See

discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: http://www.researchgate.net/publication/270901396

A New Weighted Energy Detection Scheme for

Centralized Cognitive Radio Networks
CONFERENCE PAPER SEPTEMBER 2014
DOI: 10.1109/ISTEL.2014.7000850

READS

46

4 AUTHORS, INCLUDING:
Morteza Sharifi
University of Tabriz
3 PUBLICATIONS 0 CITATIONS
SEE PROFILE

Available from: Morteza Sharifi

Retrieved on: 29 December 2015

2014 7th International Symposium on Telecommunications (IST'2014)

A New Weighted Energy Detection Scheme for

Centralized Cognitive Radio Networks
Morteza Sharifi, AbbasAli Sharifi and Mir Javad Musevi Niya
Faculty of Electrical and computer Engineering, University of Tabriz
Tabriz, Iran
msharifi91@ms.tabrizu.ac.ir, a.sharifi@tabrizu.ac.ir, niya@tabrizu.ac.ir
In [12] and [13], the authors proposed an optimal soft
combination of the observed energy from different CR users
based on Neyman-Pearson criterion. They have also proved
that detection performance is significantly improved than any
hard combination schemes.

AbstractIn order to improve the performance of spectrum

sensing usage for Cognitive Radio (CR) user, weighted Energy
Detection (ED) methods is proposed. In this paper, we consider
Cooperative Spectrum Sensing (CSS) in centralized CR
networks. The main purpose is to design a new weight model
which is given by received sensing energy from all CR users and
its probability distribution function. Subsequently, a method of
obtaining an optimum threshold to minimize the sensing error
probability is provided. The simulation results show that
significant gain achieved in detection accuracy by exploiting
proposed scheme compared with conventional Equal Gain
Combining (EGC) scheme, especially in low Signal-to-Noise Ratio
(SNR) region.

In [14], a weighted CSS framework for CR networks is

studied. In this work, the total error probability and the energy
signal from the PU are sent to the FC. The sensing information
from a CR that has a higher total error probability is assigned
with a lower weight. To minimize the detection error
probability, an optimum threshold is derived.
In [15], the authors developed a novel soft combining
scheme, called Mean Cumulative Sum (MCS). In their
proposed scheme, a new metric in FC is introduced. Then,
they have explored a closed form expressions for their
scheme. They have also provided a method of obtaining an
optimum threshold to minimize the sensing error which occurs
in FC.

KeywordsCognitive Radio; Energy detection; Cooperative

Spectrum Sensing; Soft Combining.

I.

INTRODUCTION

Cognitive Radio (CR) is the most attractive technique to

solve the spectrum scarcity problem by allowing unlicensed
CR user to operate in the white space of the licensed spectrum
bands without interfering with the licensed Primary User (PU)
[1], [2]. Spectrum sensing plays an important role in the
overall system performance for CR networks [2], [3].

In [16], the authors design consensus-based weight for ED

in soft combination scheme without any requiring
infrastructure or FC. In this article, each CR user exchanges its
own measurement data with its local one-hop neighbors and
chooses the information exchanging rate according to the
measurement SNR.

In general, there are two schemes for spectrum sensing, i.e.

local spectrum sensing and cooperative spectrum sensing. In
local spectrum sensing, each CR user must independently have
the capability to determine the presence or absence of the
licensed PU in a spectrum band. Several techniques that are
based on classical detection for local spectrum sensing have
been proposed [4], [5]. Energy Detection (ED) is one of the
simplest techniques which do not require any prior knowledge
of PU signal [6], [7].

In this paper, we introduce a new weighted ED method

based on soft combination. In our work, each CR user sends
measured data/energy to FC via error free common control
channel. Then the FC allocates an appropriate dynamic weight
to each CR user according to the received energy. The
allocated weight is based on area under curve in probability
distribution function curve of received data. Furthermore, an
optimum threshold to minimize the total error probability is
provided.

Cooperative spectrum sensing (CSS) is developed to take

the advantage of space diversity of CR users that are
geographically dispersed and hence to increase the global
probability of detection in severe wireless environment. The
main goal is to tackle the issue of the hidden terminal problem
due to shadowing or deep fading [8]-[10]. In CSS manner, the
CR users send either their decisions or the measured data to
Fusion Center (FC) for combination. When FC combines the
decision, it is called hard combination scheme and if it
combines the data, then it is called soft combining scheme
[11].

978-1-4799-5359-2/14/$31.00 2014 IEEE

Downloaded from http://www.elearnica.ir

The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section 2

introduces system model and local spectrum sensing. In
Section 3 the main idea is presented. Simulation results and
discussions are obtained in section 4. Finally, conclusion
remarks are drawn in section 5.
II.

