INCOME AND EXPENDITURE:

KENYA
Euromonitor International
July 2015

INCOME AND EXPENDITURE: KENYA

LIST OF CONTENTS AND TABLES

Chart 1
Chart 2

SWOT Analysis: Kenya ................................................................................ 1

Overview of Income and Consumer Expenditure in Kenya: 2014 ................ 1

Gross Income by Age ................................................................................................................... 2

Elderly Account for Three Quarters of Wealthiest Consumers ................................................. 2
Chart 3
Chart 4

Top Gross Income Band (US$150,000+) by Age: 2014 and 2030 ............... 3
Total Gross Income: 2014 ............................................................................ 3

Social Class Composition ............................................................................................................. 4

Poorer Social Classes To Post Fastest Growth ........................................................................ 4
Chart 5

Age Composition of Social Classes ABCDE: 2014 ...................................... 5

Household Income Distribution ..................................................................................................... 5

Large Income Gap Yawns Wider .............................................................................................. 5
Chart 6
Chart 7

Average Household Annual Disposable Income by Decile: 2014 and

2030 ............................................................................................................. 6
Household Income Distribution: 2014........................................................... 7

Consumer Expenditure by Category ............................................................................................ 7

Improving Living Standards To Boost fun Discretionary Categories....................................... 7
Chart 8
Chart 9

Real Growth Indices of Fastest Growing Consumer Spending

Categories: 2015-2030................................................................................. 8
Real Growth Indices of Slowest Growing Consumer Spending
Categories: 2015-2030................................................................................. 9

Consumer Expenditure by Region .............................................................................................. 10

Nairobi Well Ahead of the Pack .............................................................................................. 10
Chart 10
Chart 11

Total Consumer Expenditure by Region: 2014 ........................................... 10

Chart11 Per Household Consumer Expenditure by Region: 2014 ............. 11

Consumer Expenditure by Income Level .................................................................................... 12

Rich Outspend Poor Tenfold .................................................................................................. 12
Chart 12
Chart 13

Spending Patterns of Deciles 1, 5 and 10: 2014 ........................................ 13

Category Expenditure by Each Decile as a Proportion of Total
Category Spending: 2014 .......................................................................... 14

Definitions................................................................................................................................... 14
Deciles .................................................................................................................................... 14
Discretionary Spending........................................................................................................... 14
Disposable Income ................................................................................................................. 14
Gross Income ......................................................................................................................... 15
Mean Income .......................................................................................................................... 15
Median Income ....................................................................................................................... 15
Middle Class ........................................................................................................................... 15
Non-discretionary Spending ................................................................................................... 15
Social Class A ........................................................................................................................ 15
Social Class B ........................................................................................................................ 15
Social Class C ........................................................................................................................ 15
Social Class D ........................................................................................................................ 15
Social Class E ........................................................................................................................ 15

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INCOME AND EXPENDITURE: KENYA

While Kenyans have the lowest incomes across 85 major global nations, projected growth
rates are impressive, as the government takes steps to improve the economy. Consequently,
consumer spending is on course to surge. Youth-leaning demographics have created a large
cohort of cost-conscious consumers open to budget buys, while the top income bracket is
overwhelmingly elderly. Stark income disparities persist, and Nairobians purchasing power
outstrips the sums elsewhere in the country.
Chart 1

Source:

Chart 2

SWOT Analysis: Kenya

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Overview of Income and Consumer Expenditure in Kenya: 2014

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INCOME AND EXPENDITURE: KENYA

Source:

