Republic of the Philippines

SUPREME COURT
Manila
EN BANC
G.R. No. 119976 September 18, 1995
IMELDA ROMUALDEZ-MARCOS, petitioner,
vs.
COMMISSION ON ELECTIONS and CIRILO ROY MONTEJO, respondents.
KAPUNAN, J.:
A constitutional provision should be construed as to give it effective operation and suppress
the mischief at which it is aimed. 1 The 1987 Constitution mandates that an aspirant for
election to the House of Representatives be "a registered voter in the district in which he shall
be elected, and a resident thereof for a period of not less than one year immediately
preceding the election." 2 The mischief which this provision reproduced verbatim from the
1973 Constitution seeks to prevent is the possibility of a "stranger or newcomer
unacquainted with the conditions and needs of a community and not identified with the latter,
from an elective office to serve that community." 3
Petitioner Imelda Romualdez-Marcos filed her Certificate of Candidacy for the position of
Representative of the First District of Leyte with the Provincial Election Supervisor on March
8, 1995, providing the following information in item no. 8: 4
RESIDENCE IN THE CONSTITUENCY WHERE I SEEK TO BE
ELECTED IMMEDIATELY PRECEDING THE ELECTION: __________
Years and seven Months.
On March 23, 1995, private respondent Cirilo Roy Montejo, the incumbent Representative of
the First District of Leyte and a candidate for the same position, filed a "Petition for
Cancellation and Disqualification" 5 with the Commission on Elections alleging that petitioner
did not meet the constitutional requirement for residency. In his petition, private respondent
contended that Mrs. Marcos lacked the Constitution's one year residency requirement for
candidates for the House of Representatives on the evidence of declarations made by her in
Voter Registration Record 94-No. 3349772 6 and in her Certificate of Candidacy. He prayed
that "an order be issued declaring (petitioner) disqualified and canceling the certificate of
candidacy." 7
On March 29, 1995, petitioner filed an Amended/Corrected Certificate of Candidacy, changing
the entry "seven" months to "since childhood" in item no. 8 of the amended certificate. 8 On
the same day, the Provincial Election Supervisor of Leyte informed petitioner that:
[T]his office cannot receive or accept the aforementioned Certificate of
Candidacy on the ground that it is filed out of time, the deadline for the
filing of the same having already lapsed on March 20, 1995. The
Corrected/Amended Certificate of Candidacy should have been filed on
or before the March 20, 1995 deadline. 9

Consequently, petitioner filed the Amended/Corrected Certificate of Candidacy with the

COMELEC's Head Office in Intramuros, Manila on
March 31, 1995. Her Answer to private respondent's petition in SPA No. 95-009 was likewise
filed with the head office on the same day. In said Answer, petitioner averred that the entry of
the word "seven" in her original Certificate of Candidacy was the result of an "honest
misinterpretation" 10 which she sought to rectify by adding the words "since childhood" in her
Amended/Corrected Certificate of Candidacy and that "she has always maintained Tacloban
City as her domicile or residence. 11 Impugning respondent's motive in filing the petition
seeking her disqualification, she noted that:
When respondent (petitioner herein) announced that she was intending
to register as a voter in Tacloban City and run for Congress in the First
District of Leyte, petitioner immediately opposed her intended
registration by writing a letter stating that "she is not a resident of said
city but of Barangay Olot, Tolosa, Leyte. After respondent had
registered as a voter in Tolosa following completion of her six month
actual residence therein, petitioner filed a petition with the COMELEC
to transfer the town of Tolosa from the First District to the Second
District and pursued such a move up to the Supreme Court, his
purpose being to remove respondent as petitioner's opponent in the
congressional election in the First District. He also filed a bill, along
with other Leyte Congressmen, seeking the creation of another
legislative district to remove the town of Tolosa out of the First District,
to achieve his purpose. However, such bill did not pass the Senate.
Having failed on such moves, petitioner now filed the instant petition for
the same objective, as it is obvious that he is afraid to submit along
with respondent for the judgment and verdict of the electorate of the
First District of Leyte in an honest, orderly, peaceful, free and clean
elections on May 8, 1995. 12
On April 24, 1995, the Second Division of the Commission on Elections (COMELEC), by a
vote of 2 to 1, 13 came up with a Resolution 1) finding private respondent's Petition for
Disqualification in SPA 95-009 meritorious; 2) striking off petitioner's Corrected/Amended
Certificate of Candidacy of March 31, 1995; and 3) canceling her original Certificate of
Candidacy. 14 Dealing with two primary issues, namely, the validity of amending the original
Certificate of Candidacy after the lapse of the deadline for filing certificates of candidacy, and
petitioner's compliance with the one year residency requirement, the Second Division held:
Respondent raised the affirmative defense in her Answer that the
printed word "Seven" (months) was a result of an "honest
misinterpretation or honest mistake" on her part and, therefore, an
amendment should subsequently be allowed. She averred that she
thought that what was asked was her "actual and physical" presence in
Tolosa and not residence of origin or domicile in the First Legislative
District, to which she could have responded "since childhood." In an
accompanying affidavit, she stated that her domicile is Tacloban City, a
component of the First District, to which she always intended to return
whenever absent and which she has never abandoned. Furthermore,
in her memorandum, she tried to discredit petitioner's theory of
disqualification by alleging that she has been a resident of the First
Legislative District of Leyte since childhood, although she only became
a resident of the Municipality of Tolosa for seven months. She asserts
that she has always been a resident of Tacloban City, a component of
the First District, before coming to the Municipality of Tolosa.

Along this point, it is interesting to note that prior to her registration in

Tolosa, respondent announced that she would be registering in
Tacloban City so that she can be a candidate for the District. However,
this intention was rebuffed when petitioner wrote the Election Officer of
Tacloban not to allow respondent since she is a resident of Tolosa and
not Tacloban. She never disputed this claim and instead implicitly
acceded to it by registering in Tolosa.
This incident belies respondent's claim of "honest misinterpretation or
honest mistake." Besides, the Certificate of Candidacy only asks for
RESIDENCE. Since on the basis of her Answer, she was quite aware
of "residence of origin" which she interprets to be Tacloban City, it is
curious why she did not cite Tacloban City in her Certificate of
Candidacy. Her explanation that she thought what was asked was her
actual and physical presence in Tolosa is not easy to believe because
there is none in the question that insinuates about Tolosa. In fact, item
no. 8 in the Certificate of Candidacy speaks clearly of "Residency in
the CONSTITUENCY where I seek to be elected immediately
preceding the election." Thus, the explanation of respondent fails to be
persuasive.
From the foregoing, respondent's defense of an honest mistake or
misinterpretation, therefore, is devoid of merit.
To further buttress respondent's contention that an amendment may be
made, she cited the case of Alialy v. COMELEC (2 SCRA 957). The
reliance of respondent on the case of Alialy is misplaced. The case only
applies to the "inconsequential deviations which cannot affect the result
of the election, or deviations from provisions intended primarily to
secure timely and orderly conduct of elections." The Supreme Court in
that case considered the amendment only as a matter of form. But in
the instant case, the amendment cannot be considered as a matter of
form or an inconsequential deviation. The change in the number of
years of residence in the place where respondent seeks to be elected
is a substantial matter which determines her qualification as a
candidacy, specially those intended to suppress, accurate material
representation in the original certificate which adversely affects the filer.
To admit the amended certificate is to condone the evils brought by the
shifting minds of manipulating candidate, of the detriment of the
integrity of the election.
Moreover, to allow respondent to change the seven (7) month period of
her residency in order to prolong it by claiming it was "since childhood"
is to allow an untruthfulness to be committed before this Commission.
The arithmetical accuracy of the 7 months residency the respondent
indicated in her certificate of candidacy can be gleaned from her entry
in her Voter's Registration Record accomplished on January 28, 1995
which reflects that she is a resident of Brgy. Olot, Tolosa, Leyte for 6
months at the time of the said registration (Annex A, Petition). Said
accuracy is further buttressed by her letter to the election officer of San
Juan, Metro Manila, dated August 24, 1994, requesting for the
cancellation of her registration in the Permanent List of Voters thereat
so that she can be re-registered or transferred to Brgy. Olot, Tolosa,
Leyte. The dates of these three (3) different documents show the

respondent's consistent conviction that she has transferred her

residence to Olot, Tolosa, Leyte from Metro Manila only for such limited
period of time, starting in the last week of August 1994 which on March
8, 1995 will only sum up to 7 months. The Commission, therefore,
cannot be persuaded to believe in the respondent's contention that it
was an error.
xxx xxx xxx
Based on these reasons the Amended/Corrected Certificate of
Candidacy cannot be admitted by this Commission.
xxx xxx xxx
Anent the second issue, and based on the foregoing discussion, it is
clear that respondent has not complied with the one year residency
requirement of the Constitution.
In election cases, the term "residence" has always been considered as
synonymous with "domicile" which imports not only the intention to
reside in a fixed place but also personal presence in-that place,
coupled with conduct indicative of such intention. Domicile denotes a
fixed permanent residence to which when absent for business or
pleasure, or for like reasons, one intends to return. (Perfecto Faypon
vs. Eliseo Quirino, 96 Phil 294; Romualdez vs. RTC-Tacloban, 226
SCRA 408). In respondent's case, when she returned to the Philippines
in 1991, the residence she chose was not Tacloban but San Juan,
Metro Manila. Thus, her animus revertendi is pointed to Metro Manila
and not Tacloban.
This Division is aware that her claim that she has been a resident of
the First District since childhood is nothing more than to give her a
color of qualification where she is otherwise constitutionally
disqualified. It cannot hold ground in the face of the facts admitted by
the respondent in her affidavit. Except for the time that she studied and
worked for some years after graduation in Tacloban City, she
continuously lived in Manila. In 1959, after her husband was elected
Senator, she lived and resided in San Juan, Metro Manila where she
was a registered voter. In 1965, she lived in San Miguel, Manila where
she was again a registered voter. In 1978, she served as member of
the Batasang Pambansa as the representative of the City of Manila
and later on served as the Governor of Metro Manila. She could not
have served these positions if she had not been a resident of the City
of Manila. Furthermore, when she filed her certificate of candidacy for
the office of the President in 1992, she claimed to be a resident of San
Juan, Metro Manila. As a matter of fact on August 24, 1994, respondent
wrote a letter with the election officer of San Juan, Metro Manila
requesting for the cancellation of her registration in the permanent list
of voters that she may be re-registered or transferred to Barangay Olot,
Tolosa, Leyte. These facts manifest that she could not have been a
resident of Tacloban City since childhood up to the time she filed her
certificate of candidacy because she became a resident of many
places, including Metro Manila. This debunks her claim that prior to her

residence in Tolosa, Leyte, she was a resident of the First Legislative

District of Leyte since childhood.
In this case, respondent's conduct reveals her lack of intention to make
Tacloban her domicile. She registered as a voter in different places and
on several occasions declared that she was a resident of Manila.
Although she spent her school days in Tacloban, she is considered to
have abandoned such place when she chose to stay and reside in
other different places. In the case of Romualdez vs. RTC (226 SCRA
408) the Court explained how one acquires a new domicile by choice.
There must concur: (1) residence or bodily presence in the new
locality; (2) intention to remain there; and (3) intention to abandon the
old domicile. In other words there must basically be animus manendi
with animus non revertendi. When respondent chose to stay in Ilocos
and later on in Manila, coupled with her intention to stay there by
registering as a voter there and expressly declaring that she is a
resident of that place, she is deemed to have abandoned Tacloban
City, where she spent her childhood and school days, as her place of
domicile.
Pure intention to reside in that place is not sufficient, there must
likewise be conduct indicative of such intention. Respondent's
statements to the effect that she has always intended to return to
Tacloban, without the accompanying conduct to prove that intention, is
not conclusive of her choice of residence. Respondent has not
presented any evidence to show that her conduct, one year prior the
election, showed intention to reside in Tacloban. Worse, what was
evident was that prior to her residence in Tolosa, she had been a
resident of Manila.
It is evident from these circumstances that she was not a resident of
the First District of Leyte "since childhood."
To further support the assertion that she could have not been a
resident of the First District of Leyte for more than one year, petitioner
correctly pointed out that on January 28, 1995 respondent registered
as a voter at precinct No. 18-A of Olot, Tolosa, Leyte. In doing so, she
placed in her Voter Registration Record that she resided in the
municipality of Tolosa for a period of six months. This may be
inconsequential as argued by the respondent since it refers only to her
residence in Tolosa, Leyte. But her failure to prove that she was a
resident of the First District of Leyte prior to her residence in Tolosa
leaves nothing but a convincing proof that she had been a resident of
the district for six months only. 15
In a Resolution promulgated a day before the May 8, 1995 elections, the COMELEC en banc
denied petitioner's Motion for Reconsideration 16 of the April 24, 1995 Resolution declaring
her not qualified to run for the position of Member of the House of Representatives for the
First Legislative District of Leyte. 17 The Resolution tersely stated:
After deliberating on the Motion for Reconsideration, the Commission
RESOLVED to DENY it, no new substantial matters having been raised
therein to warrant re-examination of the resolution granting the petition
for disqualification. 18

On May 11, 1995, the COMELEC issued a Resolution allowing petitioner's proclamation
should the results of the canvass show that she obtained the highest number of votes in the
congressional elections in the First District of Leyte. On the same day, however, the
COMELEC reversed itself and issued a second Resolution directing that the proclamation of
petitioner be suspended in the event that she obtains the highest number of votes. 19
In a Supplemental Petition dated 25 May 1995, petitioner averred that she was the
overwhelming winner of the elections for the congressional seat in the First District of Leyte
held May 8, 1995 based on the canvass completed by the Provincial Board of Canvassers on
May 14, 1995. Petitioner alleged that the canvass showed that she obtained a total of 70,471
votes compared to the 36,833 votes received by Respondent Montejo. A copy of said
Certificate of Canvass was annexed to the Supplemental Petition.
On account of the Resolutions disqualifying petitioner from running for the congressional seat
of the First District of Leyte and the public respondent's Resolution suspending her
proclamation, petitioner comes to this court for relief.
Petitioner raises several issues in her Original and Supplemental Petitions. The principal
issues may be classified into two general areas:
I. The issue of Petitioner's qualifications
Whether or not petitioner was a resident, for election purposes, of the
First District of Leyte for a period of one year at the time of the May 9,
1995 elections.
II. The Jurisdictional Issue
a) Prior to the elections
Whether or not the COMELEC properly exercised its jurisdiction in
disqualifying petitioner outside the period mandated by the Omnibus
Election Code for disqualification cases under Article 78 of the said
Code.
b) After the Elections
Whether or not the House of Representatives Electoral Tribunal
assumed exclusive jurisdiction over the question of petitioner's
qualifications after the May 8, 1995 elections.
I. Petitioner's qualification
A perusal of the Resolution of the COMELEC's Second Division reveals a startling confusion
in the application of settled concepts of "Domicile" and "Residence" in election law. While the
COMELEC seems to be in agreement with the general proposition that for the purposes of
election law, residence is synonymous with domicile, the Resolution reveals a tendency to
substitute or mistake the concept of domicile for actual residence, a conception not intended
for the purpose of determining a candidate's qualifications for election to the House of
Representatives as required by the 1987 Constitution. As it were, residence, for the purpose
of meeting the qualification for an elective position, has a settled meaning in our jurisdiction.

