Desalination 380 (2016) 1828

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Desalination
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/desal

Economic effects analysis of seawater desalination in China with

inputoutput technology
Qingrong Zou, Xiuli Liu
Key Laboratory of Management, Decision and Information System, Center for Forecasting Science, Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China

H I G H L I G H T S
The paper made seawater-desalination investment effects in China innovatively with input-output analysis.
The results showed the seawater desalination had a large investment multiplier 2.488.
It had obvious demand pulling and supply pushing effects on Chinese economy.

a r t i c l e

i n f o

Article history:
Received 21 May 2015
Received in revised form 9 November 2015
Accepted 12 November 2015
Available online 2 December 2015
Keywords:
Seawater desalination
Economic effects
Inputoutput analysis
China

a b s t r a c t
Seawater desalination is an important way to alleviate the shortage of water resources in the coastal area. To provide reference for investment decisions on seawater desalination, this paper made the economic effects analysis
of seawater desalination investment in China. The competitive partial closed inputoutput model was applied.
The results showed that the seawater desalination sector had a large investment multiplier 2.49 (ranked 9th in
18 sectors). Its inuence coefcient and sensitivity coefcient were 1.09 (ranked 8th) and 1.14 (ranked 6th) separately, which revealed that it had obvious demand pulling and supply pushing effects on the national economy.
Crown Copyright 2015 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
China is severely short of water, which accounts for about 6% of global
freshwater resources and its water consumption per capita is less than
2200 m3 which is a quarter of the world's average. In 2014, more than
400 cities out of 561 cities were decient in water resources in China.
Most of them are located in the north, semi-arid and arid regions of northwest China. In 32 megalopolises that the population is over one million,
there are 30 cities plagued by water shortages for a long time; in 14 open
coastal cities, there are 9 cities that seriously lack of water resources. Due
to excessive exploitation of groundwater, land subsidence, regional underground funnel area increase, the ecological deterioration and geological disasters and other issues happen more frequently in some water shortage
cities. Water scarcity has restricted the economic development of China.
Fresh water accounts for about 97% of the total seawater, equivalent
to the maximum steady and reliable fresh water reservoir, and seawater
desalination is a promising way to release water scarcity. Analyzing economic effects of seawater desalination could help the government and
investors make appropriate investment decisions. Notwithstanding,
Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: qingrongzou@126.com (Q. Zou), xiuli.liu@amss.ac.cn (X. Liu).

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2015.11.010
0011-9164/Crown Copyright 2015 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

the related literatures we retrieved were mostly from the perspective

of direct cost analysis, and we haven't found literatures which made
economic effects analysis of seawater desalination through interindustries. There are different processes of seawater desalination such
as MSF, ED, thermal and membrane. The costs of them are different,
generally thermal and membrane processes with economic advantages
[15]. For example, [5] carried out rstly an extensive economic evaluation of FORO hybrid, benchmarked against stand-alone RO system,
the results showed that FORO hybrid could be benecial only for
high energy costs and/or substantial operational cost savings, comparatively to RO. It was also demonstrated that improvement in water permeation ux was an absolute prerequisite to lower investment costs
down to an economically acceptable level. For the impact of project
scale on the cost of seawater desalination, it is found that expansion of
the scale of seawater desalination projects could reduce the unit cost
[67]. Some research is concerned with the cost comparison of seawater
desalination projects which consumed different kind of energy [811].
There are several literatures on direct cost analysis and assessment of
seawater desalination, such as Ref. [12] explored the development of
seawater desalination costs over time which included the transport
cost of desalinated water to the destination cities; [13] provided an
overview of factors that determined seawater desalination cost, typical

Q. Zou, X. Liu / Desalination 380 (2016) 1828

seawater desalination cost estimation models and approximate cost estimate; [14] reviewed seawater desalination cost literatures to allow
meaningful comparisons. Ref. [15] provided an in-depth cost and price
analysis of desalination with country specic examples, depicted a comprehensive picture of cost variability of desalinated water and pointed
out challenges for cost-effective desalination in the future. Ref. [16] analyzed the economics of desalination by cost analysis and its potential
application to Australia, and showed that in Australia the cost of traditional fresh water sources may rise which will promote the development of desalination. For estimating methodologies of seawater
desalination cost, Ref. [17] reviewed the history of seawater desalination cost estimations; Ref. [18] presented a clear and easy methodology
for estimating seawater desalination costs; Ref. [19] presented a technoeconomic evaluation and review of the costing aspects and the main parameters inuencing the total water cost produced by different seawater desalination technologies in detail; The IAEA DEEP software has
been applied for economic evaluation of seawater desalination plants
[2022]. Ref. [23] analyzed costs of more than 24 thermal desalination
plants to evaluate the reliability of them. However, we didn't nd research on the investment effects, the demand pulling and supply pushing effects of the seawater desalination on the other industries in a
national economic system, which could help the government and investors make appropriate investment decisions and development planning.
Inputoutput analysis method is one of the most widely applied
methods in economics, which can analyze effectively the interdependence of industries in an economy. It was developed by Wassily Leontief
in the late 1930s, in recognition of which he received the Nobel Prize in
Economics Science in 1973. The model is widely applied throughout the
world, such as the United Nations has promoted inputoutput as a practical planning tool for developing countries and has sponsored a standardized system of economic accounts for constructing inputoutput tables;
the US Department of Commerce applied inputoutput routinely in national economic analysis, and in regional economic planning and analysis
by states, industry, and the research community [24]. Inputoutput method is used to identify the best approach when we reveal knowledge about
an area's economy, estimate total impact of certain events or policy
changes and evaluate and assess specic goals, scenarios, etc. [25]. With
respect to China, it was frequently used to estimate the effect of policy
implementations on water use efciency, water pricing; buildings' energy
saving potentials etc. [2632]. In this paper we compiled an inputoutput
table with seawater desalination industry as a separate sector based on
China InputOutput table in 2010. The competitive partial closed input
output model was applied to make the economic effects analysis of seawater desalination investment in China economic system.
In the following parts of the paper, Section 2 described the present
situation of seawater desalination in China. Section 3 made cost analysis
of seawater desalination in China. Section 4 introduced inputoutput

