EFFECTS OF CHILD ABUSE IN RELATION TO LEARNING AMONG

CHILDREN IN ECDE CENTERS IN AINAMOI WARD , AINAMOI

DIVISION, KERICHO DISTRICT.

PRESENTED BY: GILBERT KIPKORIR KEMEI

INDEX NO.

A RESEARCH PROJECT SUBMITTED TO KENYA NATIONAL

EXAMINATION COUNCIL IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT FOR THE
AWARD OF DIPLOMA IN EARLY CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENT

AT SHAMMAH CONNERSTONE COLLEGE

DECLARATION

I declare that this is my original work it has not been presenter in any other college for
making for the award of any certificate or Diploma
Name ..
Sign.

Supervisors declaration
This research has been submitted for examination with the approval as the supervisor.
Name
Sign

ii

DEDICATION

I extend my gratitude to my wife Fancy Kemei who supported me emotionally, spiritually

and even financially and allowed me time in favour of this research.
I wish to thanks my Children; Ian Kiprotich and Emmanuel Kipngetich who were able to give
me humble time and cooperation in collecting the information need for research.
I also extended to all parents, trainer and care givers whom God has vested the honor of
overseeing the welfare of the dear little ones in Ainamoi wards, Ketipyese primary.

iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The completion of this study would not have been easy without the assistance and
encouragement from other people. I therefore wish to thank people who offered a hand to see
the study through successful.
I wish to acknowledge my lecturer Mrs. Leah Kiune who assist me through when I was
writing my report, my head teacherMrs.Tupei for granting me permission while when
carrying out my research. My colleagues for having discuss and supported me while going
through my literature review.
I will not forget my E.C.D.E teacher Mrs. Koskei Sarah and the entire Ainamoi ward
community for their assistance during collection of questionnaires.
May God almighty bless them.

iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECLARATION .......................................................................................................................ii
DEDICATION ......................................................................................................................... iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ........................................................................................................ iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................................... v
LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................. viii
LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................. ix
ABBREVIATION AND ACRONYMS .................................................................................... x
ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................................. xi
CHAPTER ONE ...................................................................................................................... 12
1.0 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 12
1.1 Background of the study. ............................................................................................... 12
1.2 Statement of the problem. .............................................................................................. 12
1.3 Purpose of the study. ...................................................................................................... 13
1.4 Objectives of the study. ................................................................................................. 13
1.5 Research questions. ........................................................................................................ 13
1.6 Significance the study. ................................................................................................... 13
1.7 Delimitation of the study. .............................................................................................. 14
1.7.1 Limitations of the study. ............................................................................................. 14
1.8 Definition of terms. ........................................................................................................ 14
CHAPTER TWO ..................................................................................................................... 16
2.0 Introduction. ................................................................................................................... 16
2.1 Literature review ............................................................................................................ 16
2.1.1 Ways in which children are abused ............................................................................ 17
2.2 Effect of child abuse ...................................................................................................... 18
2.2.1 cognitive/psychological effects. .................................................................................. 18
2.2.2 Physical effects ........................................................................................................... 18
2.2.3 Social effects of child abuse ....................................................................................... 19
2.3.4 Emotional effects ........................................................................................................ 19
2.3 Types of child abuse. ..................................................................................................... 19
2.3.1 Emotional abuse .......................................................................................................... 19
2.3.1.l signs of emotionally abused child............................................................................. 20
2.3.2 Neglect ........................................................................................................................ 20
2.3.3 Physical abuse ............................................................................................................. 20
v

