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CSIR-UGC (NET)

MATHEMATICAL
SCIENCES
For Junior Research Fellowship and Lectureship
HIGHLIGHTS

Comprehensive

Study Material

Precise and Detailed Text with Illustrations

Strictly According to the Latest Examination Pattern

Ample Number of Multiple-Choice Questions with Answers


Explanations and Solutions

Dr. V.N. Jha


M.A., M.Sc., M.Tech., Ph.D.
Professor and Head of Dept. of Mathematics
Galgotia's College of Engg. and Technology, Greater Noida

Latest Edition

Price : C 590.00
ISBN : 978-81-8357-643-7
Code : 15.24
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PREFACE
This book has been designed for students appearing for CSIR-UGC (NET) in Mathematical
Sciences for award of JRF and eligibility for lectureship. In the present scenario, the
subject Mathematical Sciences has wide and varied applications, ranging from different
disciplines like Engineering, Social Sciences, Natural Sciences, Humanities, Industrial
Developments etc.
CSIR-UGC examination is one of the most sought after and prestigious examinations of
the country. Every year hundreds of thousands of students aspire to join this prestigious
service. But since the competition is not so easy only few of them get through. Some of
the aspirants who fail to realize their dream attribute their failure to dearth of good books
on the subject. This book is an endeavour in this direction to fulfil the needs of the
CSIR-UGC (NET) aspirants. Sincere attempts have been made to deal with all the important
topics.
Hopefully, this book will guide the aspirants of CSIR-UGC, PCS as well as other competitive
examinations. Although the book has been prepared with utmost care, diligence and hard
work, suggestions or inadvertent errors, if any, pointed out by our esteemed readers will
be highly welcome and thankfully acknowledged.
Wishing all the aspirants good luck and splendid success.

Dr. V. N. Jha
email-id: vishwanathjha@yahoo.co.in

iii

iv
CSIR-UGC (NET) EXAM FOR AWARD OF JUNIOR
RESEARCH FELLOWSHIP AND ELIGIBILITY
FOR LECTURESHIP

MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES
EXAM SCHEME

TIME: 3 HOURS

MAXIMUMMARKS:200

CSIR-UGC (NET) Exam for Award of Junior Research Fellowship and Eligibility for Lecturership shall be a Single Paper
Test having Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs). The question paper shall be divided in three parts.

PART A
This part shall carry 20 questions pertaining to General Science, Quantitative Reasoning & Analysis and Research Aptitude.
The candidates shall be required to answer any 15 questions. Each question shall be of 2 marks. The total marks allocated
to this section shall be 30 out of 200.

PART B
This part shall contain 40 Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) generally covering the topics given in the syllabus. A candidate
shall be required to answer any 25 questions. Each question shall be of 3 marks. The total marks allocated to this section
shall be 75 out of 200.

PART C
This part shall contain 60 questions that are designed to test a candidates knowledge of scientific concepts and/or application
of the scientific concepts. The questions shall be of analytical nature where a candidate is expected to apply the scientific
knowledge to arrive at the solution to the given scientific problem. The questions in this part shall have multiple correct
options. Credit in a question shall be given only on identification of ALL the correct options. No credit shall be allowed in
a question if any incorrect option is marked as correct answer. No partial credit is allowed. A candidate shall be required
to answer any 20 questions. Each question shall be of 4.75 marks. The total marks allocated to this section shall be 95 out
of 200.
q For Part A there will be Negative marking @0.5 marks for each wrong answer, and @0.75 in part B for each wrong
answers. No Negative marking for Part C.
q To enable the candidates to go through the questions, the question paper booklet shall be distributed 15 minutes
before the scheduled time of the exam. The Answer sheet shall be distributed at the scheduled time of the exam.

iv

SYLLABUS
CSIR-UGC National Eligibility Test (NET) for
Junior Research Fellowship and Lectureship
COMMON SYLLABUS FOR PART B AND C
MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES
UNIT1
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Analysis: Elementary set theory, finite, countable and uncountable sets, Real number system as a complete ordered
field, Archimedean property, supremum, infimum. Sequences and series, convergence, limsup, liminf. Bolzano
Weierstrass theorem, Heine Borel theorem. Continuity, uniform continuity, differentiability, mean value theorem.
Sequences and series of functions, uniform convergence. Riemann sums and Riemann integral, Improper Integrals.
Monotonic functions, types of discontinuity, functions of bounded variation, Lebesgue measure, Lebesgue integral.
Functions of several variables, directional derivative, partial derivative, derivative as a linear transformation, inverse
and implicit function theorems. Metric spaces, compactness, connectedness. Normed linear Spaces. Spaces of continuous
functions as examples.