Euromonitor International from national statistics

GROSS INCOME BY AGE

Elderly Account for Three Quarters of Wealthiest Consumers
In 2014, Kenyan per capita annual gross income totalled KES80,988 (US$921), the lowest out
of 85 major world nations. Between 2009 and 2014, the indicator rose by 1.8% in real terms (or
an average real increase of 0.4% per year), the weakest performance in the Middle East and
Africa outside Kuwait during the timeframe. Per capita annual gross income registered modest
real annual gains of up to 1.0% in every year between 2009 and 2014, with the exception of a
real annual dip of 1.3% in 2013, the year of a disputed election. Earnings remained muted, as
severe drought; election-related strife; and occasional terrorist attacks kept economic growth
below its potential. Going forward, private sector expansion spurred by public investments in
energy, agriculture and transportation; oil discoveries in the northern Turkana region; and strong
gains in tourism, manufacturing and agriculture will boost per capita annual gross income. The
indicator is forecast to climb by 3.9% in real terms per year over the 2015-2030 period to stand
at KES145,463 (US$1,654), the second fastest growth rate in the Middle East and Africa during
the interval.
The uppermost income bracket is overwhelmingly the preserve of the 65+ age band:
In 2014, of the Kenyan population on an annual gross income of US$150,000+, a striking
73.8% were aged 65 or above, six times higher than the closest cohort (the 60-64 age bracket
on 12.3%). African culture holds elders in deep esteem, and individuals who attain high status

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in the worlds of business, politics and the civil service typically do so after years of building
contact networks, influence and assets;
The expanding group of elderly consumers will tip the top earnings bracket even further in
favour of seniors. In 2030, the 65+ demographic will account for 80.8% of individuals earning
an annual gross income of US$150,000, underpinning potential take-up of high-end goods
and services targeted at seniors.
Chart 3

Source:
Note:

Top Gross Income Band (US$150,000+) by Age: 2014 and 2030

Euromonitor International from national statistics

Data for 2030 are forecasts.

Youth-leaning demographics underpin the large number of young Kenyans on modest

incomes:
One hot spot the red area denoting the highest total concentration of gross income
appears on Kenyas heat map for 2014. It indicates an age range of 15-28 with corresponding
per capita annual gross income of about US$400 to just over US$1,200, which increases
sharply with age and reaches a peak at 25;
The hot spot has its roots in Kenyas young demographics: 26.5% of the population
belonged to the 15-28 age band in 2014. A secondary factor at the younger end of the hot
spot is income uniformity, as Kenyans in their teens and early twenties typically either fill
menial roles in the workforce (sometimes for the family business) or are full-time students,
curbing their earning power. This creates a sizeable cohort of young, price-conscious
consumers, who form a promising market for affordable youth-friendly goods and services,
from domains such as mobile communications, gadgets and entertainment. With similar
patterns found in fellow African nations, such as South Africa and Nigeria, such ranges could
be suited to regional rollout.
Chart 4

Total Gross Income: 2014

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Source:
Note:

Euromonitor International from national statistics

The horizontal axis depicts the age of individuals and the vertical axis the distribution of per capita
income by annual gross income brackets. The shading refers to the total income in thousand US$. The
closer to red, the larger the amount of total income in that age and income range.

SOCIAL CLASS COMPOSITION

Poorer Social Classes To Post Fastest Growth
Lower-income earners form a majority in Kenyas social class system:
In 2014, 38.7% of the population aged 15+ belonged to social class E (the lowest social
class). Social class D was second, on 25.5%;
The dominance of the agricultural sector; inadequate infrastructure; restricted employment
and educational opportunities; adverse weather conditions; widespread corruption; ethnic
tensions; steep unemployment (which stood at 35.7% of the economically active population in
2014); and outbreaks of terrorism have fostered high poverty rates in Kenya, especially in
rural areas, inflating the lower social classes. Between 2009 and 2014, the social class
distribution shifted marginally to the extremes: social classes E and A were the most dynamic,
recording growth of 16.6% and 15.8% respectively; while the inner social classes advanced
by slightly cooler rates of between 14.5% (social class D) and 14.8% (social class B);
Social class E is overwhelmingly young. In 2014, the 15-19 cohort accounted for 25.8% of
social class E, with the 20-24 age band constituting another 14.5%. This results from a
combination of Kenyas young population and the muted earning power of consumers in their

