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HarryHaywoodWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

HarryHaywood
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

HarryHaywood(February6,1898January4,1985)wasa
leadingfigureinboththeCommunistPartyoftheUnitedStates
(CPUSA)andtheCommunistPartyoftheSovietUnion(CPSU).
HisgoalwastoconnectthepoliticalphilosophyoftheCommunist
Partywiththeissuesofrace.[1]In1926,hejoinedotherAfrican
AmericanCommunistsandtravelledtotheSovietUniontostudy
theeffectofCommunismonracialissuesfoundintheUnited
States.[1]Hisworkthereresultedinhisselectiontobetheheadof
theCommunistParty'sNegroDepartment.[1]Thepartyplatform
changedbythelate1930sandbegantostrayawayfromadvocating
forAfricanAmericanselfdetermination.[1]Astheparty'splatform
changedovertime,Haywoodlosthisstancewithintheparty.[1]His
workalsoincludedcreatingagrouptohelptheScottsboroboys
case.[1]Haywoodwasalsoanauthor.HisfirstbookwasNegro
Liberation,publishedin1948.Afterhewasexpelledfromhis
affiliatingparty,hewroteanautobiographycalledBlackBolshevik,
whichwasalsopublishedin1978.Hecontributedmajortheoryto
MarxistthinkingonthenationalquestionofAfricanAmericansin
theUnitedStates.HewasalsoafounderoftheMaoist
NewCommunistMovement.

HarryHaywood,1948

Born

HaywoodHall
February4,1898
SouthOmaha,Nebraska,U.S.

Died

January4,1985

Restingplace

Arlington,Virginia,U.S.

Occupation

Politicalfigure

Spouse(s)

GwendolynMidloHall

Children

Dr.HaywoodHall
Dr.RebeccaHall
LeonidA.Yuspeh

Contents
1 Biography
1.1 Earlyyears
1.2 CareerwiththeCommunistParty
USA
1.3 Militaryservice

HarryHaywood

1.4 TheCominternandtheBlackBelt
nation
1.5 ExpulsionfromtheCPUSA
1.6 PoliticalActivities1950s1980s
1.7 Marriageandfamily
2 Death

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2 Death
2.1 Popularrepresentation
3 SelectedwritingsbyHarryHaywood
4 Seealso
5 Footnotes
6 Othersourcesconsulted
7 Furtherreading
8 Externallinks

Biography
Earlyyears
HarryHaywoodwasbornHaywoodHall,Jr.,onFebruary4,1898,inSouthOmaha,Nebraska,toformer
slavesHarrietandHaywoodHall,fromMissouriandWestTennessee,respectively.[2]Theyhadmigratedto
Omahabecauseofjobswiththerailroadsandmeatpackingindustry,asdidnumerousothersouthernblacks.
SouthOmahaalsoattractedWhiteimmigrants,andethnicIrishhadestablishedanearlyneighborhood
there.Haywoodwastheyoungestofthreesons.[3]
In1913aftertheirfatherwasattackedbywhites,theHallfamilymovedtoMinneapolis,Minnesota.Two
yearslaterin1915theymovedtoChicago.DuringWorldWarI,heservedwiththeEighthRegiment,a
blackUnitedStatesregiment.[4][5]UponhisreturntoChicago,theyoungerHallwasradicalizedbythe
bitterRedSummerof1919,especiallytheChicagoraceriot,inwhichmostlyethnicIrishattackedblacks
ontheSouthSide.[3]
HallwasinfluencedbyhisolderbrotherOtto,whojoinedtheCommunistPartyin1921andinvitedHallto
enterthesecretAfricanBloodBrotherhood.[3]HewasalsoinfluencedbytheorieshereadofinVladimir
Lenin'sStateandRevolutionasateen.[6]Hestated,inhisautobiographyBlackBolshevik,that"thiswork
wasthesinglemostimportantbookIhadreadintheentirethreeyearsofmypoliticalsearchandwas
decisiveinleadingmetotheCommunistParty."[4]In1925whenHallenteredtheCommunistParty,USA,
headopted"HarryHaywood"asapseudonym.