Linear Algebra: Vector spaces, subspaces, linear dependence, basis, dimension, algebra of linear transformations.
Algebra of matrices, rank and determinant of matrices, linear equations. Eigenvalues and eigenvectors, CayleyHamilton theorem. Matrix representation of linear transformations. Change of basis, canonical forms, diagonal forms,
triangular forms, Jordan forms. Inner product spaces, orthonormal basis. Quadratic forms, reduction and classification
of quadratic forms

UNIT2
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Complex Analysis: Algebra of complex numbers, the complex plane, polynomials, power series, transcendental
functions such as exponential, trigonometric and hyperbolic functions. Analytic functions, Cauchy-Riemann equations.
Contour integral, Cauchys theorem, Cauchys integral formula, Liouvilles theorem, Maximum modulus principle,
Schwarz lemma, Open mapping theorem. Taylor series, Laurent series, calculus of residues. Conformal mappings,
Mobius transformations.
Algebra: Permutations, combinations, pigeon-hole principle, inclusion-exclusion principle, derangements. Fundamental
theorem of arithmetic, divisibility in Z, congruences, Chinese Remainder Theorem, Eulers - function, primitive
roots. Groups, subgroups, normal subgroups, quotient groups, homomorphisms, cyclic groups, permutation groups,
Cayleys theorem, class equations, Sylow theorems. Rings, ideals, prime and maximal ideals, quotient rings, unique
factorization domain, principal ideal domain, Euclidean domain. Polynomial rings and irreducibility criteria. Fields,
finite fields, field extensions, Galois Theory.
Topology: basis, dense sets, subspace and product topology, separation axioms, connectedness and compactness.

UNIT3
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Ordinary Differential Equations (ODEs): Existence and uniqueness of solutions of initial value problems for first
order ordinary differential equations, singular solutions of first order ODEs, system of first order ODEs. General
theory of homogenous and non-homogeneous linear ODEs, variation of parameters, Sturm-Liouville boundary value
problem, Greens function.

Partial Differential Equations (PDEs): Lagrange and Charpit methods for solving first order PDEs, Cauchy problem
for first order PDEs. Classification of second order PDEs, General solution of higher order PDEs with constant
coefficients, Method of separation of variables for Laplace, Heat and Wave equations.

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Numerical Analysis : Numerical solutions of algebraic equations, Method of iteration and Newton-Raphson method,
Rate of convergence, Solution of systems of linear algebraic equations using Gauss elimination and Gauss-Seidel
methods, Finite differences, Lagrange, Hermite and spline interpolation, Numerical differentiation and integration,
Numerical solutions of ODEs using Picard, Euler, modified Euler and Runge-Kutta methods.

Calculus of Variations: Variation of a functional, Euler-Lagrange equation, Necessary and sufficient conditions for
extrema. Variational methods for boundary value problems in ordinary and partial differential equations.

Linear Integral Equations: Linear integral equation of the first and second kind of Fredholm and Volterra type,
Solutions with separable kernels. Characteristic numbers and eigenfunctions, resolvent kernel.

Classical Mechanics: Generalized coordinates, Lagranges equations, Hamiltons canonical equations, Hamiltons
principle and principle of least action, Two-dimensional motion of rigid bodies, Eulers dynamical equations for the
motion of a rigid body about an axis, theory of small oscillations.

UNIT4
Descriptive statistics, exploratory data analysis. Sample space, discrete probability, independent events, Bayes theorem.
Random variables and distribution functions (univariate and multivariate); expectation and moments. Independent
random variables, marginal and conditional distributions. Characteristic functions. Probability inequalities (Tchebyshef,
Markov, Jensen). Modes of convergence, weak and strong laws of large numbers, Central Limit theorems (i.i.d. case).
Markov chains with finite and countable state space, classification of states, limiting behaviour of n-step transition
probabilities, stationary distribution, Poisson and birth-and-death processes. Standard discrete and continuous univariate
distributions. sampling distributions, standard errors and asymptotic distributions, distribution of order statistics and
range. Methods of estimation, properties of estimators, confidence intervals. Tests of hypotheses: most powerful and
uniformly most powerful tests, likelihood ratio tests. Analysis of discrete data and chi-square test of goodness of fit.
Large sample tests. Simple nonparametric tests for one and two sample problems, rank correlation and test for
independence. Elementary Bayesian inference. Gauss-Markov models, estimability of parameters, best linear unbiased
estimators, confidence intervals, tests for linear hypotheses. Analysis of variance and covariance. Fixed, random and
mixed effects models. Simple and multiple linear regression. Elementary regression diagnostics. Logistic regression.
Multivariate normal distribution, Wishart distribution and their properties. Distribution of quadratic forms. Inference
for parameters, partial and multiple correlation coefficients and related tests. Data reduction techniques: Principle
component analysis, Discriminant analysis, Cluster analysis, Canonical correlation. Simple random sampling, stratified
sampling and systematic sampling. Probability proportional to size sampling. Ratio and regression methods. Completely
randomized designs, randomized block designs and Latin-square designs. Connectedness and orthogonality of block
designs, BIBD. 2K factorial experiments: confounding and construction. Hazard function and failure rates, censoring
and life testing, series and parallel systems. Linear programming problem, simplex methods, duality. Elementary
queuing and inventory models. Steady-state solutions of Markovian queuing models: M/M/1, M/M/1 with limited
waiting space, M/M/C, M/M/C with limited waiting space, M/G/1.