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teens and early twenties, as noted above. The spread underlines the commercial promise of
targeting price-sensitive young consumers with affordable buys;
Through to 2030, the social class system will grow more rapidly at its poorer end. Between
2015 and 2030, social classes E, D, C, B and A will increase by 55.5%, 55.1%, 54.7%, 54.0%
and 53.6% respectively. The effect will be a rise in demand for low-cost essentials. However,
with the range of growth rates a relatively narrow one, the social class distribution will not
significantly change: in 2030, social class E will represent 38.8% of the population aged 15+
and social class D, 25.6% both up by just 0.1 percentage point versus the 2014 figures;
Young consumers will continue to dominate social class E, albeit on slightly reduced shares,
owing to population ageing. The 15-19 age band will comprise 23.4% of social class E in
2030, followed by the 20-24 age bracket on 14.0%. This underlines the potential of low-cost
business models built on a young consumer profile.
Chart 5

Source:

Age Composition of Social Classes ABCDE: 2014

Euromonitor International from national statistics

HOUSEHOLD INCOME DISTRIBUTION

Large Income Gap Yawns Wider
Annual disposable income per household was fairly stagnant between 2009 and 2014:
In 2014, Kenyan annual disposable income per household totalled KES304,358 (US$3,462),
having risen by just 0.4% in real terms over the 2009-2014 period (or an average annual real
increase of 0.1%). Only Kuwait and Iran posted worse performances in the Middle East and
African during the interval. Once again, modest annual growth of less than 1.0% in real terms
in four years out of five were pegged back by a real annual slump of 1.6% in 2013;
The previously lacklustre growth pace will perk up considerably through to 2030, thanks in
part to government strategies, such as Kenya Vision 2030, which involves improvements in
education, health, and housing, in order for Kenya to attain middle-income status by 2030.

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Between 2015 and 2030, per household annual disposable income is forecast to climb by
74.7% in real terms, or an average annual real hike of 3.8%.
Kenyas steep socioeconomic disparities are set to persist through to 2030:
The most affluent 10.0% of households (decile 10) were in receipt of 44.9% of overall annual
disposable income in 2014, compared to 1.5% going to the poorest 10.0% (decile 1);
Kenya has one of the highest rates of inequality among major world nations, a trait it shares
with several African peer countries. Stark urban-rural disparities; limited employment
opportunities; corruption and nepotism; and elites that seek to cling onto their advantages
have all fuelled the countrys socioeconomic iniquities. The income gap widened further
throughout the review period: decile 1s share of overall annual disposable income stood at
1.6% in 2009, and decile 10s portion at 44.0%;
Investment in support for the agriculture industry; higher health and education spending,
including to fund free primary and secondary education; affordable housing; and a beefing up
of social security for the vulnerable have been among the measures taken to support the
livings of the worst off adopted by the Kenyan government, with the elimination of poverty a
target of Kenya Vision 2030. However, adverse weather conditions; Islamic terrorism and
ethnic tension; and the efforts of Kenyas elites to preserve their privileges thwart attempts to
narrow the income gap. Decile 10s share of overall annual disposable income will increase
from 45.0% to 45.9% between 2015 and 2030, while decile 1s portion will hold steady at
1.5%.
Chart 6

Source:
Note:

Average Household Annual Disposable Income by Decile: 2014 and 2030

Euromonitor International from national statistics

Data for 2030 are forecasts. Data are in constant US$.

Socioeconomic inequalities keep the mean and median household incomes some distance
apart:
Kenyas 2014 mean household income came to US$3,462, the lowest figure both in the
Middle East and Africa and out of 85 major countries. That years median income, which
stood at US$1,977 far short of the mean, as a consequence of the wide income gap
serves as a more useful illustration of realities on the ground. With close to 70.0% of homes in

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receipt of less than the 2014 mean income, low-cost basics should fare well on the Kenyan
consumer marketplace. Over the 2015-2030 period, median income per household is
projected to jump by 71.5% in real terms;
Chart 7

Source:

Household Income Distribution: 2014

Euromonitor International from national statistics

In 2014, 2.8 million homes, or 26.9% of the overall number of households nationwide, formed
the Kenyan middle class defined as households on between 75.0% and 125% of median
income. The proportion is relatively low, owing to the wide income gap, which shifts
households away from the median sum. In absolute terms, the cohort grew over the 20092014 period, from a base of 2.4 million homes in 2009. However, this was attributable to
strong gains in the total number of households. Proportionally, the group dropped back
slightly from 27.1% of the overall households in 2009, owing to worsening inequality;
Through to 2030, in absolute terms, Kenyas middle class will continue to be buoyed by the
rising number of homes overall, despite falling back proportionally. In 2030, the cohort will
number 4.2 million households, or 26.6% of the nationwide total.