19

method. Section 5 made economic effects analysis of seawater desalination in China. Section 6 presented conclusion.
2. The development of seawater desalination in China
In China, the capacity of seawater desalination increased very slowly
before 2005, after that it increased rapidly and the average annual
growth rate reached to 73.32% during the 11th ve-year plan(see
Fig. 1). By the end of year 2013, China had built 103 seawater desalination projects, which produced 900,830 m3/d desalted water, increased
16% compared with 2012, and 8 seawater desalination projects were
newly built in 2013 whose total capacity is 125,465 m3/d. In China,
the largest low-temperature multi-effect desalination project produced
200,000 m3/d and the largest reverse osmosis desalination project produced 100,000 m3/d at the moment.
China's seawater desalination projects mainly locate at coastal cities and
islands, most of them are in North China which has shortage of water resources. The desalinated seawater is consumed by industries such as the
electric power, iron and steel and other high-water consumed industries.
These industries are mostly concentrated in Tianjin, Hebei, and Shandong
province of China. In South China, desalination projects mostly locate at
Zhejiang, Fujian and Hainan whose capacity is hundreds of tons or thousands of tons usually. Tianjin has the largest seawater desalination project
whose capacity is 3,172,000 m3/d, and the capacity of seawater desalination
projects in Hebei, Shandong and Zhejiang is also more than 100,000 m3/d.
Among them, Shandong province had the biggest expansion of seawater
desalination capacity in 2013, the capacity increased from 65,200 m3/d to
165,200 m3/d and the increased rate was 153.37% compared with 2012.
The two main processing technologies of seawater desalination
named reverse osmosis (RO) and low-temperature multi-effect distillation (MED) are adopted in China. In 2013, there were 90 projects applying RO which produced 573,540 m3/d and accounted for 63.67% of the
total capacity. There were 11 projects that applied MED which produced
321,090 m3/d and accounted for 35.64% of the total capacity.
Concentrated seawater was a by-product of the seawater desalination
process. It can be recycling used or discharged directly into the sea.
Caofeidian Industrial Zone set a good example in the concentrated seawater recycling. Annually, 18 million cubic meters of concentrated seawater
is treated, 600,000 t crude salt is produced, 10 million cubic meters of
water resources is saved, 40,000 t of carbon dioxide emissions is reduced.
The annual benet is about 80 million RMB [34]. The successful experience of Caofeidian Industrial Zone has been popularized in China.
3. Cost analysis of seawater desalination in China
Seawater desalination costs were mainly composed by investment
cost, comprehensive water cost and transportation cost. In this paper,

Fig. 1. Change trend of seawater desalination capacity in China during 19902013.

Source: the data of 2012 and 2013 years are from the 2012 National Seawater Utilization Report and 2013 National Seawater Utilization
Report published by the State Oceanic Administration, other data are from Ref. [33].

20

Q. Zou, X. Liu / Desalination 380 (2016) 1828

investment cost covers desalination equipment expenses, project construction fees, costs for installation and management of this process. Comprehensive water cost, includes chemical expenses, electricity expenses,
membrane replacement cost, employee wages and benets, depreciation
of xed assets, equipment repair and maintenance fees, management fees
and other parts. According to 2013 Seawater Utilization Report published
by the State Oceanic Administration, the cost of producing desalted water
focused on (58) RMB/t in 2013. Among which, average cost of engineering
whose capacity is more than 10,000 m3/d is 6.95 RMB/t, average cost of projects whose capacity is thousands of cubic meters per day is 8.15 RMB/t.
We can see from Table 1, seawater desalination equipment costs are
various if the method is different; the investment cost went down as
the project scale increased. In China, generally, investment cost of RO
seawater desalination projects is 700010,000 RMB/t; investment cost
of MED seawater desalination projects is between 8000 and 12,000
RMB/t. At present, except some key components, most components
of seawater desalination equipment are manufactured domestically.
However, the price of imported equipment is pretty higher than that of
domestic. The actual project investment cost will be at different level
due to the different construction, installation and levels of management.
Tables 2 and 3 showed that the cost for the power consumption and
the depreciation of xed assets accounted for a large proportion of the
comprehensive seawater desalination costs. Therefore, to make energy
application more efcient or use renewable energy can effectively reduce the comprehensive cost.
The transportation cost is also one component of seawater desalination cost. Ref. [39] explored Caofeidian desalination project and estimated its transportation cost was 0.63 RMB/t. Ref. [40] found that the
transportation cost of seawater desalination of SDIC Beijiang power
plant was 1.16 RMB/t. Referred to their ndings, the paper assumed
the transportation cost of seawater desalination in China was 1 RMB/t.
4. Inputoutput method
4.1. Competitive IO table
Competitive IO table is the IO table in which the import is not separated from the intermediate ow. Table 4 shows the framework of a
competitive IO table. The data for the parameters in the IO framework
applied in this paper are showed in the attachment.
In Table 4, the rows describe the distribution of each sector's output
throughout the economy and the columns describe the inputs of each industry to produce its output. The nal demand records the sales by each industry
to nal markets and the value added accounts for the non-industrial inputs to
production. Intermediate input zij describes that the deliveries of good i
(which is produced in sector i) are sold to sector j (to be used as an intermediate input in the production of sector j); xj gives the gross input in sector j
and xi is the total output of sector i. According to the denition of xi,
xi zi1 zi2 zin f i

The technical coefcient (direct consumption coefcient) is viewed

as measuring quantitative relationships between a sector's output and
its inputs. It is dened as follows:
aij zij =x j ; i; j 1; 2n

Table 1
Investment cost of typical seawater desalination projects.
Source from LAVENDER Water Treatment Company, http://www.docin.com/p-671787304.html.
Project scale
(m3/d)

RO investment
(million RMB)

MED investment
(million RMB)