2.3.3.1 What are the characteristics of parents who physically abuse children? ................. 21
2.3.3.3 Family violence........................................................................................................ 21
2.3.3.4 Who commits domestic violence? ........................................................................... 21
2.3.3.5 Signs in childhood ................................................................................................... 22
2.3.3.6 Signs in adulthood ................................................................................................... 22
2.3.4 Sexual abuse Sexual abuse ......................................................................................... 22
2.3.4.1 Who are most likely to be abused? .......................................................................... 22
2.3.4.3 Organized sexual abuse ........................................................................................... 23
2.3.4.4. What are the circumstances in which children are subject to organized sexual
abuse?................................................................................................................................... 23
2.3.4.5 Who is most likely to be sexually abused in organized context? ............................ 23
2.3.4.6 Signs in childhood ................................................................................................... 23
2.4 What are the effects of child abuse and neglect? ........................................................... 23
2.4.1 Physical effects on infants .......................................................................................... 24
2.4.2 Effects on Brain development..................................................................................... 25
2.4.3 Other health related problems ..................................................................................... 25
2.4.4 Cognitive development and academic achievement. .................................................. 26
2.4.5 Emotional psychological and behavioral development .............................................. 26
2.4.6 Emotional and psychological consequences ............................................................... 26
2.4.7 Violence substance abuse and other problem behaviors ............................................ 26
2.4.8 Resilience .................................................................................................................... 27
2:5 Risk factor associated with child maltreatment can be grouped in four domains ......... 27
2.5.1 Parent or caregiver factors .......................................................................................... 27
2.5.1.1 Personality characteristics and psychological wellbeing ......................................... 28
2.5 1.2 parental histories and the cycle of abuse ................................................................. 28
2.5.1.3 Substance abuse ....................................................................................................... 28
2.5.1.4 Attitude and knowledge ........................................................................................... 29
2.5.1.1 Age ........................................................................................................................... 29
2.5.2 Family factors ............................................................................................................. 30
2.5.2.1 Family structure. ...................................................................................................... 30
2.5.2.2 Marital conflict and domestic violence .................................................................... 30
2.5.2.3 Stress ........................................................................................................................ 30
2.5.3 Child factors ................................................................................................................ 31
2.5.3.1 Disabilities ............................................................................................................... 31
vi

2.5.4 Environmental factors ................................................................................................. 31

2.5.4.1 Poverty and unemployment Poverty and unemployment. ....................................... 31
2.5.4.2 Social isolation and social report ............................................................................. 32
2.5.4.3 Violent communities ................................................................................................ 32
2.5.5 Protective factors ........................................................................................................ 33
CHAPTER THREE ................................................................................................................. 34
RESEARCH AND METHODOLOGY ................................................................................... 34
3.0 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 34
3.1 Research design. ............................................................................................................ 34
3.2 Location of study. .......................................................................................................... 34
3.3 Target Population. .......................................................................................................... 34
3.5 Research instruments and tools...................................................................................... 34
3.6 Data collection procedures............................................................................................. 35
3.7 Data analysis. ................................................................................................................. 35
CHAPTER FOUR .................................................................................................................... 36
4.0 Introduction. ................................................................................................................... 36
4.1 Data analysis. ................................................................................................................. 36
CHAPTER FIVE ..................................................................................................................... 39
SUMMARY CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ................................................. 39
5.0 Introductions. ................................................................................................................. 39
5.1 Ways of reducing child abuse. ....................................................................................... 39
5.2 Summary. ....................................................................................................................... 39
5.3 Conclusions. ................................................................................................................... 40
5.4 Recommendations. ......................................................................................................... 40
REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................ 42
QUESTIONS FOR PRE-SCHOOL CHILDREN .................................................................... 43
APPENDIX B .......................................................................................................................... 44
APPENDIX C : QUESTIONNAIRES FOR ECDE TEACHERS ........................................... 45
APPENDIX D: QUESTIONNAIER FOR PARENTS ............................................................ 46
APPENDIX E: ......................................................................................................................... 47

vii

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1.0 age of abused children

Table 2.0 incidence of abuse
Table 3.0 reasons why some were abused

viii

LIST OF FIGURES

1. A graph of the age of abused children

2. Pie chart on the incidence of abuse
3. Pie chart on reasons why some were abused.

ix

ABBREVIATION AND ACRONYMS

NACECE. National Centre for early Childhood Education

F.G.M- Female Genital Mutilation.
I.P.E.C- International Program of Elimination of Child abused
ILO International Children emergency Fund
NGOs Non- governmental organization
IDPs Internally displaced Persons.