CareerwiththeCommunistPartyUSA
HarryHaywoodbeganhisrevolutionarycareerbyjoiningtheAfricanBloodBrotherhoodin1922,followed
bytheYoungCommunistLeaguein1923.Soonafterin1925,hejoinedtheCommunistParty,USA
(CPUSA).AfterjoiningtheCPUSA,HaywoodwenttoMoscowtostudy,firsttotheCommunistUniversity
oftheToilersoftheEastin1925,thentotheInternationalLeninSchoolin1927.Theanticolonial
revolutionarieshemetwhileinMoscowincludedVietnameseleaderHoChiMinh.[5]Hebegantoadvocate
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forAfricanAmericanconcerns,arguingthattheywerecaptivesintheUnitedStatesandthat"theymust
embracenationalisminordertoavoidtheharmfuleffectsofintegration."[7]Hestayeduntil1930asa
delegatetotheCommunistInternational(Comintern).
ThereheworkedoncommissionsdealingwiththequestionofAfricanAmericansintheUnitedStates,as
wellasthedevelopmentofthe"NativeRepublicThesis"fortheSouthAfricanCommunistParty.Haywood
workedtodraftthe"CominternResolutionsontheNegroQuestion"of1928and1930,whichstatedthat
AfricanAmericansintheBlackBeltoftheUnitedStatesmadeupanoppressednation,withtherightto
selfdeterminationuptoandincludingsecession.Hewouldcontinuetofightforthispositionthroughouthis
life.
IntheCPUSA,HaywoodservedontheCentralCommitteefrom1927to1938andonthePolitburofrom
1931until1938.HealsoparticipatedinthemajorfactionalstrugglesinternaltotheCPUSAagainstJay
LovestoneandEarlBrowder,regularlysidingwithWilliamZ.Foster.
HaywoodwasGeneralSecretaryoftheLeagueofStruggleforNegroRights,buthewasactiveinissues
involvingworkingclassWhitesaswell.Intheearly1930s,whileheadoftheCPUSANegroDepartment,
heledthemovementtosupporttheScottsboroBoysorganizedminersinWestVirginiawiththeNational
MinersUnionandwasaleaderinthestrugglesofthemilitantSharecroppersUnionintheDeepSouth.In
1935heledthe"HandsoffEthiopia"campaigninChicago'sBlackSouthSidetoopposeItaly'sinvasionof
Ethiopia.WhenelevenCommunistleadersweretriedundertheSmithActin1949,Haywoodwasassigned
thetaskofresearchforthedefense.

Militaryservice
Haywood'smilitarycareerincludedserviceinthreewars.Hisinterestinmilitarycombatbeganwhenhis
friendsrecalledtalesoftheirserviceintheEighthIllinois,BlackNationalGuardRegiment.[4]During
WorldWarI,heservedwiththeEighthRegiment,ablackUnitedStatesregiment.[4][5]IntheSpanishCivil
War,likemanyAmericansthere,hefoughtforthePopularFrontwiththeAbrahamLincolnBattalionofthe
InternationalBrigades.DuringWorldWarII,heservedintheMerchantMarines,wherehewasactivewith
NationalMaritimeUnion.