100
500
1000
10,000

0.901.20
45.50
79
7080

11.5
4.56.5
912
80110

The complete consumption coefcient is dened as follows:


bij IA1 I

ij

where A = (aij)n n, matrix I is the identify matrix, (IA)1 is known as

the Leontief inverse matrix.
4.2. Inuence coefcient and sensitivity coefcient
Backward linkage (inuence coefcient) is used to indicate the kind
of interconnection of a particular sector with those (upstream) sectors
from which it purchases inputs. Forward linkage (sensitivity coefcient)
is used to indicate the kind of interconnection of a particular sector with
those (downstream) sectors to which it sells its output. Comparisons of
the strengths of backward and forward linkages for sectors in a single
economy provide one mechanism for identifying key or leading
sectors in that economy (those sectors that are most connected and
therefore, in some sense, most important) and for grouping sectors
into spatial clusters [24].
We adopted the following backward linkage formula cited from
Ref. [24],
n
X

bij
i1
n X
n
X

1=n

j 1; 2; ; n

~
b
ij

j1 i1
n

~ 0 IA1, = (1, 1 1). In this case, sector j's backward

where b
ij
i1

linkage is divided by the simple average of all backward linkages. When

j = 1, it indicates the strength of the backward linkage of sector j equivalents to the average level.
We adopted the following forward linkage formula cited from
Ref. [24],
n
X

i
1=n

g ij
j1
n X
n
X

i 1; 2; ; n

g~ij

i1 j1
n

where g~ij IH1 , (I H) 1 is known as the Ghosh inverse

j1

matrix.
4.3. The partial closed inputoutput model and investment multiplier
The partial closed inputoutput model referred to the model after
making partial nal demands endogenous. Household consumption is
considered as an endogenous sector usually, xed capital formation is
also can be regarded as an endogenous sector.[24]. When household consumption is seen as an endogenous sector, the direct consumption coefcient matrix A changed into A* as follows:
2

a11
6
A 6
4 an1
an1;1

a1n

ann

an1;n

3
a1;n1
7

7
an;n1 5
an1;n1

The last column of A is the proportion of each sector's household

consumption in the total household consumption. The last row of A is
the household income coefcient vector, namely labor compensation
of sector j divided by its total input.
Investment multiplier refers to the national value added increase induced by new added unit investment directly and indirectly. Input

Q. Zou, X. Liu / Desalination 380 (2016) 1828

21

Table 2
RO seawater desalination main comprehensive cost.
Note: We adopted the data of the second column in this paper and it sourced from LAVENDER Water Treatment Company, http://www.docin.com/p-671787304.html.

Chemicals
Electricity
Membrane replacement
Staff wages and benets
Depreciation of xed assets
Equipment repair maintenance fees
Management

LAVENDER Water Treatment

Company 10,000 m3/d

Tan YW et al. (2004), Rongcheng

Project 10,000 m3/d [35]

Gao YP (2013), national

average level [36]

Liu BW et al. (2010),

5000 m3/d [37]

Li XM (2010),
15,000 m3/d [38]

0.30.5
About 2.22.5
0.30.5
About 0.2
0.91.2
0.20.4
Less than 0.1

0.36
2.4
0.36
0.13
1.17
0.18

0.4
2.202.38
0.60.9

0.871.3
0.270.41
0.1

0.36
1.6
0.38
0.18
1.11
0.18
0.09

0.391
1.71
0.923
0.04
0.97
0.23
0.008

Table 3
MED seawater desalination main comprehensive cost.
Note: We adopted the data of the second column in this paper and it sourced from LAVENDER Water Treatment Company, http://www.docin.com/p-671787304.html.

Heat
Chemicals
Electricity
Staff wages and benets
Depreciation of xed assets
Equipment repair maintenance fees
Management

LAVENDER Water Treatment

Company, 10,000 m3/d

Gao YP (2013), national average level

of the cost [36]

Liu BW et al. (2010), Huangdao Project,

3000 m3/d [37]

Li XM (2010),
15,000 m3/d [38]

2
0.20.5
About 0.6
About 0.2
1.11.7
0.30.6
About 0.1

2.012.76
0.3
0.56

1.161.59
0.360.5
0.1

1.6
0.2
0.78
0.2
1.84
0.27
0.1

1.60
0.162
0.6
0.053
1.37
1.03
0.01

output analysis model researches effectively how investment promotes

the economic development through industrious interconnections and
transmission mechanism. We see household consumption as an endogenous sector and classied it in the rst quadrant of an inputoutput
table. The idea for establishing partial closed inputoutput analysis
model is to consider the linkages and conductivity among the nal
demand.
In the partial closed model, investment multiplier is dened in Ref.
[24] as follows,
1

GDP av IA

where av is the value added coefcient vector, av = (av1,av2,,avn,0),

avj = vj / xj, j = 1,2,,n. vj and xj are value added and output of sector
j.I is the vector of investment change. In calculationI = (0,01
0,0) if there were some investment for one sector and none for the
other sectors, the order of A is (n + 1).
5. Economic effects analysis of seawater desalination in China
Based on China 2010 inputoutput table from Statistic Yearbook, we
compiled an inputoutput table with 18 sectors in which the seawater
desalination sector is separated especially from the electricity, heat and
water production and supply sector. According to the table, with competitive partial closed inputoutput model, we calculated the dependence of

seawater desalination on other sectors, the demand pulling and supply

pushing effects of seawater desalination on the national economy, the investment multiplier effect and the structure of its initial input.
5.1. Dependence of seawater desalination on other sectors
The direct consumption coefcient (technical coefcient) is calculated by Eq. (2), where, aij means when sector j produces unit production, it
needs aij production of sector i. When aij is closer to 1, it indicates that the
productions of sector j are more dependent on sector i. While aij is closer
to zero, it means less direct connections between sector j and sector i.
The direct consumption coefcient matrix and the complete consumption coefcient matrix are showed in Appendices 2 and 3. The direct consumption coefcients of seawater desalination industry with
other sectors were shown in Table 5, we can see that the seawater desalination sector was most directly dependent on electricity, heat and
water production and supply sector, which include two sub-sectors
(water production and supply sector and electricity, heat production
and supply sector) and more dependent on electricity, heat production
and supply sector, followed by machinery and equipment manufacturing, chemical sector and nancial sector (See Table 5).
Due to complex relationships among various sectors, one sector may
indirectly consume products of another sector, so the complete consumption coefcient indicates how many productions one sector
needs from another sector when it produces unit nal production. The

Table 4
The framework of competitive IO table.
Output

Input
Intermediate input

Primary input

Total input

1
2

n
Employees' compensation
Net taxes on production
Fixed assets depreciation
Operating surplus

Intermediate demand

Final demand

12n

Consumption

Total output
Capital formation

Net exports
xi

I
zij

III
vj
xj

II
fi

22

Q. Zou, X. Liu / Desalination 380 (2016) 1828

Table 5
Direct and complete consumption coefcients of seawater desalination industry in each
sector.
Sector name

