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Light
Key Words
Source
Natural
Dark / Darkness
Reflecting / Reflection
Shiny
Mirror
Straight Lines
Shadows
Block
Transparent
Translucent
Opaque
Key Concepts
What is light?
Light is a form of energy.
We know that it is energy because:
- It causes changes in living things.
- It can transform into other forms of energy.
Light Sources
Light sources are objects that emit light.
- Natural light sources: the Sun, Stars, Fire, Fireflies...
- Artificial light sources: Electric Light bulb, Television screen...
NOT Light Sources
Other objects REFLECT light from one of the light sources
Moon reflects sunlight
Shiny objects reflect sunlight / light bulb
Mirrors reflect sunlight / light bulb
Properties of Light
Seeing
Light can travel directly from the light source into your eyes
Or
Light can bounce off an object (for example, a ball) and then travel into your
eyes
Shadows
Shadow are formed when an object BLOCKS the light.
The more DIRECTLY overhead the light source, the SHORTER the shadow
The LOWER the light source, the LONGER the shadow. (Think of the sun in the
morning or evening.)
The CLOSER an object is to the light source, the BIGGER the shadow
The FURTHER AWAY from the light source, the SMALLER the shadow
Light energy travels in WAVES, and the waves can have different
LENGTHS.
Our eyes perceive the different WAVELENGTHS of light as different
COLOURS.
Reflection
Reflection occurs when light hits an object and BOUNCES OFF.
We can see an object when it reflects light into our eyes.
Mirrors
Mirrors are shiny, polished, opaque objects that reflect light without
separating or scattering the light rays.
Mirrors reflect light at the SAME angle as the light hits it
MIRROR
Refraction
Refraction is a change in the direction of light that occurs when light passes
from one transparent material to another.
Example: a PRISM: the white light is refracted and separated into the
different colours of light.
Other examples: straw in a glass of water, rainbow, lenses
Lenses
A lens is a transparent piece of curved glass or
plastic that refracts light.
A converging (convex) lens makes light rays
come together. It makes objects look
BIGGER.
A diverging (concave) lens makes light rays
separate. It makes objects look SMALLER.
Sound
Key Words
Sound
Waves Echo Reverberation
Vibrating / Vibrations
Ear Drum
Intensity
Hard Loud Soft Quiet
Pitch High Low
Timbre
Quality
Key Concepts
Sound Energy
Sound is a form of kinetic energy.
We know it is energy because it can cause changes in objects
Characteristics of Sound
Sound is created by something VIBRATING
Sound travels in WAVES through substances.
Sound CAN travel through: liquids, solid & gases
Sound CANNOT travel though: a vacuum nothing to vibrate - Example:
space
Sound travels much slower than light. (We see lightening before we hear it).
- It travels 340 metres/ second in air (but faster in other substances)
Sound travels in a straight line and in all directions.
Hearing
Object Vibrates
Air Vibrates
Our brain uses nerves to pick up the vibrations of the ear drum and interprets
them.
Intensity
A sounds intensity depends on how much energy the sound wave has.
- HARD bang on drum = a lot of energy = LOUD noise
- SOFT bang on drum = a little energy = QUIET noise
Pitch
Pitch is how high or low a note is (NOT loud or quiet).
The BIGGER/LONGER the vibrating object, the LOWER the pitch (note)
The SMALLER/SHORTER, the vibrating object the HIGHER the pitch
Big drum = low note
Small drum = high note
NOTE: Sometimes it is the air that is vibrating, not the object so the pitch
depends on how much air is vibrating
Big amount of air = low note
Small amount of air = high note
In stringed instruments: the TIGHTER the string, the HIGHER the pitch.
Timbre
Timbre is the quality of a sound. It is what lets you differentiate between
instruments, for example.