SYSTEM MODEL

The proposed system model consist of one PU, N CR

users, which is localized in small area (~1 Km2) and one FC
that is located at center of the area as shown in Fig. 1.

1004

Ej ~

N 0 ,20 ,

H0

1 ,21

H1

Wheere
0 =M,
=
20 =2M, 1 =M 1+ aand 21 =2M 1+
+ 2 .
In
I order to make decisioon locally, CR
C comparess the
meaasured energy E with threshhold .
The
T
local faalse alarm pprobability PFa , the deteection
prob
bability Pd an
nd miss deteection probab
bility Pm , caan be
obtaained from (4)) as [14] and [ 15].
-
0
PFa =Pr Ej > H0 =Q
(5)
0
And
d,

Fig. 1. CR
R network model

It
I is assumed that channell sensing repo
ort from eachh CR
user is sent to FC;; it is also assuumed that com
mmunication rrange
P covers thee whole netwoorks. Additive White Gauussian
of PU
Noisse (AWGN) cchannel is connsidered betw
ween PU and each
CR user.
u
Supposee M samples are utilized for
fo ED at eachh CR
user and determiined from tim
me-bandwidth product [6],, [7].
n, the receivedd signal at thee ith sample off the jth CR usser is
Then
given by [13],

H0
nji ,
yji =
(1)
j sji +nji ,
H1

Pd =Pr Ej > H1 =Q

1
-
1

(6)

Pm =1-Pd 7
2

Wheere Q . is q-fu
function givenn by Q x

x
1
e 2
x 2

dx.

The conditional Probability Density Fu

unction (PDF
F) of
receeived energy Ej is shown inn Fig. 2, hencee the values of PFa
and Pm is depicted
d

The parameters H0 and H1 in (1) denote

d
hypoth
thesis
correesponding to event that the
t channel is in idle or busy
statu
us, respectiveely. Also
sji denotes the receivedd PU
signal with averagge power j , and
a nji denotees the white nnoise.
In ad
ddition, noisee samples are assumed to be
b zero meann and
unit variance. Furrther, PU signaal Sji and noisse sample nji iin (1)
a
indeependent of each other. Th
he parameter j in
are assumed

(1) is identified ass Signal-to-Nooise Ratio (SN

NR) at jth CR user,
becaause the noise variance is unnity. For simp
plicity and witthout
loss of generalityy, we assume j is same fo
or every CR user,
thereefor, yji in (1) is Gaussian distributed
d
as follows
f
[13]:

Fig. 2. The conditionall PDF of received

d energy

N 0,1 ,
H0
(2)
yji ~
N 0,1+ , H1
2
Wheere N , inn (2) denotes Gaussian distributed with m
mean
2
an
nd variance . In ED method every CR
C user calcuulates
enerrgy of the recceived signal to distinguish
h between thee two
hypo
otheses H0 annd H1 . The caalculated enerrgy of yji at thhe jth
CR user
u is given bby,

In
I order to tak
ke global decission, FC colleects local measured
enerrgies Ej s from
m each CR usser and then two
t
issues neeed to
be addressed
a
to make
m
a decisiion on the channel status. First,
an appropriate weight for eeach CR usser, as our main
c
by the FC based on the valuue of
conttribution, is calculated
receeived energy Ej . Second, thhe optimal thrreshold, in ordder to
minimize the totaal error probabbility, is obtain
ned at the FC.

M AIN IDEA

A. New
N Weight design
d
Our
O preliminary contributtion for weig
ght assignmeent is
baseed on the valu
ue of Ej. Regar
arding to Fig. 2 It is rationaal that
a CR
R user with a measured eneergy Ej higherr (lower) than local
threshold , the hypotheses H1 (H0), with high leveel of
d dynamic weight
w
certaainty is implied. Thus, tthe allocated
shou
uld be proportional to tthe differencce of Ej annd .
Con
nsequently, it is heuristicallly expressed as the area under
u
curv
ves P Ej H0 and P Ej H 1 enclosed between thee two
valu
ues of Ej and .

yji 3

Ej =

III.

i=1

in
n (3) is comppared with thee predefined threshold
t
[66],[7]
whicch is usually obtained froom Constant False
F
Alarm Rate
(CFA
AR). Since
in (3) is thee sum of squaares of absoluute of
Gaussian variablees, it is distrributed as Ch
hi-Square ranndom
variaable with ddegrees of freeedom. But, acccording to ceentral
limitt theorem
can be assum
med to be Gaaussian distribbuted
num
mbers as follow
ws,

1005

The dynamic weight of jth CR user, under two hypotheses

H
H
H0 and H1, is defined as wj 0 and wj 1 respectively and can be
calculated as:

H
wj 0 =

P Ej H0 dEj =
Ej

Ej

H
wj 1 =

Ej

Ej

P Ej H1 dEj =

Ej

B. Optimal threshold
The total error probability Pe at the FC can be computed
as:
17
Pe =P H0
and
are the overall false alarm and miss
Where
detection probability at the FC respectively. Above equation
can be rewritten as:

P Ej H0 dEj

P Ej H0 dEj -

P Ej H0 dEj Ej

Let
denote the global threshold to determine channel
status by the FC. If Y> , then FC determines that the channel
is occupied.