Complete
Direct
consumption consumption
coefcient
coefcient

Machinery and equipment manufacturing

Electricity, heat and water production and supply
(not include desalination)
Chemical
Mining
Transportation and warehousing and postal services
Financial services
Other services
Metal products industry
Coke, gas and oil processing industry
Wholesale and retail trade, accommodation and
catering industry
Other manufacturing
Real estate, renting and business services
Agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and shery
Building industry
Food, beverage and tobacco manufacturing industry
Non-metallic mineral products industry
Textiles, apparel and leather products
manufacturing
Seawater desalination

0.1271

0.3959

0.1968

0.3790

0.1335
0
0.0975
0.1020
0.0307
0.0000
0

0.3355
0.1953
0.1836
0.1627
0.1627
0.1536
0.0802

0.0602

0
0
0
0.0294
0
0

0.0554
0.0444
0.0426
0.0329
0.0310
0.0291

0.0258

0.0001

complete consumption coefcient reects the dependence of one sector

on another sector more comprehensively. According to complete consumption coefcients by descending order in Table 5, desalination is dependent on machinery and equipment manufacturing sector mostly.
5.2. Linkages between seawater desalination sector and other sectors
The larger inuence coefcient of a sector indicates that the sector
needs more goods from other sectors, which means it has greater demand pulling effect on other sectors. Increasing investment in the sector
which has a larger inuence coefcient will cause more demand from
other sectors, and then promote the development of the national economy. However, in the operation we should also consider the resource
limitation. The distribution coefcient matrix H is showed in Appendix
4. According to Eqs. (4) and (5), we can calculate inuence coefcient
and sensitivity coefcient of each sector which were showed in
Table 6. The manufacturing sector had the largest inuence coefcient,
followed by metal products industry and chemical industry. In the IO

Table 6
Inuence coefcient and sensitivity coefcient of each sector.
Sector name
Agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and shery
Mining
Food, beverage and tobacco manufacturing industry
Textiles, apparel and leather products manufacturing
Other manufacturing
Electricity, heat and water production and supply
(not include desalination)
Seawater desalination
Coke, gas and oil processing industry
Chemical
Non-metallic mineral products industry
Metal products industry
Machinery and equipment manufacturing
Building industry
Transportation and warehousing and postal services
Wholesale and retail trade, accommodation and catering
industry
Real estate, renting and business services
Financial services
Other services

Inuence Sensitivity
coefcient coefcient
0.72
0.91
1.00
1.19
1.11
1.10

0.93
2.10
0.73
0.76
1.05
1.45

1.09
1.09
1.22
1.16
1.23
1.31
1.14
0.90
0.70

1.14
1.42
1.31
0.86
1.20
0.83
0.31
0.95
0.78

0.73
0.61
0.79

0.66
1.02
0.49

Table 7
The resource consumption coefcient of industries with larger inuence coefcient.
Machinery
and equipment
manufacturing

EH
CG
Sum up

Metal products
industry

Chemical

Seawater
desalination

aij

bij

aij

bij

aij

bij

aij

bij

0.0153
0.0056
0.0209

0.1565
0.0893
0.2440

0.0528
0.0358
0.0886

0.2304
0.1256
0.3522

0.0473
0.0612
0.1084

0.2039
0.1671
0.3783

0.1968
0
0.1968

0.3790
0.0802
0.4288

Note: EH stands for the sector of electricity, heat and water production and supply (not include desalination); CG stands for coke, gas and oil processing industry; Sum up is the
combination of electricity, heat and water production and supply (not include desalination) and coke, gas and oil processing industry.

table, electricity, heat and water production and supply (not include desalination) and coke, gas and oil processing industry are the main resource sectors. We computed the direct and complete resource
consumption coefcients of industries which have top three inuence
coefcients. The results are seen in Table 7. It showed that one sector
with the larger inuence coefcient was not denitely meant it had
larger consumption of resources. And seawater desalination industry
was really high resource consumed industry. The larger sensitivity coefcient of a sector means that other sectors need more goods from the
sector and the sector has greater supply pushing or restraining effect
on other sectors. The development of sectors which have high sensitivity coefcients will help to coordinate and steady the national economy.
As we can see from Table 6, the backward linkage of seawater desalination ranked eighth (with coking, gas and petroleum processing industry
side by side) in the 18 sectors and its inuence coefcient was 1.09, its
sensitivity coefcient ranked no. 6, both of them are higher than the average level, so it had great demand pulling and supply promoting effects
on the national economy.
5.3. Investment multiplier of seawater desalination
Matrix A* and value added coefcient vector av are showed in
Appendices 5 and 6. With Eq. (6), the investment multiplier of seawater
desalination was 1.70, which means increasing unit investment in desalination would increase 1.70 units of value added. However, it ranked
fteenth in the 18 sectors. The agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry,
sheries, food and beverage manufacturing and tobacco industry, textile, apparel and leather products manufacturing and other services

Table 8
Investment multipliers of 18 sectors.
Sector

Investment
multiplier

Agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and shery

Other services
Food, beverage and tobacco manufacturing
Textiles, apparel and leather products
Real estate, renting and business services
Electricity, heat and water production and supply
(not include desalination)
Building industry
Transportation and warehousing and postal services
Seawater desalination
Chemical
Machinery and equipment manufacturing
Metal products industry
Other manufacturing
Non-metallic mineral products industry
Wholesale and retail trade, accommodation and catering industry
Mining
Coke, gas and oil processing industry
Financial services

3.395
3.029
2.818
2.757
2.596
2.574
2.528
2.490
2.488
2.479
2.477
2.449
2.438
2.406
2.369
2.353
2.246
2.119

Q. Zou, X. Liu / Desalination 380 (2016) 1828

23

Table 9
The primary input structure.

