EENG 3265/EGTG 2265

Electronics I

Laboratory M anual

Dr. Zhiwei M ao
September 2013
Revised: August 2014

Experiment 1Voltage Comparators

([SHULPHQWNoninverting and I nverting Amplifiers
Experiment Summing and Difference Amplifiers
Experiment Differential and I nstrumentation Amplifiers
([SHULPHQWBandpass Filter Design
Experiment 6Timers and Oscillators
Experiment 7Phase-Locked Loop
$SSHQGL[$/DERUDWRU\5HSRUW)RUPDW
Appendix %&RORU-Coded Bands of Resistors
Appendix C'DWD6KHHWV

EXPERI M ENT 1
Voltage Comparators

Purpose
Upon completion of this experiment, you will be able to: test a
noninverting zero-crossing detector; design a bipolar voltage reference;
and test noninverting voltage-level detectors.

Equipment
2DC power supply: (0 to 15 V)
Signal generator: 0 to 1kHz, (0 to 15 V)
Multimeter
Oscilloscope
Breadboard
0.5W Resistors: N
NSRWHQWLRPHWHU
General purpose Op-Amp: 741

I ntroduction
Fig. 1-1 shows the pin configuration of the Op-Amp used in this
experiment, the 741. This type of Op-Amp is an integrated circuit (IC) in
a mini DIP (dual line package). V (pin 2) and V+ (pin 3) are the
inverting and non-inverting inputs, respectively. VOUT (pin 6) is the
output. +Vcc (pin 7) and Vcc (pin 4) are the two power supplies needed
to power the Op-Amp. For the 741, +Vcc is +15 V and Vcc is 15 V.
Offset Null
VV+
-VCC

8
7

1
2
3

741

6
5

+VCC
VOUT
Offset Null

Fig. 1-1
Electronics I Lab Manual

Procedure
1. Noninverting Zero-Crossing Detector
1-1) Construct the noninverting zero-crossing detector shown in
Fig. 1-2. Use 15 V power supplies. Set Ei to a 10 V (peak)
triangle wave at a frequency of 50 Hz.
+V

RL
10k

Ei

+
Vo

-V
-

Fig. 1-2
1-2) Switch the VFRSHV VHWWLQJV WR GF FRXSOLQJ 'LVSOD\ ( i and Vo
on the oscilloscope. Print the curves and label V ref and the
upper and lower saturation voltages Vsat.
1-3) Connect the signal generator to the x input of the scope and V o
of the noninverting zero-crossing detector to the y input. Set
the scope to x-y display mode. You should now see a plot of the
voltage transfer function of the noninverting zero-crossing
detector. Print this curve and label the upper and lower
saturation voltages Vsat.
2. Noninverting Voltage-Level Detector
2-1) Design a practical voltage reference circuit as in Fig. 1-3, so
that VA= +5V, VB= 5V, and VC is adjustable between 5V.
+V=+15V

R1
VA
R2
VB

VC

+
Vref
-

+
RL

Ei

Vo

R3

-V=-15V

Fig. 1-3
Electronics I Lab Manual

2-2) Construct the noninverting voltage-level detector shown in Fig.

1-3. Adjust R2 to set Vref at +4V. Adjust Ei to 10V peak at 50
Hz triangular wave. Display Ei and Vo on the oscilloscope.
Print the curves and label Vref and the upper and lower
saturation voltages Vsat.
2-3) Repeat Procedure 2-2 for Vref = +2.5V.
2-4) Repeat Procedure 2-2 for Vref = 2.5V.
Connect the signal generator to the x input of the scope and V o
of the noninverting zero-crossing detector to the y input. Set
the scope to x-y display mode. You should now see a plot of the
voltage transfer function of the non-inverting zerocrossing
detector. Print this curve and label the upper and lower
saturation voltages Vsat.

Analysis and Discussion

Explain and compare the results obtained.

Electronics I Lab Manual

EXPERI M ENT 2
Noninverting and I nverting Amplifiers

Purpose
One of the most important uses of the operational amplifier (Op-Amp) is
in linear negative feedback amplifiers with resistors in the feedback loop.
In this experiment, three linear Op-Amp circuits, non-inverting amplifier,
inverting amplifier and voltage follower will be studied.