TheCominternandtheBlackBeltnation
DuringhisfourandhalfyearstayintheSovietUnion(192530),
HarryHaywoodhelddualmembershipinboththeCPUSAandthe
CPSU.AsamemberoftheCPSU,hetraveledextensivelyinthe
SovietUnion'sautonomousrepublics,andparticipatedinthe
strugglesagainstboththeLeftOppositionheadedbyLeonTrotsky
andtheRightOppositionledbyNikolaiBukharin.Inthesestruggles
andinothers,HaywoodwasonthesideofJosephStalin.
WiththeComintern,Haywoodwasassignedtoworkwiththenewly
createdNegroCommission.InhismajorworkNegroLiberation,he
MapoftheBlackBeltNationfrom
arguedthattherootoftheoppressionofBlackswastheunsolved
Haywood'sNegroLiberation,1948.
agrarianquestionintheSouth.Hebelievedthattheunfinished
bourgeoisdemocraticrevolutionofReconstructionhadbeen
betrayedintheHayesTildenCompromiseof1877.ItabandonedAfricanAmericanstoplantationsas
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tenantfarmersandsharecroppers,facedwiththeRedeemergovernments,thesystemofJimCrowlaws,and
theterroroftheKuKluxKlanandotherparamilitarygroups.AccordingtoHaywood,theriseof
imperialismleftblacksfrozenas"landless,semislavesintheSouth."
HebelievedthatadistinctAfricanAmericannationhaddevelopedthatsatisfiedthecriterialaidoutby
StalininhisMarxismandtheNationalQuestion:ahistoricallyconstituted,stablecommunityofpeople,
formedonthebasisofacommonlanguage,territory,economiclife,andpsychologicalmakeupmanifested
inacommonculture.BecauseAfricanAmericansintheSouthconstitutedsuchanation,Haywoodbelieved
thecorrectresponsewasademandforselfdetermination,uptoandincludingtherighttoseparatefromthe
UnitedStates.Their"nationalterritory"washistoricallytheBlackBeltSouth,andtheydeservedfull
equalityeverywhereelseintheUnitedStates.Haywoodbelievedthatonlywithgenuinepoliticalpower,
whichfromaMarxistpointofviewincludedcontroloftheproductiveforces,suchasland,couldAfrican
Americansobtaingenuineequality.Theirgainingofequalitywasaprerequisiteforbroaderworkingclass
unity.
MostofthoseintheCPUSAwhodisagreedwithHaywoodconsideredthequestionofAfricanAmerican
oppressionamatterofracialprejudicewithmoralroots,ratherthananeconomicandpoliticalquestionof
nationaloppression.TheysawitasaproblemtobesolvedunderSocialismandinnoneedofspecial
attentionuntilaftertheinstitutionoftherevolutionaryDictatorshipoftheProletariat.Theycriticizedhim
forfalling"intothebourgeoisliberaltrapofregardingthefightforequalityasprimarilyafightagainst
racialprejudicesofwhites."[8]Tothischarge,Haywoodcounteredthatthecategoryof"race"isa
mystification.HebelievedthatrelyingonraceandignoringeconomicquestionscouldonlyalienateAfrican
Americansandinhibitworkingclassunity.
FollowingtheGreatMigrationofmillionsofblackstotheNorthandMidwest,accompaniedbytheir
urbanization,criticsattemptedtousestatisticstocountertheBlackBelttheoryandshowtherenolonger
wasablacknationcenteredintheSouth.Inhis1957article,"ForaRevolutionaryPositionontheNegro
Question",HaywoodrespondedthatthequestionofanoppressednationintheSouthwasnotoneof"nose
counting."
HarryHaywood'sbook,NegroLiberation,publishedfirstin1948,wasthefirstmajorstudyoftheAfrican
AmericannationalquestionwrittenbyanAfricanAmericanMarxist.AccordingtoHaywoodinhis
autobiography,PaulRobesonsubsidizedhisworkontheprojectbyoffering$100amonth.Itwastranslated
andpublishedinRussian,Polish,German,CzechandHungarian.Itwasreprintedin1976byLiberator
Press,thepublishingarmoftheOctoberLeague.AccordingtoHaywood,"Thepositionofthebookwasnot
new,butareaffirmationoftherevolutionarypositiondevelopedattheSixthCominternCongressin1928.
Theheartofthispositionisthattheproblemisfundamentallyaquestionofanoppressednationwithfull
rightsofselfdetermination.ItemphasizedtherevolutionaryessenceofthestruggleforBlackequality
arisingfromthefactthatthespecialoppressionofBlacksisamainpropofthesystemofimperialist
dominationovertheentireworkingclassandthemassesofexploitedAmericanpeople.Thereforethe
struggleforBlackliberationisacomponentpartofthestruggleforproletarianrevolution.Itisthehistoric
taskoftheworkingclassmovement,asitadvancesontheroadtosocialism,tosolvetheproblemofland
andfreedomoftheBlackmasses."Ontheotherhand,Haywoodwentontowrite,"Whatwasnewinthe
bookwasthethoroughanalysisoftheconcreteconditionsofBlackpeopleinthepostwarperiod.Imade
extensiveuseofpopulationdatathe1940census,the1947PlantationCountandothersources,inorderto
showthatthepresentdayconditionsaffirmedtheessentialcorrectnessofthepositionwehadformulated
yearsbefore."Becauseofthisandotherworks,RobertF.WilliamscalledHarryHaywood"oneofthe
modernpioneersintheBlackliberationstruggle."
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Especiallysince1998,leadinghistoriansintheUSAhavehadaccesstoCominterndocumentsaboutthe
"SelfDeterminationintheBlackBelttheory".ThesedemonstratethepioneeringroleoftheCommunist
PartyintheDeepSouthfrom1929on.ThedocumentsshowtheParty'seffortstowardunityamongall
workersintheSouth,theinternationalimpactofthedefenseoftheScottsboroBoys,theorganizationof
interracialunionsintheDeepSouth,andaunifiedBlackprotestmovementintheUnitedStates
culminatingintheformationoftheNationalNegroCongressin1935andtheSouthernNegroYouth
Congressin1937.Inspiredbytheselfdeterminationtheory(andotherfactors),thesemovementsalso
contributedtoheightenedactivityoftheCivilRightsMovementstartinginthe1950sdrivenbythe
continuityofwhathistoriansarenowcalling"thelongcivilrightsmovement."Thepressureof
McCarthyismlabeledtheactivityforcivilrightsasanautomaticCommunistthreat.IntheSouth,eventhe
NAACPwasoutlawedasaCommunistthreat.
TheCominterndocumentsarehousedattheTamimmentLibraryatNewYorkUniversity.Somebooks
publishedusingthemassourcedocumentsarelistedbelowunderGeneralReadings.