Employees' compensation
Net taxes on production
Fixed assets depreciation
Operating surplus

The primary industry

The secondary industry

Seawater desalination

The tertiary industry

0.951
0.002
0.047
0

0.353
0.235
0.159
0.253

0.212
0.322
0.363
0.103

0.404
0.125
0.168
0.303

with high investment multiplier, all these sectors are labor-intensive industries. However, for capital intensive industries, capital income was
the main primary income. If we only consider household sector endogenous, it will cause the investment multipliers of labor intensive sectors
generally higher than those of capital intensive industries. When we
considered both household sector and investment endogenous, seawater desalination investment multiplier was 2.488 and ranked ninth in 18
sectors (see Table 8). Agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and shery sector was on the top while the nancial sector was at the bottom.
Overall, the investment multiplier of seawater desalination was relatively high, which meant seawater desalination had a larger role in
boosting the national economy.
Since there is no formal compiled non-competitive inputoutput
table in China, our calculations were based on competitive inputoutput
table. At present, China still has to import some core seawater desalination equipment. For core seawater desalination stuff and equipment of
reverse osmosis seawater desalination, such as membrane module, energy recovery device, high-pressure pump and some chemical raw materials, their domestic rates were less than 50%; 90% of reverse osmosis
membrane still need to be imported from abroad.1 The impact of equipment importation on the decrease of the real investment multiplier
embodies in Eq. (6) as follows.
Supposing the kth, lth, mth, and nth sectors stand for seawater desalination industry, metal products industry, machinery and equipment
manufacturing and chemical sector separately. With considering the
importation of seawater desalination equipment, there are changes in
the kth column of A*, and there is no change in av and I. According to
Twelfth Five Year Plan of desalination industry development, reverse
osmosis desalination accounted for 66% by the end of 2010. Approximately 33% of input for seawater desalination from metal products industry and machinery and equipment manufacturing need to be
imported, and 29.7% (0.297 = 0.5 0.9 0.66, see Table 2, membrane
and chemicals belong to chemical sector, and they have the same proportion) of input for seawater desalination from chemical sector need
to be imported. That is, a(1)mk = 0.67 amk, a(1)nk = 0.70 ank, where,
A(1)* = (a(1)ij)(n + 2) (n + 2) stands for A* with considering to separate
importation from the intermediate transactions. With Eq. (6), the investment multiplier of seawater desalination was 2.29 which is less
than 2.49 when importation was mixed with intermediate transactions.
However, if all seawater desalination equipment was
manufactured domestically, on the one hand it would provide new
job opportunities so that enhance total wages, on the other hand it
would reduce seawater desalination cost and improve operating surplus. Therefore, the seawater desalination investment multiplier
would be larger than 2.488.

5.4. Intermediate input rate and distribution of desalination primary input

input of sector i. They were calculated by Eqs. (7)(9).

r i zi =xi

pi vi =xi

vmi
vi

pmi

where, xi indicates total inputs of sector i; zi indicates total intermediate

inputs of sector i; Vmi represents the mth kind of initial input of sector i
and Vi represents total initial inputs of sector i.
The proportion of labor compensation accounted for the initial inputs can be seen as the proportion of labor income accounted for elements incomes. The proportion of other items, including net taxes on
production, depreciation of xed assets and operating surplus, which
together can be approximated as total capital income, accounted for
the primary input, equivalent to one minus the proportion of labor
compensation.
For each sector, total intermediate input, total input and four kinds
initial input were showed in Appendices 79. Seawater desalination intermediate input rate was 0.717, very close to the secondary industry
average level 0.753, which reected the high investment properties of
seawater desalination. The proportion of labor compensation accounted
for the initial input of seawater desalination was 21.2% and the proportion of capital was 79.8%, which completely reected the capitalintensive production characteristic of seawater desalination.
Table 9 showed that the proportion of net taxes on production
accounted for its capital income of seawater desalination was high and
far more than the average level of the secondary industry, but the proportion of operating surplus accounted for primary input of seawater
desalination was only half of the secondary industry and 1/3 of the
tertiary industry.
6. Conclusion
The competitive partial closed inputoutput model was applied in
this paper to make the economic effects analysis of seawater desalination investment in China. The results showed that the seawater desalination sector had a large investment multiplier 2.49 and ranked 9th.
Its inuence coefcient and sensitivity coefcient were 1.09 (ranked
8th in 18 sectors) and 1.14 (ranked 6th) separately, which revealed
that it had great demand pulling and supply promoting effects on the
national economy and had a strong association with other sectors. To
increase investment in seawater desalination will promote the development of machinery and equipment manufacturing, electricity, heat
and water production, chemical industry et al., which have strong
interactions with it. If more seawater desalination equipment was
manufactured domestically, the investment multiplier of seawater desalination would become larger.

We dene ri as the intermediate input ratio of sector i, Pi as the primary input ratio of sector i, Pmi as the distribution structure of primary

Acknowledgments

1
Liqin Tao. 2013. http://www.chinawater.com.cn/ztgz/hy/2015zhsyj/201501/
t20150104_365801.html

This research was nancially supported by the National Natural

Science Foundation of China (No. 71173210). The authors appreciates
the anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments and suggestions
on the paper.

24

Q. Zou, X. Liu / Desalination 380 (2016) 1828

Appendix 1. Sector name and its corresponding code

Sector
code

Sector name

Sector code

Sector name

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and shery

Mining
Food, beverage and tobacco manufacturing industry
Textiles, apparel and leather products manufacturing
Other manufacturing
Electricity, heat and water production and supply (not include desalination)
Seawater desalination
Coke, gas and oil processing industry
Chemical
Non-metallic mineral products industry

11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

Metal products industry

Machinery and equipment manufacturing
Building industry
Transportation and warehousing and postal services
Wholesale and retail trade, accommodation and catering industry
Real estate, renting and business services
Financial services
Other services
Household sector
Investment

Note: The bold numbers in the following appendix stand for sector code.

