SEMINAR

ON
ABDELLAHS
THEORY

SUBMITTED TO:
SUBMITTED BY:
SR. TESSY SEBASTIAN
PRINCIPAL,
SRMMCON, SAWANGI

MR. VIJAY DEWANGAN

1ST M.Sc.NURSING
SRMMCON, SAWANGI

ABDELLAH`S THEORY
SUBJECT

: - ADVANCE NURSING PRACTICE

TOPIC

: - ABDELLAHS THEORY

NAME OF STUDENT

: - MR. VIJAY DEWANGAN

YEAR

: - 1st M. Sc. NURSING YEAR

VENUE

: 1st YEAR M. Sc. NURSING CLASSROOM

TIME

A.V. AIDS

: - CHART, BLACKBOARD, TRANSPARENCIES

EVALUATOR

: - SR. TESSY SEBASTIAN, PRINCIPAL, SRMMCON

GENERAL OBJECTIVES:At the end of the seminar the group will be able to understand Abdellah`s theory
and able to apply it in nursing practice.
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES:- At the end of seminar group will be able to
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)

Know the history of Abdellahs Theory

Discuss the evolution and typology of theory
Acquire nursing skills according to Abdellah`s theory
Explain the paradigm of Abdellah`s theory
Describe the characteristics of the Abdellah`s theory
Plan out Abdellah`s nursing process.
Application Of Abdellahs Theory In Nursing Process

OUTLINE:-

1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)

Introduction of theorist and theory

Evolution & Typology of theory
Nursing skills
Paradigm of Abdellah`s theory
Characteristics of Abdellah`s theory
Abdellah`s nursing process
Application of Abdellahs Theory
Conclusion
Bibliography

HISTORY:-

Fay Gleen Abdellah`s born in Newyork city in 1919

In 1942 Magna Cum Laude graduate of Fitkin Memeorial hospital school of nursing, she

received her BS, MA and EdD from teachers college of Columbia university.
She completed her doctoral work in 1955.
She was former Chief nurses officer for US public health services in 1970, dept. of health &

services , Washington, D.C.

Dr. Abdellah`s worked as a deputy general surgeon in 1982.
She was advisor on matters related to nursing long term care policy, mental retardation the
developmentally disabled home health services, ageing, hospice & aids, because her efforts
were directed toward improvement of the quality of health care for all Americans, she

supervised the activities in both health & non health agencies.

She has been a leader in nursing research & has over 100 publications related nursing care ,
education for advanced practice in nursing & nursing research.

DEFINITION:-

Nursing is based on an art & science that mould the attitudes, intelligent competencies &
technical skills of the individual nurse into the desire and ability to help people, sick & well,
cope with their health needs.

EVOLUTION OF THEORY:-

Abdellah realized that for nursing to gain full professional status and autonomy, a strong
knowledge base was imperative . Nursing also needed to move away a philosophy of
comprehensive patient centered care. Abdellah and her colleagues conceptualized 21 nursing
problems to teach and evaluate students. The typology of 21 nursing problems first appeared
in the 1960 edition of patient centered approach to nursing and had far reaching impact on

the professional & development of nursing theories.

The patient or family presents with nursing problems that the nurse help them address
through her professional function. The nurse address 21 problems categories1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)

Hygiene & physical comfort

Activity & rest
Safety
Body mechanics
Oxygenation
Nutrition
Elimination

8) Fluid & Electrolytes

9) Responses to diseases
10) Regulatory mechanisms
11) Sensory function
12) Feeling & reactions
13) Emotions & illness interrelationship
14) Communication
15) Interpersonal relationship
16) Spiritualities
17) Therapeutic environment
18) Awareness of self
19) Limitation acceptance
20) Resource to resolve problems &
21) Role of social problem in illness

21
Nursing
Problems

Abdellah was influenced by the desire to promote client centered comprehensive nursing
care and describe nursing as Service to individual & families and therefore the society
Nursing is based on art & science that mould attitude, intellectual competencies and technical
skills of the individuals nurse into the desire and ability to help people, sick or well, cope with
their health needs.
Abdellah`s theory was derived from the following premise of comprehensive services,
nursing includes the following:1) Recognizing the nursing problems of the patients.
2) Providing continuous care of the individuals for total needs
3) Providing continuous care to relief pain & discomfort & provide immediate security
for the in difficult.
4) Adjusting the total nursing care plan to meet the patients (clients) individual needs .
5) Helping the individual to become more self directive in attaining or maintaining a
health status of mind and body.

