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ABSTRACT
Deregulation and privatization pose new challenges for high voltage transmission systems. System
elements are loaded up to their thermal limits, and power trading with fast varying load patterns is
contributing to an increasing congestion. In this respect, interconnection of separated power systems
may offer important technical, economical and environmental advantages. For the interconnections,
innovative solutions will be essential to avoid congestion and to improve system stability. HVDC
(High Voltage Direct Current) and FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission Systems) provide the necessary
features to avoid technical problems in the power systems, they increase the transmission capacity and
system stability very efficiently and they help to prevent cascading disturbances. HVDC and FACTS
will play an important role for the system developments, leading to Smart Grids with better
controllability of the power flows.
For some countries, UHV transmission solutions with AC voltages of 1000 kV and DC systems with
800 kV are in the planning stage. This will increase the transmission capacity for AC links up to
10_GW and for DC systems up to 5 - 6 GW. UHV transmission will be applied in emerging countries
like India and China, to serve their booming energy demands efficiently. In the paper, benefits of bulk
power transmission solutions with HVDC and FACTS for system enhancement and grid
interconnection are depicted and UHV technology issues for AC and DC are discussed. Prospects of
high power electronics in future grid developments are presented.
KEY WORDS:
Power System Interconnection, System Stability, Blackout Prevention, Increase of Transmission
Capacity, Prospects of UHV Solutions, Power-Flow Control, Short-Circuit Current Limitation,
Parallel Operation of HVDC and FACTS
*dietmar.retzmann@siemens.com
1/20
15
Frequency
Spain
-100
Poland
-5
P [MW]
-200
-15
-25
-300
-35
(border
to France)
Germany
-45
(border to France)
-400
(one 400-kV
system)
-55
-65
-500
-75
-600
0
t [s]
15
12
a)
NORDEL
b)
IPS/UPS
c)
UCTE - 1
* depending on
the actual Load
Flow Situation
UCTE - 2
AL MAGHREB
c)
Fig. 1: UCTE Steps a) & b) for Interconnection of Zones 1, 2 and further Options c)
2/20
However, with an increasing size of the synchronous interconnected systems, the technical and
economical advantages diminish. This is related to problems regarding load flow, inter-area power
oscillations ([1], ref. Fig. 1a) and voltage quality. If power is to be transmitted through the
interconnected system over longer distances, transmission needs to be supported. This is, for example,
the case in the UCTE system, where the 400 kV voltage level is in fact too low for large cross-border
and inter-area power exchange. Bottlenecks are already identified, and for an increase of power
transfer, advanced solutions using HVDC and FACTS need to be applied. Large blackouts in America
and Europe confirmed clearly, that the favorable close electrical coupling might also include risk of
uncontrollable cascading effects in large and heavily loaded interconnected systems [3].
Such an enhancement scenario for power transmission systems is depicted in Fig. 2.
Tomorrow:
Today:
G
G
G
G
G
G
In the future, an increasing part of the installed capacity will, however, be connected to the distribution
levels (dispersed generation), which poses additional challenges on planning and safe operation of the
systems, see Fig. 3. In such cases, HVDC and FACTS can clearly strengthen the power systems and
improve their performance.
AC or DC
Cables
Long-term: 30 - 50 GW
platform
incl.
Baltic Sea &
On-Shore
platform
Medium-term
Planning
GIL in Tunnel
to avoid 40-50
Cables nearby
the Coasts
2020
Fig. 4: Integration of large Off-Shore Wind Farms by means of HVDC and FACTS
Based on the global experience with large blackouts, strategies for the development of large power
systems go clearly in the direction of hybrid transmissions, consisting of DC and AC interconnections,
including FACTS [6].
Such hybrid interconnected systems offer significant advantages, both technically and in terms of
reliability [5]. Fig. 6 shows schematically such a hybrid system using HVDC and FACTS. Power
exchange in the neighboring areas of interconnected systems can be achieved by AC links, preferably
including FACTS for increased transmission capacity and for stability reasons. The transmission of
large power blocks over long distances should, however, be utilized by the HVDC transmissions
directly to the locations of power demand [5].
HVDC can be implemented as direct coupler the Back-to-Back solution (B2B) - or as point-topoint long distance transmission via DC line. The HVDC links can strengthen the AC interconnections
4/20
at the same time, in order to avoid possible dynamic problems which exist in such huge
interconnections. These options for HVDC application are depicted in Fig. 6.