Appendix 2. Direct consumption coefcient matrix, matrix A

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18

0.1330
0.0008
0.1028
0.0005
0.0029
0.0102
0.0000
0.0071
0.0785
0.0014
0.0034
0.0098
0.0002
0.0223
0.0164
0.0017
0.0080
0.0162

0.0033
0.1159
0.0019
0.0040
0.0110
0.0742
0.0000
0.0319
0.0397
0.0126
0.0484
0.0997
0.0009
0.0444
0.0213
0.0046
0.0134
0.0206

0.3966
0.0031
0.2066
0.0018
0.0221
0.0114
0.0000
0.0028
0.0276
0.0069
0.0058
0.0072
0.0003
0.0307
0.0301
0.0183
0.0103
0.0076

0.1106
0.0038
0.0256
0.4360
0.0164
0.0149
0.0000
0.0040
0.0873
0.0019
0.0038
0.0151
0.0002
0.0242
0.0196
0.0162
0.0134
0.0068

0.0769
0.0080
0.0060
0.0395
0.2858
0.0241
0.0000
0.0060
0.1030
0.0082
0.0532
0.0307
0.0002
0.0308
0.0263
0.0124
0.0138
0.0080

0.0000
0.1842
0.0029
0.0037
0.0033
0.3285
0.0002
0.0271
0.0048
0.0021
0.0076
0.0825
0.0004
0.0179
0.0110
0.0047
0.0400
0.0231

0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.1968
0.0000
0.0000
0.1335
0.0000
0.0000
0.1271
0.0294
0.0975
0.0000
0.0000
0.1020
0.0307

0.0000
0.6227
0.0046
0.0005
0.0015
0.0181
0.0001
0.0604
0.0186
0.0034
0.0038
0.0177
0.0005
0.0221
0.0134
0.0048
0.0058
0.0035

0.0319
0.0524
0.0161
0.0098
0.0226
0.0473
0.0000
0.0612
0.4102
0.0081
0.0190
0.0265
0.0004
0.0328
0.0238
0.0163
0.0155
0.0125

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

0.0005
0.1330
0.0035
0.0048
0.0474
0.0622
0.0000
0.0420
0.0758
0.1910
0.0555
0.0414
0.0003
0.0473
0.0307
0.0085
0.0259
0.0106

0.0001
0.1843
0.0033
0.0028
0.0377
0.0528
0.0000
0.0358
0.0195
0.0193
0.3363
0.0509
0.0003
0.0284
0.0231
0.0032
0.0131
0.0090

0.0000
0.0029
0.0034
0.0054
0.0207
0.0153
0.0000
0.0056
0.0583
0.0137
0.1767
0.4099
0.0003
0.0273
0.0341
0.0153
0.0141
0.0148

0.0044
0.0109
0.0040
0.0046
0.0224
0.0078
0.0000
0.0129
0.0308
0.2264
0.1570
0.0761
0.0106
0.1077
0.0346
0.0042
0.0095
0.0157

0.0173
0.0036
0.0064
0.0068
0.0134
0.0170
0.0000
0.1364
0.0142
0.0017
0.0083
0.1146
0.0044
0.0899
0.0356
0.0281
0.0483
0.0260

0.0387
0.0004
0.1191
0.0092
0.0091
0.0166
0.0000
0.0037
0.0082
0.0009
0.0010
0.0178
0.0024
0.0553
0.0246
0.0521
0.0270
0.0168

0.0010
0.0007
0.0066
0.0138
0.0457
0.0083
0.0000
0.0209
0.0246
0.0004
0.0127
0.0659
0.0117
0.0310
0.0490
0.0525
0.0439
0.0222

0.0000
0.0000
0.0028
0.0028
0.0212
0.0099
0.0000
0.0063
0.0034
0.0002
0.0009
0.0138
0.0014
0.0575
0.0411
0.0929
0.0803
0.0158

0.0058
0.0036
0.0111
0.0145
0.0384
0.0148
0.0000
0.0127
0.1025
0.0047
0.0070
0.0561
0.0110
0.0424
0.0479
0.0206
0.0177
0.0390

Appendix 3. Complete consumption coefcient matrix, matrix (bij)18 18

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11

0.2496
0.0669
0.1760
0.0124
0.0299
0.0570
0.0000
0.0407
0.2077
0.0107
0.0461

0.0383
0.2936
0.0283
0.0267
0.0588
0.1935
0.0000
0.0899
0.1680
0.0352
0.1969

0.6468
0.0866
0.3648
0.0210
0.0708
0.0774
0.0000
0.0483
0.2014
0.0220
0.0677

0.3130
0.1233
0.1233
0.7953
0.0821
0.1110
0.0000
0.0660
0.3734
0.0190
0.0880

0.1938
0.1633
0.0653
0.1187
0.4493
0.1349
0.0000
0.0731
0.3581
0.0322
0.2027

0.0341
0.4451
0.0303
0.0294
0.0522
0.5840
0.0003
0.0959
0.1261
0.0251
0.1610

0.0426
0.1953
0.0310
0.0258
0.0554
0.3790
0.0001
0.0802
0.3355
0.0291
0.1536

0.0378
0.8878
0.0330
0.0233
0.0510
0.1721
0.0001
0.1380
0.1649
0.0315
0.1604

0.1252
0.3092
0.0759
0.0521
0.0975
0.2039
0.0001
0.1671
0.8177
0.0355
0.1568

Q. Zou, X. Liu / Desalination 380 (2016) 1828

25

(continued) 3 (continued)
Appendix

12
13
14
15
16
17
18

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18

0.0790
0.0016
0.0622
0.0456
0.0201
0.0290
0.0337

0.3128
0.0031
0.1081
0.0663
0.0314
0.0513
0.0491

0.1064
0.0025
0.0968
0.0795
0.0478
0.0443
0.0374

0.1564
0.0029
0.1070
0.0811
0.0601
0.0608
0.0401

0.2022
0.0027
0.1113
0.0855
0.0495
0.0590
0.0403

0.3590
0.0032
0.0962
0.0655
0.0387
0.0987
0.0646

0.3959
0.0329
0.1836
0.0602
0.0444
0.1627
0.0696

0.2688
0.0032
0.1102
0.0687
0.0335
0.0498
0.0427

0.2340
0.0035
0.1275
0.0900
0.0598
0.0694
0.0527

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

0.0567
0.3977
0.0425
0.0396
0.1350
0.2253
0.0001
0.1304
0.2846
0.2602
0.2354
0.2763
0.0033
0.1421
0.0950
0.0470
0.0814
0.0492

0.0500
0.5055
0.0395
0.0352
0.1287
0.2304
0.0001
0.1256
0.1857
0.0593
0.6584
0.3238
0.0032
0.1251
0.0905
0.0383
0.0669
0.0498

0.0578
0.2436
0.0479
0.0443
0.1166
0.1565
0.0000
0.0893
0.2861
0.0557
0.5473
0.8760
0.0035
0.1286
0.1158
0.0617
0.0715
0.0585