SYLLABUS FOR PART C


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Mathematics: This section shall carry questions from Unit I, II and III.
Statistics: Apart from Unit IV, this section shall also carry questions from the following areas. Sequence and series,
convergence, continuity, uniform continuity, differentiability. Reimann integrals, algebra of matrices, rank and determinant
of matrices, linear equations, eigenvalues and eigenvectors, quadratic forms.
All students are expected to answer questions from Unit I. Students in mathematics are expected to answer additional
question from Unit II and III. Students with in statistics are expected to answer additional question from Unit IV.

vii

CONTENTS
UNIT I : ............................................................................................................. 1137

Chapter 1: Analysis ............................................................................................... 182


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Elementary Set Theroy


Sets
Null (or Empty) Set
Subset
Equal Sets
Comparable Set
Universal Sets
Difference Set
Complementary Set
Union of Sets
Intersection of Sets
Disjoint Set
Ordered Pair
Cartesian Product
Union and Intersection of an Arbitrary Family
Relations
Functions
Inverse Mapping
Composition (Product) of Mappings
Ordered Structure
Intervals
Semi Open or Semi Closed Interval
Peanos Postulates
Bounded and Unbounded Sets
Order Completeness is R
Archimedeans Property of Real Numbers
Dedekinds Form of Completeness Property
Dedekinds Property
Binary Operations (or Binary Compositions) is a Set
Sub-field
Ordered Field
Isomorphism of Ordered Field
Uniqueness of Complete Ordered Field
R-as a Complete Ordered Field
Completeness Axiom of R
Cantor-DedeKind Axiom

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Arithmetical Continuum
Absolute Value of R
Neighbourhood of a Point
Deleted Neighbourhoods
Interior Points of a Set
Open Set
Limit Points of a Set
Derived Set
Adherent Point
Closure of a Set
Closed Sets
Order Completeness Axiom
Similar Sets
Equivalent Sets
Denumerable Sets
Dedekind Pierce
Union and Intersection of Countable Sets
Sequence and Subsequence
Range
Limit of Sequence
Limit Point of a Sequence
Existence of a Limit Points
Divergent Sequence
Bounded Sequence
Bolzano-Weierstrass Theorem
Limit Superior and Limit Inferior
Monotone Sequence
Real Valued Function
Series
Necessary Condition for Convergence
Cauchys General Principle of Convergent for Series
Positive Term Series
Comparison Test
Cauchys Root Test
D Alemberts Ratio Test
Cauchys Condensation Test
Comparison of Ratios
Raabes Test
Logarithmic Test
De Morgan and Bertrands Test
Gausss Test
Integral Test
Maclaurins Integral Test
General Principle of Convergence
Alternating Series
Leibnitzs Test

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Absolute Convergence
Non-Absolute Convergence
Conditional Convergence
Rearrangement of the Alternating Series
Re-arrangement of the Alternate Harmonic Series
Product of Two Series
Failure of Product Series Rule
Summation by Parts
Test for Absolute Convergence
Abels Inequality
Dirichlets Test
Integral Test for Series of Positive Terms
Accumulation Points (Limit Point)
Covering
Heine-Borel Theorem
Lindelof Covering Theorem
Continuity in Open Interval
Continuity is Closed Interval
Piecewise (or Sectionally) Continuous
Saltus of an Interval
Pointwise Discontinuous Functions
Uniform Continuity
Differentiability
Progressive and Regressive Derivative
Derivative is an Interval
Algebra of Derivatives
Darboux Property
Darboux Theorem
Lagranges Mean Value Theorem
Cauchys Generalised Mean Value Theorem
Taylors Theorem with Cauchys form of Remainder
Failure of Taylors Theorem and Maclaurins Theorem
Another Form of Taylors Theorem
Set of Measure Zero
Measure Zero
Almost Everywhere
Partitions
Refinement
Riemann Sum
Riemann Integrals
Darboux Condition of Integrability
Darboux Theorem
Algebra of Integrable Functions
Integrability of Modulus Integrable Function
First Fundamental Theorem of Integral Calculus
Second Fundamental Theorem of Integral Calculus
First Mean Value Theorem