Fig. 5: Network Load and aggregated Wind Power Generation during a Week of
maximum Load in the E.ON Grid
System
G
System
A
System
B
System
C
System
D
System
E
System
F
Large
LargeSystem
SystemInterconnections,
Interconnections,using
usingHVDC
HVDCand FACTS
HVDC - Long Distance DC Transmission
HVDC B2B - via AC Lines
High Voltage AC Transmission & FACTS
DC the Stability Booster and
Firewall against Blackout
Countermeasures
against large
Blackouts
5/20
Can be
connected
to long AC
Lines
a)
b)
a) Back-to-Back Solution
b) HVDC Long Distance Transmission
c) Integration of HVDC into the AC System
Hybrid Solution
c)
6/20
Filters
Filters
fA = 50 Hz
Rating LDT:
a)
Example
130
130 kV
kV 800
800
300
MW
300 MW 4000
4000
fB = 60 Hz
B2B - Rating:
13,8
13,8 kV
kV 550
550
MW
1200
30
30 MW 1200
up to 1000 - 4000 km
Back-to-Back Station
AC
60 Hz
b)
AC
AC
50 Hz
AC
AC
AC
DC Line
DC Cable
V-Control included
Fault-Current
Blocking
c)
V1
G~
Benefits of
HVDC in a
synchronous
AC System
Slow Functions
I1
Q1
P
and
V2
I2
Q2
L and C
G~
Slow Functions
L and C
Fast Functions
7/20
The Firewall
for Blackout
Prevention
Fig. 9: HVDC Operating Ranges and the new GPFC Solution as FACTS B2B
8/20
need for a driving system voltage; they can build up a 3-phase AC voltage via the DC voltage at the
cable end, supplied from the converter at the main grid.
In Fig. 11, the benefits of using power electronics for system enhancement are summarized and a
comparison of switching frequencies of line-commutated thyristor devices and self-commutated VSC
are depicted. Conventional equipment (e.g. breakers, tap-changer transformers) offer very low losses,
but the switching speed is very low. Power electronics can provide high switching frequencies up to
several kHz, however, with an increase in losses. From Fig. 11, it can be seen that due to less
converter losses the preferred solution for Bulk Power Transmission is in fact the line-commutated
thyristor technology. The todays losses of high power voltage-sourced converters with high switching
frequencies are within the range of 4 - 5 %, which is too much for large bulk power DC transmission
projects.
4-5 %
Thyristor
GTO
IGBT / IGCT
1-2 %
Switching
Frequency
> 1000 Hz
< 500 Hz
50/60 Hz
Losses
On-Off Transition 20 - 80 ms
Fig. 11: Use of Power Electronics for FACTS & HVDC Transient Performance and Losses
4. UHV TECHNOLOGIES FOR BULK POWER TRANSMISSION
Bulk Power UHV AC and DC transmission schemes over distances of more than 2000 km are
currently under planning for the connection of various large hydropower stations in China [4, 10, 11].
Ultra high DC voltage (up to 800 kV) and ultra high AC (1000 kV) are the preferred voltage levels for
these applications to keep the transmission losses as low as possible.
In India, there are similar prospects for UHV DC as in China due to the large extension of the grid [4,
8, 9]. AC long distance transmission, however, will be implemented in India by EHV levels of up to
800 kV, including FACTS. The road-map for Indias hybrid bulk power grid developments are
depicted in Fig. 12. Indias energy growth is about 8-9 % per annum, with an installed generation
capacity of 124 GW in 2006 (92 GW peak load demand), ref. to [8, 9]. The installed generation
capacity is expected to increase to 333 GW by 2017 [8].
Fig. 13 depicts how the ideas of hybrid bulk power interconnections are reflected in China's UHV grid
developments. Focus is on interconnection of 7 large inter-provincial grids of the Northern, Central
and Southern systems via three bulk power corridors which will built up a redundant backbone for
the whole grid. Each corridor is planned for about 20 GW transmission capacity which shall be
realized with both AC and DC transmission lines with ratings of 4 - 10 GW each (at +/- 800 kV DC
9/20
and 1000 kV AC, ref. to the figure). Therefore, each corridor will have a set-up with 2 - 3 systems for
redundancy reasons. With these ideas, China envisages a total amount of about 900 GW installed
generation capacity by 2020. For comparison, UCTE and IPS/UPS together sum up to 850 GW today.