Article 50 of the Civil Code decrees that "[f]or the exercise of civil rights and the fulfillment of
civil obligations, the domicile of natural persons is their place of habitual residence." In Ong
vs. Republic 20 this court took the concept of domicile to mean an individual's "permanent
home", "a place to which, whenever absent for business or for pleasure, one intends to
return, and depends on facts and circumstances in the sense that they disclose intent." 21
Based on the foregoing, domicile includes the twin elements of "the fact of residing or
physical presence in a fixed place" and animus manendi, or the intention of returning there
permanently.
Residence, in its ordinary conception, implies the factual relationship of an individual to a
certain place. It is the physical presence of a person in a given area, community or country.
The essential distinction between residence and domicile in law is that residence involves the
intent to leave when the purpose for which the resident has taken up his abode ends. One
may seek a place for purposes such as pleasure, business, or health. If a person's intent be
to remain, it becomes his domicile; if his intent is to leave as soon as his purpose is
established it is residence. 22 It is thus, quite perfectly normal for an individual to have
different residences in various places. However, a person can only have a single domicile,
unless, for various reasons, he successfully abandons his domicile in favor of another
domicile of choice. In Uytengsu vs. Republic, 23 we laid this distinction quite clearly:
There is a difference between domicile and residence. "Residence" is
used to indicate a place of abode, whether permanent or temporary;
"domicile" denotes a fixed permanent residence to which, when absent,
one has the intention of returning. A man may have a residence in one
place and a domicile in another. Residence is not domicile, but domicile
is residence coupled with the intention to remain for an unlimited time.
A man can have but one domicile for the same purpose at any time, but
he may have numerous places of residence. His place of residence is
generally his place of domicile, but it is not by any means necessarily
so since no length of residence without intention of remaining will
constitute domicile.
For political purposes the concepts of residence and domicile are dictated by the peculiar
criteria of political laws. As these concepts have evolved in our election law, what has clearly
and unequivocally emerged is the fact that residence for election purposes is used
synonymously with domicile.
In Nuval vs. Guray, 24 the Court held that "the term residence. . . is synonymous with domicile
which imports not only intention to reside in a fixed place, but also personal presence in that
place, coupled with conduct indicative of such intention." 25 Larena vs. Teves 26 reiterated the
same doctrine in a case involving the qualifications of the respondent therein to the post of
Municipal President of Dumaguete, Negros Oriental. Faypon vs. Quirino, 27 held that the
absence from residence to pursue studies or practice a profession or registration as a voter
other than in the place where one is elected does not constitute loss of residence. 28 So
settled is the concept (of domicile) in our election law that in these and other election law
cases, this Court has stated that the mere absence of an individual from his permanent
residence without the intention to abandon it does not result in a loss or change of domicile.
The deliberations of the 1987 Constitution on the residence qualification for certain elective
positions have placed beyond doubt the principle that when the Constitution speaks of
"residence" in election law, it actually means only "domicile" to wit:
Mr. Nolledo: With respect to Section 5, I remember that in the 1971
Constitutional Convention, there was an attempt to require residence in

the place not less than one year immediately preceding the day of the
elections. So my question is: What is the Committee's concept of
residence of a candidate for the legislature? Is it actual residence or is
it the concept of domicile or constructive residence?
Mr. Davide: Madame President, insofar as the regular members of the
National Assembly are concerned, the proposed section merely
provides, among others, "and a resident thereof", that is, in the district
for a period of not less than one year preceding the day of the election.
This was in effect lifted from the 1973 Constitution, the interpretation
given to it was domicile. 29
xxx xxx xxx
Mrs. Rosario Braid: The next question is on Section 7, page 2. I think
Commissioner Nolledo has raised the same point that "resident" has
been interpreted at times as a matter of intention rather than actual
residence.
Mr. De los Reyes: Domicile.
Ms. Rosario Braid: Yes, So, would the gentleman consider at the
proper time to go back to actual residence rather than mere intention to
reside?
Mr. De los Reyes: But we might encounter some difficulty especially
considering that a provision in the Constitution in the Article on Suffrage
says that Filipinos living abroad may vote as enacted by law. So, we
have to stick to the original concept that it should be by domicile and
not physical residence. 30
In Co vs. Electoral Tribunal of the House of Representatives, 31 this Court concluded that the
framers of the 1987 Constitution obviously adhered to the definition given to the term
residence in election law, regarding it as having the same meaning as domicile. 32
In the light of the principles just discussed, has petitioner Imelda Romualdez Marcos satisfied
the residency requirement mandated by Article VI, Sec. 6 of the 1987 Constitution? Of what
significance is the questioned entry in petitioner's Certificate of Candidacy stating her
residence in the First Legislative District of Leyte as seven (7) months?
It is the fact of residence, not a statement in a certificate of candidacy which ought to be
decisive in determining whether or not and individual has satisfied the constitution's residency
qualification requirement. The said statement becomes material only when there is or
appears to be a deliberate attempt to mislead, misinform, or hide a fact which would
otherwise render a candidate ineligible. It would be plainly ridiculous for a candidate to
deliberately and knowingly make a statement in a certificate of candidacy which would lead to
his or her disqualification.
It stands to reason therefore, that petitioner merely committed an honest mistake in jotting the
word "seven" in the space provided for the residency qualification requirement. The
circumstances leading to her filing the questioned entry obviously resulted in the subsequent
confusion which prompted petitioner to write down the period of her actual stay in Tolosa,
Leyte instead of her period of residence in the First district, which was "since childhood" in
the space provided. These circumstances and events are amply detailed in the COMELEC's

Second Division's questioned resolution, albeit with a different interpretation. For instance,
when herein petitioner announced that she would be registering in Tacloban City to make her
eligible to run in the First District, private respondent Montejo opposed the same, claiming
that petitioner was a resident of Tolosa, not Tacloban City. Petitioner then registered in her
place of actual residence in the First District, which is Tolosa, Leyte, a fact which she
subsequently noted down in her Certificate of Candidacy. A close look at said certificate
would reveal the possible source of the confusion: the entry for residence (Item No. 7) is
followed immediately by the entry for residence in the constituency where a candidate seeks
election thus:
7. RESIDENCE (complete Address): Brgy. Olot, Tolosa, Leyte
POST OFFICE ADDRESS FOR ELECTION PURPOSES: Brgy. Olot,
Tolosa, Leyte
8. RESIDENCE IN THE CONSTITUENCY WHERE I SEEK TO
BE ELECTED IMMEDIATELY PRECEDING THE
ELECTION:_________ Years and Seven Months.
Having been forced by private respondent to register in her place of actual residence in Leyte
instead of petitioner's claimed domicile, it appears that petitioner had jotted down her period
of stay in her legal residence or domicile. The juxtaposition of entries in Item 7 and Item 8
the first requiring actual residence and the second requiring domicile coupled with the
circumstances surrounding petitioner's registration as a voter in Tolosa obviously led to her
writing down an unintended entry for which she could be disqualified. This honest mistake
should not, however, be allowed to negate the fact of residence in the First District if such fact
were established by means more convincing than a mere entry on a piece of paper.
We now proceed to the matter of petitioner's domicile.
In support of its asseveration that petitioner's domicile could not possibly be in the First
District of Leyte, the Second Division of the COMELEC, in its assailed Resolution of April
24,1995 maintains that "except for the time when (petitioner) studied and worked for some
years after graduation in Tacloban City, she continuously lived in Manila." The Resolution
additionally cites certain facts as indicative of the fact that petitioner's domicile ought to be
any place where she lived in the last few decades except Tacloban, Leyte. First, according to
the Resolution, petitioner, in 1959, resided in San Juan, Metro Manila where she was also
registered voter. Then, in 1965, following the election of her husband to the Philippine
presidency, she lived in San Miguel, Manila where she as a voter. In 1978 and thereafter, she
served as a member of the Batasang Pambansa and Governor of Metro Manila. "She could
not, have served these positions if she had not been a resident of Metro Manila," the
COMELEC stressed. Here is where the confusion lies.
We have stated, many times in the past, that an individual does not lose his domicile even if
he has lived and maintained residences in different places. Residence, it bears repeating,
implies a factual relationship to a given place for various purposes. The absence from legal
residence or domicile to pursue a profession, to study or to do other things of a temporary or
semi-permanent nature does not constitute loss of residence. Thus, the assertion by the
COMELEC that "she could not have been a resident of Tacloban City since childhood up to
the time she filed her certificate of candidacy because she became a resident of many
places" flies in the face of settled jurisprudence in which this Court carefully made distinctions
between (actual) residence and domicile for election law purposes. In Larena vs. Teves, 33
supra, we stressed:

[T]his court is of the opinion and so holds that a person who has his
own house wherein he lives with his family in a municipality without
having ever had the intention of abandoning it, and without having lived
either alone or with his family in another municipality, has his residence
in the former municipality, notwithstanding his having registered as an
elector in the other municipality in question and having been a
candidate for various insular and provincial positions, stating every time
that he is a resident of the latter municipality.
More significantly, in Faypon vs. Quirino, 34 We explained that:
A citizen may leave the place of his birth to look for "greener pastures,"
as the saying goes, to improve his lot, and that, of course includes
study in other places, practice of his avocation, or engaging in
business. When an election is to be held, the citizen who left his
birthplace to improve his lot may desire to return to his native town to
cast his ballot but for professional or business reasons, or for any other
reason, he may not absent himself from his professional or business
activities; so there he registers himself as voter as he has the
qualifications to be one and is not willing to give up or lose the
opportunity to choose the officials who are to run the government
especially in national elections. Despite such registration, the animus
revertendi to his home, to his domicile or residence of origin has not
forsaken him. This may be the explanation why the registration of a
voter in a place other than his residence of origin has not been deemed
sufficient to constitute abandonment or loss of such residence. It finds
justification in the natural desire and longing of every person to return
to his place of birth. This strong feeling of attachment to the place of
one's birth must be overcome by positive proof of abandonment for
another.
From the foregoing, it can be concluded that in its above-cited statements supporting its
proposition that petitioner was ineligible to run for the position of Representative of the First
District of Leyte, the COMELEC was obviously referring to petitioner's various places of
(actual) residence, not her domicile. In doing so, it not only ignored settled jurisprudence on
residence in election law and the deliberations of the constitutional commission but also the
provisions of the Omnibus Election Code (B.P. 881). 35
What is undeniable, however, are the following set of facts which establish the fact of
petitioner's domicile, which we lift verbatim from the COMELEC's Second Division's assailed
Resolution: 36
In or about 1938 when respondent was a little over 8 years old, she
established her domicile in Tacloban, Leyte (Tacloban City). She
studied in the Holy Infant Academy in Tacloban from 1938 to 1949
when she graduated from high school. She pursued her college studies
in St. Paul's College, now Divine Word University in Tacloban, where
she earned her degree in Education. Thereafter, she taught in the
Leyte Chinese School, still in Tacloban City. In 1952 she went to Manila
to work with her cousin, the late speaker Daniel Z. Romualdez in his
office in the House of Representatives. In 1954, she married exPresident Ferdinand E. Marcos when he was still a congressman of
Ilocos Norte and registered there as a voter. When her husband was
elected Senator of the Republic in 1959, she and her husband lived

together in San Juan, Rizal where she registered as a voter. In 1965,

when her husband was elected President of the Republic of the
Philippines, she lived with him in Malacanang Palace and registered as
a voter in San Miguel, Manila.
[I]n February 1986 (she claimed that) she and her family were
abducted and kidnapped to Honolulu, Hawaii. In November 1991, she
came home to Manila. In 1992, respondent ran for election as
President of the Philippines and filed her Certificate of Candidacy
wherein she indicated that she is a resident and registered voter of San
Juan, Metro Manila.
Applying the principles discussed to the facts found by COMELEC, what is inescapable is
that petitioner held various residences for different purposes during the last four decades.
None of these purposes unequivocally point to an intention to abandon her domicile of origin
in Tacloban, Leyte. Moreover, while petitioner was born in Manila, as a minor she naturally
followed the domicile of her parents. She grew up in Tacloban, reached her adulthood there
and eventually established residence in different parts of the country for various reasons.
Even during her husband's presidency, at the height of the Marcos Regime's powers,
petitioner kept her close ties to her domicile of origin by establishing residences in Tacloban,
celebrating her birthdays and other important personal milestones in her home province,
instituting well-publicized projects for the benefit of her province and hometown, and
establishing a political power base where her siblings and close relatives held positions of
power either through the ballot or by appointment, always with either her influence or
consent. These well-publicized ties to her domicile of origin are part of the history and lore of
the quarter century of Marcos power in our country. Either they were entirely ignored in the
COMELEC'S Resolutions, or the majority of the COMELEC did not know what the rest of the
country always knew: the fact of petitioner's domicile in Tacloban, Leyte.
Private respondent in his Comment, contends that Tacloban was not petitioner's domicile of
origin because she did not live there until she was eight years old. He avers that after leaving
the place in 1952, she "abandoned her residency (sic) therein for many years and . . . (could
not) re-establish her domicile in said place by merely expressing her intention to live there
again." We do not agree.
First, minor follows the domicile of his parents. As domicile, once acquired is retained until a
new one is gained, it follows that in spite of the fact of petitioner's being born in Manila,
Tacloban, Leyte was her domicile of origin by operation of law. This domicile was not
established only when her father brought his family back to Leyte contrary to private
respondent's averments.
Second, domicile of origin is not easily lost. To successfully effect a change of domicile, one
must demonstrate: 37
1. An actual removal or an actual change of domicile;
2. A bona fide intention of abandoning the former place of residence
and establishing a new one; and
3. Acts which correspond with the purpose.
In the absence of clear and positive proof based on these criteria, the residence of origin
should be deemed to continue. Only with evidence showing concurrence of all three
requirements can the presumption of continuity or residence be rebutted, for a change of

residence requires an actual and deliberate abandonment, and one cannot have two legal
residences at the same time. 38 In the case at bench, the evidence adduced by private
respondent plainly lacks the degree of persuasiveness required to convince this court that an
abandonment of domicile of origin in favor of a domicile of choice indeed occurred. To effect
an abandonment requires the voluntary act of relinquishing petitioner's former domicile with
an intent to supplant the former domicile with one of her own choosing (domicilium
voluntarium).
In this connection, it cannot be correctly argued that petitioner lost her domicile of origin by
operation of law as a result of her marriage to the late President Ferdinand E. Marcos in
1952. For there is a clearly established distinction between the Civil Code concepts of
"domicile" and "residence." 39 The presumption that the wife automatically gains the
husband's domicile by operation of law upon marriage cannot be inferred from the use of the
term "residence" in Article 110 of the Civil Code because the Civil Code is one area where the
two concepts are well delineated. Dr. Arturo Tolentino, writing on this specific area explains:
In the Civil Code, there is an obvious difference between domicile and
residence. Both terms imply relations between a person and a place;
but in residence, the relation is one of fact while in domicile it is legal or
juridical, independent of the necessity of physical presence. 40
Article 110 of the Civil Code provides:
Art. 110. The husband shall fix the residence of the family. But the
court may exempt the wife from living with the husband if he should live
abroad unless in the service of the Republic.
A survey of jurisprudence relating to Article 110 or to the concepts of domicile or residence as
they affect the female spouse upon marriage yields nothing which would suggest that the
female spouse automatically loses her domicile of origin in favor of the husband's choice of
residence upon marriage.
Article 110 is a virtual restatement of Article 58 of the Spanish Civil Code of 1889 which
states:
La mujer esta obligada a seguir a su marido donde quiera que fije su
residencia. Los Tribunales, sin embargo, podran con justa causa
eximirla de esta obligacion cuando el marido transende su residencia a
ultramar o' a pais extranjero.
Note the use of the phrase "donde quiera su fije de residencia" in the aforequoted article,
which means wherever (the husband) wishes to establish residence. This part of the article
clearly contemplates only actual residence because it refers to a positive act of fixing a family
home or residence. Moreover, this interpretation is further strengthened by the phrase
"cuando el marido translade su residencia" in the same provision which means, "when the
husband shall transfer his residence," referring to another positive act of relocating the family
to another home or place of actual residence. The article obviously cannot be understood to
refer to domicile which is a fixed,
fairly-permanent concept when it plainly connotes the possibility of transferring from one
place to another not only once, but as often as the husband may deem fit to move his family,
a circumstance more consistent with the concept of actual residence.
The right of the husband to fix the actual residence is in harmony with the intention of the law
to strengthen and unify the family, recognizing the fact that the husband and the wife bring

into the marriage different domiciles (of origin). This difference could, for the sake of family
unity, be reconciled only by allowing the husband to fix a single place of actual residence.
Very significantly, Article 110 of the Civil Code is found under Title V under the heading:
RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS BETWEEN HUSBAND AND WIFE. Immediately preceding
Article 110 is Article 109 which obliges the husband and wife to live together, thus:
Art. 109. The husband and wife are obligated to live together,
observe mutual respect and fidelity and render mutual help and
support.
The duty to live together can only be fulfilled if the husband and wife are physically together.
This takes into account the situations where the couple has many residences (as in the case
of the petitioner). If the husband has to stay in or transfer to any one of their residences, the
wife should necessarily be with him in order that they may "live together." Hence, it is illogical
to conclude that Art. 110 refers to "domicile" and not to "residence." Otherwise, we shall be
faced with a situation where the wife is left in the domicile while the husband, for professional
or other reasons, stays in one of their (various) residences. As Dr. Tolentino further explains:
Residence and Domicile Whether the word "residence" as used with
reference to particular matters is synonymous with "domicile" is a
question of some difficulty, and the ultimate decision must be made
from a consideration of the purpose and intent with which the word is
used. Sometimes they are used synonymously, at other times they are
distinguished from one another.
xxx xxx xxx
Residence in the civil law is a material fact, referring to the physical
presence of a person in a place. A person can have two or more
residences, such as a country residence and a city residence.
Residence is acquired by living in place; on the other hand, domicile
can exist without actually living in the place. The important thing for
domicile is that, once residence has been established in one place,
there be an intention to stay there permanently, even if residence is
also established in some other
place. 41
In fact, even the matter of a common residence between the husband and the wife during the
marriage is not an iron-clad principle; In cases applying the Civil Code on the question of a
common matrimonial residence, our jurisprudence has recognized certain situations 42 where
the spouses could not be compelled to live with each other such that the wife is either allowed
to maintain a residence different from that of her husband or, for obviously practical reasons,
revert to her original domicile (apart from being allowed to opt for a new one). In De la Vina
vs. Villareal 43 this Court held that "[a] married woman may acquire a residence or domicile
separate from that of her husband during the existence of the marriage where the husband
has given cause for divorce." 44 Note that the Court allowed the wife either to obtain new
residence or to choose a new domicile in such an event. In instances where the wife actually
opts, .under the Civil Code, to live separately from her husband either by taking new
residence or reverting to her domicile of origin, the Court has held that the wife could not be
compelled to live with her husband on pain of contempt. In Arroyo vs. Vasques de Arroyo 45
the Court held that:

Upon examination of the authorities, we are convinced that it is not

within the province of the courts of this country to attempt to compel
one of the spouses to cohabit with, and render conjugal rights to, the
other. Of course where the property rights of one of the pair are
invaded, an action for restitution of such rights can be maintained. But
we are disinclined to sanction the doctrine that an order, enforcible (sic)
by process of contempt, may be entered to compel the restitution of the
purely personal right of consortium. At best such an order can be
effective for no other purpose than to compel the spouses to live under
the same roof; and he experience of those countries where the courts
of justice have assumed to compel the cohabitation of married people
shows that the policy of the practice is extremely questionable. Thus in
England, formerly the Ecclesiastical Court entertained suits for the
restitution of conjugal rights at the instance of either husband or wife;
and if the facts were found to warrant it, that court would make a
mandatory decree, enforceable by process of contempt in case of
disobedience, requiring the delinquent party to live with the other and
render conjugal rights. Yet this practice was sometimes criticized even
by the judges who felt bound to enforce such orders, and in Weldon v.
Weldon (9 P.D. 52), decided in 1883, Sir James Hannen, President in
the Probate, Divorce and Admiralty Division of the High Court of
Justice, expressed his regret that the English law on the subject was
not the same as that which prevailed in Scotland, where a decree of
adherence, equivalent to the decree for the restitution of conjugal rights
in England, could be obtained by the injured spouse, but could not be
enforced by imprisonment. Accordingly, in obedience to the growing
sentiment against the practice, the Matrimonial Causes Act (1884)
abolished the remedy of imprisonment; though a decree for the
restitution of conjugal rights can still be procured, and in case of
disobedience may serve in appropriate cases as the basis of an order
for the periodical payment of a stipend in the character of alimony.
In the voluminous jurisprudence of the United States, only one court,
so far as we can discover, has ever attempted to make a preemptory
order requiring one of the spouses to live with the other; and that was
in a case where a wife was ordered to follow and live with her husband,
who had changed his domicile to the City of New Orleans. The decision
referred to (Bahn v. Darby, 36 La. Ann., 70) was based on a provision
of the Civil Code of Louisiana similar to article 56 of the Spanish Civil
Code. It was decided many years ago, and the doctrine evidently has
not been fruitful even in the State of Louisiana. In other states of the
American Union the idea of enforcing cohabitation by process of
contempt is rejected. (21 Cyc., 1148).
In a decision of January 2, 1909, the Supreme Court of Spain appears
to have affirmed an order of the Audiencia Territorial de Valladolid
requiring a wife to return to the marital domicile, and in the alternative,
upon her failure to do so, to make a particular disposition of certain
money and effects then in her possession and to deliver to her
husband, as administrator of the ganancial property, all income, rents,
and interest which might accrue to her from the property which she had
brought to the marriage. (113 Jur. Civ., pp. 1, 11) But it does not appear
that this order for the return of the wife to the marital domicile was
sanctioned by any other penalty than the consequences that would be

visited upon her in respect to the use and control of her property; and it
does not appear that her disobedience to that order would necessarily
have been followed by imprisonment for contempt.
Parenthetically when Petitioner was married to then Congressman Marcos, in 1954, petitioner
was obliged by virtue of Article 110 of the Civil Code to follow her husband's actual
place of residence fixed by him. The problem here is that at that time, Mr. Marcos had several
places of residence, among which were San Juan, Rizal and Batac, Ilocos Norte. There is no
showing which of these places Mr. Marcos did fix as his family's residence. But assuming that
Mr. Marcos had fixed any of these places as the conjugal residence, what petitioner gained
upon marriage was actual residence. She did not lose her domicile of origin.
On the other hand, the common law concept of "matrimonial domicile" appears to have been
incorporated, as a result of our jurisprudential experiences after the drafting of the Civil Code
of 1950, into the New Family Code. To underscore the difference between the intentions of
the Civil Code and the Family Code drafters, the term residence has been supplanted by the
term domicile in an entirely new provision (Art. 69) distinctly different in meaning and spirit
from that found in Article 110. The provision recognizes revolutionary changes in the concept
of women's rights in the intervening years by making the choice of domicile a product of
mutual agreement between the spouses. 46
Without as much belaboring the point, the term residence may mean one thing in civil law (or
under the Civil Code) and quite another thing in political law. What stands clear is that insofar
as the Civil Code is concerned-affecting the rights and obligations of husband and wife the
term residence should only be interpreted to mean "actual residence." The inescapable
conclusion derived from this unambiguous civil law delineation therefore, is that when
petitioner married the former President in 1954, she kept her domicile of origin and merely
gained a new home, not a domicilium necessarium.
Even assuming for the sake of argument that petitioner gained a new "domicile" after her
marriage and only acquired a right to choose a new one after her husband died, petitioner's
acts following her return to the country clearly indicate that she not only impliedly but
expressly chose her domicile of origin (assuming this was lost by operation of law) as her
domicile. This "choice" was unequivocally expressed in her letters to the Chairman of the
PCGG when petitioner sought the PCGG's permission to "rehabilitate (our) ancestral house in
Tacloban and Farm in Olot, Leyte. . . to make them livable for the Marcos family to have a
home in our homeland." 47 Furthermore, petitioner obtained her residence certificate in 1992
in Tacloban, Leyte, while living in her brother's house, an act which supports the domiciliary
intention clearly manifested in her letters to the PCGG Chairman. She could not have gone
straight to her home in San Juan, as it was in a state of disrepair, having been previously
looted by vandals. Her "homes" and "residences" following her arrival in various parts of
Metro Manila merely qualified as temporary or "actual residences," not domicile. Moreover,
and proceeding from our discussion pointing out specific situations where the female spouse
either reverts to her domicile of origin or chooses a new one during the subsistence of the
marriage, it would be highly illogical for us to assume that she cannot regain her original
domicile upon the death of her husband absent a positive act of selecting a new one where
situations exist within the subsistence of the marriage itself where the wife gains a domicile
different from her husband.
In the light of all the principles relating to residence and domicile enunciated by this court up
to this point, we are persuaded that the facts established by the parties weigh heavily in favor
of a conclusion supporting petitioner's claim of legal residence or domicile in the First District
of Leyte.

II. The jurisdictional issue

Petitioner alleges that the jurisdiction of the COMELEC had already lapsed considering that
the assailed resolutions were rendered on April 24, 1995, fourteen (14) days before the
election in violation of Section 78 of the Omnibus Election Code. 48 Moreover, petitioner
contends that it is the House of Representatives Electoral Tribunal and not the COMELEC
which has jurisdiction over the election of members of the House of Representatives in
accordance with Article VI Sec. 17 of the Constitution. This is untenable.
It is a settled doctrine that a statute requiring rendition of judgment within a specified time is
generally construed to be merely directory, 49 "so that non-compliance with them does not
invalidate the judgment on the theory that if the statute had intended such result it would have
clearly indicated it." 50 The difference between a mandatory and a directory provision is often
made on grounds of necessity. Adopting the same view held by several American authorities,
this court in Marcelino vs. Cruz held that: 51
The difference between a mandatory and directory provision is often
determined on grounds of expediency, the reason being that less injury
results to the general public by disregarding than enforcing the letter of
the law.
In Trapp v. Mc Cormick, a case calling for the interpretation of a statute
containing a limitation of thirty (30) days within which a decree may be
entered without the consent of counsel, it was held that "the statutory
provisions which may be thus departed from with impunity, without
affecting the validity of statutory proceedings, are usually those which
relate to the mode or time of doing that which is essential to effect the
aim and purpose of the Legislature or some incident of the essential
act." Thus, in said case, the statute under examination was construed
merely to be directory.
The mischief in petitioner's contending that the COMELEC should have abstained from
rendering a decision after the period stated in the Omnibus Election Code because it lacked
jurisdiction, lies in the fact that our courts and other quasi-judicial bodies would then refuse to
render judgments merely on the ground of having failed to reach a decision within a given or
prescribed period.
In any event, with the enactment of Sections 6 and 7 of R.A. 6646 in relation to Section 78 of
B.P. 881, 52 it is evident that the respondent Commission does not lose jurisdiction to hear and
decide a pending disqualification case under Section 78 of B.P. 881 even after the elections.
As to the House of Representatives Electoral Tribunal's supposed assumption of jurisdiction
over the issue of petitioner's qualifications after the May 8, 1995 elections, suffice it to say
that HRET's jurisdiction as the sole judge of all contests relating to the elections, returns and
qualifications of members of Congress begins only after a candidate has become a member
of the House of Representatives. 53 Petitioner not being a member of the House of
Representatives, it is obvious that the HRET at this point has no jurisdiction over the
question.
It would be an abdication of many of the ideals enshrined in the 1987 Constitution for us to
either to ignore or deliberately make distinctions in law solely on the basis of the personality
of a petitioner in a case. Obviously a distinction was made on such a ground here. Surely,
many established principles of law, even of election laws were flouted for the sake
perpetuating power during the pre-EDSA regime. We renege on these sacred ideals,

including the meaning and spirit of EDSA ourselves bending established principles of
principles of law to deny an individual what he or she justly deserves in law. Moreover, in
doing so, we condemn ourselves to repeat the mistakes of the past.
WHEREFORE, having determined that petitioner possesses the necessary residence
qualifications to run for a seat in the House of Representatives in the First District of Leyte,
the COMELEC's questioned Resolutions dated April 24, May 7, May 11, and May 25, 1995
are hereby SET ASIDE. Respondent COMELEC is hereby directed to order the Provincial
Board of Canvassers to proclaim petitioner as the duly elected Representative of the First
District of Leyte.
SO ORDERED.
Feliciano, J., is on leave.

SUPREME COURT
Manila
EN BANC
G.R. No. 120265 September 18, 1995
AGAPITO A. AQUINO, petitioner,
vs.
COMMISSION ON ELECTIONS, MOVE MAKATI, MATEO BEDON and JUANITO ICARO,
respondents.
KAPUNAN, J.:
The sanctity of the people's will must be observed at all times if our nascent democracy is to
be preserved. In any challenge having the effect of reversing a democratic choice, expressed
through the ballot, this Court should be ever so vigilant in finding solutions which would give
effect to the will of the majority, for sound public policy dictates that all elective offices are
filled by those who have received the highest number of votes cast in an election. When a
challenge to a winning candidate's qualifications however becomes inevitable, the ineligibility
ought to be so noxious to the Constitution that giving effect to the apparent will of the people
would ultimately do harm to our democratic institutions.
On March 20, 1995, petitioner Agapito A. Aquino filed his Certificate of Candidacy for the
position of Representative for the new Second Legislative District of Makati City. Among
others, Aquino provided the following information in his certificate of candidacy, viz:.
(7) RESIDENCE (Complete Address): 284 AMAPOLA COR. ADALLA STS.,
PALM VILLAGE, MAKATI.
xxx xxx xxx
(8) RESIDENCE IN THE CONSTITUENCY WHERE I SEEK TO BE ELECTED
IMMEDIATELY PRECEDING THE ELECTION: ______ Years and 10 Months.
xxx xxx xxx
THAT I AM ELIGIBLE for said Office; That I will support and defend the
Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines and will maintain true faith and
allegiance thereto; That I will obey the law, rules and decrees promulgated by
the duly constituted authorities; That the obligation imposed to such is
assumed voluntarily, without mental reservation or purpose of evasion, and
that the facts therein are true to the best of my knowledge. 1
On April 24, 1995, Move Makati, a duly registered political party, and Mateo Bedon, Chairman
of the LAKAS-NUCD-UMDP of Barangay Cembo, Makati City, filed a petition to disqualify
Agapito A. Aquino 2 on the ground that the latter lacked the residence qualification as a
candidate for congressman which, under Section 6, Art. VI of the 1987 the Constitution,

should be for a period not less than one (1) year immediately preceding the May 8, 1995
elections. The petition was docketed as SPA No. 95-113 and was assigned to the Second
Division of the Commission on Elections (COMELEC).
On April 25, 1995, a day after said petition for disqualification was filed, petitioner filed
another certificate of candidacy amending the certificate dated March 20, 1995. This time,
petitioner stated in Item 8 of his certificate that he had resided in the constituency where he
sought to be elected for one (l) year and thirteen (13) days. 3
On May 2, 1995, petitioner filed his Answer dated April 29, 1995 praying for the dismissal of
the disqualification case. 4
On the same day, May 2, 1995, a hearing was conducted by the COMELEC wherein
petitioner testified and presented in evidence, among others, his Affidavit dated May 2, 1995, 5
lease contract between petitioner and Leonor Feliciano dated April 1, 1994, 6 Affidavit of
Leonor Feliciano dated April 28,1995 7 and Affidavit of Daniel Galamay dated April 28, 1995. 8
After hearing of the petition for disqualification, the Second Division of the COMELEC
promulgated a Resolution dated May 6, 1995, the decretal portion of which reads:
WHEREFORE, in view of the foregoing, this Commission (Second Division)
RESOLVES to DISMISS the instant: petition for Disqualification against
respondent AGAPITO AQUINO and declares him ELIGIBLE to run for the
Office of Representative in the Second Legislative District of Makati City.
SO ORDERED. 9
On May 7, 1995, Move Makati and Mateo Bedon filed a Motion for Reconsideration of the
May 6, 1995 resolution with the COMELEC en banc.
Meanwhile, on May 8, 1995, elections were held. In Makati City where three (3) candidates
vied for the congressional seat in the Second District, petitioner garnered thirty eight
thousand five hundred forty seven (38,547) votes as against another candidate, Agusto
Syjuco, who obtained thirty five thousand nine hundred ten (35,910) votes. 10
On May 10, 1995, private respondents Move Makati and Bedon filed an Urgent Motion Ad
Cautelum to Suspend Proclamation of petitioner. Thereafter, they filed an Omnibus Motion for
Reconsideration of the COMELEC's Second Division resolution dated May 6, 1995 and a 2nd
Urgent Motion Ad Cautelum to Suspend Proclamation of petitioner.
On May 15, 1995, COMELEC en banc issued an Order suspending petitioner's proclamation.
The dispositive portion of the order reads:
WHEREFORE, pursuant to the provisions of Section 6 of Republic Act No.
6646, the Board of Canvassers of the City of Makati is hereby directed to
complete the canvassing of election returns of the Second District of Makati,
but to suspend the proclamation of respondent Agapito A. Aquino should he
obtain the winning number of votes for the position of Representative of the

Second District of the City of Makati, until the motion for reconsideration filed
by the petitioners on May 7, 1995, shall have been resolved by the
Commission.
The Executive Director, this Commission, is directed to cause the immediate
implementation of this Order. The Clerk of Court of the Commission is likewise
directed to inform the parties by the fastest means available of this Order, and
to calendar the hearing of the Motion for Reconsideration on May 17, 1995, at
10:00 in the morning, PICC Press Center, Pasay City.
SO ORDERED. 11
On May 16, 1995, petitioner filed his Comment/Opposition with urgent motion to lift order of
suspension of proclamation.
On June 1, 1995, petitioner filed a "Motion to File Supplemental Memorandum and Motion to
Resolve Urgent Motion to Resolve Motion to Lift Suspension of Proclamation" wherein he
manifested his intention to raise, among others, the issue of whether of not the determination
of the qualifications of petitioner after the elections is lodged exclusively in the House of
Representatives Electoral Tribunal pursuant to Section 17, Article VI of the 1987 Constitution.
Resolving petitioner's motion to lift suspension of his proclamation, the COMELEC en banc
issued an Order on June 2, 1995, the decretal portion thereof residing:
Pursuant to the said provisions and considering the attendant circumstances
of the case, the Commission RESOLVED to proceed with the promulgation but
to suspend its rules, to accept the filing of the aforesaid motion, and to allow
the parties to be heard thereon because the issue of jurisdiction now before
the Commission has to be studied with more reflection and judiciousness. 12
On the same day, June 2, 1995, the COMELEC en banc issued a Resolution reversing the
resolution of the Second Division dated May 6, 1995. The fallo reads as follows:
WHEREFORE, in view of the foregoing, petitioners' Motion for
Reconsideration of the Resolution of the Second Division, promulgated on
May 6, 1995, is GRANTED. Respondent Agapito A. Aquino is declared
ineligible and thus disqualified as a candidate for the Office of Representative
of the Second Legislative District of Makati City in the May 8, 1995 elections,
for lack of the constitutional qualification of residence. Consequently, the order
of suspension of proclamation of the respondent should he obtain the winning
number of votes, issued by this Commission on May 15, 1995 is now made
permanent.
Upon the finality of this Resolution, the Board of Canvassers of the City of
Makati shall immediately reconvene and, on the basis of the completed
canvass of election returns, determine the winner out of the remaining
qualified candidates, who shall be immediately be proclaimed.

SO ORDERED. 13
Hence, the instant Petition for Certiorari 14 assailing the orders dated May 15, 1995 and June
2, 1995, as well as the resolution dated June 2, 1995 issued by the COMELEC en banc.
Petitioner's raises the following errors for consideration, to wit:
A
THE COMELEC HAS NO JURISDICTION TO DETERMINE AND ADJUDGE
THE DISQUALIFICATION ISSUE INVOLVING CONGRESSIONAL
CANDIDATES AFTER THE MAY 8, 1995 ELECTIONS, SUCH
DETERMINATION BEING RESERVED TO AND LODGE EXCLUSIVELY
WITH THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVE ELECTORAL TRIBUNAL
B
ASSUMING ARGUENDO THAT THE COMELEC HAS JURISDICTION, SAID
JURISDICTION CEASED IN THE INSTANT CASE AFTER THE ELECTIONS,
AND THE REMEDY/IES AVAILABLE TO THE ADVERSE PARTIES LIE/S IN
ANOTHER FORUM WHICH, IT IS SUBMITTED, IS THE HRET CONSISTENT
WITH SECTION 17, ARTICLE VI OF THE 1987 CONSTITUTION
C
THE COMELEC COMMITTED GRAVE ABUSE OF DISCRETION WHEN IT
PROCEEDED TO PROMULGATE ITS QUESTIONED DECISION (ANNEX
"C", PETITION) DESPITE IT OWN RECOGNITION THAT A THRESHOLD
ISSUE OF JURISDICTION HAS TO BE JUDICIOUSLY REVIEWED AGAIN,
ASSUMING ARGUENDO THAT THE COMELEC HAS JURISDICTION, THE
COMELEC COMMITTED GRAVE ABUSE OF DISCRETION, AND SERIOUS
ERROR IN DIRECTING WITHOUT NOTICE THE SUSPENSION OF THE
PROCLAMATION OF THE PETITIONER AS THE WINNING
CONGRESSIONAL CANDIDATE AND DESPITE THE MINISTERIAL NATURE
OF SUCH DUTY TO PROCLAIM (PENDING THE FINALITY OF THE
DISQUALIFICATION CASE AGAINST THE PETITIONER) IF ONLY NOT TO
THWART THE PEOPLE'S WILL.
D
THE COMELEC'S FINDING OF NON-COMPLIANCE WITH THE RESIDENCY
REQUIREMENT OF ONE YEAR AGAINST THE PETITIONER IS CONTRARY
TO EVIDENCE AND TO APPLICABLE LAWS AND JURISPRUDENCE.
E
IN ANY CASE, THE COMELEC CRITICALLY ERRED IN FAILING TO
APPRECIATE THE LEGAL IMPOSSIBILITY OF ENFORCING THE ONE
YEAR RESIDENCY REQUIREMENT OF CONGRESSIONAL CANDIDATES