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Generalisation of First Mean Value Theorem


Bonnets Mean Value Theorem
Weierstrasss Second Mean Value Theorem
Improper Integral
Convergence and Divergence of Integrals
Necessary and Sufficient Conditions for Improper Integral
Convergence at the Left-End Point
Convergence at the Right-End Point
Uniform Convergence
Monotonic Functions
Point wise Discontinuity
Integration of Vector Valued Functions
Fundamental Theorem for Vector Valued Function
Euclidean Space Rn
Cauchy Schwarz Inequality
Functions of Bounded Variation
Total Variation Function
Properties of Function of Bounded Variation
Disjoint Set
Ring
Set Function
Construction of Lebesgue Measure
Outer Measure
Measurable Function Space
Measurable Function
Lebesgue Integral
Summable (or Integrable)
Lebesgues Monotone Convergence Theorem
Lebesgues Dominated Convergence Theorem
Functions of Several Variables
Continuity of Functions of Two Variables
Partial Derivative
Linear Transformation
Linear Transformation
Uniqueness of Derivative
Partial Derivatives
Directional Derivative
Continuously Differentiable
Inverse Function Theorem
Implicit Function Theorem
Metric Spaces
Convergence in Metric Space
Continuity in Metric Space
Compactness
Finite Intersection Property
Bolzano-Weierstrass Property
Weierstrass Theorem

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Continuity and Compactness


Uniform Continuity
Spaces of Continuous Functions
Linear Subspace
Normed Linear Space (NLS)
Convergence of a Sequence of NLS
Power Series
Cauchy Theorems on Limits
Cauchys Second Limit Theorem
Radius of Convergence
Uniformly Convergent Power Series
Properties of Power Series
Abels Summability
Abels Inequality
Taubers Theorem

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Chapter 2: Linear Algebra ................................................................................. 83137


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Linear System
Finite Linear Combination
Linear Span
Intersection of Subspace
Union of Subspaces
Addition of Sets
Fundamental Property of a Linear Variety
Trivial Linear Combination
Linear Dependent and Independent
Maximal Linearly Independent
Principle of Replacement
Hat or Chapeau Functions
Standard Basis
Ordered Basis
Counting of Basis
Linear Sum
More about Direct Sum
Quotient Spaces
Deficiency (or Co-dimension)
Linear Transformations
Linear Extension
Range
Kernel (Null Space)
Rank and Nullity
Rank-Nullity Theorem
Singular and Non-singular Transformation
Inverse Linear Transformation
Consequences of Rank-Nullity Theorem
Isomorphic
Fundamental Isomorphism Theorem

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Matrix of Linear Transformation


Definitions : Row Matrix
Upper Triangle Matrix
Lower Triangular Matrices
Linear Operation
Sums of Matrices
Scalar Multiplication
Matrix Multiplication
Inner Product of Two Vectors
Product of Two Matrices
Singular and Non-singular Matrix
Definitions
Transpose of a Matrix
Transpose Conjugate
Hermitian Matrix
Elementary Row (Column) Operations
Rank of a Matrix
Equivalence Matrices
Echelon Form
Normal Form
Inverse by Adjoint Matrix
Inverse by Gauss-Jordan Method
Trace of Matrix
Determinants of Partitioned Matrices
Linear Non-Homogeneous Equation
Linear Transformation
Eigen Values and Eigen Vectors
Diagonalization Powers of a Matrix
Orthogonal Matrix
Orthogonal Transformation
Orthogonal System (Set) of Vectors
Quadratic Form
Negative Definite
Positive Semi-definite
Negative-Semi-definite
Transformation of Quadratic Form to Canonical Form
Orthogonal Transformation
Monic Polynomial
Minimal Polynomial
Derogatory and Non-Derogatory Matrices
Gerschgorin Theorem and Greschgorian Bounds
Inner Product of Vectors
Inner Porduct Space

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UNIT II ........................................................................................................... 138277

Chapter 1: Complex Analysis........................................................................... 138212


