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ZEHFUSS, M. Remembring to Forgive? The "War on Terror" in a "Dialogue" between German and
US Intellectuals. International Relations, v. 19, n. 1, p. 91-102, 2005.

Documentos acessos eletrnicos

ORGANIZAO DAS NAES UNIDAS. Disponvel em: http://www.un.org. Acesso em: 07 de

Agosto de 2008.
_____. An Agenda for Peace. Preventive diplomacy, peacemaking andpeacekeeping. Report of the
Secretary-General pursuant to the statement adopted by the Summit Meeting of the Security Council
on 31 January 1992. A/47/277 S/24111, on 17 June 1992 (ONU, 1992). Disponvel em:
http://www.un.org/Docs/SG/agpeace.html. Acesso em 24 de Junho de 2008.
_____. A More Secure World: our shared responsibility. Report of the Secretary- Generals High-level
Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change. Disponvel em:http://www.un.org/secureworld/. Publicado
em 2004. Acesso em: 07 de Agosto de 2009.
_____. Departamento de Operaes de Peacekeeping. Disponvel em: http://www.un.org/Depts/
dkpo/dpko/index.asp. Acesso em: 12 de outubro de2008.
_____. Peacekeeping Best Practices Unit, Department of Peacekeeping Operations. Handbook on
United Nations Multidimensional Peacekeeping Operations, December 2003. Disponvel em:
http://www.peacekeepingbestpractices.unlb.org/Pbps/library/Handbook%20on%20UN%20PKOs.pdf
_____.Comprehensive review of the whole question of peacekeeping operations in all their aspects
(Brahimi Report). A/55/305S/2000/809, 2000. Disponvel em: http://www.un.org/ peace/reports/
peace_operations/. Acessado em 7 de abril de 2008.

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_____.Report of the Secretary-General on the protection of civilians in armed conflict. S/2007/643.

Disponvel em http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N07/573/58/PDF/N0757358.pdf?
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Records - Supplement to an agenda for peace: position paper of the secretary-general on the occasion
of the fiftieth anniversary of the United Nations. (A/50/60 - S/1995/1), 1995. Disponvel em:
http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/50/60 . Acessado em 20 de maro de 2008.
______.United Nations Peacekeeping Operations. Department of Field Support. Principles and
Guidelines. New York, 2008 Disponvel em: http://pbpu.unlb.org/ pbps /Library/
Capstone_Doctrine_ENG.pdf. Acessado em 12 de janeiro de 2009.
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Sixtieth Session, Supplement No. 1 (A/60/1), 2005 , Disponvel em: http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/resources/reports.shtml. Acessado em 16 de Julho de 2009.

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Report of the Secretary-General on the work of the Organization, General Assembly Official Records
Sixty-third Session,Supplement No. 1 ( A/63/1), 2008, Disponvel em: http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/resources/reports.shtml. Acessado em 16 de Julho de 2009.
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Fifty-second Session Supplement No.1 (A/52/1), 1997. , Disponvel em: http://www.un.org/ en/ peacekeeping/resources/reports.shtml .Acessado em 16 de Julho de 2009.
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Disponvel em: http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/resources/reports.shtml. Acessado em 20 de
maro de 2008.
______.The Responsibility to Protect -Report of the International Commission on Intervention and
State Sovereignty, http://www.idrc.ca, 2001.
UNITED NATIONS OFFICE FOR COORDINATION OF HUMANITATIAN AFFAIRS (OCHA)
http://ochaonline.un.org/HumanitarianIssues/ProtectionofCiviliansinArmedConflict/Introduction/
tabid/1115/language/fr-FR/Default.aspx . Acesso em 20 de maio de 2010.
UNITED NATIONS OFFICE FOR COORDINATION OF HUMANITATIAN AFFAIRS (OCHA)
Policy and Study Series 2011 http://ochanet.unocha.org/p/Documents/Stay_and_Deliver.pdf, acessado
em 10 de janeiro de 2011.
UNITED NATIONS TRUST FUND FOR HUMAN SECURITY http://ochaonline.un.org/
Default.aspx?alias=ochaonline.un.org/humansecurity, acessado em 16 de abril de 2008.
WORLD FEDERATION FOR MENTAL HEALTH, 2010, Disponvel em: Erro! A referncia de
hiperlink no vlida.. Acessado em 08 de janeiro de 2011.
WHO. The effectiveness of mental health services in primary care: The view from the developing
world. WHO: Geneva., 2001. Disponvel em: http://www5.who.int/mental _health/ download
.cfm?id=0000000050
_____.World Health Report 2001. Mental health: New understanding, new hope. WHO: Geneva.
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_____.Department of Mental Health and Substance Dependence. Mental health in emergencies Mental and Social Aspects of Health of Populations Exposed to Extreme Stressors. Geneva, 2003.

319

Disponvel em: http://www.who.int/mental_health/media/en/640.pdf. Acessado em 8 de setembro de

2008.
_____.Promoting mental health: concepts, emerging evidence, practice: Report of the World
Health Organization, 2005.
Disponvel em: http://www.who.int/ mental_health/
evidence/MH_Promotion_Book.pdf. Acessado em 06 de Maro de 2010.
The Secretary General- Message on World Mental Health Day, 2010. Disponvel em:
http://www.who.int/mental_health/mhgap/UN_message_mhgap_english_2010.pdf. Acessado em 01
Setembro de 2010.
_____.IASC Reference Group for Mental Health and Psychosocial Support in Emergency Settings.
Mental Health and Psychosocial Support in Humanitarian Emergencies: What Should
Humanitarian Health Actors Know? Geneva, 2008. Disponvel em: Erro! A referncia de

hiperlink
no
vlida.mental_health/emergencies/guidelines_iasc_mental_health_psychosocial_april_2008.pdf.