Equipment
2DC power supply: (0 to 15 V)
Signal generator: 0 to 1kHz, (0 to 15 V)
Multimeter
Oscilloscope
Breadboard
0.25W Resistors: NN
General purpose Op-Amp: 741

I ntroduction
An operational amplifier (Op-Amp), shown symbolically in Fig. 2-1,
provides an output voltage, referenced to ground, which is proportional
to the difference between two input voltages.
+VCC
V-

VOUT

V+
-VEE

Fig. 2-1
Two of the most important characteristics of the Op-Amp shown in Fig.
2-1 are:
a) An extremely high open-loop voltage gain A0 defined by
Electronics I Lab Manual

(2-1)

A0 (v  v ) for  VEE  vOUT  VCC

vOUT

b)
I | I | 0.

(2-2)

If the gain is sufficiently high, and the Op-Amp operates in its linear
region, then
v  v

vOUT
| 0.
A0

(2-3)

The features describe an ideal Op-Amp, which we will use as our model
in this experiment. Two additional properties of the ideal Op-Amp are
extremely high input resistance and essentially zero output resistance.
The non-inverting and inverting amplifiers are shown in Fig. 2-2.
VOUT

VOUT
Rf

Rf

VIN

R1

R1

VIN

Non-Inverting Amplifier

Inverting Amplifier
Fig. 2-2

Note that using (2-2) and (2-3), we can show that

vOUT
vIN

1

Rf

for the non-inverting amplifier

R1

vOUT
vIN

Rf
R1

for the inverting amplifier

(2-4)
(2-5)

Procedure
1. Noninverting Amplifier
1-1) Construct the non-inverting amplifier in Fig. 2-2. Use 15 V
power supplies. Choose Rf and R1 LQ WKH  N WR  N
range so that the voltage gain of the non-inverting amplifier is
about 20.
1-2) Adjust signal generator for a sine wave of 0.2 Vp-p at 1 kHz.
Electronics I Lab Manual

Connect the signal generator to the input terminal of the noninverting amplifier. Display vIN and vOUT on the oscilloscope,
and measure the p-p amplitudes of both waveforms.
1-3) Increase the amplitude of the input sine signal to 0.5 Vp-p, 1
Vp-p, 1.5 Vp-p and 2 Vp-p respectively and repeat Procedure
1-2.
1-4) Adjust signal generator for a sine wave of 2 Vp-p at 1 kHz.
Connect the signal generator to the input terminal of the noninverting amplifier. Connect the signal generator to the x input
of the scope and vOUT of the non-inverting amplifier to the y
input. Set the scope to x-y display mode, with an x sensitivity
of about 0.5 V/div. You should now see a plot of the voltage
transfer function of the non-inverting amplifier.
Print this curve and label the upper and lower saturation
voltages. The central part of the curve is the linear voltage gain
operating region. The slope of this portion is the voltage gain.
Determine the slope, dvOUT / dvIN , of the line in the linear
central region.
2. I nverting Amplifier
2-1) Construct the inverting amplifier in Fig. 2-2. Use 15 V power
supplies. Choose Rf and R1 LQ WKH  N WR  N UDQJH VR
that the voltage gain of the inverting amplifier is about -20.
2-2) Repeat Procedures 1-2 to 1-3.
2-3) Repeat Procedure 1-4.
2-4) Connect a 1 V dc input to the inverting amplifier and measure
the output voltage.
2-5) Connect a load resistor RL   EHWZHHQ WKH RXWSXW QRGH
and the ground, and then measure the output voltage.
2-6) &KDQJH WKH ORDG UHVLVWRU WR   DQG   Dnd measure the
output voltages.
3. Voltage Follower
3-1) Construct the voltage follower in Fig. 2-4. Use 15 V power
supplies.

Electronics I Lab Manual

VOUT

VIN

Fig. 2-4
3-2) Repeat Procedures 1-2 and 1-3 with input sine wave amplitudes
as 0.2 Vp-p, 2 Vp-p, 5 Vp-p, 10 Vp-p and 15 Vp-p respectively.
3-3) Repeat Procedure 1-4 with input sine wave amplitude as 15
Vp-p.

Prelab Work
1. Calculate theoretically the non-inverting amplifier closed-loop
voltage gain in Procedures 1-2 and 1-3.
2. Estimate the results that will be obtained in Procedure 1-4.
3. Calculate theoretically the inverting amplifier closed-loop voltage
gain in Procedure 2-2.
4. Estimate the results that will be obtained in Procedure 2-3.
5. Calculate theoretically the voltage follower closed-loop voltage gain
in Procedure 3-2.

