Introduction To Computer Networks.

COMPUTER NETWORKS - I
( 12CS52 )
06.08.2015 12:49
Introduction
Data Communication
DC and Networking are changing the we do business and we live.
Need :
quicker - almost immediate, access to
accurate information
anytime, anywhere
development of PC
improvements to productivity in business,
industry, science and education domains
06.08.2015 12:49
Introduction
Data Communications
data communications and networking

revolution
communication links carry more and
faster signals
evolution of services that make best use
of available capacity
exchange of text, audio, video data across
all locations in the world
06.08.2015 12:49
Introduction
Data Communications
communication sharing of information,
locally or remotely (telecommunication)
data information presented in a form as
agreed upon by the parties creating and
using the data
data communications exchange of data
between two communicating devices via
some form of transmission medium
communicating devices part of
communication system comprising
hardware
and software
06.08.2015 12:49
4
Introduction
Data Communications
effectiveness of a data communication
system depends on four fundamental
characteristics :
delivery
accuracy
timeliness
jitter
06.08.2015 12:49
Introduction
Data Communications
1. Delivery :
data must be delivered to the correct
destination
data must be received by only the
intended user / device
2. Accuracy :
data must be delivered accurately;
altered / uncorrected data is unusable
06.08.2015 12:49
Introduction
Data Communications
3. Timeliness :
data must be delivered in a timely manner
data delivered late may become useless
video / audio data must be delivered in a
timely manner, without significant delay,
as they are produced and in the order in
which they are produced
4. Jitter :
refers to the variation in delay of arrival of
data packets, causing uneven video
quality . must be controlled
06.08.2015 12:49
Introduction
Data Communications
Jitter :
variation in latency from packet to packet
happens when packets experience

different queuing delays in a multi-hop
packet-switched network
06.08.2015 12:49
Introduction
Data Communications
Five Components : text,
5
numbers,
pictures,
audio,
video
2
computer,
workstation,
telephone handset,
video camera,
06.08.2015 12:49
4
twisted-pair cable,
fiber-optic-cable,
radio waves
3
computer,
workstation,
telephone handset,
television,
9
Introduction
Data Communications
Protocol :
is a set of rules that governs data
communication
represents an agreement between the
communicating devices
06.08.2015 12:49
10
Introduction
Data Communications
Data Representation
1. Text :
represented as a sequence of 0s or 1s
a set of bit patterns is called a code
process of representing symbols is called
coding
Unicode : a coding system which uses 32
bits to represent a symbol or character
used in any language in the world
ASCII : constitutes the first 127 characters
of
the Unicode
06.08.2015 12:49
11
Introduction
Data Communications
Data Representation
2. Numbers :
are represented by bit patterns
numbering systems in use : decimal,
binary, hexadecimal, .
3. Images :
are also represented by bit patterns
are composed of a matrix of pixels
each pixel is assigned a bit pattern
06.08.2015 12:49
12
Introduction
Data Communications
Data Representation
3. Images (contd.) :
size and value of pixel depends on the
contents of the image
only black & white dots ---- requires 1 bit
four levels of gray scale ---- requires 2 bits
colour images are represented using the
RGB method
bit pattern is assigned based on the
intensity of the colour ---as a combination of red, green and blue
06.08.2015 12:49
13
Introduction
Data Communications
Data Representation
4. Audio :
refers to recording or broadcasting of
sound or music
is continuous, not discrete
more in later chapters
5. Video
refers to recording or broadcasting of
picture or movie
more in later chapters
06.08.2015 12:49
14
Introduction
Data Communications
Data Flow
(eg.TV/Radio, walky-talky, telphone/internet)
06.08.2015 12:49
15
Introduction
Essential Elements of Network Architecture
1. Digital transmission lines for transfer of

binary data streams between equipment
2. Exchange of frames between adjacent

equipment ; frames contain delineation
information as well as error control
information
06.08.2015 12:49
16
Introduction
3. Medium access control procedures to

regulate the transmission of frames from
multiple users to a shared broadcast
medium
4. Address to identify points of
attachment to a network or internetwork
06.08.2015 12:49
17
Introduction
5. Exchange of packets of information

between packet switches in a network ;
use of Routing tables for selecting path of
packets
6. Dynamic calculation of routing tables
at the packet switches in response to
changes in network traffic and topology
06.08.2015 12:49
18
Introduction
7. Congestion control mechanisms to

prevent congestion inside the network
8. Internetworking to provide connectivity
across multiple heterogeneous networks
using gateways or routers
06.08.2015 12:49
19
Introduction
9. Segmentation and reassembly of