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Introduction
Geometrical Representation of a Complex Number
Polar Form of Complex Numbers (Modulus and Amplitude)
Principal Value of Amplitude
Vector Representation of Complex Numbers
Sum of Two Complex Numbers
Difference of Two Complex Numbers
Product of Two Complex Numbers
Division of Two Complex Numbers
Equation of a Circle
General Equation of a Circle
Spherical Representation
Chordal Distance
Neighbourhood of a Point
Limit (or Cluster or Accumulation or Limiting) Point
Interior, Exterior and Boundary Points
Functions of a Complex Variable
Limit of a Function
Uniformly Continuous
Differentiability
Branch Point and Branch Cut
Method for Finding Branch Point
Single Valued Functions
Multi-Valued Functions
Cauchy-Riemann Partial Differential Equations
Conjugate Function
Laplace Differential Equations
Harmonic Functions
Orthogonal System
Polar Form of Cauchy-Riemann Equations
Construction of Analytic Functions
Complex Equation of Straight Line Circle
Behaviour of a Polynomial at Infinity ()
Absolute Convergence of Power Series
Circle and Radius of Convergence of a Power Series
Analyticity of Sum Function of a Power Series
Some Tests for Convergence of Series
Addition Theorem for Exponential Function
Relation Between Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions
Complex Integration
Continuous Jordan Curve
Simple and Multiple Connected Domain
Complex Integration (Riemanns Definition)

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Properties of Complex Integral


Goursat's Lemma
Indefinite Integral (or Anti-Derivative)
Extension of Cauchys Integral formula for Multiply Connected Region
Cauchys Integral Formula for Derivative of Analytic function
Higher Order Derivative
Indefinite Integrals
Fundamental Theorem for Integrals of Complex function
Integral Function
Maximum Modulus Principle
Minimum Modulus Principle
Singularities of Analytic Function
Classification of Singularities
Non-Isolated Singularity
Meromorphic Function
Entire Function
Behaviour of a Function near an Essential Singularity
Limit Points of Zeros
Working Rule for Singularities
Entire Transcendental Function
Rouches Theorem
Schwarz Lemma
Calculus of Residues
Another Method for Residue
Evaluation of Real Definite Integrals
Integration Round the Unit Circle

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d
Evaluation of Integrals of form d f ( x )dx

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Evaluation of Integrals of Form


Poles line on Real Axis
Mapping or Transformation
Jacobian of a Transformation
Conformal Mapping
Critical Point and Ordinary Point
Superficial Magnitude
Inverse Point with Respect to a Circle
Elementary Transformations
Mobius (or Bilinear) Transformation
Product (or Resultant) of Two Bilinear Transformations
Fixed Points (or Invariant Points)
Number of Distinct Cross Ratios
Condition that Cross Ratio is Real
Equation of Circle Passing Through Three Given Points
Normed Linear Space (NLS)
Important Facts About Normed Linear Space
Continuous Linear Transformation

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Bounded Linear Transformation


Open Mapping Theorem

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Chapter 2: Algebra .......................................................................................... 213270


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Peanos Postulates
Multiplication of Natural Numbers
Order Property
Well Ordering Principle (W. O. P)
Division Algorithm
Greatest Common Divisor (G. C. D.)
Permutation
Circular Permutations
Combinations
Division into Groups
Derangement
Euclidean Algorithm
Unique Factorization Theorem or Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic
Difference Between Permutation and Combination
Pigeon Hole Principle
Generalised Pigeon Hole Principle
Counting Principle
Generalised Set Operations
Theorem (InclusionExclusion Principle)
Divisibility
Congruences
Properties of Congruence
Pseudo Prime
Diophantine Equation
Chinese Remainder Theorem
Higher Degree Congruence
Composition Table for Finite Sets
Additive Group of Integers Modulo n
Multiplicative Group of Integers Modulo m where m is Prime
Closure Property
Associative Property
Existence of Identity
Existence of Inverse
Commutative Law
Integral Multiples of an Element of a Group
Order of an Element of a Group
Proportion of the Order of Element of a Group
Representation for Permutation
Equality of Permutations
Total Number of Distinct Permutation of Degree n
Product of Two Permutations
Group of Permutations
Cyclic Permutations (Cycles)