6) Instructing nursing personnel and family to help the individual do for himself that
which he can within his limitations.
7) Helping the individual to his limitations & material problems.
8) Working with allied health professionals in planning for optimum health on local,
state, national, international level.
9) Carrying out continuous evaluation & research to improve nursing techniques and to

develop new techniques to meet the health need of peoples.

ABDELLAH`S THEORY AND THE FOUR MAJOR CONCEPTS OF

PARADIGM:
Abdellah does not clearly specified each of the four major concepts: Human being
( person), Health, Environment/ Society and Nursing.
1) HUMAN BEING:
- She describes people as having physical, emotional & sociological needs
- These needs may be overt, consisting largely physical needs, or covered such as emotional &
social needs.
The typology & nursing problem is said to evolve from the recognition of a need for patient

centered approach to nursing.

- The patient is described as the only justification for the existence of nursing.
- People are helped by the identification of problems.
2)

HEALTH
-

As Abdellahs discuss in patient centered `` approach to nursing in a state mutually

exclusive of illness.

achieving of health in purpose of nursing services.

-

Abdellah dose not give a definition of health , she speak `` total health need `` and a

healthy state a mind and body in her description of nursing as a comprehensive nursing service.
3)

ENVIRONMENTAL
-

The environment is the least discuss concept in her model.

Nursing problem 17 from the typology is ``to create `` and/ or maintain therapeutic
environment and she also state that if the nurse reaction to the patient is hostel or negative

the atmosphere. In the room may be hostile or negative.

-

This suggested that patient interest and respond to their environment.

Society is included in the premises of comprehensive nursing care , i. e. planning for
optimum health on local , state, national and international.

4)

NURSING
-

Nursing is helping professional.

Nursing care doing something or for the person or providing information to the person
with goal Meeting needs increase self help ability .

Nursing is broadly group into the 21 problem areas to guide care and promote the use of

nursing judgment.
Abdellah considered nursing to be a comprehensive service that is based on art and
science and aim to help people sick or well, cope with these health need .

CONCEPTS USED BY ABDELLAH

Abdellah are not writing specific as to a theoretical statement.
1] NURSING
Abdellah define nursing as service to individuals. Nursing is based on art and science
Which mould the attitude, intellectual competences and technical skill?
Of the individual nurse in to the desire and ability to help people sick or well cope with their
health need.
Abdellah was clearly promoting the image of the nurse who was not only kind and caring but
also intelligent, competent and technically well prepared to provide service to the patient.
2] HEALTH
Abdellah never defined health her concept of health may be define as the dynamic
pattern of functioning , whereby there is continued interaction with internal and external factor,
that result in the optimal use of necessary resource that serve to minimize vulnerabilities .
3] NURSING PROBLEMS

The nursing problems presented by patient are faced by the patient or

family which the nurse can assist him or them to meet through the performance of her
professional function. The problem can be either OVERT or COVERT nursing problems.
OVERT

:-

Overt nursing problem is an apparent condition faced by the patient or family

which the nurse can assist him or them to meet through performance of her professional
functions.
COVERT :- The covert nursing problem is concealed or hidden condition faced by the patient
or family which the nurse can assist him or them to meet through the performance of her
professional functions.
( Covert problem can be emotional , sociology and interpersonal nature )
Abdellah spoke of the patient centered approaches she wrote nurses identify and solving specific
problem. This identification and classification of problem was called the typology of 21 nursing
problem as listed below:
1] To maintain good hygiene and physical comfort.
2] To promote optimal activity, exercise, rest and sleep.
3] To promote safety through prevention of accident, injury or other trauma through the
prevention of the spread of the infection.
4] To maintain good body mechanics and prevent and correct deformities.
5] To facilitate the maintenance of supply of oxygen to all body.
6] To facilitate

the maintenance of elimination.

7] To facilitate

the maintenance of nutrition to all body cells.

8] To facilitate

the maintenance of fluid and electrolyte balance.

9] To recognize the physiological responses of the body of disease condition pathological

Physiological and compensatory.

10] To facilitate

the maintenance of regulatory mechanism and function.

11] To facilitate

the maintenance of sensory function.

12] To identify and accept +.ve and ve expression and feeling.

13] To identify and accept interrelatedness of emotion and organ illness.
14] To facilitate

the maintenance of effective verbal and non verbal communication.

15] To promote the development of productive interpersonal relationship.

16] To facilitate progress towards achievement of personal spiritual goals.
17] To create and / or maintain a therapeutic environment.
18] To facilitate awareness of safe as an individual with varying physical, emotional and
developmental needs.
19] To accept the optimum possible goal in the light of limitation, physical and Emotion.
20] To use community resource.
21] To understand the role of social problem as influencing factor in the case of illness.