CONSUMER EXPENDITURE BY CATEGORY

Improving Living Standards To Boost fun Discretionary Categories
Population growth was the main driver of rising consumer spending between 2009 and 2014:
Overall consumer expenditure in Kenya stood at KES3.4 trillion (US$38.2 billion) in 2014,
following a hike of 17.4% in real terms over the 2009-2014 period (or an average real upswing
of 3.3% per year). This was largely ascribable to a concomitant 14.4% expansion of the total
Kenyan population during the interval. Consumer credit and government efforts, such as the
Kenya Economic Stimulus Program (ESP), introduced in the 2009/2010 budget speech, were
also factors. Robustly rising incomes on the back of government initiatives to spur the

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economy and reduce poverty will see consumer expenditure surge by 151% in real terms (or
an average real hike of 6.3% per year) over the 2015-2030 period;
In 2014, non-discretionary spending that is, money given over to food, non-alcoholic
beverages and housing accounted for 53.8% of Kenyas overall consumer expenditure.
While this proportion does not diverge significantly from the 52.0% figure for the Middle East
and Africa that year, the split does: food and non-alcoholic beverages absorbed 46.9% of total
budgets in Kenya (versus 31.8% across the region) and housing just 6.9% (against 20.2%) in
2014. This reflects both the widespread poverty in Kenya that directs a large slice of
expenditure towards sustenance; the prevalence of low-cost rural and slum housing; and the
inclusion in the regional figure of wealthier Middle Eastern states with very different
economies. The slice of total outgoings devoted to non-discretionary spending will drop back
to 51.5% in 2030, tamped down by higher incomes.
Rising living standards are driving outlay on the fun-based discretionary categories of hotels
and catering and leisure and recreation:
Hotels and catering recorded the biggest spike over the period of 2009-2014, up by 40.1% in
real terms. It was led by strong catering spending, as Kenyas restaurant sector boomed (in
2014, fast food giant McDonalds signalled its intention to enter the market) on the back of the
urban middle class. Second came leisure and recreation, which rose by a real 36.6% during
the timeframe. Package holidays was the best performing subcategory, as the government
and private operators invested in promoting domestic tourism, while more generally new
options for entertainment and enjoyment proliferated on Kenyas developing consumer
market. Marking a hike of 22.3% in real terms between 2009 and 2014, food and nonalcoholic beverages came third, against a backdrop of food price inflation (costs are subject to
Kenyas sometimes unfavourable climatic conditions);
Through to 2030, hotels and catering and leisure and recreation will continue to soar, fuelled
by briskly improving incomes and living standards. Communications will be the third most
dynamic category, as penetration rises on Kenyas mobile market, with the launch of 4G
services (a technology that provides very fast mobile broadband) after 2015 poised to
invigorate the sector further.
Chart 8

Real Growth Indices of Fastest Growing Consumer Spending Categories:

2015-2030

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Source:
Note:

Euromonitor International from national statistics/UN/OECD

Data are forecasts.

Three categories suffered real declines between 2009 and 2014. Clothing and footwear
slumped by 6.7% in real terms, as prices were tamped down by pressure from foreign
competition. Alcoholic beverages and tobacco posted a real 2.8% drop over the 2009-2014
period, subdued by the weak tobacco subcategory, which had to contend with anti-smoking
campaigns and competition from counterfeit cigarettes. Third came housing, down by 1.7% in
real terms during the timeframe, on a weak rental market;
The period through to 2030 will see the same three categories continue to struggle for similar
reasons: variously, tepid tobacco spending, tough competition in the garment industry and
trailing rents. However, with even the most lacklustre category alcoholic beverages and
tobacco marking a real hike of 85.7% between 2015 and 2030, and all other categories set
to more than double in real terms over the timeframe, these weaker performances still offer
marketers plenty of opportunities.
Chart 9

Real Growth Indices of Slowest Growing Consumer Spending Categories:

2015-2030

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Source:
Note:

Euromonitor International from national statistics/UN/OECD

Data are forecasts.