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232

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Powers of a Cycle
Transposition
Inverse of a Cyclic Permutation
Even and Odd Permutations
Important Results
Permutation Group
Sub Groups
Complex of a Group
Algebra of Complexes
Inverse of a complex
Criterion for a Complex to be Subgroup
Algebra of Subgroups
Multiplication of Two Subgroups
Cyclic Group
Properties of Cyclic Groups
Cosets
Properties of Cosets
Congruence (Mod H)
Coset Decomposition
Lagranges Theorem
Homomorphism
Endomorphism
Monomorphism
Epimorphism
Isomorphism
Automorphism
Isomorphic Group
Kernel of Homomorphism
Properties of Elements of Homomorphism
Properties of Isomorphism and Homomorphism
Normal Subgroups
Properties of Normal Subgroups
Quaternions or Hamiltonian Group
Facts about Conjugate Classes
Class Equation of Some common Non-Abelian Group
Quotient (Factor) Group
Fundamental Theorem on Homomorphism OR First Theorem on Isomorphism
Ring
Subrings
Homomorphism and Isomorphism
Ideals
Principles Ideals
Principal Ideal Ring
Prime Ideals
Maximal Ideal
Quotient Rings
Integral Domain

232
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252

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Characteristic of an Integral Domain


Greatest Common Divisor (GCD)
Domain of Gaussian Integers
Ordered Integral Domain
Unique Factorization
Division Rings (Skew Field)
Field
Polynomial Rings
Irreducible Test
Extension Fields
Degree of Extension Field
Fundamental Theorem of Galois Theory
Galois Groups over Rationals

253
254
254
255
255
255
256
257
258
259
259
261
261

Chapter 3: Topology........................................................................................ 271277


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Central Fact About Second Countable Spaces


Compactness
Representation of Separation Properties
Connectedness
Disconnected
Determination of Desired Decomposition of a General Space
Main Facts about Components

272
273
275
275
275
276
276

UNIT - III ........................................................................................................... 278475

Chapter 1: Ordinary Differential Equations (ODE)......................................... 278328


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Differential Equation (DE)


Ordinary Differential Equation (ODE)
Order and Degree of a Differential Equation
Linear and Non-Linear Differential Equation
Solution of a Differential Equation
Family of Curves
Formation of Differential Equations
Complete Primitive (or General Solution) Particular and Singular Solution
Wronskian
Linearly Dependent and Independent
Linear Differential Equation and its General Solution
Existence and Uniqueness Theorem
Complementary Function and Particular Integral
General Ordinary Differential Equation of nth Order
Transformation of Equations in Which Variables are Separable
Homogeneous Linear Differential Equation
Non-Homogeneous DE (Equation Reducible to Homogeneous)
Pfaffian Differential Equation
Exact Differential Equation
Solution of Exact DE
Integrating Factor

278
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278
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278
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279
279
279
280
280
280
280
281
281
281
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283
283
283
284

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Rules for Finding Integrating Factors


Rule 1. By Inspection
Linear Differential Equation (LDE)
Equation Reducible to Linear D.F.
Bernoulls Equation
Lipschitz Condition
Picards Existence and Uniqueness Theorem
Non-Homogeneous Linear Ordinary DE
Auxiliary Equation
Homogeneous Linear Differential Equation or Cauchy-Euler Equation
Clairauts Equation
Discriminant
Singular Solutions (Envelops)
Extraneous Loci
Linear Differential Equation of Second Order
Transformation by Changing Independent Variable
Method of Variation of Parameters
Initial Value Problem (IVP)
Existence Theorem
Uniqueness Theorem
Picards Iterative Method
Picards Method For Simultaneous DE with Initial Condition
Independence of Solutions of Linear DE Existence and Uniqueness Theorem
Linearly Dependent and Independent Solutions
Existence and Uniqueness Solution of a LDE
Boundary Value Problems
Sturm-Liouville Boundary Value Problem
Greens Function
Construction of Greens Function
Particular Case of Greens Function
Construction of Greens Function when BVP Contains a Parameter

284
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288
288
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297
298
298
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301
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306
307
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311
312
313
314
314
317
318
319
324

Chapter 2: Partial Differential Equation (PDE) .............................................. 329370


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Formation of Partial Differential Equation


First Order Partial Differential Equation
Integral Surfaces Passing Through a Given Curve
Surfaces Orthogonal to a Given System of Surfaces
Linear PDE with Independent Variables and its Solution
Non-Linear Partial Differential Equation of First Order
Charpits Method
Classification of Second Order PDE
Homogeneous Linear Partial Differential Equation with Constant Coefficients
Non-Homogeneous Linear PDE with Constant Coefficients
Methods for Finding Particular Integral.
Partial Differential Equation of Order Two with Variable Coefficients
Laplace Transformation Canonical Forms
Applications of Partial Differential Equations

329
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335
335
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336
339
340
341
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342
345
347
349