Abdellah Typology Was Divided In To Three Areas:

A] The physical, sociological emotional need of the patient.
B] The type of interpersonal relationship between the nurse and patients.
C] The common elements of patient care.

4. PROBLEM SOLVING

:-

The problem solving process involve identifying the Problem pertaining formulating hypothesis,
testing Hypothesis through the collection of data , and hypothesis Where necessary on the basis
of conclusion obtained From the data.

CHARACTERISTICS OF A THEORY
A] Abdellah`s theory has interrelated concepts of health, nursing problem and
Problem solving as she attempts to create a different way of viewing nursing
Phenomena.
B] She use the problem solving approach with key nursing problem related to
the health need of the people.
C] Theory is appearing to be limited.
D] Theory dose not provided the framework on human and society in general.
E] Abdellah problem solving approach can be easily used by practitioners to guide various
activities within their nursing practice.
F] Abdellah`s theory consistent with other validated theories, such as those of Maslows and
Henderson.

ABDELLAH`S NURSING PROCESS

ASSESSMENT PHASE

Nursing problem provide guidance for the collection of data.

A principle underlying the problem solving approach is that for each
identifying Problem, patient data are collected.
The overt or covert nature of the problem necessitate a direct or indirect
approach respectively.

NURSING DIAGNOSIS

The result of data collection would determine the client`s specific overt or
Covert problem.
These specific problem would be grouped under one or more of the border
nursing problems.
This steps is is consistent with that involve in nursing diagnosis.

PLANNING PHASE

The statement of nursing problems mostly resembles goal statement. There

for once the problem has been diagnose the goal have been establish.
Given that these problems are called nursing problems, then it become
Reasonable to include that these goal are basically nursing goal.

IMPLEMENTATION

Using the goal as the framework, a plan develop and appropriate nursing
Intervention are determined.

EVALUTION

According to American nurses association standard of nursing practice

the plan is evaluated in terms of the client progress or lack of progress
toward the achievement of the stated goal.
This would be extremely difficult if not impossible to do for Abdellah`s nursing
Problem approach since it has been determined that the goal are nursing goal
not the client goal.
Thus, the most appropriate evolution would be the nurse progress or lack of
Progress toward the achievement of the state goals.

APPLICATION OF ABDELLAHS THEORY IN NURSING PROCESS

The use of Abdellah`s 21 nursing problem is an examples might be beneficial
consider the case of Ron, who experience severe crushing chest pain following board meeting at
his place of business. In addition to the pain, he experienced shortness of the, tachycardia and
profused diaphoresis. Upon admission to the hospital, assessment indicated that Ron might have
sustained some cardiac damage investigation into his history reveals that he had been having
episode of chest pain for the past 2 months. With this as the data based, the specific problem of
pain , Impaired cardiac functioning, work related stress, and failure of seek medical assistance
can be identified. These specific problems can be related to the selected nursing problem defined
by Abdellah`s and nursing problem can related to the stage of Rons illness.

Stage
Of
Illness
Basic care

Selected
Abdellah`s
Nursing
problems
To maintain good
hygiene
and
physical comfort.

Sustenal
needs

care To
facilitate
maintenance of a
supply of oxygen
to all body cells

Remedical
need

care To identify and

accept
the
interrelatedness
of emotional or
organic illness

Restorative care To
use
needs
community
resource as an

Classification
And
Approaches

Selected
Nursing
Approaches

Overt problem of 1.
Administer
pain direct and oxygen
indirect methods. 2. Elevate head
3.
Reposition
client
4.
Administer
prescribe
analgesic
5. Remain with
client
Overt problem of 1.Promote rest
impaired cardiac 2. Place in sitting
functioning
position
direct method
3. Promote deep
breathing
and
coughing
4.Implement
exercise
programme
as
tolerated
Covert problem 1.Investigation
of effect of work the nature of his
related stress on job and activities
cardiac
involved
functioning
in 2. Explore his
direct methods
related goal
3. Explore the
kinds of stress
associated with
his job
Overt problem of 1.Teach
early
failure to seek warning
signs
medical
and symptoms of

Criterion
Measures
Amount of pain

Vital signs

Knowledge
of
relationship
between
stress
and his illness

Knowledge
of
appropriate use
of
certain

old in resolving assistance when cardiac distress.

community
problem arising needed
direct 2. Teach course resource
from illness
methods
of action should
specific
symptoms occur

BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Basavanthappa B.T, Nursing Theory, Jaypee Brothers Medical Publisher
(P) LTD. 1st Edition, Pp 52-60.
2. Jolie George B., Nursing Theory The Base for Professional Nursing
Practice, 4th Edition Pearson Education, Pp 143-157.
3. www.google.com