ABSTRACT

The research was carried out of Ainamoi ward in Ainamoi Division Kericho County to study
ways in which children are abused.
Carried out on children under the age of 3-14 years. The simple consist of parents, teachers
and focused groups discussion. The study was carried out within a purpose and finding out
ways in which this abuse could be eradicated.
The researcher possible findings

Children were highly abused through rape, lack of education, Child labour and
lack of basic needs.

Childrens were affected in all aspect for example physically and emotional and
there were school dropout poor performance, poor growth and development.

Child abuse is eradicated by people being taught on the rights of children and the
government being firm in enforcing the nights is law of children.

The research recommends that:Community, parents and teachers should actively participate in fighting for childrens right in
all levels.

xi

CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction
This research was conducted in Ainamoi Division in Kericho County to find out the effects of
child abuse among children age 3-8 years in E.C.D.E centers
The chapter contains the following sub-headings:
Background of the study
Statement of the study
Objectives of the study
Research hypothesis or questions
Scope and delimitation of the study
Limitation of the study
Operational definition of terms

1.1 Background of the study.

In Ainamoi ward, the abuse of child is child labor, child neglect child misery or child
caregiver is prominent. Child labor involving children in tea plucking and coffee picking is
very high
Parents often delegate such duties to unsuspected children thus exploiting their ignorance.
Land sloughing casual engagement for as little pay as five shillings and ten shillings is quite
common. Herding livestock such as cattle goat and sheep has been witness in the ward.
In the old contemporary traditional families there used to be set rules and norms protecting
/children only Morans or men folk use to be involved in work front where women is
namely useto be rated as non-work force.
By the year 1999 a new force of child abuse emerge due to poverty levels, technology and
other developments goals for example the startup of lateen tea factory and other medium
scale teafarms. The tea estate with new employed young families has been witnessed. This
had to prompt researcher to carry out a study on child abuse.

1.2 Statement of the problem.

In Kenya child abuse is highly practical in different ways. Most of the children are being
denied the basic needs and lack of security, employing children at tender age and refusal to
12

attend schools. Caregivers and most of our parents play a large role in child abuse for
example sexualabuse is highly practiced in some areas in Ainamoi ward and country at large.
Child abuse is also practiced at our homes by parents example beating their children
mercilessly. It is in this view that the researcher decided to conduct a research to find out the
effects of child abuse among young children age between 3-8 years in E.C.D.E centers in
Ainamoi ward.

1.3 Purpose of the study.

The purpose of this research is to find out the effects of child abuse among children age
between 3-8 years in E.C.D.E centre in Ainamoi Division in Kericho County. The study also
intends to find ways in which child abused can be reduced.

1.4 Objectives of the study.

The main objectives of the study will be to:
Identify ways in which children are abused in our community.
Find out factors that contribute to child abuse in our community,
To find out the possible effect of child abuse.
To find out the attitudes of the parents towards child abuse.
To find out ways of reducing child abuse.

1.5 Research questions.

(i) What are the factors that contribute to child abuse?
(ii) What the possible effects of child abuse?
(iii) What are the attitudes of the parents toward child abuse!
(iv) Which are the ways of reducing child abuse?

1.6 Significance the study.

The research findings will be of help to:

The society to be aware that children are very important and a source of joy and
wealth to the family, therefore there is need to protecting children against any abuse
and take any legal action on the offenders

13

Government can be more firm on child rights and discipline the people offending
children and also promoting education

Parents to know the rights and how the child is being affected through abuse

Teachers to know the effects of child abuse and know how to handle children who are
abused

Caregivers to know the right of the children and how they are abused.

NGOS to give any assistance to the children

Well-wishers to assist where necessary

FBOS to give grinds to assist the children.

1.7 Delimitation of the study.

Since the researcher knows the area to be covered well there will be no cases of insecurity
thus the data collection will be done in a free and safe environment.
The language used by the researcher will be suitable thus will have no language barrier.

1.7.1 Limitations of the study.

The researcher will be conducted on children of age between the age of 3-8 years both boys
and girls the possible problem may be communication because the children might be shy to
express themselves freely.
(i) Teachers unwilling to tell the truth.
(ii) Lack of funds.