0.0573
0.2604
0.0431
0.0373
0.1089
0.1418
0.0000
0.1050
0.2115
0.3080
0.3932
0.3248
0.0138
0.2053
0.1010
0.0420
0.0638
0.0526

0.0599
0.2039
0.0391
0.0314
0.0599
0.0951
0.0000
0.1977
0.1258
0.0200
0.1312
0.3193
0.0073
0.1562
0.0825
0.0612
0.0873
0.0530

0.1437
0.0551
0.1833
0.0284
0.0403
0.0581
0.0000
0.0345
0.0834
0.0099
0.0457
0.0984
0.0046
0.0966
0.0555
0.0756
0.0521
0.0340

0.0415
0.0840
0.0349
0.0427
0.0956
0.0576
0.0000
0.0556
0.1185
0.0148
0.0968
0.1913
0.0141
0.0770
0.0834
0.0797
0.0726
0.0409

0.0248
0.0465
0.0226
0.0180
0.0539
0.0413
0.0000
0.0337
0.0520
0.0066
0.0407
0.0879
0.0041
0.0939
0.0681
0.1204
0.1078
0.0306

0.0579
0.1035
0.0462
0.0460
0.0896
0.0801
0.0000
0.0597
0.2572
0.0218
0.0932
0.1891
0.0134
0.0951
0.0859
0.0475
0.0479
0.0609

0.1330
0.0012
0.1057
0.0006
0.0040
0.0149
0.0000
0.0163
0.0584
0.0025
0.0022
0.0029
0.0002
0.0234
0.0176
0.0023
0.0171
0.0123

0.0023
0.1159
0.0014
0.0034
0.0108
0.0756
0.0000
0.0514
0.0207
0.0154
0.0221
0.0207
0.0004
0.0327
0.0160
0.0043
0.0203
0.0110

0.3858
0.0043
0.2066
0.0022
0.0301
0.0161
0.0000
0.0063
0.0200
0.0116
0.0036
0.0021
0.0002
0.0313
0.0314
0.0237
0.0215
0.0056

0.0906
0.0044
0.0216
0.4360
0.0188
0.0178
0.0000
0.0076
0.0532
0.0027
0.0020
0.0037
0.0001
0.0207
0.0172
0.0177
0.0236
0.0042

0.0549
0.0081
0.0044
0.0344
0.2858
0.0250
0.0000
0.0098
0.0546
0.0101
0.0247
0.0065
0.0001
0.0230
0.0201
0.0118
0.0211
0.0043

0.0000
0.1808
0.0021
0.0031
0.0032
0.3285
0.3596
0.0430
0.0024
0.0025
0.0034
0.0168
0.0002
0.0129
0.0081
0.0044
0.0592
0.0121

0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0000

0.0000
0.3860
0.0021
0.0002
0.0009
0.0114
0.1394
0.0604
0.0060
0.0025
0.0011
0.0023
0.0001
0.0101
0.0063
0.0028
0.0054
0.0012

0.0430
0.1005
0.0223
0.0161
0.0427
0.0924
0.0440
0.1892
0.4102
0.0188
0.0166
0.0105
0.0003
0.0462
0.0342
0.0293
0.0449
0.0128

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

0.0003
0.1095
0.0021
0.0034
0.0384
0.0522
0.0000
0.0558
0.0325
0.1910
0.0209
0.0071
0.0001
0.0287
0.0190
0.0066
0.0322
0.0047

0.0002
0.4038
0.0052
0.0053
0.0811
0.1179
0.0632
0.1265
0.0223
0.0513
0.3363
0.0231
0.0003
0.0458
0.0381
0.0066
0.0431
0.0105

0.0002
0.0141
0.0119
0.0224
0.0982
0.0751
0.0000
0.0439
0.1467
0.0800
0.3890
0.4099
0.0006
0.0968
0.1236
0.0691
0.1023
0.0381

0.0065
0.0229
0.0061
0.0084
0.0463
0.0168
0.0000
0.0437
0.0338
0.5782
0.1508
0.0332
0.0106
0.1667
0.0547
0.0082
0.0300
0.0176

0.0165
0.0049
0.0063
0.0079
0.0178
0.0235
0.0000
0.2992
0.0101
0.0028
0.0052
0.0323
0.0028
0.0899
0.0364
0.0358
0.0990
0.0188

0.0361
0.0005
0.1143
0.0105
0.0119
0.0226
0.0000
0.0080
0.0057
0.0014
0.0006
0.0049
0.0015
0.0541
0.0246
0.0650
0.0541
0.0119

0.0008
0.0008
0.0050
0.0126
0.0479
0.0090
0.0000
0.0359
0.0137
0.0005
0.0062
0.0146
0.0059
0.0243
0.0393
0.0525
0.0706
0.0126

0.0000
0.0000
0.0013
0.0016
0.0138
0.0067
0.0000
0.0068
0.0012
0.0001
0.0003
0.0019
0.0005
0.0281
0.0205
0.0578
0.0803
0.0056

0.0077
0.0068
0.0150
0.0233
0.0708
0.0283
0.0000
0.0385
0.1003
0.0107
0.0060
0.0218
0.0098
0.0585
0.0676
0.0363
0.0501
0.0390

Appendix 4. Matrix H

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18

26

Q. Zou, X. Liu / Desalination 380 (2016) 1828

Appendix 5. Matrix A*

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

10

0.1330
0.0012
0.1057
0.0006
0.0040
0.0149
0.0000
0.0163
0.0584
0.0025
0.0022
0.0029
0.0002
0.0234
0.0176
0.0023
0.0171
0.0123
0.5563
0.0273

0.0023
0.1159
0.0014
0.0034
0.0108
0.0756
0.0000
0.0514
0.0207
0.0154
0.0221
0.0207
0.0004
0.0327
0.0160
0.0043
0.0203
0.0110
0.1546
0.0473

0.3858
0.0043
0.2066
0.0022
0.0301
0.0161
0.0000
0.0063
0.0200
0.0116
0.0036
0.0021
0.0002
0.0313
0.0314
0.0237
0.0215
0.0056
0.0614
0.0190

0.0906
0.0044
0.0216
0.4360
0.0188
0.0178
0.0000
0.0076
0.0532
0.0027
0.0020
0.0037
0.0001
0.0207
0.0172
0.0177
0.0236
0.0042
0.1048
0.0206

