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ABSTRACT
This part of the study consists of the summary and conclusions. It answers
the problems proposed at the beginning of this study. It is recalled that this study
entitled The Kalinga Bodong and Its Implication for Education is designed to
determine the educational areas of the system and where reforms may be
instituted. The conclusions defined in this chapter evolved from the investigation
and were arranged by following the sequence of the problems propounded in this
study. For convenience, each problem is restated and a brief statement of the
findings in offered as basis for stating the conclusion.
I. Summary
10. Public school teachers refuse job assignments from their superior in areas
where his peace pact had been cut. His authority is not also recognized by
the students, hence they become enemies. Undisturbed peace pact
guarantees physical security and prohibits teachers from inflicting corporal
punishment on his pupils; otherwise he himself causes the rupture of the
peace agreement.
11. Ruptured peace pact at the middle of the school year results in mass
drop-outs of students studying in central towns. A decision of parents to
stop their children going to school prevails because of fear from enemies.
12. To the people of Kalinga, the frequent participation of an individual in
peace pact celebrations enables him to gain skills and experiences in
solving regional disputes. He also gets training as a potential leader and
develops pride in belonging to a certain tribe.
13. Tribal wars, though a primitive practice develops a high sense of courage,
bravery and discipline. These traits imply functional unity and cooperation
of the tribe in case of foreign invaders. This discipline is also seen through
their strict observance of the neutrality of person and territory.
14. Politically, the peace pact is advantageous to both native and non-Kalinga
aspirants for an elective position. It both seek the aid of the peace pact
holders in different regions, they are assured of some votes. However, the
Kalingas for a Kalinga is still a prevailing rule, a rule indicating the desire
of the tribe for political distinction. The practice of the natives in giving few
votes to both native and non-Kalinga candidate is also an expression of
hospitality.
15. The peace pact serves as a permit of villagers for commercial intercourse.
It guarantees physical protection of native merchants travelling from
region to region. Businessmen in central towns enjoy favorable progress
in business because of the presence of many customers from other
regions. Deeds of sales between regions involving large sums of money
are also sanctioned by the peace pact.
Conclusions
1. It is recalled that the first problem proposed in this study involves the task
of telling what the bodong really is. As defined in Chapter I, the bodong is
a set of agreements between two tribes of different region wherein are laid
down the terms of peaceful co-existence. It is designed in such a way that
it controls all forms of tribal disputes and animosities. The peaceful coexistence is attained through the bodong holder who is incharged of
protecting the contracting tribe from any harm committed by his own
people. This is the reason why a bodong must be one who is feared by the
people; one who is wealthy and belonging to a big faction. The scope of
the system is broad that it controls practically all aspects of native life, its
existence does not violate any government laws, except when it is
ruptured. The peace pact is also a device of brotherhood, unity and
understanding. This is seen during the celebration where individuals are
regarded as brothers, and during the political season where the natives
rally behind native aspirant. The Kalinga for a Kalinga fittingly
characterizes this unity.
2. The second problem propounded in this study involves the task of pointing
out the educational implications of the system. The bodong as pointed in
Chapter VII is not only a device of a peace and order but contains
valuable implications for education which certainly interest native
educators in their desire to perpetuate the system. Among the foremost
implication area:
a. The desire for revenge or equalizing the score even from slight
injury certainly controls teachers in Kalinga from inflicting corporal
punishment on any native pupils.
c. The
involvement
of
teachers
and
students
in
the
pagta
j.
3. The third problem proposed in this study involves the task of pointing out
whether the bodong is relevant to present needs and expediencies. At
these times of economic dislocation, deteriorating peace and order
throughout the country, the perpetuation of the system is more than
expediency. It is a peace-seeking institution, the absence of which means
the return of the tribes to the days of headhunting and tribal wars. Its
relevance is proven by the fact that the bodong is not only
found or
crime
caused
by
retaliation
by
the
offended
party.
The expediency of the bodong is also seen by the fact that without it,
commercial intercourse between villages is difficult, if not impossible. A
country
moving towards
industrial
development
has
to
maintain
1. Ruptured bodong at the middle of the school year results to mass dropouts of students in the region where it has been periled. This is because of
the fear of becoming bait for the enemies. It also hinders the assignment
of teachers in different areas resulting to the stagnation of the educational
progress of the people.
take immediate revenge should any member of his tribe hurt or murder
any individual from the contracting parties. This results to the strict
adherence of the natives to the principle of life for life, an extant primitive
law.
3. The binding effects of the bodong applies only to the native Kalingas,
though when it ruptures it affects all the residents of the areas concerned,
whether Kalingas or non-Kalingas. This shows the sectionalistic nature of
the system.
4. The celebration of the bodong drains the financial resources of the holder.
It is because of the desires of the bodong holder to maintain his prestige
as a holder and to show to the invited guests that he is capable to the
position.
5. Economically, a ruptured budong paralyzes the flow of commerce
between friendly regions. This certainly deters economic progress. It also
terminates the friendly relations of two tribes who were formerly binded by
the peace pact.
Recommendations
The following proposal are made in order to make the budong more
effective and in conformity with the current changes in our society. These
proposals evolved as a result of the analysis of data from the different teachers
who were interviewed. They are only suggested, however, that they may
stimulate the thinking process of native educators who are directly concerned
with the problem stated. These recommendations are based on educational
implications and concomitant factors such as political, economical and
sociological aspects.
The proposals on the educational areas are:
of sale. This will safeguard buyers from further questioning and fear of the
Philippine Constabulary authorities charged with arresting cattle rustlers.