IN NEWLY CREATED POLITICAL DISTRICTS WHICH WERE ONLY

EXISTING FOR LESS THAN A YEAR AT THE TIME OF THE ELECTION AND
BARELY FOUR MONTHS IN THE CASE OF PETITIONER'S DISTRICT IN
MAKATI OF CONGRESSIONAL.
F
THE COMELEC COMMITTED SERIOUS ERROR AMOUNTING TO LACK OF
JURISDICTION WHEN IT ORDERED THE BOARD OF CANVASSERS TO
"DETERMINE AND PROCLAIM THE WINNER OUT OF THE REMAINING
QUALIFIED CANDIDATES" AFTER THE ERRONEOUS DISQUALIFICATION
OF YOUR PETITIONER IN THAT SUCH DIRECTIVE IS IN TOTAL
DISREGARD OF THE WELL SETTLED DOCTRINE THAT A SECOND PLACE
CANDIDATE OR PERSON WHO WAS REPUDIATED BY THE ELECTORATE
IS A LOSER AND CANNOT BE PROCLAIMED AS SUBSTITUTE
WINNER. 15
I
In his first three assignments of error, petitioner vigorously contends that after the May 8,
1995 elections, the COMELEC lost its jurisdiction over the question of petitioner's
qualifications to run for member of the House of Representatives. He claims that jurisdiction
over the petition for disqualification is exclusively lodged with the House of Representatives
Electoral Tribunal (HRET). Given the yet unresolved question of jurisdiction, petitioner avers
that the COMELEC committed serious error and grave abuse of discretion in directing the
suspension of his proclamation as the winning candidate in the Second Congressional District
of Makati City. We disagree.
Petitioner conveniently confuses the distinction between an unproclaimed candidate to the
House of Representatives and a member of the same. Obtaining the highest number of votes
in an election does not automatically vest the position in the winning candidate. Section 17 of
Article VI of the 1987 Constitution reads:
The Senate and the House of Representatives shall have an Electoral Tribunal
which shall be the sole judge of all contests relating to the election, returns and
qualifications of their respective Members.
Under the above-stated provision, the electoral tribunal clearly assumes jurisdiction over all
contests relative to the election, returns and qualifications of candidates for either the Senate
or the House only when the latter become members of either the Senate or the House of
Representatives. A candidate who has not been proclaimed 16 and who has not taken his oath
of office cannot be said to be a member of the House of Representatives subject to Section.
17 of the Constitution. While the proclamation of a winning candidate in an election is
ministerial, B.P. 881 in conjunction with Sec 6 of R.A. 6646 allows suspension of proclamation
under circumstances mentioned therein. Thus, petitioner's contention that "after the conduct
of the election and (petitioner) has been established the winner of the electoral exercise from
the moment of election, the COMELEC is automatically divested of authority to pass upon the
question of qualification" finds no basis, because even after the elections the COMELEC is

empowered by Section 6 (in relation to Section 7) of R.A. 6646 to continue to hear and decide
questions relating to qualifications of candidates Section 6 states:
Sec. 6. Effect of Disqualification Case. Any candidate, who has been
declared by final judgment to be disqualified shall not be voted for, and the
votes cast for him shall not be counted. If for any reason a candidate is not
declared by final judgment before an election to be disqualified and he is voted
for and receives the winning number of votes in such election, the Court or
Commission shall continue with the trial and hearing of the action, inquiry or
protest and, upon motion of the complainant or any intervenor, may during the
pendency thereof order the suspension of the proclamation of such candidate
whenever the evidence of guilt is strong.
Under the above-quoted provision, not only is a disqualification case against a candidate
allowed to continue after the election (and does not oust the COMELEC of its jurisdiction), but
his obtaining the highest number of votes will not result in the suspension or termination of
the proceedings against him when the evidence of guilt is strong. While the phrase "when the
evidence of guilt is strong" seems to suggest that the provisions of Section 6 ought to be
applicable only to disqualification cases under Section 68 of the Omnibus Election Code,
Section 7 of R.A. 6646 allows the application of the provisions of Section 6 to cases involving
disqualification based on ineligibility under Section 78 of B.P. 881. Section 7 states:
Sec. 7. Petition to Deny Due Course or to Cancel a Certificate of Candidacy.
The procedure hereinabove provided shall apply to petition to deny due
course to or cancel a certificate of candidacy based on Sec. 78 of Batas
Pambansa 881.
II
We agree with COMELEC's contention that in order that petitioner could qualify as a
candidate for Representative of the Second District of Makati City the latter "must prove that
he has established not just residence but domicile of choice. 17
The Constitution requires that a person seeking election to the House of Representatives
should be a resident of the district in which he seeks election for a period of not less than one
(l) year prior to the elections. 18 Residence, for election law purposes, has a settled meaning
in our jurisdiction.
In Co v. Electoral Tribunal of the House of Representatives 19 this Court held that the term
"residence" has always been understood as synonymous with "domicile" not only under the
previous Constitutions but also under the 1987 Constitution. The Court there held: 20
The deliberations of the Constitutional Commission reveal that the meaning of
residence vis-a-vis the qualifications of a candidate for Congress continues to
remain the same as that of domicile, to wit:
Mr. Nolledo: With respect to Section 5, I remember that in the
1971 Constitutional Convention, there was an attempt to require

residence in the place not less than one year immediately

preceding the day of elections. So my question is: What is the
Committee's concept of domicile or constructive residence?
Mr. Davide: Madame President, insofar as the regular members
of the National Assembly are concerned, the proposed section
merely provides, among others, and a resident thereof', that is,
in the district, for a period of not less than one year preceding
the day of the election. This was in effect lifted from the 1973
Constitution, the interpretation given to it was domicile
(emphasis ours) Records of the 1987 Constitutional
Convention, Vol. II, July 22, 1986, p. 87).
xxx xxx xxx
Mrs. Rosario Braid: The next question is on section 7, page 2. I
think Commissioner Nolledo has raised the same point that
"resident" has been interpreted at times as a matter of intention
rather than actual residence.
Mr. De Los Reyes: Domicile.
Ms. Rosario Braid: Yes, So, would the gentlemen consider at
the proper time to go back to actual residence rather than mere
intention to reside?
Mr. De los Reyes: But We might encounter some difficulty
especially considering that the provision in the Constitution in
the Article on Suffrage says that Filipinos living abroad may vote
as enacted by law. So, we have to stick to the original concept
that it should be by domicile and not physical and actual
residence. (Records of the 1987 Constitutional Commission,
Vol. II, July 22, 1986, p. 110).
The framers of the Constitution adhered to the earlier definition given to the
word "residence" which regarded it as having the same meaning as domicile.
Clearly, the place "where a party actually or constructively has his permanent home," 21 where
he, no matter where he may be found at any given time, eventually intends to return and
remain, i.e., his domicile, is that to which the Constitution refers when it speaks of residence
for the purposes of election law. The manifest purpose of this deviation from the usual
conceptions of residency in law as explained in Gallego vs. Vera at 22 is "to exclude strangers
or newcomers unfamiliar with the conditions and needs of the community" from taking
advantage of favorable circumstances existing in that community for electoral gain. While
there is nothing wrong with the practice of establishing residence in a given area for meeting
election law requirements, this nonetheless defeats the essence of representation, which is to
place through the assent of voters those most cognizant and sensitive to the needs of a
particular district, if a candidate falls short of the period of residency mandated by law for him

to qualify. That purpose could be obviously best met by individuals who have either had
actual residence in the area for a given period or who have been domiciled in the same area
either by origin or by choice. It would, therefore, be imperative for this Court to inquire into the
threshold question as to whether or not petitioner actually was a resident for a period of one
year in the area now encompassed by the Second Legislative District of Makati at the time of
his election or whether or not he was domiciled in the same.
As found by the COMELEC en banc petitioner in his Certificate of Candidacy for the May 11,
1992 elections, indicated not only that he was a resident of San Jose, Concepcion, Tarlac in
1992 but that he was a resident of the same for 52 years immediately preceding that election.
23
At the time, his certificate indicated that he was also a registered voter of the same district.
24
His birth certificate places Concepcion, Tarlac as the birthplace of both of his parents
Benigno and Aurora. 25 Thus, from data furnished by petitioner himself to the COMELEC at
various times during his political career, what stands consistently clear and unassailable is
that this domicile of origin of record up to the time of filing of his most recent certificate of
candidacy for the 1995 elections was Concepcion, Tarlac.
Petitioner's alleged connection with the Second District of Makati City is an alleged lease
agreement of condominium unit in the area. As the COMELEC, in its disputed Resolution
noted:
The intention not to establish a permanent home in Makati City is evident in his
leasing a condominium unit instead of buying one. While a lease contract
maybe indicative of respondent's intention to reside in Makati City it does not
engender the kind of permanency required to prove abandonment of one's
original domicile especially since, by its terms, it is only for a period of two (2)
years, and respondent Aquino himself testified that his intention was really for
only one (l) year because he has other "residences" in Manila or Quezon City.
26

While property ownership is not and should never be an indicia of the right to vote or to be
voted upon, the fact that petitioner himself claims that he has other residences in Metro
Manila coupled with the short length of time he claims to be a resident of the condominium
unit in Makati (and the fact, of his stated domicile in Tarlac) "indicate that the sole purpose of
(petitioner) in transferring his physical residence" 27 is not to acquire's new residence or
domicile "but only to qualify as a candidate for Representative of the Second District of Makati
City." 28 The absence of clear and positive proof showing a successful abandonment of
domicile under the conditions stated above, the lack of identification sentimental, actual or
otherwise with the area, and the suspicious circumstances under which the lease
agreement was effected all belie petitioner's claim of residency for the period required by the
Constitution, in the Second District of Makati. As the COMELEC en banc emphatically pointed
out:
[T]he lease agreement was executed mainly to support the one year residence
requirement as a qualification for a candidate of Representative, by
establishing a commencement date of his residence. If a perfectly valid lease
agreement cannot, by itself establish; a domicile of choice, this particular lease
agreement cannot do better. 29

Moreover, his assertion that he has transferred his domicile from Tarlac to Makati is a bare
assertion which is hardly supported by the facts in the case at bench. Domicile of origin is not
easily lost. To successfully effect a change of domicile, petitioner must prove an actual
removal or an actual change of domicile; a bona fide intention of abandoning the former place
of residence and establishing a new one and definite acts which correspond with the purpose.
30
These requirements are hardly met by the evidence adduced in support of petitioner's
claims of a change of domicile from Tarlac to the Second District of Makati. In the absence of
clear and positive proof, the domicile of origin be deemed to continue requirements are hardly
met by the evidence adduced in support of petitioner's claims of a change of domicile from
Tarlac to the Second District of Makati. In the absence of clear and positive proof, the
domicile of origin should be deemed to continue.
Finally, petitioner's submission that it would be legally impossible to impose the one year
residency requirement in a newly created political district is specious and lacks basis in logic.
A new political district is not created out of thin air. It is carved out from part of a real and
existing geographic area, in this case the old Municipality of Makati. That people actually lived
or were domiciled in the area encompassed by the new Second District cannot be denied.
Modern-day carpetbaggers cannot be allowed take advantage of the creation of new political
districts by suddenly transplanting themselves in such new districts, prejudicing their genuine
residents in the process of taking advantage of existing conditions in these areas. It will be
noted, as COMELEC did in its assailed resolution, that petitioner was disqualified from
running in the Senate because of the constitutional two-term limit, and had to shop around for
a place where he could run for public office. Nothing wrong with that, but he must first prove
with reasonable certainty that he has effected a change of residence for election law
purposes for the period required by law. This he has not effectively done.
III
The next issue here is whether or not the COMELEC erred in issuing it Order instructing the
Board of Canvassers of Makati City to proclaim as winner the candidate receiving the next
higher number of votes. The answer must be in the negative.
To contend that Syjuco should be proclaimed because he was the "first" among the qualified
candidates in the May 8, 1995 elections is to misconstrue the nature of the democratic
electoral process and the sociological and psychological underpinnings behind voters'
preferences. The result suggested by private respondent would lead not only to our reversing
the doctrines firmly entrenched in the two cases of Labo vs. Comelec 31 but also to a massive
disenfranchisement of the thousands of voters who cast their vote in favor of a candidate they
believed could be validly voted for during the elections. Had petitioner been disqualified
before the elections, the choice, moreover, would have been different. The votes for Aquino
given the acrimony which attended the campaign, would not have automatically gone to
second placer Syjuco. The nature of the playing field would have substantially changed. To
simplistically assume that the second placer would have received the other votes would be to
substitute our judgment for the mind of the voter. The second placer is just that, a second
placer. He lost the elections. He was repudiated by either a majority or plurality of voters. He
could not be considered the first among qualified candidates because in a field which
excludes the disqualified candidate, the conditions would have substantially changed. We are
not prepared to extrapolate the results under such circumstances.

In these cases, the pendulum of judicial opinion in our country has swung from one end to the
other. In the early case of Topacio v. Paredes. 32 we declared as valid, votes cast in favor of a
disqualified, ineligilble or dead candidate provided the people who voted for such candidate
believed in good faith that at the time of the elections said candidate was either qualified,
eligible or alive. The votes cast in favor of a disqualified, ineligible or dead candidate who
obtained the next higher number of votes cannot be proclaimed as winner. According to this
Court in the said case, "there is not, strictly speaking, a contest, that wreath of victory cannot
be transferred from an ineligible candidate to any other candidate when the sole question is
the eligibility of the one receiving the plurality of the legally cast ballots."
Then in Ticson v. Comelec, 33 this Court held that votes cast in favor of a non-candidate in
view of his unlawful change of party affiliation (which was then a ground for disqualification)
cannot be considered in the canvassing of election returns and the votes fall into the category
of invalid and nonexistent votes because a disqualified candidate is no candidate at all and is
not a candidate in the eyes of the law. As a result, this Court upheld the proclamation of the
only candidate left in the disputed position.
In Geronimo v. Ramos 34 we reiterated our ruling in Topacio v. Paredes that the candidate
who lost in an election cannot be proclaimed the winner in the event the candidate who ran
for the portion is ineligible. We held in Geronimo:
[I]t would be extremely repugnant to the basic concept of the constitutionally
guaranteed right to suffrage if a candidate who has not acquired the majority
or plurality of votes is proclaimed a winner and imposed as the representative
of a constituency, the majority of which have positively declared through their
ballots that they do not choose him.
Sound policy dictates that public elective offices are filled by those who have
received the highest number of votes cast in the election for that office, and it
is fundamental idea in all republican forms of government that no one can be
declared elected and no measure can be declared carried unless he or it
receives a majority or plurality of the legal votes cast in the elections. (20
Corpus Juris 2nd, S 243, p. 676.)
However, in Santos v. Comelec 35 we made a turnabout from our previous ruling in Geronimo
v. Ramos and pronounced that "votes cast for a disqualified candidate fall within the category
of invalid or non-existent votes because a disqualified candidate is no candidate at all in the
eyes of the law," reverting to our earlier ruling in Ticson v. Comelec.
In the more recent cases of Labo, Jr. v. Comelec 36 Abella v. Comelec; 37 and Benito v.
Comelec, 38 this Court reiterated and upheld the ruling in Topacio v. Paredes and Geronimo v.
Ramos to the effect that the ineligibility of a candidate receiving the next higher number of
votes to be declared elected, and that a minority or defeated candidate cannot be declared
elected to the office. In these cases, we put emphasis on our pronouncement in Geronimo v.
Ramos that:
The fact that a candidate who obtained the highest number of votes is later
declared to be disqualified or not eligible for the office to which he was elected

does not necessarily entitle the candidate who obtained the second highest
number of votes to be declared the winner of the elective office. The votes cast
for a dead, disqualified, or non-eligible person may be valid to vote the winner
into office or maintain him there. However, in the absence of a statute which
clearly asserts a contrary political and legislative policy on the matter, if the
votes were cast in sincere belief that candidate was alive, qualified, or eligible;
they should not be treated as stray, void or meaningless.
Synthesizing these rulings we declared in the latest case of Labo, Jr. v. COMELEC that: 39
While Ortega may have garnered the second highest number of votes for the
office of city mayor, the fact remains that he was not the choice of the
sovereign will. Petitioner Labo was overwhelmingly voted by the electorate for
the office of mayor in the belief that he was then qualified to serve the people
of Baguio City and his subsequent disqualification does not make respondent
Ortega the mayor-elect. This is the import of the recent case of Abella v.
Comelec (201 SCRA 253 [1991]), wherein we held that:
While it is true that SPC No. 88-546 was originally a petition to
deny due course to the certificate of candidacy of Larrazabal
and was filed before Larrazabal could be proclaimed the fact
remains that the local elections of Feb. 1, 1988 in the province
of Leyte proceeded with Larrazabal considered as a bona fide
candidate. The voters of the province voted for her in the
sincere belief that she was a qualified candidate for the position
of governor. Her votes was counted and she obtained the
highest number of votes. The net effect is that petitioner lost in
the election. He was repudiated by the electorate. . . What
matters is that in the event a candidate for an elected position
who is voted for and who obtains the highest number of votes is
disqualified for not possessing the eligibility, requirements at the
time of the election as provided by law, the candidate who
obtains the second highest number of votes for the same
position cannot assume the vacated position. (Emphasis
supplied).
Our ruling in Abella applies squarely to the case at bar and we see no
compelling reason to depart therefrom. Like Abella, petitioner Ortega lost in the
election. He was repudiated by the electorate. He was obviously not the choice
of the people of Baguio City.
Thus, while respondent Ortega (G.R. No. 105111) originally filed a
disqualification case with the Comelec (docketed as SPA-92-029) seeking to
deny due course to petitioner's (Labo's) candidacy, the same did not deter the
people of Baguio City from voting for petitioner Labo, who, by then, was
allowed by the respondent Comelec to be voted upon, the resolution for his
disqualification having yet to attain the degree of finality (Sec. 78, Omnibus
Election Code).