Analysis and Discussion

1. Calculate the non-inverting amplifier closed-loop voltage gain from
the measurements made in Procedures 1-2 and 1-3. Compare this
result with the one from theoretical analysis and discuss.
2. Describe and explain the results obtained in Procedure 1-4.
3. Calculate the inverting amplifier closed-loop voltage gain from the
measurements made in Procedure 2-2. Compare this result with the
one from theoretical analysis. Describe and explain the results
obtained in Procedures 2-2.
4. Describe and explain the results obtained in Procedure 2-3.
5. Compare and explain the results obtained in Procedures 2-4 to 2-6.

Electronics I Lab Manual

6. Calculate the voltage follower closed-loop voltage gain from the

measurements made in Procedure 3-2. Compare this result with the
one from theoretical analysis and discuss.

Electronics I Lab Manual

Record Sheet
Procedure 1-2 & 1-3
0.2
vIN (Vp-p)
vOUT (Vp-p)
Procedure 2-2
vIN (Vp-p)
vOUT (Vp-p)

1.5

1.5

input: 1 V dc
100
51

10

input: f=1 kHz

0.2
0.5

Procedure 2-4 to 2-6

RL 
vOUT (V)
Procedure 3-2
vIN (Vp-p)
vOUT (Vp-p)

input: f=1 kHz

0.5
1

input: f=1 kHz

0.2
2

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10

15

EXPERI M ENT 3
Summing and Difference Amplifiers

Purpose
In this experiment, two linear Op-Amp circuits, summing amplifier and
difference amplifier will be studied.

Equipment
2DC power supply: (0 to 15 V)
2DC power supply: (0 to 5 V)
Multimeter
Breadboard
:5HVLVWRUVNN
General purpose Op-Amp: 741

I ntroduction
The summing and difference amplifiers are shown in Figs. 3-1 and 3-2,
respectively.
VOUT
R3

V1
V2

R1

R2

Fig. 3-1 Summing Amplifier

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10

VOUT
R2

V1
V2

R1
R3
R4

Fig. 3-2 Difference Amplifier

We can show that
vOUT

vOUT

R
R
 3 v1  3 v2 for the summing amplifier
R2
R1
R
R  R2 R4
 2 v1  1
v2 for the difference amplifier
R1
R1 R3  R4

(3-1)
(3-2)

Procedure
1. Summing Amplifier
1-1) Construct the summing amplifier in Fig. 3-3. Use 15 V power
supplies. Choose R1 R2 10k: and R3 47k: .
1-2) Adjust the dc input voltage sources to provide the input voltage
levels listed on the experiment record sheet. Record the
corresponding output voltage for each input voltage
combination.
1-3) Remove the unity-gain input buffers and then repeat Procedure
1-2.
VOUT
R3

V1

R1

R2

V2

Fig. 3-3
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11

2. Difference Amplifier
2-1) Construct the difference amplifier in Fig. 3-2. Use 15 V power
supplies. Choose R1 R2 10k: and R3 R4 47k: .
2-2) Adjust the dc input voltage sources to provide the input voltage
levels listed on the experiment record sheet. Record the
corresponding output voltage for each input voltage
combination.
2-3) Connect a single voltage source to the two inputs, as shown in
Fig. 3-4. Adjust the (common-mode) input voltage to +10 V.
Measure and record the dc output voltage.
VOUT
R2

VIN

R1
R3
R4

Fig. 3-4
Prelab Work
1. Calculate theoretically the sum of the input voltages applied to the
summing amplifier in Procedures 1-2 and 1-3.
2. Calculate theoretically the difference of the input voltages applied to
the difference amplifier in Procedures 2-2.
3. Calculate theoretically the common-mode voltage gain for the
difference amplifier in Procedure 2-3.

Discussion
1. Compare the results obtained from the experimental measurements in
Procedures 1-2 and 1-3 with those calculation results, and discuss.
2. Compare the results obtained from the experimental measurements in
Procedure 2-2 with those calculation results, and discuss.
3. From the measurement result of Procedure 2-3, calculate the
common-mode voltage gain for the difference amplifier.

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12

Record Sheet
Procedure 1-2
+0.5
v1 (V)
+0.5
v2 (V)
vOUT (V)

-0.5
-0.5

+0.5
-0.5

+1
+1

-1
-1

+1
-1

Procedure 1-3
+0.5
v1 (V)
+0.5
v2 (V)
vOUT (V)

-0.5
-0.5

+0.5
-0.5

+1
+1

-1
-1

+1
-1

Procedure 2-2
+0.5
v1 (V)
+0.5
v2 (V)
vOUT (V)

-0.5
-0.5

+0.5
-0.5

+1
+1

-1
-1

+1
-1

Procedure 2-3
vOUT =

common-mode input voltage=10 V

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EXPERI M ENT 4
Differential and I nstrumentation Amplifiers

Purpose
Upon completion of this experiment, you will be able to: measure A DIFF
for a basic differential amplifier; measure ACM and calculate CMRR for a
basic differential amplifier; test the characteristics of an AD620
instrumentation amplifier.

