SME 430: History of Mathematics

Week 12: Calculus

1
 Itinerary
• Announcements
• Biographies
• Timeline
• Slide Rule Activity
• Problems/Discussion
• Break
• Video
• Activity
• Closing
2
 Portfolio Check

• The next binder check will be next week. Portfolios

will be due at the start of class on Week 13
(04/13/10)
• If you want us to re-check for lost points from last
time, pick up a pink sheet, circle which parts you
wish to be re-checked, and attach it to the graded
sheet you got when your binders were returned to
you. This should be the FIRST thing in your binder.

3
 Contents of Portfolio
• Biography Facts
Apollonius, Eudoxus, Plato, Hypatia, Mandelbrot, Sierpiński, Lobachevsky, al-
Khwārizmī, Diophantus, Gauss, Galois, Grothendieck, Abel, Jacobi, Bernoulli (Jacob),
Germain, Bernoulli (Johann), Newton, Leibniz, Cauchy
• Activities
SME 430: History of Mathematics 02/23/10 Linear Modeling Activity 3/23/10 SME430: History of Mathematics! 03/30/10

03/02/10
Name:____________________________ Name_____________________________ Name:____________________________
SME 430 Solids with Modular Origami
The purpose of this activity is to be able to construct solids by using modular origami and Problem Set A Slide Rule Activity
Watch the video clip about changing maps from the episode of The
to describe properties of solids we have constructed by relating to the properties provided for West Wing titled “Somebody's Going to Emergency, Somebody's Try to solve the problem below first by guessing. Then, solve the problem using three
Platonic Solids. Going to Jail” (Episode 16, Season 2). Pay attention to the maps different methods: using pictures, rhetorically, and symbolically.
that are presented in this clip. Fill in the chart below with what you
Regular polyhedrons are named as Platonic solids. heard in the video clip. 1. An automobile mechanic is called to a huge parking lot where severe weather has
Task damaged the vehicles. In the parking lot there are only motorcycles (that have 2
In this activity we will construct two solids by using modular origami. Maps Advantages Disadvantages wheels each) and cars (that have 4 wheels each). If the mechanic!s supplies can only
repair 100 tires, how many vehicles can they repair? (Assume the mechanic fixes all
In Japanese, the word “ori” means “to fold” and the word “kami” means “paper”. So, the tires on each vehicle before moving on to another vehicle) A Brief History of the Slide Rule
• •
“origami” means “to fold paper”1. Modular origami, or unit origami, is a paper folding ! William Oughtred and others developed the slide rule in the 1600s based on the
technique which uses multiple sheets of paper to create a larger and more complex structure than emerging work on logarithms by John Napier. Before the advent of the pocket
Mercator • •
calculator, it was the most commonly used calculation tool in science and engineering.
would be possible using single-piece origami techniques. Each individual sheet of paper is folded Map
The use of slide rules continued to grow through the 1950s and 1960s even as digital
into a module, or unit, and then modules are assembled into an integrated flat shape or three- • • computing devices were being gradually introduced; but around 1974 the electronic
scientific calculator made it largely obsolete and most suppliers exited the business.”
dimensional structure by inserting flaps into pockets created by the folding process. These
- from wikipedia.com (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slide_rule)
insertions create tension or friction that holds the model together2. ______________________________________________________________________
We’ll use the same unit structure for both of the solids we’ll construct together. In order to • •
A Review of Some Algebra
have some familiarity with this technique we picked the first one to be an easier one. We’ll Peters Write the solution to the following problems as a prime number raised to a power.
• •
construct a cube in the first part of this activity. Projection
Map 1. 24 x 23 = ________ Write a general rule for multiplying two
All we need in this activity is 6 set square pieces of paper -for the first task and 12 square piece • • exponential numbers that have the same bases:
2. 35 x 36 = ________
of paper -for the second task.
____ x ____ = _____
Description of Basic Module (Unit) 3. 7100 x 710 = ________
What problems occur when trying to represent the surface of the world on a flat map?
The definition for logarithms is that loga(c)=b means ab = c. Use this fact to solve for the
______________________________________________________________________ unknown x in the following equations

______________________________________________________________________ 4. log2(4) = x x=________ 7. log10(x) = 7 x=________

5. log2(8) = x x=________ 8. log10(x) = 4 x=________

______________________________________________________________________
6. log2(32) = x x=________ 9. log10(x) = 3 x=________
What does the group in this clip claim that maps have to do with social equality?

______________________________________________________________________
You will need a square piece of paper. Fold and unfold the paper in half Fold and unfold the two sides in Use your answers to illustrate the rule logz(x)+logz(y)=log(x*y).
towards the center crease.
______________________________________________________________________
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
"
!#$$%&''((()*+,-./,0+12*3+410415$1+)4*/',5617)#$/8! ______________________________________________________________________
9
!#$$%&''15)(,:,%16,.)*+-'(,:,';*638.+<*+,-./,!

