Sistemas de paro hombre muerto: interruptores de validacin

manuales
Cuando una mquina necesita funcionar en un modo especial, a veces es necesario
desactivar total o parcialmente los dispositivos de proteccin. En tales condiciones, los
Sistemas de paro hombre muerto o interruptores habilitadores manuales, en conjunto
con
otras medidas de seguridad, sirven para proteger al operario ante situaciones
peligrosas.
Estos interruptores sirven para habilitar las seales de mando de otras unidades de
control (por ejemplo de movimientos peligrosos). Las seales de control de
movimientos peligrosos no deben activarse slo con el interruptor habilitador. Si el
operador suelta el
pulsador, o, en el caso de la versin de 3 posiciones, lo pulsa ms all del punto de
activacin, la seal de en marcha se interrumpe mediante la apertura forzada de un
contacto NC.
El uso prolongado de estos dispositivos presenta inconvenientes ergonmicos.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_man's_switch

A dead man's switch (for other names, see alternative names) is a switch that is
automatically operated in case the human operator becomes incapacitated, such as
through death or loss of consciousness.
The switch usually stops a machine, and is a form of fail-safe. They are commonly used
in locomotives, aircraft refuelling, freight elevators, lawn mowers, tractors, personal
watercraft, outboard motors, chainsaws, snowblowers, tread machines, snowmobiles,
and many medical imaging devices.
The Special Weapons Emergency Separation System is an application of a dead man's
switch in the field of nuclear weapons.
A dead man's switch may also be used to activate a harmful device, such as a bomb or
IED. The user holds down a switch of some sort in their hand which arms the device.
When the switch is released, the device will activate, so that if the user is killed while
holding the switch, the switch will be released and the bomb will detonate.

Types
Handle
Pneumatically or electrically linked dead-man's controls, still used today, involve
relatively simple modifications of the controller handle, the device that regulates
traction power. The main requirement is that the train's emergency brakes are applied if
pressure is not maintained on the controller.

Typically, the controller handle is a horizontal bar, rotated to apply the required power
for the train. Attached to the bottom of the handle is a rod which, when pushed down,
contacts a solenoid or switch inside the control housing. The handle springs up if
pressure is removed, releasing the rod's contact with the internal switch, instantly
cutting power and applying the brakes.
Though there are ways that this type of dead-man's control could conceivably fail, they
have proven highly reliable.
On some earlier equipment, pressure was not maintained on the entire controller, but on
a large button protruding from the controller handle. This button also had to be pressed
continuously, typically with the palm of the hand so that the button was flush with the
top of the handle. Another method used, particularly with some lever-type controllers,
which are pushed or pulled rather than rotated, requires that the handle on the lever be
turned through 90 degrees and held in that position while the train is in operation.
Some dead-man's controls require the motorman to hold it in the mid-position rather
than apply full pressure (see pilot valve).
In modern New York City Subway trains, for example, the dead man's switch is
incorporated into the train's speed control. On the R142A car, the train operator must
continually hold the lever in place. This was depicted in the movie and book The Taking
of Pelham 123, in which a group of men hijack a New York City subway train for
ransom, but need to override the dead man's switch in order to escape.
Every lawn mower sold in the US since 1982 has an "operator-presence" device, which
by law must stop the blades within 3 seconds after the user lets go of the controls.[2]

Touch sensor
On the Nottingham Express Transit vehicles, the tram's speed controller is fitted with a
capacitive touch sensor to detect the drivers hand. If the hand is removed for more than
a short period of time, the track brakes are activated. Gloves, if worn, have to be fingerless for the touch sensor to operate. A back up dead-man's switch button is provided on
the side of the controller for use in the case of a failed touch sensor or if it is too cold to
remove gloves.