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Method of Separation of Variables


Engineering Problems of PDE
Laplace Equation or Potential Equation

350
351
355

Chapter 3: Numerical Analysis ........................................................................ 371424


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Method of Iteration (or Method of Successive Approximation)


Solution of Simultaneous Algebraic Equation
Finite Differences
Relation Between Operators
Interpolation
Another Form of Lagranges Interpolation
Hermites Interpolation Formula
Spline Interpolation
Cubic Splines (Spline of degree 3)
Construction of Cubic Spline
Errors in Interpolation
Numerical Differentiation
Derivatives of Newtons Forward Difference Formula
Derivatives of Newtons Backward Difference Formula
Derivatives of Gausss Forward Difference Formula
Derivatives of Gausss Backward Difference Formula
Derivatives Near Middle of the Arguments
Derivative by using Bessel's Formula
Laplace-Everett Interpolation Formula
Numerical Integration
Newton-Cotes Quadrature Formula
Trapezoidal Rule
Truncation Error in Trapezoidal Rule
Simpsons One-third Rule
Simpsons Three-Eighth Rule
Booles Rule
Weddles Rule
Composite Weddles Rule
Rombergs Method
Gausss Quadrature Formula
Newton-Cotes Formula
Properties of Cotes Number
Gaussian-Integration Methods
Gauss-Legendre Integration Methods
Lobatto Integration Method
Radau Integration Methods
Gauss-Chebyshev Integration Methods
Gauss-Leguerre Integration Method
Gauss-Hermite Integration Method
Double Integration
Numerical Solution of Ordinary Differential Equations
Initial and Boundary Value Problems

371
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382
383
385
386
387
389
391
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408

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Single Step and Multi-Step Methods


Numerical Methods of O.D.E.
Picards Method of Successive Approximation
Eulers Method
Improved Eulers Method
Modified Eulers Method
Runge-Kutta Method

409
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411
412
413
413

Chapter 4: Calculus of Variations ................................................................... 425447


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Necessary Conditions for Euler-Lagrange Equation


Other forms of Eulers Equation
Reciprocity Principle Application
Shape of Hanging Rope
Essential and Suppressible Boundary Conditions

426
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434
434
443

Chapter 5: Integral Equations ......................................................................... 448462


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Introduction
Volterra Integral Equation
Fredholm Integral Equation
Relation between Differential and Integral Equation
Fundamental Functions
Hilbert Schmidt Theory

448
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448
448
455
456

Chapter 6: Classical Mechanics ....................................................................... 463475


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Classification of Mechanical System


Generalised Forces
Hamiltonians Principle
Lagranges Equation
Hamiltonian Equations of Motion
Principle of Least Action
Rigid Body Motion
Eulers Equations of Motion for Rotating Rigid Body
Eulers Equations of Motion for Rigid Body with Fixed Print
Small Oscillations

463
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467
468
470
470
472

UNIT - IV .......................................................................................................... 476608

Chapter 1: Descriptive Statistics, Exploratory Data Analysis .......................... 476539


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Probability
Equally Likely Events
Odds in favour and Odds Against
Statistical (or Empirical) Definition
Mutually Exclusive (Incompatible) Events
Theorem of Total Probability (Additive Law of Probability)
Conditional Probability
Independent Events
Compound Probability Theorem (Multiplicative Law of Probability)
Sample Space

476
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477
477
477
477
478
478

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Probabilities on Events
Exhaustive Events
Bayes Theorem
Bools Inequality
Random Experiments
Random Variable (Stochastic Variable)
Discrete & Continuous Random Variable
Discrete Random Variable
Bernoulli Discrete Random Variable
Binomial Discrete Random Variable
Geometric Discrete Random Variable
Poisson Discrete Random Variable
Continuous Random Variable
Types of Continuous Random Variable.
Joint Distribution
Independent Random Variable
Conditional Probability Function
Expectations (Discrete Distribution)
Expectation of Binomial Random Variable
Expectation of a Geometric Random Variable
Expectation of a Bernoulli Random Variable
Expectation of a Poisson Random Variable
Expectation of Uniform Random Variable
Expectation of Exponential Random Variable
Expectation of Normal Random Variable
Standarized Random Variable
Variance for Joint Distribution Covariance
Moments
Moment Generating Function
Properties of Moment Generating Function (MGF)
M.G.F. for Binomial Distribution
Moments of Normal Distribution
Factorial Moment Generating Function
Characteristic Function
Characteristic Function of Binomial Distribution
Convergence in Probability
Convergence in Distribution
WLLN for Independent and Identical Distribution
Stong Law of Large Numbers (SLLN)
Application of Central Limit Theorem
Relation between Central Limit Theorem and Weak Law of Large Numbers
Random (Stochastic) Process
Classification of Random Process
Methods of Description of Shochastic Process
Markov Chains
Chapman-Kolmogorov Equations
Classification of States

