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construction is found ,and ordering within the level is not so regetly defined as to
exlude different orderings with diferrent sets of data
The purpose of is the set up a hyperclass of contraction which are similiar in
some spesified way. Once we have defined these contrasive characteristics, we
may speak of sentences level, clause level, phrase level, and word level
constructions. Constituent tagmemes , which are than recognized as sentences,
level, clause level, phrase level, and word level tagmemes respctively.
Consequently, the concept of level not only place the constructions in
hierarchical order, it allows for a more positive identification of the tagmemic
unit . the tagmeme is fixed at a definite level, or depth, in the grammar, and at
the same times has a position in the linear construction string.
Kinds Of Levels in Grammar
Grammatical levels form a telescopic system in which the construction at lower
levels are tpicially mapped into construction at higer levels in the grammar. In
tagmemes , level above the sentences are or concidereable importance,
sentences occur in larger contexts. In this intrroductions, however we concidere
only the sentence level and levels below the sentences
Typical Levels of grammar. The ve typical levels of grammmar are the sentence,
clause, phrase, word and moprphem and levels. These levles of M.A.K hallidays
scale and catergory grammar. The first four levels are levels at which
construction aoccur. The final, or morpheme level, is not a level of construction
but an ultimate point of reference.
1. The sentence levels is that levels of the grammar at which t major and
minor sentences of language are broken down into dependent and
independent clauses, toghther with their intonation patterns.
2. The clause level is thaht level of the grammar at whch the clause are
broken down into their subjects, predicates,objects and various clause
adjuncts such as time, placem manner and circumstance
3. The phrase level is thaht level of grammar at which structured word
groups which are not clauses are broken down into works
4. The word level is thaht level of the grammar at which the words of the
language are broken down into their consttituent moprhems, including the
analysis the processes of inflection, derivation, and compunding.
5. The morphem level is that level of the grammar at which the morphems
are seeen as the ultimate meaningful constituents of which the utterances
of a language are composed. Each morphem is listed in a lexion
acconpanying the grammar, with its form, classand gloss.
A typical mapping. Although the normal processses of grammar call for a
mapping of lower level constraction into higher levels, there are cases of atypical
mapping including levels skips, layering and loopbacks in the grammatical
structure:
1. Levels skips are omissions of a level in proceedingfrom higher to lower,
when a level is skipped , a filler from a lower level construction is used in a
higher level construction . Ther use of phrase clitic, a bound form to fill a
phrase level slot, is a typical exampleof skipping.
2. Layering is the inclusion of a construction whitin an other construction at
the same level (elson abd pickett, 1962:59)
Field strucuture of hierarchy, longacre has picture the typical and atypical
mapping of structures in a filed as the fourth is adapted from longaecres chart in
languacre. At clause level, for example the chart may be read as follows:
1. If tagmemic fillers at clause level are words (W), this is levels-skipping: the
phrase level has been sipped and the clause slot is filled by a lower
levelform, the word.
2. If tagmemic fillers at clause level are phrases (p) this is normal mapping
clauses are normally filled by phrase in proper hierarchical structuring.
3. If tagmemic fillers at clause level are clauses (c) this is layering at a level a
clause is embedded whitin another clause. This layering need not be
recursive.
4. If tagmemic layering fillers at clause level are sentence(s)this is backlooping a higher level constructuion the sentence fills a slot in a lower
level construction the clause.