However accroding to Tom Barton and Gimon wamai equity and vulnerability a situational

analysis of the children in kenya (1994) this normal work can become excessive or exploitative
and affects children learning. Children are also sometimes used for gainful employment without
pay or the child is physically emotionally or sexually abused in the course of work (Tom Barton
and Gimon wamai 1994)

2.3 Personality Characteristics of Parents

Low levelled educated parents are unable to control their angers. According to Adam (1971).
Children have been found to be the target of aggression when their parents are angry. In other
words they are used as scape goats on whom their parents anger is displaced. Berk (1997) Cities
park and Slaby (1983) who observed that childres reared in practices that undermine the
development of moral internalization and self control with aggression, love, withdrawal and
power assertion.

2.4 Poverty
Poverty has been identified as a major cause of the way parents behave in their homes
particularly in the 3rd world countries. Sociologists who have looked at the demographic
characteristics of the parents in the family especially as reported by Gells (1978) maintained that
low level learning has found a high correlative being reported as an abusive or neglectful parents
being poor.
Many parents who have their responsibility for child care experience difficulties in meeting the
basic needs of their Children. In Miambani zone, Kitui Central district, Kitui county most of the
children come from a low social economic status and families that are poverty Stricken thus
leading to high incidences of poor learning in E.C.D.E . eg a mother who was reported to have
strangled her baby to death because the father of the baby was too poor to support the child
(Taifa Leo Newspaper 11th Feb 2007).

2.5 Parents social economic status

Hyman (1971) describes social economic status as a parents position in the system of social
stratification depending on the money prestige and power of resources available. Parents social
economic disadvantages that is to say limited income , unemployment , youthful parenthood,
hence affecting learning Belsky and Vondra(1989)

2.6 Effects of parents negligence in ECDE learning

According to Shannon wood ward(2008) child nchild negligence is a scar on the face of the
society leading to mental and emotional blockage in children Sarah vowels (2008) states.

2.6.1 Emotional Negligence

A child is emotionally neglected by the parents knowingly or unknowingly or unknowingly by
failing to provide emotion, security, love if a child is unable to share his/her feelings with parents
it may result to emotional alienation of the child.

2.6.2 Medical negligence

According to sarah vowels (2008) medical negligence involves not givig the child proper
treatment in times of health related issues and ignoring the regular check-ups and vaccinations
for the child. In Miambani zone , you will find children suffering from Kwashiokor because of
their parents medical negligence.

2.6.3 Physical Negligence

According to Shannon wood ward (2008) physical negligence occurs when parents do not give
basic