ExpulsionfromtheCPUSA
FollowingthedeathofStalinin1953andNikitaKhrushchev'srisetopower,theCPUSAfollowed
Khrushchev'spolicyofdestalinizationand"peacefulcoexistence".LonganadmirerofMaoZedong,Harry
HaywoodwasoneofthepioneersoftheantirevisionistmovementbornoutofthegrowingSinoSoviet
split.HewasdrivenoutoftheCPUSAinthelate1950salongwithmanyotherswhotookfirmanti
revisionistorproStalinpositions.
TheCPUSA'sdecisiontochangeitspositionontheAfricanAmericannationalquestionwasacentral
factorinHaywood'sexpulsion.ThoughtheCPUSAhadnotbeenasactiveintheSouthsincethe
dissolutionoftheSharecroppersUnion,in1959theCPUSAofficiallydroppeditsdemandforself
determinationforAfricanAmericansthere.(ThedemandhadbeendroppedearlierwhenBrowder
liquidatedthepartyin1944.)TheCPUSAinsteadheldthatasAmericancapitalismdeveloped,sotoo
wouldBlackWhiteunity.
In1957hewrote"ForaRevolutionaryPositionontheNegroQuestion"(laterpublishedbyLiberatorPress)
butwasunsuccessfulatchangingthedirectionoftheParty.In1959,Haywood,althoughnolongera
functioningpartymember,attemptedtointerveneonelasttime.Hewrote"OntheNegroQuestion",which
wasdistributedattheSeventeenthNationalConventionbyandinthenameofAfricanBloodBrotherhood
founderCyrilBriggs.Thiswasnoteffective,however,asmostofHaywood'spotentialallieshadalready
beenexpelledfromtheCPUSAinthenameofcombatting"left"sectarianismanddogmatism.
InHaywood'sview,"Whitechauvinism"intheparty,ratherthananaccurateanalysisoftheeconomic
issues,hadcausedthechangeinposition.HealsoarguedthatthechangepreventedtheCPUSAfromgiving
appropriateleadershipastheCivilRightsMovementdeveloped.HebelievedthePartywasleftbehind
actionsofDr.MartinLutherKingandtheNAACP.ThePartywasevenmorealienatedfromthemilitant
BlackPowerMovementthatwastofollow.