1.8 Definition of terms.

1. Child abuse-act of misusing the child by not providing basic needs like food, clothes
and shelter.
2. Child Labour- giving the child a lot of work to do.
3. Adverse - negative and unpleasant.
4. Allergies -a medical condition that course one to react body or fell ill when one eat,
touch or smell a particular substance.
5. Succumb-not able to fight an attack or illness.
6. Intimacy- sexually activity especially an act of sexual intercourse.
7. Menace- a person or anything that may course serious damage.
14

8. Scenario- a written outline of what happens in a film movie or a play.

9. Incidence- this is the extend of frequency of occurrence of events.
10. Pattern-this means model for initial or arrangement of repeated part.
11. A child-a person who is under the age of 18.
12. Resilience-ability of people to recover quickly from injury or shock.
13. Neglect-to fails to take care of somebody or someone.
14. Caregiver-anyone who attend the good health to young children hectically.
15. Parent- father or mother.
16. Poverty-a state of being poor.
17. Protection-to keep or defend somebody to behave in accepted ways in the society.
18. Disability-the state of not being able to use some part of the body completely.
19. Violence-behavior that is to hurt or kill.
20. Environment-the condition or circumstance affecting a person life.
21. Attitude-a way of thinking about somebody or someone.
22. Personality-the characteristic and qualities of a person seen as a whole.
23. Emotion- a strong feeling of any kind, love, hatred joy and jealous.

15

CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Introduction.
This chapter analyzes manuscript the researcher use it also contains the ways in which
children areabused, physically effect, cognitive effect, social effect of child abuse and the
solution to the same.

2.1 Literature review

According to R.gelles (1982) child abuse is an intentional act the result in physical and
emotional and spiritual effects that hinder the holistic development of children
Wisner (1989) stated that children are being overworked rather than women working. That is
when mothers are to go to urban settings to work the children become like housewives in
their home state. It is far from usual to find a five year old at home alone caring for two
younger and making a pretty good job out of it.
According to glasser (1990) children are abused by spending their rights anywhere in the
street staying up to late hours getting little sleep and are exposed to passersby as abandoned
or juvenile deliquesces
NACELLA (1999) stated that children rights and child protection is anything which
individual or institution do or fail to do which directly or directly harms or damage their
projects of safe and healthy development into adulthood.
Mother Teresa of colcothar of (1979) says that children are abused through mistreatment not
providing them with basic needs like cloths shelter and education love and protection to
them. In Ainamoi ward you find that the community is quite passive when they notice
unusual child behavior such as shyness uneasiness or inconsistence working pattern.
The 2007-2008 election results that led to the violence and afterwards displacement of
Kenyans in some parts of the country contributing to immerse child abuse in some parts,
reported cases the young observe and record everything their parents do, then re-enact the
same with their peers during play time urge on by their childish innocence these children are
tethering on the edge of moral dilemma beyond imagination scenes of children climbing on
each others back while calling each others pet names that are the reserve of lovers was
reported as common occurrence it was disheartening to watch even seven year old engaging
in sexual position even in broad daylight which was all blame lack of privacy within the
tents. It was therefore necessary to observe intimacy in the tents as a tall order
16

Effects of alcoholism as a menace have torn down the weak areas in the tent some men forget
that their children are barely asleep some even reach out for their wives in full view of the
children thus leading to social fraction as women as women who cannot stand such drunken
Sexualexposure chooses to seek refuge elsewhere to spare their children the same. It is
reported also that even those who have partitioned their tent hardly get privacy a couple
needs. Worse still when the school closes and children spent the whole time running up and
down in their polythene homes.
Children often who are born in this scenario sometimes succumb to respiratory complications
while still babies. The living condition that has led numerous pneumonia and asthma related
cases people with respiratory disorder require a clean environment but with this tent sewing
as bedrooms sitting and store rooms thus accelerate the allergies.
Summary the lack of privacy within this refugee camp has turn resident children into
decedent imps and therefore pose a huge risk to social development children. Many of those
who are force to share little space they have within their parents and in some cases even with
total strangers.
There is no single cause of child mistreatment nor there do any single description that
captures all the families in which children are victims of abuse and neglect. children
mistreatment occur across social-economic religious ,cultural racial ethnic group while no
specific cause have been identified that lead to parent or caregiver to abuse or neglect a child
research has recognize a number of risk factors or attributes commonly associated with
mistreatment. children within families and environment in which this factors exist have a
higher probability of experiencing mistreatment in one family may not result to child abuse
and neglect in another family for example several researchers notice the relation between
poverty and mistreatment yet it must be noted most people living in poverty do not harm their
children.