0.0549
0.0081
0.0044
0.0344
0.2858
0.0250
0.0000
0.0098
0.0546
0.0101
0.0247
0.0065
0.0001
0.0230
0.0201
0.0118
0.0211
0.0043
0.0806
0.0245

0.0000
0.1808
0.0021
0.0031
0.0032
0.3285
0.3596
0.0430
0.0024
0.0025
0.0034
0.0168
0.0002
0.0129
0.0081
0.0044
0.0592
0.0121
0.0827
0.0960

0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0000
0.0600
0.1026

0.0000
0.3860
0.0021
0.0002
0.0009
0.0114
0.1394
0.0604
0.0060
0.0025
0.0011
0.0023
0.0001
0.0101
0.0063
0.0028
0.0054
0.0012
0.0323
0.0239

0.0430
0.1005
0.0223
0.0161
0.0427
0.0924
0.0440
0.1892
0.4102
0.0188
0.0166
0.0105
0.0003
0.0462
0.0342
0.0293
0.0449
0.0128
0.0689
0.0295

0.0003
0.1095
0.0021
0.0034
0.0384
0.0522
0.0000
0.0558
0.0325
0.1910
0.0209
0.0071
0.0001
0.0287
0.0190
0.0066
0.0322
0.0047
0.0776
0.0301

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

0.0002
0.4038
0.0052
0.0053
0.0811
0.1179
0.0632
0.1265
0.0223
0.0513
0.3363
0.0231
0.0003
0.0458
0.0381
0.0066
0.0431
0.0105
0.0675
0.0348

0.0002
0.0141
0.0119
0.0224
0.0982
0.0751
0.0000
0.0439
0.1467
0.0800
0.3890
0.4099
0.0006
0.0968
0.1236
0.0691
0.1023
0.0381
0.0776
0.0219

0.0065
0.0229
0.0061
0.0084
0.0463
0.0168
0.0000
0.0437
0.0338
0.5782
0.1508
0.0332
0.0106
0.1667
0.0547
0.0082
0.0300
0.0176
0.1484
0.0144

0.0165
0.0049
0.0063
0.0079
0.0178
0.0235
0.0000
0.2992
0.0101
0.0028
0.0052
0.0323
0.0028
0.0899
0.0364
0.0358
0.0990
0.0188
0.1574
0.0868

0.0361
0.0005
0.1143
0.0105
0.0119
0.0226
0.0000
0.0080
0.0057
0.0014
0.0006
0.0049
0.0015
0.0541
0.0246
0.0650
0.0541
0.0119
0.2052
0.0471

0.0008
0.0008
0.0050
0.0126
0.0479
0.0090
0.0000
0.0359
0.0137
0.0005
0.0062
0.0146
0.0059
0.0243
0.0393
0.0525
0.0706
0.0126
0.1276
0.2505

0.0000
0.0000
0.0013
0.0016
0.0138
0.0067
0.0000
0.0068
0.0012
0.0001
0.0003
0.0019
0.0005
0.0281
0.0205
0.0578
0.0803
0.0056
0.2063
0.0152

0.0077
0.0068
0.0150
0.0233
0.0708
0.0283
0.0000
0.0385
0.1003
0.0107
0.0060
0.0218
0.0098
0.0585
0.0676
0.0363
0.0501
0.0390
0.4256
0.0611

0.0644
0.0007
0.1418
0.0447
0.0198
0.0236
0.0000
0.0070
0.0170
0.0016
0.0025
0.0552
0.0063
0.0447
0.0838
0.0931
0.0315
0.3623
0.0000
0.0000

0.0195
0.0053
0.0065
0.0036
0.0178
0.0001
0.0000
0.0002
0.0060
0.0022
0.0085
0.3555
0.4972
0.0195
0.0150
0.0386
0.0000
0.0049
0.0000
0.0000

Appendix 6. Value added coefcient vector av

10

0.5847

0.4521

0.2108

0.2000

0.2673

0.2557

0.2829

0.1984

0.1936

0.2195

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

0.1801

0.1821

0.2605

0.4281

0.5970

0.5890

0.6498

0.5501

0.0000

0.0000

Appendix 7. Total intermediate inputs of each sector (unit: 0.01 million RMB)

2.88E + 08

2.66E + 08

5.32E + 08

4.54E + 08

3.63E + 08

3.55E + 08

157,154.9

2.42E + 08

7.52E + 08

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

3.13E + 08

8.74E + 08

1.92E + 09

7.57E + 08

3.78E + 08

2.61E + 08

2.13E + 08

1.13E + 08

4.11E + 08

Q. Zou, X. Liu / Desalination 380 (2016) 1828

27

Appendix 8. The total input (output) of each sector (unit: 0.01 million RMB)

693,198,000

486,392,589

674,322,854

567,717,977

494,952,712

477,087,800

219,140

301,486,097

932,510,585

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

400,640,739

1,065,785,795

2,345,737,071

1,023,433,008

661,343,668

646,944,042

518,947,739

322,865,826

912,863,078

Appendix 9. Four kinds initial input (unit: 0.01 million RMB)

EC
NP
FD
OS

EC
NP
FD
OS

385,628,326
783,500
18,924,174
0

75,188,343
52,592,494
22,985,591
69,148,781

41,390,651
46,684,862
12,827,121
41,226,176

59,503,216
19,934,070
11,709,067
22,379,801

39,890,174
18,279,099
12,117,750
62,033,331

39,444,670
21,624,886
45,800,408
15,127,783

13,146.041
19,978.239
22,478.104
6382.664

9,740,360
32,157,665
7,218,477
10,705,878

64,283,325
35,501,980
27,514,105
53,250,814

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

31,084,978
16,926,669
12,075,855
27,846,380

71,898,387
33,518,915
37,094,466
49,483,400

181,948,157
76,508,815
51,324,247
117,462,585

151,844,891
42,168,532
14,751,879
57,844,494

104,106,146
22,632,647
57,375,756
99,026,804

132,774,136
92,523,028
30,458,424
130,478,297

66,240,171
46,369,707
130,006,458
63,054,017

66,609,819
25,551,609
4,919,117
112,725,789

388,500,380
15,330,013
55,793,236
42,572,687

Note: EC, NP, FD and OS stand for employees' compensation, net taxes on production, xed assets depreciation and operating surplus respectively.

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