And in the earlier case of Labo v. Comelec. (supra), We held:

Finally, there is the question of whether or not the private
respondent, who filed the quo warranto petition, can replace the
petitioner as mayor. He cannot. The simple reason is that as he
obtained only the second highest number of votes in the
election, he was obviously not the choice of the people of
Baguio City.
The latest ruling of the Court in this issue is Santos v.
Commission on Election, (137 SCRA 740) decided in 1985. In
that case, the candidate who placed second was proclaimed
elected after the votes for his winning rival, who was disqualified
as a turncoat and considered a non-candidate, were all
disregarded as stray. In effect, the second placer won by
default. That decision was supported by eight members of the
Court then (Cuevas J., ponente, with Makasiar, Concepcion, Jr.,
Escolin, Relova, De la Fuente, Alampay, and Aquino, JJ.,
concurring) with three dissenting (Teehankee, acting C.J., Abad
Santos and Melencio-Herrera) and another two reserving their
votes (Plana and Gutierrez, Jr.). One was on official leave
(Fernando, C.J.)
Re-examining that decision, the Court finds, and so holds, that it should be
reversed in favor of the earlier case of Geronimo v. Santos (136 SCRA 435),
which represents the more logical and democratic rule. That case, which
reiterated the doctrine first announced in 1912 in Topacio vs. Paredes (23 Phil.
238) was supported by ten members of the Court. . . .
The rule, therefore, is: the ineligibility of a candidate receiving majority votes
does not entitle the eligible candidate receiving the next highest number of
votes to be declared elected. A minority or defeated candidate cannot be
deemed elected to the office.
Indeed, this has been the rule in the United States since 1849 (State ex rel.
Dunning v. Giles, 52 Am. Dec. 149).
It is therefore incorrect to argue that since a candidate has been disqualified,
the votes intended for the disqualified candidate should, in effect, be
considered null and void. This would amount to disenfranchising the electorate
in whom, sovereignty resides. At the risk of being repetitious, the people of
Baguio City opted to elect petitioner Labo bona fide without any intention to
missapply their franchise, and in the honest belief that Labo was then qualified
to be the person to whom they would entrust the exercise of the powers of the
government. Unfortunately, petitioner Labo turned out to be disqualified and
cannot assume the office.

Whether or not the candidate whom the majority voted for can or cannot be
installed, under no circumstances can a minority or defeated candidate be
deemed elected to the office. Surely, the 12,602 votes cast for petitioner
Ortega is not a larger number than the 27,471 votes cast for petitioner Labo
(as certified by the Election Registrar of Baguio City; rollo, p. 109; G.R. No.
105111).
This, it bears repeating, expresses the more logical and democratic view. We cannot, in
another shift of the pendulum, subscribe to the contention that the runner-up in an election in
which the winner has been disqualified is actually the winner among the remaining qualified
candidates because this clearly represents a minority view supported only by a scattered
number of obscure American state and English court decisions. 40 These decisions neglect
the possibility that the runner-up, though obviously qualified, could receive votes so measly
and insignificant in number that the votes they receive would be tantamount to rejection.
Theoretically, the "second placer" could receive just one vote. In such a case, it is absurd to
proclaim the totally repudiated candidate as the voters' "choice." Moreover, even in instances
where the votes received by the second placer may not be considered numerically
insignificant, voters preferences are nonetheless so volatile and unpredictable that the result
among qualified candidates, should the equation change because of the disqualification of an
ineligible candidate, would not be self-evident. Absence of the apparent though ineligible
winner among the choices could lead to a shifting of votes to candidates other than the
second placer. By any mathematical formulation, the runner-up in an election cannot be
construed to have obtained a majority or plurality of votes cast where an "ineligible" candidate
has garnered either a majority or plurality of the votes.
In fine, we are left with no choice but to affirm the COMELEC's conclusion declaring herein
petitioner ineligible for the elective position of Representative of Makati City's Second District
on the basis of respondent commission's finding that petitioner lacks the one year residence
in the district mandated by the 1987 Constitution. A democratic government is necessarily a
government of laws. In a republican government those laws are themselves ordained by the
people. Through their representatives, they dictate the qualifications necessary for service in
government positions. And as petitioner clearly lacks one of the essential qualifications for
running for membership in the House of Representatives, not even the will of a majority or
plurality of the voters of the Second District of Makati City would substitute for a requirement
mandated by the fundamental law itself.
WHEREFORE, premises considered, the instant petition is hereby DISMISSED. Our Order
restraining respondent COMELEC from proclaiming the candidate garnering the next highest
number of votes in the congressional elections for the Second District of Makati City is made
PERMANENT.
SO ORDERED.
Regalado, Melo, Puno and Hermosisima, Jr., JJ., concur.
Feliciano, J., is on leave.

Republic of the Philippines

SUPREME COURT
Manila
EN BANC
G.R. No. 120295 June 28, 1996
JUAN G. FRIVALDO, petitioner,
vs.
COMMISSION ON ELECTIONS, and RAUL R. LEE, respondents.
G.R. No. 123755 June 28, 1996
RAUL R. LEE, petitioner,
vs.
COMMISSION ON ELECTIONS and JUAN G. FRIVALDO, respondents.
PANGANIBAN, J.:p
The ultimate question posed before this Court in these twin cases is: Who should be declared
the rightful governor of Sorsogon (i) Juan G. Frivaldo, who unquestionably obtained the highest number of votes in three
successive elections but who was twice declared by this Court to be disqualified to hold such
office due to his alien citizenship, and who now claims to have re-assumed his lost Philippine
citizenship thru repatriation;
(ii) Raul R. Lee, who was the second placer in the canvass, but who claims that the votes
cast in favor of Frivaldo should be considered void; that the electorate should be deemed to
have intentionally thrown away their ballots; and that legally, he secured the most number of
valid votes; or
(iii) The incumbent Vice-Governor, Oscar G. Deri, who obviously was not voted directly to the
position of governor, but who according to prevailing jurisprudence should take over the said
post inasmuch as, by the ineligibility of Frivaldo, a "permanent vacancy in the contested office
has occurred"?
In ruling for Frivaldo, the Court lays down new doctrines on repatriation,
clarifies/reiterates/amplifies existing jurisprudence on citizenship and elections, and upholds
the superiority of substantial justice over pure legalisms.
G.R. No. 123755
This is a special civil action under Rules 65 and 58 of the Rules of Court for certiorari and
preliminary injunction to review and annul a Resolution of the respondent Commission on
Elections (Comelec), First Division, 1 promulgated on December 19, 1995 2 and another

Resolution of the Comelec en banc promulgated February 23, 1996 3 denying petitioner's
motion for reconsideration.
The Facts
On March 20, 1995, private respondent Juan G. Frivaldo filed his Certificate of Candidacy for
the office of Governor of Sorsogon in the May 8, 1995 elections. On March 23, 1995,
petitioner Raul R. Lee, another candidate, filed a petition 4 with the Comelec docketed as SPA
No. 95-028 praying that Frivaldo "be disqualified from seeking or holding any public office or
position by reason of not yet being a citizen of the Philippines", and that his Certificate of
Candidacy be canceled. On May 1, 1995, the Second Division of the Comelec promulgated a
Resolution 5 granting the petition with the following disposition 6:
WHEREFORE, this Division resolves to GRANT the petition and declares that
respondent is DISQUALIFIED to run for the Office of Governor of Sorsogon on
the ground that he is NOT a citizen of the Philippines. Accordingly,
respondent's certificate of candidacy is canceled.
The Motion for Reconsideration filed by Frivaldo remained unacted upon until after the May 8,
1995 elections. So, his candidacy continued and he was voted for during the elections held
on said date. On May 11, 1995, the Comelec en banc 7 affirmed the aforementioned
Resolution of the Second Division.
The Provincial Board of Canvassers completed the canvass of the election returns and a
Certificate of Votes 8 dated May 27, 1995 was issued showing the following votes obtained by
the candidates for the position of Governor of Sorsogon:
Antonio H. Escudero, Jr. 51,060
Juan G. Frivaldo 73,440
Raul R. Lee 53,304
Isagani P. Ocampo 1,925
On June 9, 1995, Lee filed in said SPA No. 95-028, a (supplemental) petition 9 praying for his
proclamation as the duly-elected Governor of Sorsogon.
In an order 10 dated June 21, 1995, but promulgated according to the petition "only on June
29, 1995," the Comelec en banc directed "the Provincial Board of Canvassers of Sorsogon to
reconvene for the purpose of proclaiming candidate Raul Lee as the winning gubernatorial
candidate in the province of Sorsogon on June 29, 1995 . . ." Accordingly, at 8:30 in the
evening of June 30, 1995, Lee was proclaimed governor of Sorsogon.
On July 6, 1995, Frivaldo filed with the Comelec a new petition, 11 docketed as SPC No. 95317, praying for the annulment of the June 30, 1995 proclamation of Lee and for his own
proclamation. He alleged that on June 30, 1995, at 2:00 in the afternoon, he took his oath of
allegiance as a citizen of the Philippines after "his petition for repatriation under P.D. 725

which he filed with the Special Committee on Naturalization in September 1994 had been
granted". As such, when "the said order (dated June 21, 1995) (of the Comelec) . . . was
released and received by Frivaldo on June 30, 1995 at 5:30 o'clock in the evening, there was
no more legal impediment to the proclamation (of Frivaldo) as governor . . ." In the
alternative, he averred that pursuant to the two cases of Labo vs. Comelec, 12 the ViceGovernor - not Lee - should occupy said position of governor.
On December 19, 1995, the Comelec First Division promulgated the herein assailed
Resolution 13 holding that Lee, "not having garnered the highest number of votes," was not
legally entitled to be proclaimed as duly-elected governor; and that Frivaldo, "having garnered
the highest number of votes,
and . . . having reacquired his Filipino citizenship by repatriation on June 30, 1995 under the
provisions of Presidential Decree No. 725 . . . (is) qualified to hold the office of governor of
Sorsogon"; thus:
PREMISES CONSIDERED, the Commission (First Division), therefore
RESOLVES to GRANT the Petition.
Consistent with the decisions of the Supreme Court, the proclamation of Raul
R. Lee as Governor of Sorsogon is hereby ordered annulled, being contrary to
law, he not having garnered the highest number of votes to warrant his
proclamation.
Upon the finality of the annulment of the proclamation of Raul R. Lee, the
Provincial Board of Canvassers is directed to immediately reconvene and, on
the basis of the completed canvass, proclaim petitioner Juan G. Frivaldo as
the duly elected Governor of Sorsogon having garnered the highest number of
votes, and he having reacquired his Filipino citizenship by repatriation on June
30, 1995 under the provisions of Presidential Decree No. 725 and, thus,
qualified to hold the office of Governor of Sorsogon.
Conformably with Section 260 of the Omnibus Election Code (B.P. Blg. 881),
the Clerk of the Commission is directed to notify His Excellency the President
of the Philippines, and the Secretary of the Sangguniang Panlalawigan of the
Province of Sorsogon of this resolution immediately upon the due
implementation thereof.
On December 26, 1995, Lee filed a motion for reconsideration which was denied by the
Comelec en banc in its Resolution 14 promulgated on February 23, 1996. On February 26,
1996, the present petition was filed. Acting on the prayer for a temporary restraining order,
this Court issued on February 27, 1996 a Resolution which inter alia directed the parties "to
maintain the status quo prevailing prior to the filing of this petition."
The Issues in G.R. No. 123755
Petitioner Lee's "position on the matter at hand may briefly be capsulized in the following
propositions" 15:

First -- The initiatory petition below was so far insufficient in form and
substance to warrant the exercise by the COMELEC of its jurisdiction with the
result that, in effect, the COMELEC acted without jurisdiction in taking
cognizance of and deciding said petition;
Second -- The judicially declared disqualification of respondent was a
continuing condition and rendered him ineligible to run for, to be elected to and
to hold the Office of Governor;
Third -- The alleged repatriation of respondent was neither valid nor is the
effect thereof retroactive as to cure his ineligibility and qualify him to hold the
Office of Governor; and
Fourth -- Correctly read and applied, the Labo Doctrine fully supports the
validity of petitioner's proclamation as duly elected Governor of Sorsogon.
G.R. No. 120295
This is a petition to annul three Resolutions of the respondent Comelec, the first two of which
are also at issue in G.R. No. 123755, as follows:
1. Resolution 16 of the Second Division, promulgated on May 1, 1995,
disqualifying Frivaldo from running for governor of Sorsogon in the May 8,
1995 elections "on the ground that he is not a citizen of the Philippines";
2. Resolution 17 of the Comelec en banc, promulgated on May 11, 1995; and
3. Resolution 18 of the Comelec en banc, promulgated also on May 11, 1995
suspending the proclamation of, among others, Frivaldo.
The Facts and the Issue
The facts of this case are essentially the same as those in G.R. No. 123755. However,
Frivaldo assails the above-mentioned resolutions on a different ground: that under Section 78
of the Omnibus Election Code, which is reproduced hereinunder:
Sec. 78. Petition to deny due course or to cancel a certificate of candidacy. -- A
verified petition seeking to deny due course or to cancel a certificate of
candidacy may be filed by any person exclusively on the ground that any
material representation contained therein as required under Section 74 hereof
is false. The petition may be filed at any time not later than twenty-five days
from the time of the filing of the certificate of candidacy and shall be decided,
after notice and hearing, not later than fifteen days before the election.
(Emphasis supplied.)
the Comelec had no jurisdiction to issue said Resolutions because they were not
rendered "within the period allowed by law" i.e., "not later than fifteen days before the
election."

Otherwise stated, Frivaldo contends that the failure of the Comelec to act on the petition for
disqualification within the period of fifteen days prior to the election as provided by law is a
jurisdictional defect which renders the said Resolutions null and void.
By Resolution on March 12, 1996, the Court consolidated G.R. Nos. 120295 and 123755
since they are intimately related in their factual environment and are identical in the ultimate
question raised, viz., who should occupy the position of governor of the province of Sorsogon.
On March 19, 1995, the Court heard oral argument from the parties and required them
thereafter to file simultaneously their respective memoranda.
The Consolidated Issues
From the foregoing submissions, the consolidated issues may be restated as follows:
1. Was the repatriation of Frivaldo valid and legal? If so, did it seasonably cure his lack of
citizenship as to qualify him to be proclaimed and to hold the Office of Governor? If not, may
it be given retroactive effect? If so, from when?
2. Is Frivaldo's "judicially declared" disqualification for lack of Filipino citizenship a continuing
bar to his eligibility to run for, be elected to or hold the governorship of Sorsogon?
3. Did the respondent Comelec have jurisdiction over the initiatory petition in SPC No. 95-317
considering that said petition is not "a pre-proclamation case, an election protest or a quo
warranto case"?
4. Was the proclamation of Lee, a runner-up in the election, valid and legal in light of existing
jurisprudence?
5. Did the respondent Commission on Elections exceed its jurisdiction in promulgating the
assailed Resolutions, all of which prevented Frivaldo from assuming the governorship of
Sorsogon, considering that they were not rendered within the period referred to in Section 78
of the Omnibus Election Code, viz., "not later than fifteen days before the elections"?
The First Issue: Frivaldo's Repatriation
The validity and effectivity of Frivaldo's repatriation is the lis mota, the threshold legal issue in
this case. All the other matters raised are secondary to this.
The Local Government Code of 1991 19 expressly requires Philippine citizenship as a
qualification for elective local officials, including that of provincial governor, thus:
Sec. 39. Qualifications. -- (a) An elective local official must be a citizen of the
Philippines; a registered voter in the barangay, municipality, city, or province or,
in the case of a member of the sangguniang panlalawigan, sangguniang
panlungsod, or sangguniang bayan, the district where he intends to be
elected; a resident therein for at least one (1) year immediately preceding the

day of the election; and able to read and write Filipino or any other local
language or dialect.
(b) Candidates for the position of governor, vice governor or
member of the sangguniang panlalawigan, or mayor, vice
mayor or member of the sangguniang panlungsod of highly
urbanized cities must be at least twenty-three (23) years of age
on election day.
xxx xxx xxx
Inasmuch as Frivaldo had been declared by this Court 20 as a non-citizen, it is therefore
incumbent upon him to show that he has reacquired citizenship; in fine, that he possesses the
qualifications prescribed under the said statute (R.A. 7160).
Under Philippine law, 21 citizenship may be reacquired by direct act of Congress, by
naturalization or by repatriation. Frivaldo told this Court in G.R. No. 104654 22 and during the
oral argument in this case that he tried to resume his citizenship by direct act of Congress,
but that the bill allowing him to do so "failed to materialize, notwithstanding the endorsement
of several members of the House of Representatives" due, according to him, to the
"maneuvers of his political rivals." In the same case, his attempt at naturalization was rejected
by this Court because of jurisdictional, substantial and procedural defects.
Despite his lack of Philippine citizenship, Frivaldo was overwhelmingly elected governor by
the electorate of Sorsogon, with a margin of 27,000 votes in the 1988 elections, 57,000 in
1992, and 20,000 in 1995 over the same opponent Raul Lee. Twice, he was judicially
declared a non-Filipino and thus twice disqualified from holding and discharging his popular
mandate. Now, he comes to us a third time, with a fresh vote from the people of Sorsogon
and a favorable decision from the Commission on Elections to boot. Moreover, he now boasts
of having successfully passed through the third and last mode of reacquiring citizenship: by
repatriation under P.D. No. 725, with no less than the Solicitor General himself, who was the
prime opposing counsel in the previous cases he lost, this time, as counsel for co-respondent
Comelec, arguing the validity of his cause (in addition to his able private counsel Sixto S.
Brillantes, Jr.). That he took his oath of allegiance under the provisions of said Decree at 2:00
p.m. on June 30, 1995 is not disputed. Hence, he insists that he -- not Lee -- should have
been proclaimed as the duly-elected governor of Sorsogon when the Provincial Board of
Canvassers met at 8:30 p.m. on the said date since, clearly and unquestionably, he garnered
the highest number of votes in the elections and since at that time, he already reacquired his
citizenship.
En contrario, Lee argues that Frivaldo's repatriation is tainted with serious defects, which we
shall now discuss in seriatim.
First, Lee tells us that P.D. No. 725 had "been effectively repealed", asserting that "then
President Corazon Aquino exercising legislative powers under the Transitory Provisions of the
1987 Constitution, forbade the grant of citizenship by Presidential Decree or Executive
Issuances as the same poses a serious and contentious issue of policy which the present
government, in the exercise of prudence and sound discretion, should best leave to the