2.1.1 Ways in which children are abused

Galles (2003) stated ways in which children are abused such as physical abuse which include:
a) Deliberate act of violence most injuries or even kill their child
b) Burning giving a child bad marks
c) Sexual activities which may begin with kissing on fondling and progress to intrusive
acts.

17

d) Emotional abuse which result in repeated verbal abuse of a child in form of shutting
them in the dark night. Close rooms and social isolation such as denying a child
friends
e) Physical neglect which occurs when parents fail to provide adequate supervision and
consistent failure to protect from hazard or danger.
f) Taaon (1985) stated that poverty lead to child labor. Children tent to go outside their
homes and search for productive place where they can get their basic needs. This
poverty lead to street children who daily struggle for their survival without family
support thus lead to abandoned children.

2.2 Effect of child abuse

As observed earlier and in my study area of child abuse it has an effect on the development of
a child below are some of the effects.

2.2.1 cognitive/psychological effects.

This is a condition whereby a child is being affected mentally
Through what the child is undergoing he/she might develop stress illness which may affect
the life of the child.
Some children may involve themselves in drug abuse and this may lead to mental disorders.
Through fighting as she/he grows up he/she grows practicing fighting also.
They may also blame themselves for what they are undergoing and believe that they are the
ones who made life difficult for themselves.
Through fighting as she/he grows up he/she grows practicing fighting also
They also blame themselves for what they are undergoing and believe that they are ones who
made life difficult for themselves

2.2.2 Physical effects

This includes deliberating acts of violence that injures or even kills the child. Can cause a lot
of wounds in the body of the child and this may lead to death due to infection such as tetanus
and lack of prevention. Physical neglect of children endangers their lives; parents need to
protect their children. Sexual abuse in young children may lead to infertility, early marriages
and unwanted pregnancies. This may also lead to dropout in school thus ruining the future of
18

attached children. Sexual abuse may lead to abortion which may result to death or contracting
diseases like fibroids

2.2.3 Social effects of child abuse

Through the abuse of the child by elder people he/she may lack confidence and feel
stigmatized which may lead to child isolating him/her from others paltry may lead to child
isolating him/herself from the rich and this leads to low self-esteem and low self-confidence
of the child
2.3.4 Emotional effects
The child may tend to isolate him\herself hence leading to misuse of drugs example taking
alcohol.
Such children have self-destructive behavior. They seek attention and feel depressed they
have low self-esteem which causes anger in them.
2.3 Types of child abuse.
Child abuse and neglect occurs in arrange of situations in abusive homes children are rarely
subject to one form of abuse. They often endure multiple form of abuse at the same time The
most severe effects of child abuse often do not become apparent until the abused child grows
to adult hood ,at this point ,the adult may experience arrange of psychological , emotional and
social problems related to child abuse.
2.3.1 Emotional abuse
According to Doyle of America [1997] emotional abuse refers to the psychological and social
aspects of child abuse and it is one of the main causes of harm to abused children, many
parents are emotionally abusive without being violent or sexually abusive however emotional
abuse invariably accompanies physical and social abuse Emotionally abusive parent practice
form of child rearing that are oriented towards fulfilling their own needs rather than those of
their children. Their parenting styles maybe characterized by overt aggression towards their
children including shouting and intimidation Emotional abuse does not only occur in the
home but also children can be emotionally abused by teachers and other adults in the position
of power over the child. Children can also experience emotional abuse by other children and
the most common experiences of child emotional abuse is tribalism in Australia under
bullying. Chronic emotional abuse in schools is a serious cause of harm to victimized