PoliticalActivities1950s1980s
HaywoodandhiswifeGwendolynMidloHallwereamongthefoundersoftheProvisionalOrganizing
CommitteeforaCommunistParty(POC),formedinNewYorkinAugust,1958by83mostlyBlackand
PuertoRicanandWhitetradeunionists,mainlycoalminersfromWilliamsport,PAandmaritimeworkers
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includingAlLannon,DirectoroftheMaritimeSectionoftheCPUSAformanyyears,alldelegatesfrom
theCPUSA.ItsmembershipincludedColemanYoung,laterelectedthefirstblackmayorofDetroit,and
TheodoreW.Allen,bestknownlaterforhis"Whiteskinprivilege"theoryandwidelyacclaimedhistorical
writings.AccordingtoHaywood,thePOCrapidlydegeneratedintoanisolated,dogmatic,ultraleftsect,
completelyremovedfromanypoliticalpractice.Nevertheless,the(POC)didreleasemanyhighlytrained
organizersfromthedeadhandoftheCPUSAasthecivilrightsandtheblackpowermovementbegantohit
thestreets.In1964,HaywoodworkedinHarlemwithJesseGray,leaderoftheHarlemRentStrikeand
Tenants'UnionlaterelectedtotheNewYorkStateLegislaturefromHarlem.Haywoodworkedwith
MalcolmXin1964untilhisassassinationin1965,andwithJamesHaughtonandJoshLawrenceinHarlem
FightBack,theninOakland,California,in1966,theninDetroit,Michigan,withtheDetroitRevolutionary
UnionMovement(DRUM)andtheLeagueofRevolutionaryBlackWorkers.[9]Haywoodthenreturnedto
MexicoforashorttimeandthentotheUnitedStatespermanentlyin1970invitedbyVincentHarding,then
DirectoroftheInstitutefortheBlackWorldinAtlanta,GA.
In1964,HaywoodbegantobecomeinvolvedwiththeNewCommunistMovement,thegoalofwhichwas
tofoundanewvanguardCommunistPartyonanantirevisionistbasis,believingtheCPUSAtohave
deviatedirrevocablyfromMarxismLeninism.HelaterworkedinoneofthenewlyformedMaoistgroups
oftheNewCommunistMovement,theOctoberLeague,whichbecametheCommunistParty(Marxist
Leninist).IntheCP(ML)HaywoodservedontheCentralCommittee.Hepublishedhisgreat
autobiographyBlackBolshevikalthoughsomeofhisimportantwritingsandpoliticallifeduringthe1960s
wereeditedout.Forexample,themanuscripthewrotewiththeacknowledgedcollaborationwith
GwendolynMidloHallandwasdedicatedtoRobertF.Williamswasnotmentioned.Thisworkcirculated
inmimeographedformfromearly1964throughoutCaliforniaandtheDeepSouthdeeplyinfluencedthe
armedselfdefensemovementagainsttheKuKluxKlanduring1964and1965andprojectedaslogan
widelypickedupthroughouttheDeepSouththatwemustposeourownchallengetoorderandstabilityto
counterthechallengeposedby"massiveresistance"bysouthernpoliticiansandracistterrorists.Black
Bolshevikbecameanimportantbookwidelycitedbyscholarsandreadbythewiderpublicaswell.
Throughitandhisotherwritings,HaywoodprovidedideologicalleadershipfarbeyondtheNew
CommunistMovement.Haywood'stheoreticalcontributionshadasubstantialimpactonthemajor,and
numerouswarringfactionsoftheNewCommunistMovementwellbeyondhisownCP(ML),including,
forexample,theLeagueofRevolutionaryStruggle(MarxistLeninist),theearlyRevolutionaryCommunist
Party,theRevolutionaryWorkersHeadquartersandtheCommunistWorkersParty.Nonetheless,lackof
experience,sectarianism,andvoluntarismplayedamajorroleinkeepingtheyoungMaoistgroupsfrom
takingastrongleadingrole.Inhislastpublishedarticle,HaywoodwrotethattheNewCommunist
movementspenttoomuchtimeandenergyseekingthe"franchise"ofgovernmentsandpartiesoutsidethe
UnitedStateswithoutvalidatingitselfamongthepeopleofourowncountry.
Haywood'stheoreticalcontributionstoquestionsofAfricanAmericannationaloppressionandnational
liberationremainhighlyvaluedbytheRayO.LightGroup,whichdevelopedoutofanantirevisionistsplit
fromtheCommunistPartyUSAin1961,FreedomRoadSocialistOrganization,whichwasoriginally
formedfromthemergersofseveralNewCommunistMovementgroupsinthe1980s,andtheMaoist
InternationalistMovementaswellasbymanyblackrevolutionariesandactiviststoday.Haywood'srolein
theblackprotestmovementsduringthe1960sthroughthe1980scanbestudiedattheHarryHaywood
Papers,Manuscript,Archives,andRareBooksDivision,SchomburgCenterforResearchinBlackCulture
inNewYorkCityandHarryHaywoodCollection,BentleyHistoricalLibrary,UniversityofMichigan,Ann
Arbor.