P Ej H1 dEj -

P Ej H1 dEj

Pe P H0

P Ej H1 dEj -

IV.

wj Ej 15
j=1

Due to the fact that all Ej are independent random variables

following Gaussian distribution and wj can be viewed as a
constant in each sensing period, Y should also follow a
Gaussian distribution, i.e.,
N m0 ,
H0
(16)
Y~
N m1 ,
H1
Where;
N

j=1
N

j=1
N

wj

dx 18

SIMULATION RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Fig. 4, Fig. 5 and Fig. 6 illustrate the false alarm, miss

detection and the total error probability Pe as a function of the
decision threshold , when P H0 =0.3, 0.5 and 0.7
respectively. A noisy environment with average SNR=-5 dB is

w2 j

xm1
221

dx

Fig. 3, depicts the probability of detection versus different

average SNR. The average SNR is varying from -8 to 6 dB. In
this figure, detection improvement gained by our proposed
method is remarkable especially in low SNR region.

w2 j

1 2

exp

First, we probe the effect of proposed new weight

assignment scheme, obtained from Eq. (14), on the probability
of detection and compare it with conventional EGC method
reported in [13].

wj

xm0
220

In this section, we provide numerical simulation to

demonstrate the superiority of our proposed new weight
method in soft combining rule at FC. We also investigate the
existence of the optimum threshold that minimizes total error
probability. Results are obtained through Monte-Carlo
simulation over 10 runs. Noise samples are assumed to be
Gaussian with zero mean and unit variance. PU signal is
modeled as Gaussian random variable with zero mean and
variance which is the same as the SNR. We assume SNR is
identical in each CR user. A priori probability of channel
status, P H0 and P H1 are assumed to be known. It is
assumed that N 8 which is the number of CR users in the
CR network. The number of samples within a detection
interval (M) is equal to 12. All parameters are constant unless
otherwise specified.

Y=

exp

The optimal threshold * to achieve the minimum total error

probability is obtained as follows:
m0 21 m1 20 K
Pe
0*
19

21 20
Where:
1 P H0
K m0 21 m1 20 2 20 21 m21 20 m20 21 221 20 ln

0 P H1
Finally, the FC compares its metric Y with optimal threshold
* to determine if the channel is occupied (if Y>* ). Then the
FC broadcasts this decision to all CR users.

The FCs metric for global decision about channel status is

the weighted summation of the collected energies from all of
the CR users and can be written as:

j=1

Regarding to Eq. (4), the above mentioned equations can be

summarized as:
Ej 0
H
PFa 10
wj 0 Q
0
Ej 1
H
wj 1 1Q
Pm 11
1
Because the values of PFa and Pm are repeated for all of CR
users and are independent from j, without loss of generality,
they can be eliminated and then Eq. (10) and Eq. (11) can be
rewritten as:
Ej 0
H
12
wj 0 Q
0
Ej 1
H
wj 1 1Q
13
1
So, the dynamic weight wj for each CR user is independent of
local threshold and can be defined as:
H
H
wj =wj 0 P H0 +wj 1 P H1
(14
Then all weighs are normalized to satisfy N
j=1 wj =1.

m1 =1

0 2

P H1

m0 =0

j=1

1006

conssidered. It caan be seen thhat the false alarm probabbility

decrreases when thhe threshold increases
i
whicch is stated byy the
physsical meaningg of the faalse alarm. That
T
is, netw
work
throu
ughput is loow when thee decision threshold
t
is low.
Prob
bability of m
miss detection,, on the contrary to the false
alarm
m, increases along with the
t threshold. The figure also
show
ws the inhereent trade-off relationship between
b
the false
alarm
m probability and the miss detection prob
bability. As shhown
in th
hese figures, thhe shape of is convex, so
s the existencce of
the minimum
m
of at the optim
mum threshold * is verifiedd.
Fig.
F
7 showss the total error probab
bility obtaineed in
diffeerent SNR by exploiting opptimum thresh
hold at the FC
C for
prop
posed new weeight method and
a conventio
onal EGC metthod.
A co
omparison off
between the
t proposed method and EGC
show
ws significant improvementt in the propossed method.
Fig. 5. Probab
bility of miss deteection, false alarm
m and total error.
P H0
0.55, P H1
0.5

Fig. 3. Probabbility of detectionn for proposed meethod and EGC.