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Acessado em 3 de janeiro de 2010.

_____.IASC Reference Group for Mental Health and Psychosocial Support in Emergency Settings.
Mental Health and Psychosocial Support in Humanitarian Emergencies: What Should
Humanitarian Health Actors Know? Geneva, 2010. Disponvel em: http://www.who.int/
mental_health/ emergencies/what_humanitarian_health_actors_should_know.pdf. Acessado em 3 de
Janeiro de 2010.

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Tabela 3.1 Segurana na viso tradicional e Segurana centrada no indivduo

Referente (objeto)

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Valores

Segurana centrada no
estado (tica neorealista)

Segurana centrada no
indivduo

O estado o objeto a ser

protegido. Se o estado est
protegido, todos que vivem
dentro dele tambm estaro
protegidos.

Indivduos so to importantes
quanto
os
estados.
A
segurana do estado um
meio e no um fim.

Soberania, poder, integridade

territorial,
independncia
nacional

Violncia direta organizada

por outros estados, violncia e
coero
provenientes
de
outros estados e atores no
estatais
Ameaas

Meios de proteo

Uso da fora ou ameaa de

uso, equilbrio de poder, meios
militares, fortalecimento do
poder
econmico,
pouca
ateno s leis e instituies

Segurana pessoal, bem estar

e liberdade individual:
1.Segurana fsica e proviso
de necessidades bsicas
2.Liberdade pessoal (de
associao)
3.Direitos Humanos,
econmicos e sociais

Violncia
direta:
morte,
drogas,
desumanizao,
discriminao,
armas
de
destruio em massa,
violncia contra mulheres
Violncia indireta: privaes,
doenas, desastres naturais,
subdesenvolvimento,
deslocamento
populacional,
degradao
ambiental,desigualdade,
pobreza,
opresso
e
sectarianismo tnico.
Ameaas
de
fontes
identificveis ( estados e
atores no estatais) e de
fontes estruturais ( relaes de
poder desde a famlia at a
economia global)

Promoo do desenvolvimento
humano:
necessidades
bsicas,
igualdade,
sustentabilidade,
e
maior
democratizao e participao
em todos os nveis.
Promoo do desenvolvimento
poltico: normas globais e
instituies
internacionais
mais o uso da fora coletiva
assim como sanes em caso
de genocdio; cooperao
entre estados. Confiana nas
instituies
internacionais,
redes
e
coalizes
e
organizaes internacionais.

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Fonte: Human Security, Concepts and Implications, Shahranou Tadjbakhsh and Anuradha
M. Chenoy, Routledge, NY,2009,p.41.

Tabela 3.2. Comparao entre as concepes de Segurana Humana estabelecidas

pela UNDP e pela iniciativa das Potncias Mdias encabeadas pelo Canad

UNDP
O indivduo
Segurana para Quem
Segurana de que
valores

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Segurana contra que

ameaas

Segurana por que meios

Segurana Pessoal
Bem estar e liberdade
individual
Violncias direta e indireta;
Maior nfase nas violncias
indiretas, sobretudo
decorrentes de fatores
econmicos e ambientais
Promoo do
desenvolvimento humano;
necessidades bsicas
somadas igualdade,
sustentabilidade e maior
democratizao e
participao em todos os
nveis da sociedade global

Potncias Mdias
O indivduo, porm o
Estado tambm
importante
Segurana Pessoal
Bem estar e liberdade
individual
Violncias direta e indireta;
Maior nfase nas violncias
diretas e em dois nveisnacional/societal e
internacional/global
Promoo de
desenvolvimento
poltico:normais globais e
instituies ( governana),
mais o uso da fora
coletiva e sanes se e
quando se fizerem
necessrias.

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Tabela 3.3. Violncias Diretas e Indiretas Segurana Humana

Violncia Direta

Violncia Indireta

Morte violenta/ deficincias: vtimas de

crimes violentos, assassinato de mulheres e
crianas, violncia sexual, terrorismo, ataques
entre grupos, genocdio, tortura e morte de
dissidentes, assassinato de representantes
oficiais, morte em decorrncia de guerra.

Privao: de necessidades bsicas ( alimento,

gua potvel, atendimento bsico bsico,
educao primria)

Desumanizao: escravido e trfico de

mulheres e crianas; uso de crianas soldados,
abuso fsico de mulheres e crianas ( em
ambientes domsticos); seqestro, rapto,
deteno ilegal de opositores polticos

Doenas: Incidncia de doenas que

ameaam a vida (infecciosas, cardiovasculares,
cancergenas)

Drogas: dependncia de drogas

Desastres naturais ou causados pelo homem:

inflao,
desemprego,
desigualdade,
crescimento ou declnio populacional, pobreza
nacional, baixo PIB, baixa renda per capita,
desigualdade
regional
e
instabilidade
econmica global, estagnao, mudanas
demogrficas

Discriminao e dominao: prticas e leis

discriminatrias contra minorias e crianas;
banimento ou fraude em eleies; subverso
das instituies polticas e da mdia

Disputas internacionais: tenses/crises entre

estados/ crises bilaterais/regionais +
tenses/crises entre grandes potncias

Armas de grande potencial de destruio: a

proliferao de armas de destruio em massa,
armas convencionais de potencial avanado,
minas terrestres.

Deslocamento Populacional: nacional,

regional e global refugiados e migrantes

Degradao Ambiental: local, nacional,

regional, global

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Tabela 5.1

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O processo de Securitizao

Tabela 5.2

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324

Tabela 5.3

O speech act: tipos