messages into packets at the ingress to
and egress from the network
10. End-to-end error recovery mechanisms
to ensure reliable transfer across a network
or internetwork
06.08.2015 12:49
20
Introduction
11. A multiplicity of applications that build

on the transfer of messages between end
computers
The above networks elements can be organized in layered fashion.
06.08.2015 12:49
21
Introduction
Message Switching, Circuit Switching and
Packet Switching
(mechanism for moving information)
Telephone Network
06.08.2015 12:49
Computer Networks
Telegraph Network
22
Introduction
Packet Switching
Switching: The controlling or routing of signals in circuits
Message Switching :
concept used in Telegraph Networks,
beginning 19th Century
basis for telegram service :
Morse code, a sequence of dots (short
pulse) and dashes (long pulse)
since two signals are made use of.
telegraphy is considered as a digital
transmission
system
06.08.2015 12:49
23
Introduction
Packet Switching
Message Switching (contd..) :
telegraph network is a network of
telegraph stations
a message or a telegram arrives at a
telegraph station
an operator makes a routing decision
based on destination address
operator stores the message until the
desired communication line becomes free
06.08.2015 12:49
24
Introduction
Packet Switching
Message Switching (contd..) :
when line is free, operator forwards it to
the next appropriate station
the above store - and - forward process is
repeated until the message arrives at the
destination
Addressing .. Routing Forwarding

06.08.2015 12:49
25
Introduction
Packet Switching
Circuit Switching :
concept used in Telephone Networks
beginning 19th Century
did not require knowledge of Morse code
analog transmission system
providing dedicated lines between each
pair of users is expensive
telephone switches are used to
interconnect telephone users, on demand
06.08.2015 12:49
26
Introduction
Packet Switching
Circuit Switching (contd..) :
Dedicated resources require numerous lines

06.08.2015 12:49
27
Introduction
Packet Switching
Operator connecting users through patch cords

06.08.2015 12:49
28
Introduction
Packet Switching
telephone networks are connection - oriented.
since they require setting up of a

connection .. before actual transfer of
information can take place
the process that involves setting up of a
dedicated end - to - end connection is
called circuit switching
routing decision is made to set up the
path before hand
06.08.2015 12:49
29
Introduction
Packet Switching
06.08.2015 12:49
Three phases of a telephone connection
30
Introduction
Packet Switching
telephone switches, which form part of
telephone network, ..
are used to transfer voice signal from an
incoming transmission line to an output
transmission line
06.08.2015 12:49
31
Introduction
Packet Switching
Packet Switching :
packet is a variable - length block of
information;
usually has some specified maximum size
computer networks are designed to
provide packet transfer service
these networks are often called packet switching networks
06.08.2015 12:49
32
Introduction
Packet Switching
Packet Switching (contd..) :
multiple small user messages can be
combined into a single packet
user messages that are long and do not fit
into a single packet are segmented into
multiple packets and are transmitted
packets are transferred from packet
switch to packet switch until they are
delivered at the destination
06.08.2015 12:49
33
Introduction
Packet Switching
A Packet - Switching Network

06.08.2015 12:49
34
Introduction
Packet Switching
A Packet - Switching or a Datagram Network

06.08.2015 12:49
35
Introduction
Computer Networks
A network is a set of devices or nodes
interconnected by communication links
node desktop, laptop, workstation,
server, printer, plotter or any network enabled device
distributed processing task is divided
for execution amongst multiple, separate
computers connected on a network
06.08.2015 12:49
36
Introduction
Computer Networks
Network Criteria
a network must be able to meet certain
criteria :
performance
reliability
security
06.08.2015 12:49
37
Introduction
Computer Networks
Performance :
transit time time taken by a message
to travel from source to destination
response time elapsed time between
enquiry and response
performance of network is evaluated by
two metrics :
throughput
delay
06.08.2015 12:49
38
Introduction
Computer Networks
Performance of network depends on :
number of users on the network
type of transmission medium
capabilities of computing and networking
hardware
efficiency of software
Reliability a function of :
frequency of failure
time it takes to recover from a failure
robustness in a catastrophe
06.08.2015 12:49
39
Introduction
Computer Networks
Security of network involves :
protecting data from unauthorized
access
protecting data from damage
development and implementation of
policies and procedures for recovery
from breaches and data losses
06.08.2015 12:49
40
Introduction
Computer Networks
Types of Connections
Dedicated
Shared
06.08.2015 12:49
41
Introduction
Computer Networks
Network Topology
Topology of a network is the geometric
representation of the relationship of all
the links and nodes to one another
06.08.2015 12:49
42
Introduction
Computer Networks
Network Topology : Mesh
every device has a point - to - point link
to every other device
the number of
half - duplex links
required is {n(n-1)}
1
2
or
4
3
{n(n-1) 2}
full-duplex links
every device must
have (n-1) ports 43
06.08.2015 12:49
Introduction
Computer Networks
Network Topology : Mesh (contd..)
Advantages :
each connection can carry its own load
traffic between devices is not shared
robust
high privacy / security
ease of fault identification / isolation
Disadvantages :
large amount of cabling and I/O ports
unwieldy cabling, difficult to install / reinstall
06.08.2015
expensive
12:49
44
Introduction
Computer Networks
Network Topology : Star
each device has a dedicated point - to point link to a central controller called a
hub
06.08.2015 12:49
45
Introduction
Computer Networks
Network Topology : Star (contd..)
Advantages :
less cabling, less I/O ports, less expensive
easy to install and reconfigure