Pedal
A pedal can be used instead of a handle. In the Waterfall train disaster, it appeared that
the driver slumped on his seat, keeping the pedal depressed when he died suddenly of a
heart attack. In the movie Silver Streak, a man hijacks the train and keeps it running by
placing a heavy toolbox on the pedal.
The pedal can also have a vigilance function built in, where drivers must release and repress the pedal in response to an audible signal. This prevents it from being defeated by
the above circumstances, and is a standard feature on British DSD systems.[3]
Some types of locomotive are fitted with a three-position pedal, which must normally
be kept in the mid-position. This also eliminates the possibility of accidentally defeating

it, although it may still be possible to deliberately do so. Adding a vigilance function to
this type of pedal results in a very safe system. However, isolation devices are still
provided in case of equipment failure, so a deliberate override is still possible. These
isolation devices usually have tamper-evident seals fitted for that reason.

Seat switches
On modern tractors, the switch is beneath the seat, and will cut the engine if the operator
gets off the tractor while the transmission is engaged or the power take-off is spinning.

Key switches
On recreational vehicles, such as boats with outboard motors, snowmobiles, jet skis and
waverunners, the user has the ignition key attached to his wrist or waist by a leash. The
key will be removed from the ignition switch if the rider falls off the vehicle, thus
turning off the engine or setting the throttle position to "idle". Some exercise treadmills
also have this feature, to stop the treadmill if the user falls. The dead man switch on a
treadmill usually consists of an external magnet controlling the circuitry that provides
power to the treadmill belt.

Altimeter switches
Strategic Air Command developed a dead man's switch for its nuclear bombers, known
as Special Weapons Emergency Separation System (SWESS), that ensured the nuclear
payload detonated in the event of the crew becoming incapacitated through enemy
action. The purpose of this device, unlike other examples mentioned above, was to faildeadly rather than fail-safe. Once armed, the system would detonate the onboard nuclear
weapons if the aircraft's altitude dropped below a predetermined level.[4]

Se basa en un sistema de doble etapa, que consiste en la secuencia de

actuacin que os describo a continuacin:
Secuencia pisado pedal: A los 30 segundos de haber pisado el pedal se
enciende una luz en el panel. Si no se desactiva, despus de 2,5
segundos suena un aviso acstico de alta intensidad. Si pasados 2,5
segundos el maquinista no lo desactiva, se abre el lazo del freno
provocando el frenado de emergencia del tren.
Secuencia de pedal no pisado. A los 2,5 segundos de no haber pisado
el pedal, se enciende una luz azul en el panel. Si no se desactiva 2,5
segundos despus suena un aviso acstico de alta intensidad. 2,5
segundos ms tarde, si el maquinista no lo desactiva, se abre el lazo de
freno, provocando el frenado de emergencia que detendr el convoy

Esta tarde por correo

electrnico, ha llegado una pregunta relacionada con la seguridad en los
trenes. Me han pedido que explique que es el hombre muerto, y eso es lo
que voy a intentar a continuacin.
Para empezar os dir que se trata de un sistema de seguridad instalado
los trenes. Se le denomina de diversas formas: hombre muerto, pedal
de hombre de conduccin de cualquier tren. Se trata habitualmente de
un pedal ubicado en la parte inferior de la consola de conduccin y tiene
como misin, la activacin del sistema de frenado en el supuesto que el
conductor se desmaye y/o pierda la conciencia. Asegura por tanto, que el

maquinista est en condiciones de conducir el tren mientras ste se

encuentra en marcha.
Al tratarse de un pedal, podis pensar que nada ms Con solo ponerle
un peso engaamos el sistema. Nada ms lejos de la realidad.
Veamos como funciona
Se basa en un sistema de doble etapa, que consiste en la secuencia de
actuacin que os describo a continuacin:
Secuencia pisado pedal: A los 30 segundos de haber pisado el pedal se
enciende una luz en el panel. Si no se desactiva, despus de 2,5
segundos suena un aviso acstico de alta intensidad. Si pasados 2,5
segundos el maquinista no lo desactiva, se abre el lazo del freno
provocando el frenado de emergencia del tren.
Secuencia de pedal no pisado. A los 2,5 segundos de no haber pisado
el pedal, se enciende una luz azul en el panel. Si no se desactiva 2,5
segundos despus suena un aviso acstico de alta intensidad. 2,5

clasifi cacin que se marca en la UNE-58408-1991. Carretillas de manutencin.