SME430: History of Mathematics

Origami Maps Linear Systems Slide Rule Jigsaw

• Geometry and Algebra Journal Entries

• Notes from Class
• (Week 7-12 - Biographies & Timelines you may have done)
4
 Isaac Gottfried Augustin-Louis
Newton Leibniz Cauchy

Biographies
5
Timeline
6
 Islamic Mathematicians
al-Tusi (1201-1274)
al-Maghribi (1220-1280)
al-Samarqandi (1250-1310)
al-Banna (1256-1321)
al-Farisi (1260-1320)
al-Khalili (1320-1380)
Qadi Zada (1364-1436)

Indian Mathematicians
Narayana (1340-1400)
Mahendra Suri (1340-1410)
Madhava (1350-1425)
Paramesvara (1370-1460)

Chineese Mathematician
Zhi (1192-1279)
Qin Jiushao (1202-1261)
Shoujing (1231-1316)
Yang Hui (1238-1298)
Zhu Shijie (1270-1330)
Youqin, Zhao (1271-1335)

European Mathematicians
Sacrobosco (1195-1256)
Albertus (1200-1280)
Bacon (1219-1292)
Campanus (1220-1296) About 1260 - Campanus publishes a Latin edition of Euclid's Elements
Jordanus (1225-1260)
Llull (1235-1316)
Tibbon (1236-1312)
Ockham (1285-1349)
Levi (1288-1344)
Bradwardine (1290-1349)
Albert (1316-1390)
Oresme (1323-1382)
1202 - Fibonacci writes Liber abaci (The Book of the Abacus)
1225 - Fibonacci writes Liber quadratorum (The Book of the Square) 1336 - Mathematics becomes a compulsory subject for a degree at the University of Pa

1200 A.D. 1250 A.D. 1300 A.D. 1350 A.D. 1400 A.D.

7
 Slide Rule Activity

log10(1)=0.0000

log10(2)=0.3011
log10(3)=0.4771
log10(4)=0.6022
log10(5)=0.6989
log10(6)=0.7782
log10(7)=0.8451
log10(8)=0.9033
log10(9)=0.9542
log10(10)=1.000
8
 Quadrature of a
parabola

• Imagine you are trying

to find different ways
of calculating the area
of the shaded region of
the parabola. What are
different methods you
could come up with?

9
Archimedes Method of
Exhaustion

10
 Summation
A. Parabola=Blue + Green + Yellow + Red + ...
A. Parabola=Blue + (1/4)(Blue) + (1/4)(Green) + (1/4)(Yellow) + ...
A. Parabola=Blue + (1/4)(Blue) + (1/4)(1/4)(Blue) + (1/4)(1/4)(Green) + ...
A. Parabola=Blue + (1/4)(Blue) + (1/4)(1/4)(Blue) + (1/4)(1/4)(1/4)(Blue) + ...
A. Parabola=Blue + (1/4)(Blue) + (1/16)(Blue) + (1/64)(Blue) + ...
A. Parabola=(Blue)(1 + (1/4) + (1/16) + (1/64) + ... )
A. Parabola=(Blue)(4/3)
A. Parabola=(4/3)Blue

11
 Falling Gravity

• Imagine you are

trying to find
different ways of
determining the
speed of a falling
object. What
different methods
can you come up
with?

12
 Discussion of Reading

• What is origin of the word “calculus”?

• What does calculus mean in mathematics?
• What is the distinction between calculus
and other mathematical subjects?
• What were the origins of calculus?
• What problems did calculus help solve?

13
Break - Back in 10 minutes
14
 Video - Newton,
Leibniz, & Calculus
15
 Activity: Buffon’s
Needle
• Using a toothpick a your unit of
measure, create parallel lines on your
paper that are one unit (one toothpick)
apart.
• Toss the toothpick onto your paper and
note if it crosses one of the lines on your
paper or not.
• Repeat this 30 times.

16
 Homework

• Read the chapter on ANGEL titled “The

Calculus and Related Concepts” (p.
318-345)
• Respond to the prompts in the
discussion forum on ANGEL
• Finish preparing your portfolios to be
turned in next week

17
Imagine you are trying to find different ways of calculating the area of the shaded
region of the parabola. What are different methods you could come up with?

Integrals – taking the integral of the first point minus the integral of the second
point.

Area of the parabola, then subtracting the area underneath it. This would be using
the rectangle approximation.

Breaking up into multiple figure. (Would be approximating).

Playdough – roll it out to a uniform thickness.

Imagine you are trying to find different ways of determining the speed of a falling
object. What different methods can you come up with?

Use a speed gun (radar gun)

Measure falling distance and falling time. (9.8m/square second)

Compare impact markings to KNOWN impact marking.

Vertex formulaq
 • What is origin of the word “calculus”?

Originally from the word “stone” or ”pebble”.

• What does calculus mean in mathematics?

Rate of change.

• What is the distinction between calculus and other mathematical subjects?

Calculus takes into consideration change. Focuses on limits, derivates, integrals,

functions, and infinite series.

• What were the origins of calculus?

• What problems did calculus help solve?

Helps us solve things that go on to infinity and don’t have an ending point. Things
that go to an infinitely small infinity. Also addresses rates of change and fast things
are moving.
SME430: History of Mathematics 4/6/10

Name:________________________

Buffon’s Needle Activity

Individual Work

Number of Drops Number of Drops that Crossed a Line

N = _____________ C = _____________

Calculate what 2*N/C equals. 2*(N/C) = _____________

Class Summary

Number of Drops Number of Drops that Crossed a Line

N = _____________ C = _____________

Calculate what 2*N/C equals. 2*(N/C) = _____________

What does D stand for in the diagram?

What does ϴ represent in the diagram?

What does 1/2(sin ϴ) represent in the

diagram?

Does the toothpick cross a line when D is

bigger than or less than 1/2(sin ϴ)?

Calculate the 2*(Area of Total Drops)/(Area of Total Crosses)