NR
BHIWADI
DADRI
2500 MW
60 00 M
W
1500
MW
RIHAND
AGRA
500
MW
NER
BALIA
50 0
BISHWANATH
CHARIYALI
MW
SASARAM
ER
VINDHYACHAL
WR
CHANDRAPUR BHADRAVATI
1000
MW
Back-to-Back: 6 x
TALCHER
( 4,000 MW)
1500 MW
2X500MW
GAZUWAKA
PADGHE
0M
20
KOLAR
Main
Grid
HVDC BIPOLE
HVDC BACK-TO-BACK
SH
N&
ANDAMA
R
NICOBA
SR
K
LA
WE
AD
EP
a)
LEGEND
MW
1 00
00
KOLHAPUR
DC
50 GW Hybrid:
CK
N NE
HICKE
AREA
10 GW AC
40 GW DC
EX
IS
10
Up t o
G
TIN
C
GW A
6 -7 x
VD
800 k
VD
800 k
F UT U
DC
6 GW
VD
800 k
RE
800 k
V DC
10/20
The benefits of the large hybrid power system interconnections in India and China are clear:
Increase of transmission distance and reduction of losses - using UHV and EHV
HVDC serves as stability booster and firewall against large blackouts
Use of the most economical energy resources - far from load centers
Sharing of loads and reserve capacity
Renewable energy sources, including large wind farms and solar fields can much more easily
be integrated
However, using the 1000 kV AC lines, there will be in fact stability concerns: if for example such an
AC line - with up to 10 GW transmission capacity - is lost during faults, large inter-area oscillations
might occur. For this reason, additional large FACTS controllers on the UHV AC lines for stability
support are in discussion in China.
Transmission
Capacity of
DC: 4-6 GW
each Corridor
will be 20 GW Solutions:
800 kV DC &
nx
in 2020
North Corridor
1000 kV AC
AC: 6-10 GW
3 x 20 GW
the installed
Generation
Capacity will
be 900 GW
Central Corridor
Sources:
South Corridor
11/20
DC smoothing reactors
AC reactive power equipment, including FACTS
AC breakers and disconnectors
DC bypass switches and DC disconnectors
AC and DC measurements
Regarding shunt-connected FACTS controllers, there are no specific additional efforts necessary for
the medium voltage equipment at the secondary side of the grid transformers. For series connected
FACTS, if applied, efforts will be needed for a robust construction of the platforms matching the
required seismic performance.
Converter transformers are one of the very important components for UHV DC application. It is well
understood that the existing technology and know-how of converter transformers can manage higher
DC voltages. Yet, there are critical areas which need careful consideration and further development in
order to keep the electrical stresses at a safe level. Above all the windings and the transformer internal
part of bushings on the valve side of the converter transformers with the barrier systems and cleats and
leads require very careful attention.
In the following, design aspects for key UHV DC equipment are outlined. From Figs. 14-15 it can be
seen that for transformers the bushings will be a major issue with regard to mechanical dimensions,
including transportation to site.
12/20
13/20
Transformer Bushings
400 kV DC
800 kV DC
DC Line
Fig. 16: Fully redundant HVDC Scheme with two 400 kV 12-Pulse Converters per Pole
DC Neutral
400 kV DC
400 kV DC
to 800 kV DC Line
14/20
2004
3000 MW
500 kV
Fig. 18: Geographic Location and Main Data of Gui-Guang HVDC Project - China
5.2. HVDC Project Neptune - USA
After the 2003 blackout in the United States, new projects are smoothly coming up in order to enhance
the system security.
One example is the Neptune HVDC project. Siemens PTD has been awarded a contract by Neptune
Regional Transmission System LLC (RTS) in Fairfield, Connecticut, to construct an HVDC
transmission link between Sayreville, New Jersey and Long Island, New York. Because new overhead
lines can not be built in this high density populated area, power should directly be brought to Long
Island by HVDC cable transmission, by-passing the AC sub-transmission network.
Neptune RTS was established to develop and commercially operate power supply projects in the
United States. By delivering a complete package of supply, installation, service and operation from
one single source, Siemens is providing seamless coverage of the customers needs. The availability of
this combined expertise fulfills the prerequisites for financing these kinds of complex supply projects
through the free investment market.