Equipment
2DC power supply: (0 to 15 V)
Digital Multimeter (DMM)
Oscilloscope
Breadboard
Resistors: 10NNNNN
NSRWHQWLRPHWHU
NSRWHQWLRPHWHU
OP-177
Instrumentation Amplifier: AD620

Procedure
1. M easure ADI FF of A Basic Differential Amplifier
1-1) Construct the basic differential amplifier in Fig. 4-1. From
theory, calculate the differential voltage gain, ADIFF, for the
circuit shown.
1-2) With a DMM, measure both E1 and E2 with respect to ground
and record the values.
1-3) Measure and record the value of Vo using a DMM.
1-4) Calculate the differential voltage gain based on the
measurement results using the equation
ADIFF

Vo
E1  E2

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14

+15V
mR
100k
15k

R
20k

E1

+15V

10
E2
470

OP-177

R
20k

Vo

-15V
mR
100k

Fig. 4-1
2. M easure ACM and CM RR of A Basic Differential Amplifier
2-1) Modify the circuit in Fig. 4-1 to include a common-mode
adjustment as shown in Fig. 4-2.
+15V
mR
100k

15k
R
20k

10

+15V

E2

OP-177

470

R
20k

VoCM

-15V

mR

82k

50k
potentiometer

Fig. 4-2
2-2) Connect both inputs (+ input and - input) together to E2, which
is now the common-mode voltage ECM. Measure and record
ECM.
2-3) $GMXVWWKHNSRWHQWLRPHWHUIRUWKHVPDOOHVWRXWSXWYROWDJH
possible, which is measured using a DMM. Record this value
as VoCM.
2-4) Calculate the common-mode voltage gain based on the
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15

measurement results using the equation

VoCM
ECM

ACM

2-5) Determine the CMRR using the equation

ADIFF
ACM

CMRR

3. I nstrumentation Amplifier AD620

+15V

15k

+15V
3

E1
10
E2

10k
potentiometer

470

AD620

8
2

Vo

-15V

Fig. 4-3
3-1) Construct the instrumentation amplifier as shown in Fig. 4-3.
3-2) Set the differential gain to 10 by adjusting the 10k
potentiometer.
3-3) With a DMM, measure both E1 and E2 with respect to ground
and record the values. Measure and record the value of V o
using a DMM. Calculate the differential voltage gain based on
the measurement. Compare this result with the setting value of
10.
3-4) To measure the common-mode voltage gain of the AD620
instrumentation amplifier, as shown in Fig. 4-4, connect both
inputs together to E2, which is now the common-mode voltage
ECM. Measure and record ECM. Measure and record the output
voltage VoCM using a DMM.
3-5) Calculate the common-mode voltage gain based on the
measurement results using the equation
ACM

VoCM
ECM

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Determine the CMRR using the equation

ADIFF

CMRR

ACM

+15V

15k

+15V
3

10
E2
470

10k
potentiometer

AD620

8
2

Vo

-15V

Fig. 4-4
3-6) Set the differential gain to 100 b\ DGMXVWLQJ WKH N
potentiometer. Repeat Procedures 3-3 to 3-5.

Analysis and Discussion

Explain and compare the results obtained.

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Record Sheets
Procedure 1
E1 (V)

E2 (V)

Vo (V)

ADIFF =

Procedure 2
ECM (V)

VoCM (V)

ACM =
CMRR =

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Procedure 3
Setting differential gain=10
E1 (V)
E2 (V)

Vo (V)

ADIFF =
ECM (V)

VoCM (V)

ACM =
CMRR =

Setting differential gain=100

E1 (V)
E2 (V)

Vo (V)

ADIFF =
ECM (V)

VoCM (V)

ACM =
CMRR =

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EXPERI M ENT 5
Bandpass Filter Design

Prelab Work
1. Design a low pass filter with a cutoff frequency of 5 kHz.
2. Design a high pass filter with a cutoff frequency of 500 Hz.
3. Cascade the two filters designed in Steps 1 and 2 to produce a
bandpass filter.
Please plot your design circuit and indicate the component values in your
designed circuit. Please also indicate the actual cutoff and resonant
frequencies and Q value of the bandpass filter.

Procedure
1. Test and revise, if necessary, your design using Multisim software.
2. Test your design in the lab using breadboard and appropriate electric
components.

