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using
PCA (Eigenfaces) and LDA (Fisherfaces)
A N x N pixel image of a
face,
represented as a vector
occupies a
single point in N2dimensional image
space.
Image Representation
1 2 3
3 1 2
4 5 1 33
1
2
3
3
1
2
4
5
1
91
Covariance Matrix
2 1 1
1
1 2 1 = 3 1
Face Space
Recognition
The test image x is projected into the face space to
obtain a vector p:
p = UT(x )
The distance of p to each face class is defined by
k2 = ||p-pk||2; k = 1,,m
A distance threshold c, is half the largest distance
between any two face images:
c = maxj,k {||pj-pk||}; j,k = 1,,m
Recognition
Find the distance between the original image x and its
reconstructed image from the eigenface space, xf,
2 = || x xf ||2 , where xf = U * x +
Recognition process:
IF c
then input image is not a face image;
IF <c AND kc for all k
then input image contains an unknown face;
IF <c AND k*=mink{ k} < c
then input image contains the face of individual k*
Expression
- Change in feature location and shape.
Mean Images
Let X1, X2,, Xc be the face classes in the database and let
each face class Xi, i = 1,2,,c has k facial images
xj, j=1,2,,k.
1 k
i = x j
k j =1
Now, the mean image of all the classes in the database can
be calculated as:
1 c
= i
c i =1
Scatter Matrices
SW =
(x
i =1 xk X i
i )( x k i ) T
S B = N i ( i )( i ) T
i =1
|W T SBW |
W = argmax J(W ) =
|W T SW W |
^
SB w i = i SW w i
Fisherface Projection
Each face image xj Xi can be projected into this face space by the
operation
pi = WT(xj )
Testing
References