CONSUMER EXPENDITURE BY REGION

Nairobi Well Ahead of the Pack
The capital region Nairobi is the countrys predominant consumer hub, owing to its sizeable
population and superior purchasing power:
Nairobi posted the highest total consumer spending in 2014, at US$15.1 billion. Home to
around 3.5 million people, the Kenyan capital is the countrys most populous city by some way
and a major metropolitan force in both East Africa and the entire continent;
In 2030, consumer outlay in Nairobi is projected to surge to US$76.3 billion, buoyed by rapid
gains in headcount Nairobi is one of the fastest growing cities in Africa, as migrants from
poorer countries in the continent seek better employment opportunities and region-leading
rises in earnings.
Chart 10

Total Consumer Expenditure by Region: 2014

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Source:

Euromonitor International from national statistics/UN/OECD

Homes in Nairobi posted over 2.5 times the level of consumer outlay as those in Coast, the
second highest-spending region, in 2014:
At a per household level, Nairobi was also the scene of the biggest consumer expenditure by
some way, posting US$12,192 in 2014 (with the second placed Coast region registering
US$4,826). This embodies Kenyas high urban-rural inequality. Kenyas financial and
business epicentre, Nairobi is home to the national stock market; the regional headquarters of
various major international and African corporations; and a significant manufacturing base.
Consequently it hosts a disproportionate share of relatively wealthy professionals;
At US$801, 2014s smallest per household consumer expenditure came in the North Eastern
region. A tribal province, it shares a border and links with volatile Somalia, and has been the
scene of various attacks by terrorist group Al-Shabaab since 2011, including the massacre at
Garissa University in 2015. The region is also partly arid, limiting agricultural development and
leaving many residents reliant on raising livestock.
Chart 11

Chart11 Per Household Consumer Expenditure by Region: 2014

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Source:

Euromonitor International from national statistics/UN/OECD

CONSUMER EXPENDITURE BY INCOME LEVEL

Rich Outspend Poor Tenfold
2015 will bring further upticks in per household consumer expenditure across Kenyan society:
Decile 10s consumer outlay was 10.3 times the level of decile 1s expenditure in 2014, in the
context of an annual disposable income that was 29.2 times as great that year. Leisure and
recreation displayed the greatest gulf in the outgoings of the rich and poor: the richest 10.0%
of society allocated 42.7 times as much to this category as the poorest 10.0% in 2014. Next
came transport and clothing and footwear (on which decile 10s 2014 outlay was 37.1 and
32.3 times as high as decile 1s spending respectively);
All deciles recorded a strong growth in consumer expenditure between 2009 and 2014. The
hikes varied little proportionally, with the wealthier posting only fractionally greater upswings.
Over the 2009-2014 timeframe, decile 1 upped its per household outgoings by 28.2% (in US$
terms), versus a 30.9% increase (in US$ terms) in per household expenditure from decile 9,
and a 33.0% jump (in US$ terms) from decile 10 during the interval. Accelerating economic
expansion, buoyed by strong growth in consumer credit and infrastructure spending, will result
in year-on-year rises in per household consumer expenditure in US$ terms from all deciles in
2015.
Through to 2030, the capacity for discretionary spending will increase across all rungs of
Kenyan society:
In 2014, low-income households (decile 1) apportioned 69.1% of their total budgets to nondiscretionary purchases. For middle-income homes (decile 5), that years figure came to
59.1% and for high-income households (decile 10) it stood at 44.9%. These large numbers
underline the truncated capacity for discretionary outlay, even from the wealthy;
Rising outlay on food and non-alcoholic beverages pushed up the share of overall spending
devoted to essential purchases throughout the 2009-2014 period for poor and middle-class
homes, while richer homes were able to reduced their non-discretionary outlay proportionally

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over the timeframe. In 2009, non-discretionary outgoings made up 67.1%, 57.9% and 45.3%
of deciles 1, 5 and 10s respective total consumer expenditure;
Essential spending will reduce as a share of overall budgets for Kenyan households of all
means through to 2030. The share of overall outgoings given over to non-discretionary
purchases will drop back from 69.0% to 68.6% for decile 1; from 58.8% to 57.4% for decile 5;
and from 44.6% to 41.7% for decile 10, over the 2009-2014 interval.
Chart 12