Note
1. Please provide all assumptions and all details in your design.
2. Submit a lab report including all your design procedures, Multisim
simulation results, and measurement results.
3. In your report, please address the following realistic constraints as
they apply to your design. Explain how each of the listed constraints
impacted your selection of design strategy and your implementation
of the design. The constraints are:
x Economics (cost)
x Environmental
x Sustainability
x Manufacturability
x Ethical
x Health and safety
x Social and political

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Analysis and Discussion

Compare the results you obtained from theoretical calculation, Multisim
simulation and hardware test.

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21

EXPERI M ENT 6
Timers and Oscillators

Purpose
Upon completion of this experiment, you will be able to design and build
oscillator circuit using a 555 timer IC.

Equipment
DC power supply: (0 to 15 V)
Digital Multimeter (DMM)
Oscilloscope
Breadboard
5HVLVWRUVNN
Capacitors: 20.01F, 0.05 F
555

Procedure
1. Build the circuit in Fig. 6-1 with RA 10k: . Observe and print out
the waveforms for Vo and Vc. Measure tlow, thigh, and period T.
Calculate oscillation frequency f.
+15V

Reset

RA
7

Discharge

RB
10k

3
Output

Vo

2
Trigger
5
6

Vc

Threshold

C
0.01uF

0.01uF
1

Fig. 6-1
Electronics I Lab Manual

22

2. Repeat Step 1 changing RA to 1k

3. Repeat Step 1 changing C to 0.05F.

Analysis and Discussion

1. Explain the operation of 555 timer when it is configured as an astable
multivibrator.
2. Compare the results you obtained in Steps 1 to 3.
3. Compare your experiment results with theoretical calculation results.

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23

Record Sheet
Procedure 1
RA

N
N
N

C
0.01 F
0.01 F
0.05 F

tlow

Electronics I Lab Manual

thigh

24

EXPERI M ENT 7
Phase-Locked Loop

Purpose
To study the operation of NE565 PLL.

Equipment
2DC power supply
Signal generator
Oscilloscope
Breadboard
Resistors
Capacitors
2NSRWHQWLRPHWHU
NE565

Procedure
1. Construct the circuit of Fig. 7-1.

Electronics I Lab Manual

25

+6V

R2
20k
R1
2k

0.001uF
8

reference input

C2
1uF

10

2
3

Demod output

Ref output

VCO output

C1
0.001uF

-6V

Fig. 7-1
2. Set the free-running frequency of the VCO by applying power to the
circuit, but not applying a reference signal yet. Adjust R2 until the
output frequency of the VCO on pin 4 is 1 KHz.
3. Apply the reference signal of 1Vpp square wave to pin 2. Connect the
scope two channels to the reference input and the VCO output,
respectively.
4. Set the reference signal to 600 Hz, approximately. Observe the two
scope traces, and record what you see. Does the loop appear to be in
lock, or out of lock at this point? Why? Provide this information in
your report.
5. Slowly increase the frequency of the reference signal until the PLL
just locks, when the two traces will appear stable on the scope and a
phase shift will be present between the VCO and reference frequency.
This frequency is the bottom of the capture range, f capturemin . Record

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26

what you see and f capturemin .

6. Slowly increase the frequency until the PLL again drops out of lock.
This frequency is the top of the lock range, f lockmax . Record what you
see and f lockmax .
7. Slowly decrease the frequency of the reference signal until the PLL
locks again; this is f capturemax . Finally, slowly decrease the reference
frequency until the PLL drops out of lock again; this is f lockmin .
Record what you seen and these values.
8. /HWVREVHUYHWKHRXWSXWIURPWKHORZ-pass filter on pin 7, to see what
happens when the reference frequency is steady. We know it is
supposed to be smooth DC, so we will need to use the DC setting of
the scope to see the DC component. We also know that no filter is
perfect, so some AC ripple will be present on top of the DC. Set the
reference frequency to 1 KHz, and record the oscilloscope reading of
the low-pass filter output on pin 7 of the IC. Include this graph in
\RXUUHSRUW'RQWIRUJHWWRVKRZERWKWKH'&DQG$&FRPSRQHQWV

Analysis and Discussion

1. With the four frequency measurements you made, find out the
capture and lock ranges.
2. Calculate the capture and lock ranges based on the formulas
provided on data sheet, and compare them with your results from
measurements obtained in the above.
3. Comment on the results you obtained in step 8.

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Record Sheet
f capturemin =

f lockmax =

f capturemax =

f lockmin =

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