Marriageandfamily
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In1920HaywoodmarriedawomannamedHazel,buttheyseparatedthesameyear.[3]
WhilehewasinLosAngelesinthelate1930sor1940,hemarriedBelleLewis,whomhehadknownfor
years.Theydivorcedin1955.[3]
In1956HaywoodmarriedGwendolynMidlo,awhiteactivistfromNewOrleans,Louisiana.Shehasbeen
activeincivilrightsthroughoutherlife.ShealsohasbecomeaprominenthistorianofslaveryintheUnited
StatesandLatinAmerica,andoftheAfricandiaspora.ShemadeheracademiccareeratRutgersUniversity.
Theyhadthreechildren,whomMidloHallmostlyprovidedforalone.TheyareDr.HaywoodHall(b.
1956),Dr.RebeccaHall(b.1963),andathirdchildfromapreviousmarriage,LeonidA.Yuspeh(b.1951)
whohassufferedfromchronicmentalillnessformorethan45years.
HaywoodandMidloHallremainedmarrieduntilhisdeathin1985.Between1953and1964they
collaboratedonnumerousarticles,includingsomepublishedinSoulbookMagazine,foundedinBerkeley,
California,in1964.ShedidnotfollowhimintotheNewCommunistMovement,andtheymostlylived
apartafterlate1964.ShortlybeforeHaywood'sexpulsionfromtheCommunistParty,hemovedwithhis
familytoMexicoCity,Mexico.[3]DuringtheseyearsMidloHallearnedherbachelor'sandmaster'sdegrees
inhistoryatMexicoCityCollege.ShereturnedwithHaywoodtotheUnitedStatesin1964workingasa
temporarylegalsecretary,startedteachinginNorthCarolinain1965,enrolledingraduateschoolin1966,
andearnedherdoctoratein1970attheUniversityofMichigan.Fromthereshewenttoworkasanassistant
professoratRutgersUniversity,whereshemadeheracademiccareerandadvancedtofullprofessor.Midlo
HallhastaughtAfricansintheAtlanticWorldatMichiganStateUniversity,asAdjunctProfessorof
History.

Death
HaywooddiedinJanuary1985,andwasburiedinArlingtonNationalCemeteryinArlington,VA.Hehada
servicerelateddisabilityandspentthelastfewyearsofhislifeataVeteransAdministrationmedical
facility.TheHarryHaywoodpapersarehousedattheBentleyHistoricalLibrary,UniversityofMichigan,
AnnArbor,Michigan,andattheManuscript,Archives,andRareBooksDivision,SchomburgCenterfor
ResearchinBlackCulture,NewYorkPublicLibrary,NewYorkCity.

Popularrepresentation
InRichardWright'sautobiographicalnovelBlackBoy(AmericanHunger),thecharacterofBuddyNealson
issaidtorepresentHaywood.

