Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
- study of the changes or transfers in energy accompanying chemical and physical processes.
Will two (or more) substances react when mixed under specified conditions?
What energy changes and transfers are associated with this? How far does the reaction occur?
Things to think about:
What happens when iron rusts? Why doesnt iron unrust?
A soft metal and a green gas react violently to from a stable (relatively) harmless white crystalline solid.
Why does the reverse not occur?
Why do two gases (separated by a valve) mix when the valve is opened? Why dont they unmix?
What happens if you just put hydrogen and oxygen in a balloon?
Thermodynamics shows that SOME processes only occur in ONE direction by themselves.
It does NOT show how fast they happen!!!
Thermodynamic Terms
system: region of interest, or, substances involved in the chemical and physical changes. In lab, its the
chemicals inside the beaker.
surroundings: environment around the system - where observations are made.
system + surroundings = universe.
Types of Systems: depends on how energy and/or matter is exchanged with surroundings:
OPEN: exchange energy & matter (Example: human body)
CLOSED: exchange energy only. (Example: sealed ice pack)
ISOLATED: NO exchange (energy or matter) (Example: Thermos flask with rigid lid)
ALL MATH IS DONE FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF THE SYSTEM!!!! See below for details.
Energy: capacity to do work or produce heat
three kinds: electromagnetic (E = h)
kinetic (E = mv2)
potential (many types e.g., chemical)
2
-2
units: Joules (J)
1 J = 1 kg m s
Calorie (cal) 1 calorie = 4.184 J
1 human heartbeat uses about 1J.
The First Law of Thermodynamics:
The internal energy in an isolated system is constant.
The total energy in the universe is constant.
Energy is neither created nor destroyed in chemical reactions and physical changes.
NOTE: We can change from one form of energy to another!!
WORK: w: Motion against an opposing force.
WORK = FORCE x DISTANCE
UNITS: Joule, J (see energy above)
Types: (there are others but these are important for CH301)
Expansion (expansion against an external force)
Nonexpansion (work is done but there is no expansion against an external force)
positive w: Work done ON system BY surroundings
negative w: Work done BY system ON surroundings
HEAT: q : Energy transferred due to a temperature difference. UNITS: Joule, J. (see energy above)
positive q: Heat flows INTO system: ENDOTHERMIC process
negative q: Heat flows OUT of system: EXOTHERMIC process
Work vs. Heat
HEAT is random motion of particles
State Functions
ONLY depend on current state of system; INDEPENDENT of how system got there!
Always written in CAPITAL letters: Pressure P ,Volume V , Absolute Temperature T, Internal Energy E,
Enthalpy H, Entropy S, Free Energy G..
e.g., Temperature: A glass of water at 298K. What about beforehand?
Change in a STATE FUNCTION is INDEPENDENT of route taken by system!
Back to the glass of water: It starts at 25C, so T = 298K. I take it away and bring it back. It is now at 23C,
so T = 296K. Does it matter HOW that change occurred? All we can say is T = - 2.00 K.
This can be a useful tool if the route was complex!
Non-State Functions
DEPENDENT on how system got between initial and final thermodynamic state!
NOT written in capital letters: heat, q work, w. e.g., Consider two systems:
A: starts at 3.5C and cooled to 1.2C B: starts at 3.5C heated to 10C, cooled to 1.2C
For BOTH samples T is 1.2 3.5C = -2.3C = -2.3 K but q and w are different for A and B.
INTERNAL ENERGY, E: Total energy (all forms) inside system
We NEVER know the absolute value of E dont know exact energy of all component particles
We CAN find the CHANGE in E: E = E (final) - E (initial)
ANY CHANGE in a quantity X is always given by:
X = X (final) - X (initial)