judgment of the first Congress under the 1987 Constitution", adding that in her memorandum
dated March 27, 1987 to the members of the Special Committee on Naturalization constituted
for purposes of Presidential Decree No. 725, President Aquino directed them "to cease and
desist from undertaking any and all proceedings within your functional area of responsibility
as defined under Letter of Instructions (LOI) No. 270 dated April 11, 1975, as amended." 23
This memorandum dated March 27, 1987 24 cannot by any stretch of legal hermeneutics be
construed as a law sanctioning or authorizing a repeal of P.D. No. 725. Laws are repealed
only by subsequent ones 25 and a repeal may be express or implied. It is obvious that no
express repeal was made because then President Aquino in her memorandum -- based on
the copy furnished us by Lee -- did not categorically and/or impliedly state that P.D. 725 was
being repealed or was being rendered without any legal effect. In fact, she did not even
mention it specifically by its number or text. On the other hand, it is a basic rule of statutory
construction that repeals by implication are not favored. An implied repeal will not be allowed
"unless it is convincingly and unambiguously demonstrated that the two laws are clearly
repugnant and patently inconsistent that they cannot co-exist". 26
The memorandum of then President Aquino cannot even be regarded as a legislative
enactment, for not every pronouncement of the Chief Executive even under the Transitory
Provisions of the 1987 Constitution can nor should be regarded as an exercise of her lawmaking powers. At best, it could be treated as an executive policy addressed to the Special
Committee to halt the acceptance and processing of applications for repatriation pending
whatever "judgment the first Congress under the 1987 Constitution" might make. In other
words, the former President did not repeal P.D. 725 but left it to the first Congress -- once
created -- to deal with the matter. If she had intended to repeal such law, she should have
unequivocally said so instead of referring the matter to Congress. The fact is she carefully
couched her presidential issuance in terms that clearly indicated the intention of "the present
government, in the exercise of prudence and sound discretion" to leave the matter of repeal
to the new Congress. Any other interpretation of the said Presidential Memorandum, such as
is now being proffered to the Court by Lee, would visit unmitigated violence not only upon
statutory construction but on common sense as well.
Second, Lee also argues that "serious congenital irregularities flawed the repatriation
proceedings," asserting that Frivaldo's application therefor was "filed on June 29, 1995 . . .
(and) was approved in just one day or on June 30, 1995 . . .", which "prevented a judicious
review and evaluation of the merits thereof." Frivaldo counters that he filed his application for
repatriation with the Office of the President in Malacaang Palace on August 17, 1994. This is
confirmed by the Solicitor General. However, the Special Committee was reactivated only on
June 8, 1995, when presumably the said Committee started processing his application. On
June 29, 1995, he filled up and re-submitted the FORM that the Committee required. Under
these circumstances, it could not be said that there was "indecent haste" in the processing of
his application.
Anent Lee's charge that the "sudden reconstitution of the Special Committee on
Naturalization was intended solely for the personal interest of respondent," 27 the Solicitor
General explained during the oral argument on March 19, 1996 that such allegation is simply
baseless as there were many others who applied and were considered for repatriation, a list
of whom was submitted by him to this Court, through a Manifestation 28 filed on April 3, 1996.

On the basis of the parties' submissions, we are convinced that the presumption of regularity
in the performance of official duty and the presumption of legality in the repatriation of
Frivaldo have not been successfully rebutted by Lee. The mere fact that the proceedings
were speeded up is by itself not a ground to conclude that such proceedings were necessarily
tainted. After all, the requirements of repatriation under P.D. No. 725 are not difficult to comply
with, nor are they tedious and cumbersome. In fact, P.D.
725 29 itself requires very little of an applicant, and even the rules and regulations to
implement the said decree were left to the Special Committee to promulgate. This is not
unusual since, unlike in naturalization where an alien covets a first-time entry into Philippine
political life, in repatriation the applicant is a former natural-born Filipino who is merely
seeking to reacquire his previous citizenship. In the case of Frivaldo, he was undoubtedly a
natural-born citizen who openly and faithfully served his country and his province prior to his
naturalization in the United States -- a naturalization he insists was made necessary only to
escape the iron clutches of a dictatorship he abhorred and could not in conscience embrace
-- and who, after the fall of the dictator and the re-establishment of democratic space, wasted
no time in returning to his country of birth to offer once more his talent and services to his
people.
So too, the fact that ten other persons, as certified to by the Solicitor General, were granted
repatriation argues convincingly and conclusively against the existence of favoritism
vehemently posited by Raul Lee. At any rate, any contest on the legality of Frivaldo's
repatriation should have been pursued before the Committee itself, and, failing there, in the
Office of the President, pursuant to the doctrine of exhaustion of administrative remedies.
Third, Lee further contends that assuming the assailed repatriation to be valid, nevertheless it
could only be effective as at 2:00 p.m. of June 30, 1995 whereas the citizenship qualification
prescribed by the Local Government Code "must exist on the date of his election, if not when
the certificate of candidacy is filed," citing our decision in G.R. 104654 30 which held that "both
the Local Government Code and the Constitution require that only Philippine citizens can run
and be elected to public office." Obviously, however, this was a mere obiter as the only issue
in said case was whether Frivaldo's naturalization was valid or not -- and NOT the effective
date thereof. Since the Court held his naturalization to be invalid, then the issue of when an
aspirant for public office should be a citizen was NOT resolved at all by the Court. Which
question we shall now directly rule on.
Under Sec. 39 of the Local Government Code, "(a)n elective local official must be:
* a citizen of the Philippines;
* a registered voter in the barangay, municipality, city, or province . . . where he
intends to be elected;
* a resident therein for at least one (1) year immediately preceding the day of
the election;
* able to read and write Filipino or any other local language or dialect.

* In addition, "candidates for the position of governor . . . must be at least

twenty-three (23) years of age on election day.
From the above, it will be noted that the law does not specify any particular date or time when
the candidate must possess citizenship, unlike that for residence (which must consist of at
least one year's residency immediately preceding the day of election) and age (at least
twenty three years of age on election day).
Philippine citizenship is an indispensable requirement for holding an elective public office, 31
and the purpose of the citizenship qualification is none other than to ensure that no alien, i.e.,
no person owing allegiance to another nation, shall govern our people and our country or a
unit of territory thereof. Now, an official begins to govern or to discharge his functions only
upon his proclamation and on the day the law mandates his term of office to begin. Since
Frivaldo re-assumed his citizenship on June 30, 1995 -- the very day 32 the term of office of
governor (and other elective officials) began -- he was therefore already qualified to be
proclaimed, to hold such office and to discharge the functions and responsibilities thereof as
of said date. In short, at that time, he was already qualified to govern his native Sorsogon.
This is the liberal interpretation that should give spirit, life and meaning to our law on
qualifications consistent with the purpose for which such law was enacted. So too, even from
a literal (as distinguished from liberal) construction, it should be noted that Section 39 of the
Local Government Code speaks of "Qualifications" of "ELECTIVE OFFICIALS", not of
candidates. Why then should such qualification be required at the time of election or at the
time of the filing of the certificates of candidacies, as Lee insists? Literally, such qualifications
-- unless otherwise expressly conditioned, as in the case of age and residence -- should thus
be possessed when the "elective [or elected] official" begins to govern, i.e., at the time he is
proclaimed and at the start of his term -- in this case, on June 30, 1995. Paraphrasing this
Court's ruling in Vasquez vs. Giap and Li Seng Giap & Sons, 33 if the purpose of the
citizenship requirement is to ensure that our people and country do not end up being
governed by aliens, i.e., persons owing allegiance to another nation, that aim or purpose
would not be thwarted but instead achieved by construing the citizenship qualification as
applying to the time of proclamation of the elected official and at the start of his term.
But perhaps the more difficult objection was the one raised during the oral argument 34 to the
effect that the citizenship qualification should be possessed at the time the candidate (or for
that matter the elected official) registered as a voter. After all, Section 39, apart from requiring
the official to be a citizen, also specifies as another item of qualification, that he be a
"registered voter". And, under the law 35 a "voter" must be a citizen of the Philippines. So
therefore, Frivaldo could not have been a voter -- much less a validly registered one -- if he
was not a citizen at the time of such registration.
The answer to this problem again lies in discerning the purpose of the requirement. If the law
intended the citizenship qualification to be possessed prior to election consistent with the
requirement of being a registered voter, then it would not have made citizenship a
SEPARATE qualification. The law abhors a redundancy. It therefore stands to reason that the
law intended CITIZENSHIP to be a qualification distinct from being a VOTER, even if being a
voter presumes being a citizen first. It also stands to reason that the voter requirement was
included as another qualification (aside from "citizenship"), not to reiterate the need for
nationality but to require that the official be registered as a voter IN THE AREA OR

TERRITORY he seeks to govern, i.e., the law states: "a registered voter in the barangay,
municipality, city, or province . . . where he intends to be elected." It should be emphasized
that the Local Government Code requires an elective official to be a registered voter. It does
not require him to vote actually. Hence, registration -- not the actual voting -- is the core of
this "qualification". In other words, the law's purpose in this second requirement is to ensure
that the prospective official is actually registered in the area he seeks to govern -- and not
anywhere else.
Before this Court, Frivaldo has repeatedly emphasized -- and Lee has not disputed -- that he
"was and is a registered voter of Sorsogon, and his registration as a voter has been sustained
as valid by judicial declaration . . . In fact, he cast his vote in his precinct on May 8, 1995." 36
So too, during the oral argument, his counsel steadfastly maintained that "Mr. Frivaldo has
always been a registered voter of Sorsogon. He has voted in 1987, 1988, 1992, then he
voted again in 1995. In fact, his eligibility as a voter was questioned, but the court dismissed
(sic) his eligibility as a voter and he was allowed to vote as in fact, he voted in all the previous
elections including on May 8, 1995." 37
It is thus clear that Frivaldo is a registered voter in the province where he intended to be
elected.
There is yet another reason why the prime issue of citizenship should be reckoned from the
date of proclamation, not necessarily the date of election or date of filing of the certificate of
candidacy. Section 253 of the Omnibus Election Code 38 gives any voter, presumably
including the defeated candidate, the opportunity to question the ELIGIBILITY (or the
disloyalty) of a candidate. This is the only provision of the Code that authorizes a remedy on
how to contest before the Comelec an incumbent's ineligibility arising from failure to meet the
qualifications enumerated under Sec. 39 of the Local Government Code. Such remedy of
Quo Warranto can be availed of "within ten days after proclamation" of the winning candidate.
Hence, it is only at such time that the issue of ineligibility may be taken cognizance of by the
Commission. And since, at the very moment of Lee's proclamation (8:30 p.m., June 30,
1995), Juan G. Frivaldo was already and indubitably a citizen, having taken his oath of
allegiance earlier in the afternoon of the same day, then he should have been the candidate
proclaimed as he unquestionably garnered the highest number of votes in the immediately
preceding elections and such oath had already cured his previous "judicially-declared"
alienage. Hence, at such time, he was no longer ineligible.
But to remove all doubts on this important issue, we also hold that the repatriation of Frivaldo
RETROACTED to the date of the filing of his application on August 17, 1994.
It is true that under the Civil Code of the Philippines, 39 "(l)aws shall have no retroactive effect,
unless the contrary is provided." But there are settled exceptions 40 to this general rule, such
as when the statute is CURATIVE or REMEDIAL in nature or when it CREATES NEW
RIGHTS.
According to Tolentino, 41 curative statutes are those which undertake to cure errors and
irregularities, thereby validating judicial or administrative proceedings, acts of public officers,
or private deeds and contracts which otherwise would not produce their intended

consequences by reason of some statutory disability or failure to comply with some technical
requirement. They operate on conditions already existing, and are necessarily retroactive in
operation. Agpalo, 42 on the other hand, says that curative statutes are
"healing acts . . . curing defects and adding to the means of enforcing existing obligations . . .
(and) are intended to supply defects, abridge superfluities in existing laws, and curb certain
evils. . . . By their very nature, curative statutes are retroactive . . . (and) reach back to past
events to correct errors or irregularities and to render valid and effective attempted acts which
would be otherwise ineffective for the purpose the parties intended."
On the other hand, remedial or procedural laws, i.e., those statutes relating to remedies or
modes of procedure, which do not create new or take away vested rights, but only operate in
furtherance of the remedy or confirmation of such rights, ordinarily do not come within the
legal meaning of a retrospective law, nor within the general rule against the retrospective
operation of statutes. 43
A reading of P.D. 725 immediately shows that it creates a new right, and also provides for a
new remedy, thereby filling certain voids in our laws. Thus, in its preamble, P.D. 725 expressly
recognizes the plight of "many Filipino women (who) had lost their Philippine citizenship by
marriage to aliens" and who could not, under the existing law (C.A. No. 63, as amended) avail
of repatriation until "after the death of their husbands or the termination of their marital status"
and who could neither be benefitted by the 1973 Constitution's new provision allowing "a
Filipino woman who marries an alien to retain her Philippine citizenship . . ." because "such
provision of the new Constitution does not apply to Filipino women who had married aliens
before said constitution took effect." Thus, P.D. 725 granted a new right to these women -- the
right to re-acquire Filipino citizenship even during their marital coverture, which right did not
exist prior to P.D. 725. On the other hand, said statute also provided a new remedy and a
new right in favor of other "natural born Filipinos who (had) lost their Philippine citizenship but
now desire to re-acquire Philippine citizenship", because prior to the promulgation of P.D. 725
such former Filipinos would have had to undergo the tedious and cumbersome process of
naturalization, but with the advent of P.D. 725 they could now re-acquire their Philippine
citizenship under the simplified procedure of repatriation.
The Solicitor General 44 argues:
By their very nature, curative statutes are retroactive, (DBP vs. CA, 96 SCRA
342), since they are intended to supply defects, abridge superfluities in
existing laws (Del Castillo vs. Securities and Exchange Commission, 96 Phil.
119) and curb certain evils (Santos vs. Duata, 14 SCRA 1041).
In this case, P.D. No. 725 was enacted to cure the defect in the existing
naturalization law, specifically C.A. No. 63 wherein married Filipino women are
allowed to repatriate only upon the death of their husbands, and natural-born
Filipinos who lost their citizenship by naturalization and other causes faced the
difficulty of undergoing the rigid procedures of C.A. 63 for reacquisition of
Filipino citizenship by naturalization.

Presidential Decree No. 725 provided a remedy for the aforementioned legal
aberrations and thus its provisions are considered essentially remedial and
curative.
In light of the foregoing, and prescinding from the wording of the preamble, it is unarguable
that the legislative intent was precisely to give the statute retroactive operation. "(A)
retrospective operation is given to a statute or amendment where the intent that it should so
operate clearly appears from a consideration of the act as a whole, or from the terms
thereof." 45 It is obvious to the Court that the statute was meant to "reach back" to those
persons, events and transactions not otherwise covered by prevailing law and jurisprudence.
And inasmuch as it has been held that citizenship is a political and civil right equally as
important as the freedom of speech, liberty of abode, the right against unreasonable
searches and seizures and other guarantees enshrined in the Bill of Rights, therefore the
legislative intent to give retrospective operation to P.D. 725 must be given the fullest effect
possible. "(I)t has been said that a remedial statute must be so construed as to make it effect
the evident purpose for which it was enacted, so that if the reason of the statute extends to
past transactions, as well as to those in the future, then it will be so applied although the
statute does not in terms so direct, unless to do so would impair some vested right or violate
some constitutional guaranty." 46 This is all the more true of P.D. 725, which did not specify
any restrictions on or delimit or qualify the right of repatriation granted therein.
At this point, a valid question may be raised: How can the retroactivity of P.D. 725 benefit
Frivaldo considering that said law was enacted on June 5, 1975, while Frivaldo lost his
Filipino citizenship much later, on January 20, 1983, and applied for repatriation even later, on
August 17, 1994?
While it is true that the law was already in effect at the time that Frivaldo became an
American citizen, nevertheless, it is not only the law itself (P.D. 725) which is to be given
retroactive effect, but even the repatriation granted under said law to Frivaldo on June 30,
1995 is to be deemed to have retroacted to the date of his application therefor, August 17,
1994. The reason for this is simply that if, as in this case, it was the intent of the legislative
authority that the law should apply to past events -- i.e., situations and transactions existing
even before the law came into being -- in order to benefit the greatest number of former
Filipinos possible thereby enabling them to enjoy and exercise the constitutionally guaranteed
right of citizenship, and such legislative intention is to be given the fullest effect and
expression, then there is all the more reason to have the law apply in a retroactive or
retrospective manner to situations, events and transactions subsequent to the passage of
such law. That is, the repatriation granted to Frivaldo on June 30, 1995 can and should be
made to take effect as of date of his application. As earlier mentioned, there is nothing in the
law that would bar this or would show a contrary intention on the part of the legislative
authority; and there is no showing that damage or prejudice to anyone, or anything unjust or
injurious would result from giving retroactivity to his repatriation. Neither has Lee shown that
there will result the impairment of any contractual obligation, disturbance of any vested right
or breach of some constitutional guaranty.
Being a former Filipino who has served the people repeatedly, Frivaldo deserves a liberal
interpretation of Philippine laws and whatever defects there were in his nationality should now
be deemed mooted by his repatriation.

