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occurs, the patient may have heat stroke. Heat stroke can quickly
lead to heart attack and death if not treated.
What Causes It?:
Heat exhaustion occurs most often when you are exposed to high
temperatures and become dehydrated, usually from not drinking
enough fluids. It also can happen when large volumes of sweat are
replaced with fluids that don't contain enough salt.
Nystagmus
Definition:
Rhythmic, oscillating motions of the eyes are called nystagmus. The
to-and-fro motion is generally involuntary. Vertical nystagmus occurs
much less frequently than horizontal nystagmus and is often, but
not necessarily, a sign of serious brain damage. Nystagmus can be a
normal physiological response or a result of a pathologic problem.
Description
The eyes play a critical role in maintaining balance. They are directly
connected to other organs of equilibrium, most important of which is
the inner ear. Paired structures called the semicircular canals deep
in the skull behind the ears sense motion and relay that information
to balance control centers in the brain. The eyes send visual
information to the same centers. A third set of sensors consists of
nerve endings all over the body, particularly in joints, that detect
position. All this information is integrated to allow the body to
navigate in space and gravity.
It is possible to fool this system or to overload it with information so
that it malfunctions. A spinning ride at the amusement park is a
good way to overload it with information. The system has adapted
to the spinning, expects it to go on forever, and carries that
momentum for some time after it is over. Nystagmus is the lingering
adjustment of the eyes to tracking the world as it revolves around
them.
Nystagmus can be classified depending upon the type of motion of
the eyes. In pendular nystagmus the speed of motion of the eyes is
the same in both directions. In jerk nystagmus there is a slow and
fast phase. The eyes move slowly in one direction and then seem to
jerk back in the other direction.
Nystagmus can be present at birth (congenital) or acquired later on
in life. A certain type of acquired nystagmus, called spasmus
nutans, includes a head tilt and head bobbing and generally occurs
between four to 12 months of age. It may last a few months to a few
years, but generally goes away by itself.
Railway nystagmus is a physiological type of nystagmus. It happens
entire day.
Prisms, contact lenses, eyeglasses, or eye muscle surgery are some
possible treatments. These therapies may reduce the nystagmus
but may not alleviate it. Again, because nystagmus may be a
symptom, it is important to determine the cause.
Thermoregulasi
Pendahuluan
Memahami konsep pengaturan suhu tubuh penting karena sangat
berguna dalam hal penellitian atau persoalan di klinik seperti :
1. Persoalan demam pada penyakit-penyakit
2. Persoalan pemberian hypothermic pada kasus pembedahan
(bedah jantung)
3. Terapi pada kasus yang disebabkan panas berlebihan (Heat
stroke) atau pada kasus kedinginan yang ekstrem
4. Masalah-masalah militer (latihan dilapangan panas terbuka),
ruang angkasa, atau ditempat -tempat yang memungkinkan
mempunyai panas yang ekstrem
Manusia dan binatang menyusui mempunyai kemampuan untuk
memelihara suhu tubuh relative konstan dan berlawanan dengan
suhu lingkungan. Kepentingan dipertahankan suhu tubuh pada
manusia adalah berhubungan dengan reaksi kimia didalam tubuh
kita. Mis kenaikan suhu 10 derajat Celcius bisa mempercepat proses
biologis 2 - 3 kalinya.
Suhu inti (core temperature) manusia berfluktuasi + 1 derajat
Celcius dalam kegiatan sehari-hari. Misalnya paling rendah adalah
pada waktu pagi hari (jam 4 - 6 subuh) dan mencapai puncaknya
pada sore hari (jam 2 - 3 sore).
PRINSIP PENGATURAN SUHU TUBUH
Konsep Core temperature yaitu dianggap merupakan dua bagian
dalam soal pengaturan suhu yaitu :
Bagian dalam inti suhu tubuh, yang benar- benar mempunyai suhu
rata-rata 37 derajat Celcius, yaitu diukur pada daerah (mulut, otot,
membrane tympani, vagina, esophagus.(Tr)
Bagian luar adalah temperature kulit + 1/3 massa tubuh yaitu
penukaran kulit sampai + 2 cm kedalam.(Ts)
Dari dua bagian tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa temperature
suhu tubuh rata-rata (tmb : Temperatur Mean Body) dengan rumus ;
TMB = 0,33 Ts + 0.67 Tr
Organ Pengatur Suhu Tubuh
Pusat pengatur panas dalam tubuh adalah Hypothalamus,
Hipothalamus ini dikenal sebagai thermostat yang berada dibawah
otak.