15/20
Siemens and Neptune RTS developed the project over three years to prepare it for implementation. In
addition to providing technological expertise, studies, and engineering services, Siemens also
supported its customer in the projects approval process.
In Fig. 19, highlights of this innovative project that are typical for future integration of HVDC into a
complex synchronous AC system are depicted
Neptune RTS
End User:
Location:
Project
Development:
Supplier:
NTP-Date:
07/2005
PAC:
07/2007
Consortium
Siemens / Prysmian
Transmission:
Sea Cable
Power Rating:
600/660 MW monopolar
Transmission Dist.:
82 km DC Sea Cable
23 km Land Cable
Fig. 19: Geographical Location and Main Data of Neptune HVDC - USA
5.3. East-South Interconnector - India
The grid in India has been developed to regional power systems which were operating asynchronously
[6]. Later interconnections between regional systems have been made by AC and Back-to-Back
HVDC. The first HVDC long distance transmission was Rihand-Delhi which is integrated into the
400_kV AC system.
The HVDC East-South interconnection (commercial operation in 2003) uses both advantages, the
avoidance of transmission of additional power through the AC system and the interconnection of
power areas which can not be operated synchronously. Fig. 20 shows the geographical location of the
DC Interconnector and its main data. A view of the HVDC northern terminal in the state of Orissa is
given in Fig. 21.
In April 2006, Siemens has been awarded an order by Powergrid Corporation of India to increase the
transmission capacity of the East-South DC transmission from 2000 MW to 2500 MW. After the
upgrade is completed, it will be possible to make maximum use of the systems overload capacity. To
increase the capacity of the link, the Siemens experts have developed a solution known as Relative
Aging Indication and Load Factor Limitation (RAI & LFL). By these means, it will be possible to
utilize the overload capacity of the system more effectively without having to install additional
thyristors.
16/20
Talcher
Kolar
2003
Fig. 20: Geographic Map and Main Data of Indian East-South Interconnector
2500 MW
RAI & LFL: full Use of
Overload Capacity
without additional
Thyristors
2007
2003
2000 MW
17/20
2005
Benefits
of HVDC
flexible
Plus Wind
Power
Benefits of HVDC:
Clean Energy
CO2 Reduction
Cost Reduction
fuzzy
18/20
295 km the longest submarine cable in the world up to now), land cables (8 km for reasons of
landscape protection) and overhead lines over a total transmission distance of 370 km. The nominal
power is 500_MW at a DC Voltage of 400 kV and a current of 1250 A. The overload capacity of the
transmission system is 600 MW during 10 hours per day.
Both Victoria and Tasmania profit from the interconnection of their networks:
During times of peak load Tasmania delivers green energy from its hydro power stations to Victoria,
while Tasmania can cover its base load demands out of the grid of Victoria during dry seasons when
the hydro-reservoirs are not sufficiently filled. Furthermore, the island of Tasmania receives access to
the power market of the Australian continent.
Tasmania intends to install additional wind farms to increase its share in regenerative energy
production. The figure shows that hydro power is perfectly suitable to be supplemented with the rather
fuzzy wind energy in terms of base load as well as through its ability to store energy for peak load
demands. Insofar, the DC link can contribute still more to the reduction of CO2 through the combined
use of regenerative energy sources.
6. CONCLUSIONS
Deregulation and privatization pose new challenges on high voltage transmission systems. System
elements are loaded up to their thermal limits, and wide-area power trading with fast varying load
patterns will contribute to an increasing congestion.
HVDC PLUS
19/20
learned from the large blackouts in 2003, HVDC and FACTS will play an important role for the
system developments, leading to Smart Grids (see Fig. 23) with better controllability of the power
flows.
UHV bulk power DC long distance transmission will be the preferred solution for emerging countries
like India and China to serve their booming energy demands efficiently.
7. REFERENCES
[1] H. Breulmann, E. Grebe, M. Lsing, W. Winter, R. Witzmann, P. Dupuis, P. Houry, T. Pargotin,
J. Zerenyi, J. Dudzik, L. Martin, J. M. Rodriguez, Analysis and Damping of Inter-Area
Oscillations in the UCTE/CENTREL Power System; Report 38-113, CIGRE Session 2000,
Paris
[2]
M. Luther, U. Radtke, Betrieb und Planung von Netzen mit hoher Windenergieeinspeisung
ETG Kongress, October 23-24, 2001, Nuremberg, Germany
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
20/20