Another argument for retroactivity to the date of filing is that it would prevent prejudice to
applicants. If P.D. 725 were not to be given retroactive effect, and the Special Committee
decides not to act, i.e., to delay the processing of applications for any substantial length of
time, then the former Filipinos who may be stateless, as Frivaldo -- having already renounced
his American citizenship -- was, may be prejudiced for causes outside their control. This
should not be. In case of doubt in the interpretation or application of laws, it is to be presumed
that the law-making body intended right and justice to prevail. 47
And as experience will show, the Special Committee was able to process, act upon and grant
applications for repatriation within relatively short spans of time after the same were filed. 48
The fact that such interregna were relatively insignificant minimizes the likelihood of prejudice
to the government as a result of giving retroactivity to repatriation. Besides, to the mind of the
Court, direct prejudice to the government is possible only where a person's repatriation has
the effect of wiping out a liability of his to the government arising in connection with or as a
result of his being an alien, and accruing only during the interregnum between application and
approval, a situation that is not present in the instant case.
And it is but right and just that the mandate of the people, already twice frustrated, should
now prevail. Under the circumstances, there is nothing unjust or iniquitous in treating
Frivaldo's repatriation as having become effective as of the date of his application, i.e., on
August 17, 1994. This being so, all questions about his possession of the nationality
qualification -- whether at the date of proclamation (June 30, 1995) or the date of election
(May 8, 1995) or date of filing his certificate of candidacy (March 20, 1995) would become
moot.
Based on the foregoing, any question regarding Frivaldo's status as a registered voter would
also be deemed settled. Inasmuch as he is considered as having been repatriated -- i.e., his
Filipino citizenship restored -- as of August 17, 1994, his previous registration as a voter is
likewise deemed validated as of said date.
It is not disputed that on January 20, 1983 Frivaldo became an American. Would the
retroactivity of his repatriation not effectively give him dual citizenship, which under Sec. 40 of
the Local Government Code would disqualify him "from running for any elective local
position?" 49 We answer this question in the negative, as there is cogent reason to hold that
Frivaldo was really STATELESS at the time he took said oath of allegiance and even before
that, when he ran for governor in 1988. In his Comment, Frivaldo wrote that he "had long
renounced and had long abandoned his American citizenship -- long before May 8, 1995. At
best, Frivaldo was stateless in the interim -- when he abandoned and renounced his US
citizenship but before he was repatriated to his Filipino citizenship." 50
On this point, we quote from the assailed Resolution dated December 19, 1995: 51
By the laws of the United States, petitioner Frivaldo lost his American
citizenship when he took his oath of allegiance to the Philippine Government
when he ran for Governor in 1988, in 1992, and in 1995. Every certificate of
candidacy contains an oath of allegiance to the Philippine Government."

These factual findings that Frivaldo has lost his foreign nationality long before the elections of
1995 have not been effectively rebutted by Lee. Furthermore, it is basic that such findings of
the Commission are conclusive upon this Court, absent any showing of capriciousness or
arbitrariness or
abuse. 52
The Second Issue: Is Lack of Citizenship
a Continuing Disqualification?
Lee contends that the May 1, 1995 Resolution 53 of the Comelec Second Division in SPA No.
95-028 as affirmed in toto by Comelec En Banc in its Resolution of May 11, 1995 "became
final and executory after five (5) days or on May 17, 1995, no restraining order having been
issued by this Honorable Court. 54 Hence, before Lee "was proclaimed as the elected
governor on June 30, 1995, there was already a final and executory judgment disqualifying"
Frivaldo. Lee adds that this Court's two rulings (which Frivaldo now concedes were legally
"correct") declaring Frivaldo an alien have also become final and executory way before the
1995 elections, and these "judicial pronouncements of his political status as an American
citizen absolutely and for all time disqualified (him) from running for, and holding any public
office in the Philippines."
We do not agree.
It should be noted that our first ruling in G.R. No. 87193 disqualifying Frivaldo was rendered
in connection with the 1988 elections while that in G.R. No. 104654 was in connection with
the 1992 elections. That he was disqualified for such elections is final and can no longer be
changed. In the words of the respondent Commission (Second Division) in its assailed
Resolution: 55
The records show that the Honorable Supreme Court had decided that
Frivaldo was not a Filipino citizen and thus disqualified for the purpose of the
1988 and 1992 elections. However, there is no record of any "final judgment"
of the disqualification of Frivaldo as a candidate for the May 8, 1995 elections.
What the Commission said in its Order of June 21, 1995 (implemented on
June 30, 1995), directing the proclamation of Raul R. Lee, was that Frivaldo
was not a Filipino citizen "having been declared by the Supreme Court in its
Order dated March 25, 1995, not a citizen of the Philippines." This declaration
of the Supreme Court, however, was in connection with the 1992 elections.
Indeed, decisions declaring the acquisition or denial of citizenship cannot govern a person's
future status with finality. This is because a person may subsequently reacquire, or for that
matter lose, his citizenship under any of the modes recognized by law for the purpose.
Hence, in Lee vs. Commissioner of Immigration, 56 we held:
Everytime the citizenship of a person is material or indispensable in a judicial
or administrative case, whatever the corresponding court or administrative
authority decides therein as to such citizenship is generally not considered res
judicata, hence it has to be threshed out again and again, as the occasion
demands.

The Third Issue: Comelec's Jurisdiction

Over The Petition in SPC No. 95-317
Lee also avers that respondent Comelec had no jurisdiction to entertain the petition in SPC
No. 95-317 because the only "possible types of proceedings that may be entertained by the
Comelec are a pre-proclamation case, an election protest or a quo warranto case". Again,
Lee reminds us that he was proclaimed on June 30, 1995 but that Frivaldo filed SPC No. 95317 questioning his (Lee's) proclamation only on July 6, 1995 -- "beyond the 5-day
reglementary period." Hence, according to him, Frivaldo's "recourse was to file either an
election protest or a quo warranto action."
This argument is not meritorious. The Constitution 57 has given the Comelec ample power to
"exercise exclusive original jurisdiction over all contests relating to the elections, returns and
qualifications of all elective . . . provincial . . . officials." Instead of dwelling at length on the
various petitions that Comelec, in the exercise of its constitutional prerogatives, may
entertain, suffice it to say that this Court has invariably recognized the Commission's authority
to hear and decide petitions for annulment of proclamations -- of which SPC No. 95-317
obviously is one. 58 Thus, in Mentang vs. COMELEC, 59 we ruled:
The petitioner argues that after proclamation and assumption of office, a preproclamation controversy is no longer viable. Indeed, we are aware of cases
holding that pre-proclamation controversies may no longer be entertained by
the COMELEC after the winning candidate has been proclaimed. (citing
Gallardo vs. Rimando, 187 SCRA 463; Salvacion vs. COMELEC, 170 SCRA
513; Casimiro vs. COMELEC, 171 SCRA 468.) This rule, however, is premised
on an assumption that the proclamation is no proclamation at all and the
proclaimed candidate's assumption of office cannot deprive the COMELEC of
the power to make such declaration of nullity. (citing Aguam vs. COMELEC, 23
SCRA 883; Agbayani vs. COMELEC, 186 SCRA 484.)
The Court however cautioned that such power to annul a proclamation must "be done within
ten (10) days following the proclamation." Inasmuch as Frivaldo's petition was filed only six
(6) days after Lee's proclamation, there is no question that the Comelec correctly acquired
jurisdiction over the same.
The Fourth Issue: Was Lee's Proclamation Valid?
Frivaldo assails the validity of the Lee proclamation. We uphold him for the following reasons:
First. To paraphrase this Court in Labo vs. COMELEC, 60 "the fact remains that he (Lee) was
not the choice of the sovereign will," and in Aquino vs. COMELEC, 61 Lee is "a second
placer, . . . just that, a second placer."
In spite of this, Lee anchors his claim to the governorship on the pronouncement of this Court
in the aforesaid Labo 62 case, as follows:
The rule would have been different if the electorate fully aware in fact and in
law of a candidate's disqualification so as to bring such awareness within the

realm of notoriety, would nonetheless cast their votes in favor of the ineligible
candidate. In such case, the electorate may be said to have waived the validity
and efficacy of their votes by notoriously misapplying their franchise or
throwing away their votes, in which case, the eligible candidate obtaining the
next higher number of votes may be deemed elected.
But such holding is qualified by the next paragraph, thus:
But this is not the situation obtaining in the instant dispute. It has not been
shown, and none was alleged, that petitioner Labo was notoriously known as
an ineligible candidate, much less the electorate as having known of such fact.
On the contrary, petitioner Labo was even allowed by no less than the
Comelec itself in its resolution dated May 10, 1992 to be voted for the office of
the city Payor as its resolution dated May 9, 1992 denying due course to
petitioner Labo's certificate of candidacy had not yet become final and subject
to the final outcome of this case.
The last-quoted paragraph in Labo, unfortunately for Lee, is the ruling appropriate in this case
because Frivaldo was in 1995 in an identical situation as Labo was in 1992 when the
Comelec's cancellation of his certificate of candidacy was not yet final on election day as
there was in both cases a pending motion for reconsideration, for which reason Comelec
issued an (omnibus) resolution declaring that Frivaldo (like Labo in 1992) and several others
can still be voted for in the May 8, 1995 election, as in fact, he was.
Furthermore, there has been no sufficient evidence presented to show that the electorate of
Sorsogon was "fully aware in fact and in law" of Frivaldo's alleged disqualification as to "bring
such awareness within the realm of notoriety;" in other words, that the voters intentionally
wasted their ballots knowing that, in spite of their voting for him, he was ineligible. If Labo has
any relevance at all, it is that the vice-governor -- and not Lee -- should be pro- claimed, since
in losing the election, Lee was, to paraphrase Labo again, "obviously not the choice of the
people" of Sorsogon. This is the emphatic teaching of Labo:
The rule, therefore, is: the ineligibility of a candidate receiving majority votes
does not entitle the eligible candidate receiving the next highest number of
votes to be declared elected. A minority or defeated candidate cannot be
deemed elected to the office.
Second. As we have earlier declared Frivaldo to have seasonably reacquired his citizenship
and inasmuch as he obtained the highest number of votes in the 1995 elections, he -- not Lee
-- should be proclaimed. Hence, Lee's proclamation was patently erroneous and should now
be corrected.
The Fifth Issue: Is Section 78 of the
Election Code Mandatory?
In G.R. No. 120295, Frivaldo claims that the assailed Resolution of the Comelec (Second
Division) dated May 1, 1995 and the confirmatory en banc Resolution of May 11, 1995
disqualifying him for want of citizenship should be annulled because they were rendered

beyond the fifteen (15) day period prescribed by Section 78, of the Omnibus Election Code
which reads as follows:
Sec. 78. Petition to deny due course or to cancel a certificate of candidacy. -- A
verified petition seeking to deny due course or to cancel a certificate of
candidacy may be filed by any person exclusively on the ground that any
material representation contained therein as required under Section 74 hereof
is false. The petition may be filed at any time not later than twenty-five days
from the time of the filing of the certificate of candidacy and shall be decided
after notice and hearing, not later than fifteen days before the election.
(Emphasis supplied.)
This claim is now moot and academic inasmuch as these resolutions are deemed
superseded by the subsequent ones issued by the Commission (First Division) on December
19, 1995, affirmed en banc 63 on February 23, 1996; which both upheld his election. At any
rate, it is obvious that Section 78 is merely directory as Section 6 of R.A. No. 6646 authorizes
the Commission to try and decide petitions for disqualifications even after the elections, thus:
Sec. 6. Effect of Disqualification Case. -- Any candidate who has been
declared by final judgment to be disqualified shall not be voted for, and the
votes cast for him shall not be counted. If for any reason a candidate is not
declared by final judgment before an election to be disqualified and he is voted
for and receives the winning number of votes in such election, the Court or
Commission shall continue with the trial and hearing of the action, inquiry or
protest and upon motion of the complainant or any intervenor, may during the
pendency thereof order the suspension of the proclamation of such candidate
whenever the evidence of his guilt is strong. (emphasis supplied)
Refutation of
Mr. Justice Davide's Dissent
In his dissenting opinion, the esteemed Mr. Justice Hilario G. Davide, Jr. argues that
President Aquino's memorandum dated March 27, 1987 should be viewed as a suspension
(not a repeal, as urged by Lee) of P.D. 725. But whether it decrees a suspension or a repeal
is a purely academic distinction because the said issuance is not a statute that can amend or
abrogate an existing law.
The existence and subsistence of P.D. 725 were recognized in the first Frivaldo case; 64 viz.,
"(u)nder CA No. 63 as amended by CA No. 473 and P.D. No. 725, Philippine citizenship
maybe reacquired by . . . repatriation". He also contends that by allowing Frivaldo to register
and to remain as a registered voter, the Comelec and in effect this Court abetted a "mockery"
of our two previous judgments declaring him a non-citizen. We do not see such abetting or
mockery. The retroactivity of his repatriation, as discussed earlier, legally cured whatever
defects there may have been in his registration as a voter for the purpose of the 1995
elections. Such retroactivity did not change his disqualifications in 1988 and 1992, which
were the subjects of such previous rulings.
Mr. Justice Davide also believes that Quo Warranto is not the sole remedy to question the
ineligibility of a candidate, citing the Comelec's authority under Section 78 of the Omnibus

Election Code allowing the denial of a certificate of candidacy on the ground of a false
material representation therein as required by Section 74. Citing Loong, he then states his
disagreement with our holding that Section 78 is merely directory. We really have no quarrel.
Our point is that Frivaldo was in error in his claim in G.R. No. 120295 that the Comelec
Resolutions promulgated on May 1, 1995 and May 11, 1995 were invalid because they were
issued "not later than fifteen days before the election" as prescribed by Section 78. In
dismissing the petition in G.R. No. 120295, we hold that the Comelec did not commit grave
abuse of discretion because "Section 6 of R.A. 6646 authorizes the Comelec to try and
decide disqualifications even after the elections." In spite of his disagreement with us on this
point, i.e., that Section 78 "is merely directory", we note that just like us, Mr. Justice Davide
nonetheless votes to "DISMISS G.R. No. 120295". One other point. Loong, as quoted in the
dissent, teaches that a petition to deny due course under Section 78 must be filed within the
25-day period prescribed therein. The present case however deals with the period during
which the Comelec may decide such petition. And we hold that it may be decided even after
the fifteen day period mentioned in Section 78. Here, we rule that a decision promulgated by
the Comelec even after the elections is valid but Loong held that a petition filed beyond the
25-day period is out of time. There is no inconsistency nor conflict.
Mr. Justice Davide also disagrees with the Court's holding that, given the unique factual
circumstances of Frivaldo, repatriation may be given retroactive effect. He argues that such
retroactivity "dilutes" our holding in the first Frivaldo case. But the first (and even the second
Frivaldo) decision did not directly involve repatriation as a mode of acquiring citizenship. If we
may repeat, there is no question that Frivaldo was not a Filipino for purposes of determining
his qualifications in the 1988 and 1992 elections. That is settled. But his supervening
repatriation has changed his political status -- not in 1988 or 1992, but only in the 1995
elections.
Our learned colleague also disputes our holding that Frivaldo was stateless prior to his
repatriation, saying that "informal renunciation or abandonment is not a ground to lose
American citizenship". Since our courts are charged only with the duty of determining who are
Philippine nationals, we cannot rule on the legal question of who are or who are not
Americans. It is basic in international law that a State determines ONLY those who are its
own citizens -- not who are the citizens of other countries. 65 The issue here is: the Comelec
made a finding of fact that Frivaldo was stateless and such finding has not been shown by
Lee to be arbitrary or whimsical. Thus, following settled case law, such finding is binding and
final.
The dissenting opinion also submits that Lee who lost by chasmic margins to Frivaldo in all
three previous elections, should be declared winner because "Frivaldo's ineligibility for being
an American was publicly known". First, there is absolutely no empirical evidence for such
"public" knowledge. Second, even if there is, such knowledge can be true post facto only of
the last two previous elections. Third, even the Comelec and now this Court were/are still
deliberating on his nationality before, during and after the 1995 elections. How then can there
be such "public" knowledge?
Mr. Justice Davide submits that Section 39 of the Local Government Code refers to the
qualifications of elective local officials, i.e., candidates, and not elected officials, and that the
citizenship qualification [under par. (a) of that section] must be possessed by candidates, not

merely at the commencement of the term, but by election day at the latest. We see it
differently. Section 39, par. (a) thereof speaks of "elective local official" while par. (b) to (f)
refer to "candidates". If the qualifications under par. (a) were intended to apply to "candidates"
and not elected officials, the legislature would have said so, instead of differentiating par. (a)
from the rest of the paragraphs. Secondly, if Congress had meant that the citizenship
qualification should be possessed at election day or prior thereto, it would have specifically
stated such detail, the same way it did in pars. (b) to (f) far other qualifications of candidates
for governor, mayor, etc.
Mr. Justice Davide also questions the giving of retroactive effect to Frivaldo's repatriation on
the ground, among others, that the law specifically provides that it is only after taking the oath
of allegiance that applicants shall be deemed to have reacquired Philippine citizenship. We
do not question what the provision states. We hold however that the provision should be
understood thus: that after taking the oath of allegiance the applicant is deemed to have
reacquired Philippine citizenship, which reacquisition (or repatriation) is deemed for all
purposes and intents to have retroacted to the date of his application therefor.
In any event, our "so too" argument regarding the literal meaning of the word "elective" in
reference to Section 39 of the Local Authority Code, as well as regarding Mr. Justice Davide's
thesis that the very wordings of P.D. 725 suggest non-retroactivity, were already taken up
rather extensively earlier in this Decision.
Mr. Justice Davide caps his paper with a clarion call: "This Court must be the first to uphold
the Rule of Law." We agree -- we must all follow the rule of law. But that is NOT the issue
here. The issue is how should the law be interpreted and applied in this case so it can be
followed, so it can rule!
At balance, the question really boils down to a choice of philosophy and perception of how to
interpret and apply laws relating to elections: literal or liberal; the letter or the spirit, the naked
provision or its ultimate purpose; legal syllogism or substantial justice; in isolation or in the
context of social conditions; harshly against or gently in favor of the voters' obvious choice. In
applying election laws, it would be far better to err in favor of popular sovereignty than to be
right in complex but little understood legalisms. Indeed, to inflict a thrice rejected candidate
upon the electorate of Sorsogon would constitute unmitigated judicial tyranny and an
unacceptable assault upon this Court's conscience.
EPILOGUE
In sum, we rule that the citizenship requirement in the Local Government Code is to be
possessed by an elective official at the latest as of the time he is proclaimed and at the start
of the term of office to which he has been elected. We further hold P.D. No. 725 to be in full
force and effect up to the present, not having been suspended or repealed expressly nor
impliedly at any time, and Frivaldo's repatriation by virtue thereof to have been properly
granted and thus valid and effective. Moreover, by reason of the remedial or curative nature
of the law granting him a new right to resume his political status and the legislative intent
behind it, as well as his unique situation of having been forced to give up his citizenship and
political aspiration as his means of escaping a regime he abhorred, his repatriation is to be
given retroactive effect as of the date of his application therefor, during the pendency of which