robust only failed link is affected
ease of fault identification / isolation
Disadvantage :
the hub is a single point of failure
06.08.2015 12:49
46
Introduction
Computer Networks
Network Topology : Bus
multipoint link
one long cable (bus) acts as a backbone
to which all devices are connected to
form a network
nodes are connected to the bus cable by
taps and drop lines
06.08.2015 12:49
47
Introduction
Computer Networks
Network Topology : Bus (contd..)
Advantages :
uses much less cabling
ease of installation
Disadvantages :
difficult reconnection / fault isolation
difficult to add new devices - may require
modification / replacement of backbone
signal reflection at taps quality
degradation limit on lengths / nodes
06.08.2015
break
in
bus
cable
stops
all
transmissions
12:49
48
Introduction
Computer Networks
Network Topology : Ring
each device has a point-to-point link with
only the two devices on either side of it
06.08.2015 12:49
49
Introduction
Computer Networks
Network Topology : Ring (contd..)
the signal passes along the ring in one
direction, from device to device, until it
reaches the destination
each device in the ring incorporates a
repeater
if the signal is meant for another device,
repeater regenerates the bits and passes
them
to
the
next
06.08.2015 12:49
50
Introduction
Computer Networks
Network Topology : Ring (contd..)
Advantages :
easy to install, reconfigure, add, delete
simplified fault isolation
Disadvantages :
limitation on maximum ring length /
number of nodes
a break in the ring can bring the entire
network down
06.08.2015 12:49
51
Introduction
Computer Networks
Network Topology : Ring
Host
Host
Host
Host
From previous
host
To next
host
From previous
host
Relay
(a)
To next
host
Relay
(b)
as long as the host is working, the relay is

open and the station is included in the ring ;
else, relay closes - host is bypassed

06.08.2015 12:49
52
Introduction
Computer Networks
Network Topology : Hybrid
06.08.2015 12:49
Example of star plus bus topologies
53
Introduction
Computer Networks
Example
BF3ed1.7.9
For n devices / stations in a network,

what is the number of cable links
required for the following topologies :
(a) mesh
(b) ring (closed)
(c) bus
(d) star
06.08.2015 12:49
54
Introduction
Computer Networks
Example
BF3ed1.7.9
(a) mesh : n(n-1) 2
(b) ring : n
(c) bus : n drop lines and one backbone
(d) star : n
06.08.2015 12:49
55
Introduction
Computer Networks
Network Models
models have been evolved by different
organizations..
to define standards so that.
heterogeneous networks can communicate
with each other
Two standards : OSI and Internet models

Open Systems Interconnection : 7 layers
Internet : 5 layers
06.08.2015 12:49
56
Introduction
Computer Networks
Categories of Networks : Classification by scale
06.08.2015 12:49
57
Introduction
Computer Networks
Categories of Networks : LAN (Local Area Network)
06.08.2015 12:49
58
Introduction
Computer Networks
Design Groups
Network
Mgmt
System
Mail
Server
Domain
Name
Server
File
Server
DMZ
Firewall
Backbone Switch
Database
Server 1
Database
Server 2
Remote Access Server
Ext
Storage
NETWORK OPS CENTRE

