mustafa ZM. Effect of cigarettes smoking on common arteries intima media
thickness in current smokers. Ozean Journal of Applied Sciences.
2012;5(4):259-269.
183. Nikos AZ, Georgios T, Gerassimos B, Christos P, et al. Time rate of blood
pressure variation is associated with increased common carotid intima-media
thickness. Hypertension. 2005;45:505-5012.
184. Huahua X, Dan W, Xiaohoing T, Wan HL, et al. The relationship between the
24 h blood pressure variability and carotid intima-media thickness: a
compared study. Hindawi. 2013;10:1-9.
185. Anastasios K, Issidoros P, Eirini K, Maria G, et al. Adiposity, blood pressure,
and carotid intima-media thickness in Greek adolescents. Obesity.
2013;21:1013-1017.
186. Michelle T, Renata BM, Adriana KB, Wille O, et al. Evaluation of clinical
variables associated carotid intima-media thickness in middle-aged
hypertensive women. Hindawi. 2012;25:1-6.
187. Eros MD, Luiz TG, Debora DM, Camila M, et al. Carotid intima-media
thickness is associated with cognitive deficiency in hypertensive patients
with elevated central systolic blood pressure. Caridiovascular Ultrasound.
2012;10:41.
188. Rueda-Clausen CF, Lopez-Jaramillo P, Luengaz C, Oubina MP, Cachofeiro
V, Lahera V. Inflammation but not Endothelial Dysfunction is Associated
with the Severity of Coronary Artery Disease in Dyslipidemic Subjects.
Mediators of Inflammation. 2009:1-8
189. Ping S, Kathleen M, Dwyer C, Noel BM, et al. Blood pressure, LDL
cholesterol, and intima-media thickness. 2000;20:2005-2010.

190. Jyri OT, Hanna L, Markku A, Arto H, et al. Increased arterial intima-media
thickness and in vivo LDL oxidation in young men with borderline
hypertension. Hypertension. 2000;36:929-933.
191. Avishek S, Pradip KS, Rudrajit P, Ramtanu B, et al. Study of carotid
intimamedia thickness and its correlation with novel risk factors in ischemic
stroke. Neurology Asia. 2011;16(1):25-31.
192. Stella S, Vasilios K, Christina K, Nikos Z, Andreas K. Blood pressure and
carotid artery intima-media thickness in children and adolescents: the role of
obesity. Hellenic J Cardiol. 2011;53:41-47.
193. Gayathri R, Chandni R, Udayabhaskaran V. Carotid artery intima media
thickness in relation with atherosclerotic risk factors in patients with type 2
diabetes mellitus. JAPI. 2012;60:20-24.
194. Pradip KS, Gouranga S, Dibyendu D, Avishek S, et al. Carotid intima-media
thickness in type 2 diabetes mellitus with cardiac autonomic neuropathy.
JAPI. 2012;60:14-18.
195. Sainani GS, Nazia RK. Carotid artery intima media thickness- a correlative
study of diabetics with postprandial hyperglycemia versus controls with
euglycemia. Medicine Update. 2012;22:298-303.
196. Yashimitsu Y, Mineo K, Hideko N, Kenya S. Carotid intima-media thickness
in Japanese type 2 diabetic subjects. Diabetes Care. 2000;23:1310-1315.
197. Tavil Y, Kaya MG, Oktar SO, Sen N, et al. Uric acid level and its association
with carotid intima-media thickness in patients with hypertension.
Atherosclerosis. 2008;197(1):159-163.
198. Caliskan M, Guven A, Ciftci O, Ozulku M, et al. Serum uric acid and carotid
artery intima media thickness in patients with masked hypertension. Acta
Cardiol. 2014;69(4):417-423.
199. Michael L, Susanna M, Susan F, Klaus F, et al. Homocysteine and carotid
intima-media thickness in German population. Stroke. 2006;37:2840-2842.
200. George N, Christos S, Apostolos H, Ippoliti E, et al. Homocysteine and
carotid intima-media thickness in ischemic stroke patients are not correlated.
Nuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment. 2008;4(2):477-479.
201. Kandil ME, Anwar GM, Fatouh A, Salama N, et al. Relation between serum
homocysteine and carotid intima-media thickness in obese Egyptian children.
J Clin Basic Cardiol. 2010;13:8-11.
202. Botto LD, Yang Q. 5,10-Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase Gene Variants
and Congenital Anomalies: A Huge Review. American Journal of
Epidemiology. 2000;151(9).

203. Frosst P, Blom HJ, Milos R. et al. A candidate genetic risk factor for vascular
disease: A common mutation in methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase. Nature
Genet. 1995;10:111113 .
204. Hustad S, Midttun O, Schneede J, Vollset SE, Grotmol T, Ueland PM. The
Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase 677CrT Polymorphism as a Modulator
of a B Vitamin Network with Major Effects on Homocysteine Metabolismb.
The American Journal of Human Genetics. 2007;80:846-855.
205. Saidi S, Slamia LB, Ammou SB, Mahjoub T, Almawi WY. Association of
Apolipoprotein E Gene Polymorphism With Ischemic Stroke Involving
Large-Vessel Disease and Its Relation to Serum Lipid Levels. Journal of
Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases. 2007;16(4):160166.
206. Dallongeville J, Lussier-Cacan S, Davignon J. Modulation of plasma
triglyceride levels by apoE phenotype: a meta-analysis. Journal of fipid
Research. 1999;33:447-454.
207. Ivanova R, Puerta S, Garrido A, Cueto I, Ferro A, Ariza MJ, et al.
Triglyceride levels and apolipoprotein E polymorphism in patients with acute
pancreatitis. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int. 2012;11(1): 97-101.
208. Cardona F, Tinahones FJ, Collantes E, Escudero A, Garca-Fuentes E,
Soriguer FJ. The elevated prevalence of apolipoprotein E2 in patients with
gout is associated with reduced renal excretion of urates. Rheumatology.
2003;42:468472.
209. Wu J, Qiu L, Guo XZ, Xu T, Cheng XQ, Li PC, et al. Apolipoprotein E Gene
Polymorphisms Are Associated with Primary Hyperuricemia in a Chinese
Population. 2014;9(10).