he was stateless, he having given up his U.S. nationality. Thus, in contemplation of law, he
possessed the vital requirement of Filipino citizenship as of the start of the term of office of
governor, and should have been proclaimed instead of Lee. Furthermore, since his
reacquisition of citizenship retroacted to August 17, 1994, his registration as a voter of
Sorsogon is deemed to have been validated as of said date as well. The foregoing, of course,
are precisely consistent with our holding that lack of the citizenship requirement is not a
continuing disability or disqualification to run for and hold public office. And once again, we
emphasize herein our previous rulings recognizing the Comelec's authority and jurisdiction to
hear and decide petitions for annulment of proclamations.
This Court has time and again liberally and equitably construed the electoral laws of our
country to give fullest effect to the manifest will of our people, 66 for in case of doubt, political
laws must be interpreted to give life and spirit to the popular mandate freely expressed
through the ballot. Otherwise stated, legal niceties and technicalities cannot stand in the way
of the sovereign will. Consistently, we have held:
. . . (L)aws governing election contests must be liberally construed to the end
that the will of the people in the choice of public officials may not be defeated
by mere technical objections (citations omitted). 67
The law and the courts must accord Frivaldo every possible protection, defense and refuge,
in deference to the popular will. Indeed, this Court has repeatedly stressed the importance of
giving effect to the sovereign will in order to ensure the survival of our democracy. In any
action involving the possibility of a reversal of the popular electoral choice, this Court must
exert utmost effort to resolve the issues in a manner that would give effect to the will of the
majority, for it is merely sound public policy to cause elective offices to be filled by those who
are the choice of the majority. To successfully challenge a winning candidate's qualifications,
the petitioner must clearly demonstrate that the ineligibility is so patently antagonistic 68 to
constitutional and legal principles that overriding such ineligibility and thereby giving effect to
the apparent will of the people, would ultimately create greater prejudice to the very
democratic institutions and juristic traditions that our Constitution and laws so zealously
protect and promote. In this undertaking, Lee has miserably failed.
In Frivaldo's case. it would have been technically easy to find fault with his cause. The Court
could have refused to grant retroactivity to the effects of his repatriation and hold him still
ineligible due to his failure to show his citizenship at the time he registered as a voter before
the 1995 elections. Or, it could have disputed the factual findings of the Comelec that he was
stateless at the time of repatriation and thus hold his consequent dual citizenship as a
disqualification "from running for any elective local position." But the real essence of justice
does not emanate from quibblings over patchwork legal technicality. It proceeds from the
spirit's gut consciousness of the dynamic role of law as a brick in the ultimate development of
the social edifice. Thus, the Court struggled against and eschewed the easy, legalistic,
technical and sometimes harsh anachronisms of the law in order to evoke substantial justice
in the larger social context consistent with Frivaldo's unique situation approximating
venerability in Philippine political life. Concededly, he sought American citizenship only to
escape the clutches of the dictatorship. At this stage, we cannot seriously entertain any doubt
about his loyalty and dedication to this country. At the first opportunity, he returned to this
land, and sought to serve his people once more. The people of Sorsogon overwhelmingly

voted for him three times. He took an oath of allegiance to this Republic every time he filed
his certificate of candidacy and during his failed naturalization bid. And let it not be
overlooked, his demonstrated tenacity and sheer determination to re-assume his nationality
of birth despite several legal set-backs speak more loudly, in spirit, in fact and in truth than
any legal technicality, of his consuming intention and burning desire to re-embrace his native
Philippines even now at the ripe old age of 81 years. Such loyalty to and love of country as
well as nobility of purpose cannot be lost on this Court of justice and equity. Mortals of lesser
mettle would have given up. After all, Frivaldo was assured of a life of ease and plenty as a
citizen of the most powerful country in the world. But he opted, nay, single-mindedly insisted
on returning to and serving once more his struggling but beloved land of birth. He therefore
deserves every liberal interpretation of the law which can be applied in his favor. And in the
final analysis, over and above Frivaldo himself, the indomitable people of Sorsogon most
certainly deserve to be governed by a leader of their overwhelming choice.
WHEREFORE, in consideration of the foregoing:
(1) The petition in G.R. No. 123755 is hereby DISMISSED. The assailed Resolutions of the
respondent Commission are AFFIRMED.
(2) The petition in G.R. No. 120295 is also DISMISSED for being moot and academic. In any
event, it has no merit.
No costs.
SO ORDERED.
Padilla, Regalado, Romero, Bellosillo, Francisco, Hermosisima, Jr. and Torres, Jr., JJ.,
concur.
Melo, Vitug and Kapunan, JJ., concurs in the result.
Narvasa, C.J. and Mendoza, J., took no part.

Manila
EN BANC
G.R. No. 88831 November 8, 1990
MATEO CAASI, petitioner,
vs.
THE HON. COURT OF APPEALS and MERITO C. MIGUEL, respondents.
G.R. No. 84508 November 13, 1990
ANECITO CASCANTE petitioner,
vs.
THE COMMISSION ON ELECTIONS and MERITO C. MIGUEL, respondents.
Ireneo B. Orlino for petitioner in G.R. Nos. 88831 & 84508.
Montemayor & Montemayor Law Office for private respondent.
GRIO-AQUINO, J.:
These two cases were consolidated because they have the same objective; the
disqualification under Section 68 of the Omnibus Election Code of the private respondent,
Merito Miguel for the position of municipal mayor of Bolinao, Pangasinan, to which he was
elected in the local elections of January 18, 1988, on the ground that he is a green card
holder, hence, a permanent resident of the United States of America, not of Bolinao.
G.R. No. 84508 is a petition for review on certiorari of the decision dated January 13, 1988 of
the COMELEC First Division, dismissing the three (3) petitions of Anecito Cascante (SPC No.
87-551), Cederico Catabay (SPC No. 87-595) and Josefino C. Celeste (SPC No. 87-604), for
the disqualification of Merito C. Miguel filed prior to the local elections on January 18, 1988.
G.R. No. 88831, Mateo Caasi vs. Court of Appeals, et al., is a petition for review of the
decision dated June 21, 1989, of the Court of Appeals in CA-G.R. SP No. 14531 dismissing
the petition for quo warranto filed by Mateo Caasi, a rival candidate for the position of
municipal mayor of Bolinao, Pangasinan, also to disqualify Merito Miguel on account of his
being a green card holder.
In his answer to both petitions, Miguel admitted that he holds a green card issued to him by
the US Immigration Service, but he denied that he is a permanent resident of the United
States. He allegedly obtained the green card for convenience in order that he may freely
enter the United States for his periodic medical examination and to visit his children there. He
alleged that he is a permanent resident of Bolinao, Pangasinan, that he voted in all previous
elections, including the plebiscite on February 2,1987 for the ratification of the 1987
Constitution, and the congressional elections on May 18,1987.

After hearing the consolidated petitions before it, the COMELEC with the exception of
Commissioner Anacleto Badoy, Jr., dismissed the petitions on the ground that:
The possession of a green card by the respondent (Miguel) does not
sufficiently establish that he has abandoned his residence in the Philippines.
On the contrary, inspite (sic) of his green card, Respondent has sufficiently
indicated his intention to continuously reside in Bolinao as shown by his having
voted in successive elections in said municipality. As the respondent meets the
basic requirements of citizenship and residence for candidates to elective local
officials (sic) as provided for in Section 42 of the Local Government Code,
there is no legal obstacle to his candidacy for mayor of Bolinao, Pangasinan.
(p. 12, Rollo, G.R. No. 84508).
In his dissenting opinion, Commissioner Badoy, Jr. opined that:
A green card holder being a permanent resident of or an immigrant of a foreign
country and respondent having admitted that he is a green card holder, it is
incumbent upon him, under Section 68 of the Omnibus Election Code, to prove
that he "has waived his status as a permanent resident or immigrant" to be
qualified to run for elected office. This respondent has not done. (p. 13, Rollo,
G.R. No. 84508.)
In G.R. No. 88831, "Mateo Caasi, petitioner vs. Court of Appeals and Merito Miguel,
respondents," the petitioner prays for a review of the decision dated June 21, 1989 of the
Court of Appeals in CA-G.R. SP No. 14531 "Merito C. Miguel, petitioner vs. Hon. Artemio R.
Corpus, etc., respondents," reversing the decision of the Regional Trial Court which denied
Miguel's motion to dismiss the petition for quo warranto filed by Caasi. The Court of Appeals
ordered the regional trial court to dismiss and desist from further proceeding in the quo
warranto case. The Court of Appeals held:
... it is pointless for the Regional Trial Court to hear the case questioning the
qualification of the petitioner as resident of the Philippines, after the
COMELEC has ruled that the petitioner meets the very basic requirements of
citizenship and residence for candidates to elective local officials (sic) and that
there is no legal obstacles (sic) for the candidacy of the petitioner, considering
that decisions of the Regional Trial Courts on quo warranto cases under the
Election Code are appealable to the COMELEC. (p. 22, Rollo, G.R. No.
88831.)
These two cases pose the twin issues of: (1) whether or not a green card is proof that the
holder is a permanent resident of the United States, and (2) whether respondent Miguel had
waived his status as a permanent resident of or immigrant to the U.S.A. prior to the local
elections on January 18, 1988.
Section 18, Article XI of the 1987 Constitution provides:
Sec. 18. Public officers and employees owe the State and this Constitution
allegiance at all times, and any public officer or employee who seeks to

change his citizenship or acquire the status of an immigrant of another country

during his tenure shall be dealt with by law.
In the same vein, but not quite, Section 68 of the Omnibus Election Code of the Philippines
(B.P. Blg. 881) provides:
SEC. 68. Disqualifications ... Any person who is a permanent resident of or an
immigrant to a foreign country shall not be qualified to run for any elective
office under this Code, unless said person has waived his status as permanent
resident or immigrant of a foreign country in accordance with the residence
requirement provided for in the election laws. (Sec. 25, 1971, EC).
In view of current rumor that a good number of elective and appointive public officials in the
present administration of President Corazon C. Aquino are holders of green cards in foreign
countries, their effect on the holders' right to hold elective public office in the Philippines is a
question that excites much interest in the outcome of this case.
In the case of Merito Miguel, the Court deems it significant that in the "Application for
Immigrant Visa and Alien Registration" (Optional Form No. 230, Department of State) which
Miguel filled up in his own handwriting and submitted to the US Embassy in Manila before his
departure for the United States in 1984, Miguel's answer to Question No. 21 therein regarding
his "Length of intended stay (if permanently, so state)," Miguel's answer was, "Permanently."
On its face, the green card that was subsequently issued by the United States Department of
Justice and Immigration and Registration Service to the respondent Merito C. Miguel
identifies him in clear bold letters as a RESIDENT ALIEN. On the back of the card, the upper
portion, the following information is printed:
Alien Registration Receipt Card.
Person identified by this card is entitled to reside permanently
and work in the United States." (Annex A pp. 189-190, Rollo of
G.R. No. 84508.)
Despite his vigorous disclaimer, Miguel's immigration to the United States in 1984 constituted
an abandonment of his domicile and residence in the Philippines. For he did not go to the
United States merely to visit his children or his doctor there; he entered the limited States with
the intention to have there permanently as evidenced by his application for an immigrant's
(not a visitor's or tourist's) visa. Based on that application of his, he was issued by the U.S.
Government the requisite green card or authority to reside there permanently.
Immigration is the removing into one place from another; the act of immigrating
the entering into a country with the intention of residing in it.
An immigrant is a person who removes into a country for the purpose of
permanent residence. As shown infra 84, however, statutes sometimes give a
broader meaning to the term "immigrant." (3 CJS 674.)

As a resident alien in the U.S., Miguel owes temporary and local allegiance to the U.S., the
country in which he resides (3 CJS 527). This is in return for the protection given to him
during the period of his residence therein.
Aliens reading in the limited States, while they are permitted to remain, are in
general entitled to the protection of the laws with regard to their rights of
person and property and to their civil and criminal responsibility.
In general, aliens residing in the United States, while they are permitted to
remain are entitled to the safeguards of the constitution with regard to their
rights of person and property and to their civil and criminal responsibility. Thus
resident alien friends are entitled to the benefit of the provision of the
Fourteenth Amendment to the federal constitution that no state shall deprive
"any person" of life liberty, or property without due process of law, or deny to
any person the equal protection of the law, and the protection of this
amendment extends to the right to earn a livelihood by following the ordinary
occupations of life. So an alien is entitled to the protection of the provision of
the Fifth Amendment to the federal constitution that no person shall be
deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law. (3 CJS 529530.)
Section 18, Article XI of the 1987 Constitution which provides that "any public officer or
employee who seeks to change his citizenship or acquire the status of an immigrant of
another country during his tenure shall be dealt with by law" is not applicable to Merito Miguel
for he acquired the status of an immigrant of the United States before he was elected to
public office, not "during his tenure" as mayor of Bolinao, Pangasinan.
The law applicable to him is Section 68 of the Omnibus Election Code (B.P. Blg. 881), which
provides:
xxx xxx xxx
Any person who is a permanent resident of or an immigrant to a foreign
country shall not be qualified to run for any elective office under this Code,
unless such person has waived his status as permanent resident or immigrant
of a foreign country in accordance with the residence requirement provided for
in the election laws.'
Did Miguel, by returning to the Philippines in November 1987 and presenting himself as a
candidate for mayor of Bolinao in the January 18,1988 local elections, waive his status as a
permanent resident or immigrant of the United States?
To be "qualified to run for elective office" in the Philippines, the law requires that the
candidate who is a green card holder must have "waived his status as a permanent resident
or immigrant of a foreign country." Therefore, his act of filing a certificate of candidacy for
elective office in the Philippines, did not of itself constitute a waiver of his status as a
permanent resident or immigrant of the United States. The waiver of his green card should be
manifested by some act or acts independent of and done prior to filing his candidacy for

elective office in this country. Without such prior waiver, he was "disqualified to run for any
elective office" (Sec. 68, Omnibus Election Code).
Respondent Merito Miguel admits that he holds a green card, which proves that he is a
permanent resident or immigrant it of the United States, but the records of this case are
starkly bare of proof that he had waived his status as such before he ran for election as
municipal mayor of Bolinao on January 18, 1988. We, therefore, hold that he was disqualified
to become a candidate for that office.
The reason for Section 68 of the Omnibus Election Code is not hard to find. Residence in the
municipality where he intends to run for elective office for at least one (1) year at the time of
filing his certificate of candidacy, is one of the qualifications that a candidate for elective
public office must possess (Sec. 42, Chap. 1, Title 2, Local Government Code). Miguel did
not possess that qualification because he was a permanent resident of the United States and
he resided in Bolinao for a period of only three (3) months (not one year) after his return to
the Philippines in November 1987 and before he ran for mayor of that municipality on January
18, 1988.
In banning from elective public office Philippine citizens who are permanent residents or
immigrants of a foreign country, the Omnibus Election Code has laid down a clear policy of
excluding from the right to hold elective public office those Philippine citizens who possess
dual loyalties and allegiance. The law has reserved that privilege for its citizens who have
cast their lot with our country "without mental reservations or purpose of evasion." The
assumption is that those who are resident aliens of a foreign country are incapable of such
entire devotion to the interest and welfare of their homeland for with one eye on their public
duties here, they must keep another eye on their duties under the laws of the foreign country
of their choice in order to preserve their status as permanent residents thereof.
Miguel insists that even though he applied for immigration and permanent residence in the
United States, he never really intended to live there permanently, for all that he wanted was a
green card to enable him to come and go to the U.S. with ease. In other words, he would
have this Court believe that he applied for immigration to the U.S. under false pretenses; that
all this time he only had one foot in the United States but kept his other foot in the Philippines.
Even if that were true, this Court will not allow itself to be a party to his duplicity by permitting
him to benefit from it, and giving him the best of both worlds so to speak.
Miguel's application for immigrant status and permanent residence in the U.S. and his
possession of a green card attesting to such status are conclusive proof that he is a
permanent resident of the U.S. despite his occasional visits to the Philippines. The waiver of
such immigrant status should be as indubitable as his application for it. Absent clear evidence
that he made an irrevocable waiver of that status or that he surrendered his green card to the
appropriate U.S. authorities before he ran for mayor of Bolinao in the local elections on
January 18, 1988, our conclusion is that he was disqualified to run for said public office,
hence, his election thereto was null and void.
WHEREFORE, the appealed orders of the COMELEC and the Court of Appeals in SPC Nos.
87-551, 87-595 and 87-604, and CA-G.R. SP No. 14531 respectively, are hereby set aside.

The election of respondent Merito C. Miguel as municipal mayor of Bolinao, Pangasinan is

hereby annulled. Costs against the said respondent.
SO ORDERED.
Fernan, C.J., Narvasa, Melencio-Herrera, Gutierrez, Jr., Cruz, Paras, Gancayco, Padilla,
Bidin, Sarmiento, Medialdea and Regalado, JJ., concur.
Feliciano, J., is on leave.