19

children over the last five year, a number of former students against Australian schools who
failed to protect them against victimization by other children.
2.3.1.1 Signs of emotionally abused child
An emotionally abused child exhibits the following characters
Unhappy, frightened and distressed
Behave, aggressively and antisocially
Experience difficulties with academic achievements and school swings
Eating problems
Self-harm and sociability
2.3.2 Neglect
Complains of neglect constitute a significant proportion of notifications and referrals to child
protection services neglect refers to a range of circumstances in which a parent or a
caregiver fails to adequately provide for a Childss needs.
Through the provision of food, shelter and clothing, by ensuring adequate supervision and
control of the child
By showing appropriate moral and legal guidance, by ensuring that the child regularly attends
school
According to Borazon and Anderson (2006) many parents outlined above. Parents in
financial need are also likely to be in contact with welfare services which in turn are more
likely to scrutinize their parenting practices and therefore more likely to these factors, poor
communities and poor families have often been stigmatized as epicenters of child abuse and
neglect. In fact when adults in the communities are asked to make retrospective reports,
emotional abuse and neglect occurs in all families rich or poor
2.3.3 Physical abuse
Physical abuse has been a normal aspect of domestic life (Gilles 1990) physical assaults that
would be serious criminal offences if committed by one man against another for instance
hitting, slapping or striking with an object, have been legally and socially sanctioned when
committed by a man against both women and children remain in epidemic proportions.
Community attitudes to violence against women and children have changed for the better.
Austrian policy makers have failed to outlaw physical assaults against children by cognitive
according to the 2007 report of the Global initiative to end all number of a country that have
failed to prohibit violence against children and has failed to commit to legislative reform.
20

Strolls and Gilles (1990) findings state that a large sample of American families found that
2.4% of children had been kicked, bitten, punched or threatened and attached with a knife or
gun by their parents
An additional 8.5% had hit with an object by their parents

2.3.3.1 What are the characteristics of parents who physically abuse children?
Both boys and girls are equally likely to be physically assaulted by parents. Kaptan and
Lapruna (1998) research suggests that physical abuse peak when children are aged 4-8 years
old. Physical assault resulting in death occurs most often to infants and toddlers.
Physically abused children find it difficult relating to their peers and adults around them.
The constant threat of violence at home makes them perpetually vigilant and mistrustful and
may be overly domineering and aggressive behavior. They are also vulnerable to emotional
responses to everyday situations. (Berenson and Anderson 206) physically abused children
may also have problems with
Academic achievement
Physical development and coordination
Developing friendship and relationships
Aggression and anger to management
Depression, anxiety and low self esteem

2.3.3.3 Family violence

Family violence or domestic violence usually refers to the physical assault of children and
women by male-relatives, usually father and husband /partner. In these situations a man uses
violence to control partner and children often in the belief that violence is a male prerogative.
However women may also be perpetrators of family violence. They are usually fighting back
against physically abusive partners

2.3.3.4 Who commits domestic violence?

Research overruling suggests that family violence is enacted by men against women and
children. However women can commit violent offences within families, rates of female
initiated violence and is rarely severe and brutal
21

2.3.3.5 Signs in childhood

A child witnessing family violence and domestic violence is at risk of:
Behavioral and emotions difficulties like stress
Learning difficulties example poor academics
Long term developmental problems
Aggressive language behavior
Restlessness, anxiety and depression

2.3.3.6 Signs in adulthood

Adults exposed to domestic violence as childhood can carry on with them a legacy of trauma
related symptoms and development delays, Women who grew up. In an environment of
family violence are more likely to be victimized in adulthood. Men who grew up in a violent
environment are more likely to commit violent offences in adulthood (Edison 1999)

2.3.4 Sexual abuse Sexual abuse

Sexual abuse describes incident in which an adult engages a minor is sexual act or exposes
the minor to in appropriate sexual behavior. Sexual abuse also describes any incident in
which the child is coerced into sexual activity by another child. A person who may sexually
abuse often involves subtle forms of manipulation in which the child is coerced into believing
that the activity is an expression of love or that the child brought abuse upon themselves.
Sexual abuse involve contact and non-contact offences
According to Glosen (1997) approximately one third of women surveyed in Australia have
reported sexual abuse in child hood. Approximately 10% men report sexual abuse in
childhood

2.3.4.1 Who are most likely to be abused?

Across all community based studies most abusers are male and related to the child (Fleming
1997) most adults who sexually abuse children are not mentally ill and do not meet the
diagnostic criteria pedophilia.