(NOC)
Manufacturing Groups
Modem
OFC
Modem
EPABX
dial-up lines
OFC
Modem
Store
Library
OFC
Modem
Planning
Departments
OFC
PC
OFC
PC
Hub
WorkGroup Switch
Optical Fibre Cable
UTP Cable
Example of an Enterprise LAN / Intranet
06.08.2015 12:49
59
Introduction
Computer Networks
usually privately owned
connects nodes in an office / building / campus
size limited to a few kilometers

allows high-cost resources (server,
printer, plotter, storage, software) to be
shared amongst computing machines
commonly uses star, ring, bus topologies
can operate at speeds of 4 Megabits per
second Mbps (early days) to multi-Gigabits
per second Gbps (current) and beyond
06.08.2015 12:49
60
Introduction
Computer Networks
usually privately owned
connects nodes in an office / building / campus
size limited to a few kilometers

allows high-cost resources (server,
printer, plotter, storage, software) to be
shared amongst computing machines
commonly uses star, ring, bus topologies
can operate at speeds of 4 Megabits per
second Mbps (early days) to multi-Gigabits
per second Gbps (current) and beyond
06.08.2015 12:49
61
Introduction
Computer Networks
Categories of Networks : WAN (Wide Area Network)
06.08.2015 12:49
62
Introduction
Computer Networks
06.08.2015 12:49
63
Introduction
Computer Networks
can be a simple point-to-point WAN
connection between a home computer or
a SOHO LAN to an Internet Service
Provider (ISP) through a telephone cable
can be a switched WAN providing
interconnection between different LANs
of an enterprise spread over large
distances across a country or continent
using leased connections
provides long-distance transmission of
data,
image, audio, video information
06.08.2015 12:49
64
Introduction
Computer Networks
Categories of Networks : MAN
Cable TV-based MAN
(Metropolitan Area Network)
06.08.2015 12:49
65
Introduction
Computer Networks
Categories of Networks : MAN

size between LAN and WAN
normally covers the area inside a town or
a city
Examples :
telephone company network providing
Internet access to customers
cable TV network for TV and Internet
(Metropolitan Area Network)
06.08.2015 12:49
66
Introduction
Computer Networks
Interconnection of Networks : Internetwork
internetwork or internet :
is a connection of two or more networks
Home Computer
3
2
operated by
service provider
Star Topology
06.08.2015 12:49 Bus Topology
67
Introduction
Computer Networks
The Internet
a collaboration of more than hundreds of
thousands of interconnected networks
made up of many WANs and LANs
interconnected by connecting devices
and switching stations
hundreds of millions of users in more
than 100 countries
most end users who want Internet
connection use the services of
Internet
Service Providers or ISPs
06.08.2015 12:49
68
Introduction
Computer Networks
http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm
The Internet
06.08.2015 12:49
69
Introduction
Computer Networks
http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm
The Internet
06.08.2015 12:49
71
Introduction
Computer Networks
The Internet : hierarchical organization
Local
Network
Access
Points
06.08.2015 12:49
72
Introduction
Topic Learning Objectives
Define Data communication.
List the fundamental characteristics of a
data communication system.
Identify the data communication
components.
Discuss the various forms in which data
is represented in a data communication
system.
Identify the essential elements of network
architecture.
06.08.2015 12:49
73
Introduction
Topic Learning Objectives
Explain Message switching, Circuit
switching and Packet switching.
Explain the different transmission modes
with examples.
Explain the need for standards and protocols.
Differentiate between an internet and the

Internet.
Categorize the four basic network
topologies and list their advantages and
disadvantages.
06.08.2015 12:49
74

Introduction To Computer Networks.

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Оригинальное название

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Introduction To Computer Networks.

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

COMPUTER NETWORKS - I

data communications and networking

happens when packets experience

(eg.TV/Radio, walky-talky, telphone/internet)

1. Digital transmission lines for transfer of

2. Exchange of frames between adjacent

3. Medium access control procedures to

5. Exchange of packets of information

7. Congestion control mechanisms to

9. Segmentation and reassembly of

11. A multiplicity of applications that build

Addressing .. Routing Forwarding

Dedicated resources require numerous lines

Operator connecting users through patch cords

telephone networks are connection - oriented.

since they require setting up of a

Three phases of a telephone connection

A Packet - Switching Network

A Packet - Switching or a Datagram Network

less cabling, less I/O ports, less expensive

easy to install and reconfigure

as long as the host is working, the relay is

else, relay closes - host is bypassed

Example of star plus bus topologies

For n devices / stations in a network,

(a) mesh : n(n-1) 2

Two standards : OSI and Internet models

NETWORK OPS CENTRE

Example of an Enterprise LAN / Intranet

size limited to a few kilometers

size limited to a few kilometers

(Metropolitan Area Network)

Categories of Networks : MAN

Differentiate between an internet and the

Вам также может понравиться