True cellular microbes

algae,protozoa, and fungi

Procaryotic

bacteria,

archaea,

bacteria and archaea

Eucaryotic
algae, protozoa, and
fungi
Acellular microbes(infectious particles)
viruses,
viroids, and prions
Virions
complete virus
small and simple in structure.

particles. Very

Oncogenic viruses/oncoviruses
caause
specific types of cancer, including human cancers such
as lymphomas, carinomas, and some type of leukemia
DNA/RNA
either DNA/RNA

the vast majority of viruses

Cell Division
binary fission

no

mitosis,

Mitochondria
lacks gens
necessary for energy production

meiosis,

and

and

enzymes

Virus
depend
on
ribosomes,
enzymes, and metabolites(buiolding blocks) of the host
cell for protein and nucleic acid production.
Capsid
protein coat which surrounds
RNA/DNA. Composed of many small protein units
called capsomeres.
Capsomeres
capsid
Nucleocapsid
and the capsid

small protein units of

together the nucleic acid

Enveloped viruses
some types of viruses
which have an outer envelope composed of lipids and
polysaccharides

Classification of Viruses
1. Genetic material
2. Shape of the capsid
3. Number of capsomeres
4. Size of the capsid
5. Presence or absence of an envelope
(derived from host cells nuclear membrane or
cell membrane)
6. Type of host that it infects
7. Type of disease it produce
8. Target cell
9. Immunologic or antigenic properties

Shape of capsid
1. Polyhedral( sided many)
2. Helilcal( coiled tubes)
3. Bullet shaped
4. Spherical
5. Complex combination of these shapes
Bacteriophage
Bacteriophage

the viruses that infect bacteria

Intracellular pathogens
like
all
other
viruses, they must enter a bacterial cell to replicate
themselves
Icosahedron bacteriophages
an almost
spherical shape, with 20 triangular facets;
Filamentous bateriophages
long tubes
formed by capsid proteins assembled into a
helical structure.
Complex bacteriophage
icosahedral heads attached to helical tails .
Virulent bacteriophages
always cause what
is known as the lytic cycle, which ends with the
destruction of the bacterial cell.

Lytic cycle(virulent bacteriophages )

1. Attachment
the first step in the lytic cyle.
Absorption of the phage to the surface of the bacterial
cell.
2. Penetration
the second step in the lytic
cycle. Phage injects its DNA into the bacterial cell.
3. Biosynthesis
during
this
setep,
the
bacteriophages genes are expressed by using host
cells enzymes
4. Assembly
the virul pieces made in step3
are assembeld to produce complete viral
particles(virions)
5. Release
is when the host cell bursts
open and all of the new virions escape form the cell.
Temperate phage
also known as lysogenic
phages do not immediately initiate the lytic cycle, but
rather , their DNA remains integrated into the bacterial
cell chromosome, generation after generation
Animal viruses
humans and animals.

viruses

that

infect

Oncogenic viruses
viruses that cause cancer.
Epstein-Barr virus
nasopharyngeal
carcinoma,
Burkitt
lymphoma, and B-cell lymphoma
Herpesvirus 8

Kaposi sarcoma

Hepatitis B and C
hepatocellular
carcinoma
Human papollomaviruses
cancer of
cervix, and genital tract
T-lymphotrophic virus Type 1
T-cell
Leukemia
Human Immunodeficiency virus
of AIDS(single RNA)
Receptor of HIV

the cause
CD4

Mimivirus
exttremely large double stranded
DNA virus recovered from amebas. May be the cause
of some cases of human pneumonia
Viroids and Prions

Steps in the multipilication of animal viruses

1. Attachments
absorption of the virus to the
cell based on the existing proteins (receptors)on the
cell surface
2. Penetration
unlike bacteriophages, the
entire virion usually enters the host cell because
sometimes, bacteria phagocytizes the virus
3. Uncoating
the viral nucleic acid escapes
from the capsid
4. Biosynthesis
many viral pieces are
produced
5. Assembly
involves fitting the virus
pieces together to produce complete virions.
6. Release
virions escape from the cell
Inclusion bodies
remnants or collections of
viruses. Inclusion bodies are used as diagnostic too to
identify certain viral disease.

Viroids and Prions

complex infectious agents.

are even smaller and less

Viroids
consists of short, naked
fragmetns of single stranded RNA that can interfere
with the metabolism of plant cells and stunt the growth
of plants. No Animal Disease has been found yet.
Prions
are small infectious
proteins that apparently cause fatal neurological
disease in animals
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy
mad cow disease

BSE.

Kuru
once common among
natives in Papua New guinea where woman and
children ate human brains as part of a traditional burial
custom . Fatal spongiform encephalopathy

Prions
are believed to be the most
resistant to disinfectant. Convert normal protein
molecules into nonfunctional ones by causing the
normal molecules to change their shape.