22

2.3.4.3 Organized sexual abuse

Organized sexual abuse refers to the range of circumstances in which multiple children are
subject to sexual abuse by multiple perpetrators. In these circumstances child are subject to a
range of serious harms that include child prostitution the manufacturer of child pornography
and bizarre and sadistic sexual practices including ritualistic abuse and torture.

2.3.4.4. What are the circumstances in which children are subject to organized sexual
abuse?
Many children subject to organized abuse are raised in abusive families and their parents
make them available for abuse outside the home. This abuse may include extended family
members, family friends or people paid to abuse the child. (Freeman 1996) other children are
bratticed into organized abuse by perpetrator in schools, churches, states or religious
institutions or whilst homeless or without stable housing

2.3.4.5 Who is most likely to be sexually abused in organized context?

Organized abuse like all forms of child abuse is primarily committed by parents and relatives.
Organized abuse differs from other forms of sexual abuse in that women are often reported as
perpetrators. Research with female sexual abusers has such as organized abuse, as adults,
they may sexually abuse in organized contexts alongside male offenders (Falfor 1995)

2.3.4.6 Signs in childhood

Young children subject to organized sexual abuse often have severe human and dissociative
symptoms that inhibit disclosure or help seeking behavior. They are disturbed behaviors
while at play or when socially with peers or other adults

2.4 What are the effects of child abuse and neglect?

The consequences of child maltreatment can be profound and may endure long after the
abuse or neglect occurs. The effects can appear in childhood, adolescence or adulthood and
may attack various aspects of an individuals holistic development. These effects range in
consequences from minor physician injuries low self-esteem, attention disorders and poor
relations to severe brain damage extremely violent behavior and death. While substantial
evidence exists for the negative consequences of maltreatment practitioners should be aware
23

of limitations of current research. May research efforts have stickled the effects of child
maltreatment among individuals from lower socio economic backgrounds, prisons,
population, mental health patient or other clinical populations who may exhibits the most
serious behavior problem and whose families often have had many other problems for
example poverty, substance abuse, domestic violence,studies often rely on official records or
self-reporting of current or past child maltreatment are different for each child family and
these differences may influence the consequences.
Despite the above challenges it is still possible to identify effects that have been more
commonly associated with individual who have experience abuse and neglect. These effects
are discussed in the sections that follow as they relate to their overlapping areas

Health and physical effect

Intellectual and cognitive development

Emotional, psychological and behavioral consequences while maltreatment children

have a higher risk of certain problems. It cannot be conducted that any given
consequences will always occur. Not all children have been maltreated have suffer
severe consequences. A number of factors may influence the effects of maltreatment
including the childs age and developmental status of the time of maltreatment, as
well as the type of frequency, the duration and the severity of the maltreatment and
co-occurring problems. Research has identified certain protective factors and childs
resilience to negative consequences is finally addressed.

2.4.1 Physical effects on infants

The infants and young children are particularly vulnerable to the physical effects of
maltreatment shacking an infant may result in bleeding and swelling in the brain. The health
consequences of shaken baby syndrome can range from vomiting or irritability to more
severe effects such as concussions, respiratory diseases and death. Other possible
consequences include partial loss of vision or blindness, learning disabilities, cerebral palsy
or paralysis
Infant who have been neglected and malnourished may experience a condition known as noorganic failure to thymine with this condition. The childs weight, height and motor
development fall significantly below age appropriate ranges with no medical or retardation as
well as cognitive and psychological problems, diminished cognitive abilities, retardation and
socio- emotional deficits such as poor impulse control.
24