SelectedwritingsbyHarryHaywood
HarryHaywood,TheSouthComesNorthinDetroit'sOwnScottsboroCase.
(http://archive.lib.msu.edu/DMC/AmRad/southcomesnorth.pdf)LeagueofStruggleforNegroRights,
NewYork:1930s.
HarryHaywood,BlackBolshevik:AutobiographyofanAfroAmericanCommunist.LiberatorPress,
Chicago:1978.
HarryHaywood,NegroLiberation.InternationalPublishers,NewYork:1948.245pages.Later
editionfromLiberatorPress,Chicago:1976.
HarryHaywood,ForaRevolutionaryPositionontheNegroQuestion.LiberatorPress,Chicago:
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1975.38pages.Writtenin1957.
HarryHaywood,OntheNegroQuestion.1959(underthenameofCyrilBriggs).Availablein:
TowardsVictoriousAfroAmericanNationalLiberation:ACollectionofPamphlets,Leafletsand
EssaysWhichDealtInaTimelyWayWiththeConcreteOngoingStruggleforBlackLiberationOver
thePastDecadeandMore.ARayO.LightPublication,Bronx:1982.pp.383403.

Seealso
CommunistsintheU.S.LaborMovement(19191937)
CommunistsintheU.S.LaborMovement(19371950)
TheCommunistPartyUSAandAfricanAmericans
AmericanCivilRightsMovement(18961954)
TimelineofRacialTensioninOmaha,Nebraska
BlackBelt(U.S.region)
Blacknationalism
Blackseparatism

Footnotes
1.Haywood,Harry(2001).Halley'sCometandMyReligion.NewYork:NewYorkUniversityPress.p.249.
ISBN0814766722.
2.Haywood,Harry(1978).BlackBolshevik:AutobiographyofanAfroAmericanCommunist.Chicago:Liberator
Press.p.5.ISBN0930720539.
3."HarryHaywood"(http://www.albavalb.org/volunteers/harryhaywood),AbrahamLincolnBrigadeArchives,
accessed15Jan2009
4.Haywood,Harry(1978).BlackBolshevik:AutobiographyofanAfroAmericanCommunist.Illinois:Liberator
Press.p.42.ISBN0930720539.
5."Haywood,Harry".Africana:TheEncyclopediaoftheAfricanandAfricanAmericanExperience.Volume3(2nd
ed.).OxfordNewYork:OxfordUniversityPress.2005.ISBN9780195170559.
6.Haywood,Harry(1978).BlackBolshevik:AutobiographyofanAfroAmericanCommunist.Illinois:Liberator
Press.p.119.ISBN0930720539.
7.Haywood,Harry(2001).Halley'sCometandMyReligion.NewYork:NewYorkUniversityPress.p.250.
ISBN0814766722.
8.Haywood,Harry(1978).BlackBolshevik:AutobiographyofanAfroAmericanCommunist.Chicago:Liberator
Press.p.222.ISBN0930720539.
9.DanGeorgakasandMarvunSurkin,Detroit:IDoMindDying.AStudyinUrbanRevolutionForewordby
ManningMarable,UpdatedEdition,Cambridge,MA,SouthEndPress,1998,p.236

Othersourcesconsulted
Hill,Lance.DeaconsforDefense:ArmedResistanceandtheCivilRightsMovement.Universityof
NorthCarolinaPress,2004.HistoryoftheDeacons'civilrightsactivityandorganizinginLouisiana
andelsewhere.Incontrasttothenonviolentstrategiesandtacticsofmostothercivilrights
organizations,theDeaconswerecommittedtoarmedselfdefense.
WilliamEricPerkins,"HarryHaywood(18981985)",EncyclopediaoftheAmericanLeft.MariJo
Buhle,PaulBuhle,DanGeorgakas,Eds.Garland,NewYork:1990.
HarryHaywood,BlackBolshevik:AutobiographyofanAfroAmericanCommunist.LiberatorPress,
Chicago:1978.
RobinD.G.Kelley,Hammer&Hoe:AlabamaCommunistsDuringtheGreatDepression.University
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ofNorthCarolinaPress,ChapelHill:1990.
WilliamZ.Foster,HistoryoftheCommunistPartyoftheUnitedStates.InternationalPublishers,
1952.
CedricJ.Robinson,BlackMarxism:TheMakingoftheBlackRadicalTradition.UniversityofNorth
CarolinaPress,ChapelHill.
MaxElbaum,RevolutionintheAir:SixtiesRadicalsTurntoLenin,Mao,andChe.Verso,NewYork.
"HarryHaywood"
(http://mirlyn.lib.umich.edu/F/3LGPSTRLB6CGDJVX2U89XBYU586SUFB5MEMI21UM6ACI6H
LTAD00863?func=fullsetset&set_number=001344&set_entry=000003&format=999),University
ofMichiganLibrary