Source:
Note:

Spending Patterns of Deciles 1, 5 and 10: 2014

Euromonitor International from national statistical offices/OECD

A:
Food and non-alcoholic beverages; B:
Alcoholic beverages and tobacco; C:
Clothing and footwear; D:
Housing; E:
Household goods and services; F:
Health goods and medical services; G:
Transport; H:
Communications; I:
Leisure and recreation; J:
Education; K:
Hotels and catering; L:
Miscellaneous goods and services. The figure in brackets refers to the average disposable
income of households in each decile.

Decile 10 was the source of over two fifths of total leisure and recreation expenditure in 2014:
In 2014, Kenyas most discretionary category meaning, the one where the biggest share of
total category expenditure comes from decile 10 was leisure and recreation (40.2% of 2014
expenditure, on which came from decile 10). While affluent consumers (typically urban
dwellers) have plenty of opportunities to spend their ample spare cash on entertaining
themselves (from malls to concerts), their poorer counterparts (often rural dwellers) can spare
little for this purpose and have few outlets for such expenditure;
2014s second most discretionary category was transport (where decile 10 was responsible
for 38.7% of total category outgoings) and clothing and footwear (37.3 %). This further
underscores the stark differences in lifestyles between the most and least affluent homes:
while rich consumers travel often (including abroad); may own more than one high-end
vehicle (SUVs, motorbikes and boats); and shop in designer stores to burnish their image,
their poorest compatriots travel around mostly on foot and dress frugally;
2014s least discretionary spending categories namely, those where the expenditure of
deciles 1, 5 and 10 varies the least were alcoholic beverages and tobacco and food and
non-alcoholic beverages. The consumable nature of these products gives rise to a natural lid
on intake, while in the case of the former, richer consumers also tend to be more health

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INCOME AND EXPENDITURE: KENYA

conscious. Third came communications: while price pressure has kept tariffs low, enabling
access for the least well off consumers, once richer ones are fully connected through several
devices, there are few ways to spend more money.
Chart 13

Source:

Category Expenditure by Each Decile as a Proportion of Total Category

Spending: 2014

Euromonitor International from national statistical offices/OECD

DEFINITIONS
Deciles
Deciles are calculated by ranking all of the households in a country by disposable income
level, from the lowest earning to the highest earning. The ranking is then split into 10 equal
sized groups of households. Decile 1 refers to the lowest earning 10.0%, through to Decile 10,
which refers to the highest earning 10.0% of households.

Discretionary Spending
Discretionary spending is the expenditure by consumers or households on all consumerspending categories other than the essentials of food and non-alcoholic beverages and housing.

Disposable Income
This is gross income minus social security contributions and income taxes.

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Gross Income
Annual gross income refers to income before taxes and social security contributions from all
sources including earnings from employment, investments, benefits and other sources such as
remittances.

Mean Income
The mean income also referred to as the average income is the total or aggregate income
divided by the number of households.

Median Income
The median income is the amount which divides the household income distribution into two
equal groups, half having disposable income above that amount and half having income below
that amount.

Middle Class
The middle class is defined as the number of households with between 75.0% and 125% of
median income.

Non-discretionary Spending
Non-discretionary spending is the expenditure by consumers or households on the two
essential categories of food and non-alcoholic beverages and housing.

Social Class A
Social Class A presents data referring to the number of individuals with a gross income over
200% of an average gross income of all individuals aged 15+.

Social Class B
Social Class B presents data referring to the number of individuals with a gross income
between 150% and 200% of an average gross income of all individuals aged 15+.

Social Class C
Social Class C presents data referring to the number of individuals with a gross income
between 100% and 150% of an average gross income of all individuals aged 15+.

Social Class D
Social Class D presents data referring to the number of individuals with a gross income
between 50.0% and 100% of an average gross income of all individuals aged 15+.

Social Class E
Social Class E presents data referring to the number of individuals with a gross income less
than 50.0% of an average gross income of all individuals aged 15+.

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