Fig. 6. Probab
bility of miss deteection, false alarm
m and total error.
P H0
0.77, P H1
0.3

Fig. 4. Probabbility of miss deteection, false alarm

m and total error.
P H0
0.3,, P H1
0.7

Fig. 7. Probab
bility of total error
or for proposed method
m
and EGC.

1007

V.

[16] W. Zhang, Y. Guo, H. Liu, Y. Chen, Z. Wang and J. Mitola,

Distributed Consensus-based Weight Design for Cooperative Spectrum
Sensing, IEEE Transaction on Parallel and Distributed System, 2014.

CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORKS

In this paper, a novel weight model is defined for soft

combining scheme which is used in FC for cooperative
spectrum sensing. Mathematical expression for new weight
model and probability of error is derived in closed form. It is
concluded that for a particular threshold, the so called
optimum threshold point, probability of error is minimized. In
future works, we plan to study a new combination rule that
decrease the least number of CRs, which send the sensing
information to the FC to reach the correct detection of channel
occupancy. To this aim, sequential detection rules may be
used.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors would like to thank the anonymous reviewers
for their valuable comments and suggestions.

REFERENCES
[1]
[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]
[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

J. Mitola, III and G. Q. Maguire, Cognitive Radio: Making Software

Radios more personal, IEEE Pres. Commun, vol. 6, pp. 13-18, 1999.
S.
Haykin,
Cognitive
radio:
brain-empowered
wireless
communications, IEEE J. Selected Areas in Communications, Vol.
23(2), Feb. 2005, pp. 201220.
I.F. Akyildiz, W.-Y. Lee, M.C. Vuran, S. Mohanty, NeXt generation/dynamic spectrum access/cognitive radio wireless networks: A
survey, Computer Networks 50 (2006) 21272159.
T. Yucek and H. Arslan, Spectrum characterization for opportunistic
cognitive radio systems, in Proc. IEEE Military Commun. Conf,
Washington, D.C., USA, Oct. 2006, pp.16.
D. Cabric, S. Mishra, and R. Brodersen, Implementation issues in
spectrum sensing for cognitive radios, in Proc. Asilomar Conf. on
Signals, Systems and Computers, vol. 1, Pacific Grove, California,
USA, Nov. 2004, pp. 772776.
H. Urkowitz, Energy Detection of Unknown Deterministic Signals,
Proceedings of the IEEE ,vol. 55, no. 4, pp. 523 531, April 1967.
F. Digham, M. Alouini, and M. Simon, On the energy detection of
unknown signals over fading channels, in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf.
Commun, vol. 5, Seattle, Washington, USA, May 2003, pp. 35753579.
A. Ghasemi and E. S. Sousa, Collaborative spectrum sensing for
opportunistic access in fading environments, in Proc. IEEE Symp. New
Frontiers in Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks (DySPAN),
Baltimore, MD, Nov. 2005, pp. 131-136.
A. Ghasemi and E. S. Sousa, Opportunistic spectrum access in fading
channels through collaborative sensing, Journal Commun., vol. 2, no. ,
pp. 71-82, Mar. 2007.
S. Mishra, A. Sahai, and R. Brodersen, Cooperative sensing among
cognitive radios, in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Commun., vol. 2, Istanbul,
Turkey, May 2006, pp. 16581663.
I. F. Akyildiz, B. F. Lo and R. Balakrishnan, Cooperative spectrum
sensing in cognitive radio networks: A survey, Physical
Communication 4 (2011) 40-62.
Z. Quan, S. Cui, A. Sayed, Optimal linear cooperation for spectrum
sensing in cognitive radio networks, IEEE Journal of selected topics in
Signal Processing, Vol. 2, No. 1, Feb 2008.
J. Ma, G. Zhao, Y. Li, Soft combination and detection for cooperative
spectrum sensing in cognitive radio networks, IEEE Transactions on
Wireless Communications 7 (11) (2008) 45024507.
Y. Zhao, M. Song, C. Xin, A Weighted Cooperative Spectrum Sensing
Framework for Infrastructure-based Cognitive Radio Networks
Computer Communcations 34(2011) 1510-1517.
K. C. Sriharipriya, K. Bashkaran, Collaborative Spectrum Sensing of
Cognitive Radio Networks with Simple and Effective Fusion Scheme,
Circuit Syst. Signal Process, Springer 2014

1008