Furtherreading
Dawson,MichaelC.BlackVisions.TheRootsofContemporaryAfricanAmericanPolitical
Ideologies.UniversityofChicagoPress,Chicago:2001.
Foster,WilliamZ.HistoryoftheCommunistPartyoftheUnitedStates.InternationalPublishers,
NewYork:1952.
Foster,WilliamZ.TheNegroPeopleinAmericanHistory.InternationalPublishers,NewYork:
1954.
Gilmore,GlendaElizabeth.DefyingDixie.TheRadicalRootsofCivilRights19191950.W.W.
Norton&Company,NewYork2008.
Howard,WalterT.BlackCommunistsSpeakonScottsboro.ADocumentaryHistory.Temple
UniversityPress,Philadelphia:2008.
Howard,WalterT.WeShallBeFree!:BlackCommunistProtestsinSevenVoices.Philadelphia,PA:
TempleUniversityPress,2013.
Kelley,RobinD.G.HammerandHoe:AlabamaCommunistsDuringtheGreatDepression.
UniversityofNorthCarolinaPress,ChapelHill:1990.
Kelley,RobinD.G.andBetsyEsch,"BlackLikeMao:RedChinaandBlackRevolution",inAfro
Asia:RevolutionaryPoliticalandCulturalConnectionsBetweenAfricanAmericansandAsian
Americans.FredHoandBillV.Mullen,Eds.DukeUniversityPress,Durham:2008pp.97155.[1]
(http://www.columbia.edu/cu/ccbh/souls/vol1no4/vol1num4art1.pdf)
Solomon,Mark.TheCryWasUnity.CommunistsandAfricanAmericans,19171936.Universityof
MississippiPress,Jackson:1998.

Externallinks
HarryHaywoodInternetArchive(http://www.marxists.org/archive/haywood/index.htm)
DocumentsfromSchoolonAfroAmericanNationalQuestion
(http://www.mltranslations.org/US/Rpo/aan/aan.htm).ImportanttextsfromNewCommunist
MovementgroupsbasedontheoriesputforwardbyHaywood.
TheThirdInternationalandtheStruggleforaCorrectLineontheAfricanAmericanNational
Question(http://www.frso.org/docs/2006/2006nq.htm).May2006textpresentedbyFreedomRoad
SocialistOrganizationtotheWorkersPartyofBelgium
HarryHaywoodPapers(http://quod.lib.umich.edu/b/bhlead/umichbhl851384?
rgn=mainview=textq1=harry+haywood)BentleyHistoricalLibrary,AnnArbor,Michigan.
Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harry_Haywood&oldid=701728665"
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HarryHaywoodWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Categories: 1898births 1985deaths ActivistsforAfricanAmericancivilrights

Americancommunists MembersoftheCommunistPartyUSA
AfricanAmericanlifeinOmaha,Nebraska AmericanCominternpeople AmericanMarxists
Marxisttheorists AmericanMaoists PoliticsandraceintheUnitedStates
AbrahamLincolnBrigademembers AfricanAmericanpoliticians AntiRevisionists
PeoplefromOmaha,Nebraska Americansailors Omahapoliticians
PeoplefromSouthOmaha,Nebraska UnitedStatesArmysoldiers Americanlaborunionists
AmericanexpatriatesintheSovietUnion BurialsatArlingtonNationalCemetery
CommunistUniversityoftheToilersoftheEastalumni AlumnioftheInternationalLeninSchool
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Haywood

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