479
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501

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Stationary Process
Poisson Process
Second and Third Order Probability Function of Homogeneous Poisson Process
Properties of Poisson Process
Birth and Death Process
Order Statistics
Asymptotic Distributions
Methods of Point Estimation
Rao-Cramers Inequality
Test of Hypotheses
Types of Hypothesis
Errors in Hypothesis Testing
Tailed Test of Hypothesis
Critical Value of Z
Power of a Test
Large Sample Test
Using Normal Distributions
Chi-Square Test
Degree of Freedom
Yates Correction
Critical Values
Most Powerful Test
Uniformly Most Powerful Test
Neyman-Pearson Lemma
Theorems on Likelihood Ratio Test
Non-Parametric Test
Wald-Wolfowitz Run Test
Run
Randomness Test
Median Test
Sign Test
Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon U-Test
Walds Sequential Probability Ratio Test (SPRT)
Correlation
Spearmans Rank Correlation

502
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526
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527
527
527
528
528
529

Chapter 2: Operations Research ..................................................................... 540574


(Linear Programming Problem)
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Introduction
Definition
Objective
Areas of Application of OR
Characteristics of OR
Phases and Processes of OR
Classification of OR Problems
Advantages of OR in Decision Making

540
540
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541
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543

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Techniques of OR
Limitations of OR
Linear Programming Problem (LPP)
General Linear Programming Problem
LLP Model Formulation
Advantages of LPP
Limitations of LPP
Applications of LPP
Formulation of LPP
Production Problem.
Product Mix Problem
Packaging Problem
Diet Problem
Blending Problem
Graphical Solution
Exercise
Simplex Method
Maximization Problem
Simplex Algorithm
Greater Than Problems
Minimization Problem
Minimization Problem (BigM Method or Charnes Method)
Two Phase Method
Unbounded Solution
No Feasible Solution
Multiple Optimal Solutions
Degeneracy Problem
Unrestricted Variables
Exercise
Duality In Linear Programming Problem
Exercise

543
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547
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553
554
558
558
560
565
567
568
568
569
570
571
571
574

Chapter 3: Queueing Theory (Waiting Line Models) ...................................... 575588


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Elements of Queueing System


State of the System
Poisson Process
Exponential Distribution
Regular Distribution
Poisson Arrivals and Erlang Distribution
Benefits and Limitations of Q.T.
Kendalls Notation for Queueing Models
Classification of Queueing Models
Terminology for Queueing
Standard Queueing Models
Assumptions of Model
Formula for QM
Minimum Cost Service Rate

575
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581

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Assumptions
Formulae

586
586

Chapter 4: Inventory Control .......................................................................... 589607


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Factors which Effect Inventory Level


589
Objectives of Inventory Control
590
Benefits of Inventory Control (I.C.)
590
Model 1Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) Model With Uniform Demand
591
Assumptions
591
Model IIEOQ When Shortages Allowed
593
EOQ with Gradual Deliveries
594
Assumptions
594
EOQ With Uniform Replenishment
596
EOQ With Quantity Discounts
597
(B) Inventory Model with Double Discount (Two Price Break)
598
Probabilistic or Stochastic Models
600
Single Period Discrete Probabilistic Demand Model
600
Model-I. Instantaneous Demand and Discrete Replanishment, Set up Cost Zero, Lead Time Zero601
Single Period
602

PART-C
Chapter 1: Real Analysis ....................................................................................... 134
Chapter 2: Linear Algebra ................................................................................... 3553
Chapter 3: Complex Analysis............................................................................... 5467
Chapter 4: Modern Algebra ................................................................................ 6874
Chapter 5: Topology ............................................................................................ 7585
Chapter 6: Ordinary Differential Equations ...................................................... 86101
Chapter 7: Partial Differential Equations ........................................................ 102120
Chapter 8: Numerical Method ......................................................................... 121131
Chapter 9: Calculus of Variations ................................................................... 132137
Chapter 10: Integral Equations ....................................................................... 138146
Chapter 11: Mechanics .................................................................................... 147161
Chapter 12: Statistics ...................................................................................... 162176
Chapter 13: Operation Research ..................................................................... 177188
Chapter 14: Queuing Theory ........................................................................... 189192
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Solved Paper : 2013

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