2.4.2 Effects on Brain development

Researchers have enhanced the field of understanding of the adverse effects of maltreatment
on the early brain development. Recent brain research has established a foundation for the
neurobiological explanation for many holistic development difficulties exhibited by children
who experienced maltreatment in their early years (fallers 1995)
One explanation begins with the link between chrome physical abuse, sexual abuse or neglect
and the chronic stress it typically causes in a young child. In reaction to this persistent stress
associated with on-going maltreatment the childs brain may strengthen the pathways among
neurons that are involved in the fear response. As a result, the brain may become wired to
experience the world as holistic and uncaring. This negative perspective may influence the
childs later interaction, prompting the child to become anxious and overlying aggressive or
withdrawn.
Research shows that maltreatment also may inhibit the appropriate development of certain
regions of the brain. A neglected infant or young child for example may not be exposed to
stimuli that would activate important regions of the brain and strengthen cognitive pathways.
Consequently the connections among neurons in these in activated regions can literally wither
way hindering the individuals later functioning. If the regions responsible for emotion
regulation are not activated the child may have trouble controlling his/her emotions and
behaving or interacting appropriately e.g. impulsive behavior, difficulties in social interaction
or lack of empathy. This is according to Judith Enact (1997)

2.4.3 Other health related problems

Maltreatment may affect an individuals health in a number of direct and indirect ways.
Victims of sexual abuse for example may contract infected with sexually transmitted diseases
including syphilis and HIV/AIDS. Studies have found that women who had experienced
sexual abuse were more likely to experience ongoing health problems for example chronic
pelvic pain and other gynecological problems, gastro intestinal problems, headaches and
obesity. The link between maltreatment and these diseases may be depression which can
influence the immune system and may lead to higher risk behavior such as smoking, alcohol
and drug abuse and overeating.

25

2.4.4 Cognitive development and academic achievement.

Research differs on finding related to the consequences of maltreatment on cognitive
development, verbal abilities and problem solving skills. Some studies fund evidence towards
intellectual and cognitive functioning in abused children as compared to Edison (1 999states
that maltreatment increases risk of low academic achievements and problematic school
performance. Abused and neglected children in these studies received lower grades and test
scores than maltreated children

2.4.5 Emotional psychological and behavioral development

All types of maltreatment, physical abuse, sexual abuse neglect and psychological or
emotional maltreatment can affect the childs emotional and psychological well-being and
lead to behavioral problems. These consequences may appear immediately after the
maltreatment or years later

2.4.6 Emotional and psychological consequences

While there is no single set of behavior that is characteristic of all children who have been
abused and neglected. The presence of emotional and psychological problems among many
maltreated children is well documented (Walcols kennel 2003) states that clinicians and
researchers report behaviors that range from passive and sexually abused children often
exhibit both internalizing and externalizing problems. Emotional and psychological problems
identified among individuals who were maltreated as children are low self-esteem, depression
and attachment difficulties. Maltreated children develop insecure attachments to caregivers.
They also experience difficulties in understanding the emotions of others, regulating their
own emotions and in forming and maltreating relationships with peers (Anderson 2006)

2.4.7 Violence substance abuse and other problem behaviors

Individual victimized by child maltreatment are more likely than people who were not
maltreated to engage in juvenile delinquency Adult criminality and violent behavior.
A study sponsored by the national institute ofjustice followed cases from childhood to
adulthood and compared a rest records of a group of substantiated cases of maltreated with
acompression group composed of individuals who were not officially recorded as
maltreatment. Other studies also have found maltreated children to be at increased risk at
26

least 25% more likely for a variety of adolescent problem behaviors, including teenage
pregnancy, drug abuse, low academic achievements and mental health problems, it must be
under scored however that while the risk is higher most abused and neglected children will
not become diligent experience, adolescent problem behaviors or become involved in violent
crime

2.4.8 Resilience
Not every child who is maltreated will experience the negative consequences discussed
protective factors that appear to serve as butter against. The effects of the negative experience
may include:
Personal characteristics such as optimum, high self-esteem high intelligence or a
sense of hopefulness
Social support and relationships with supportive adult. The costs for child
maltreatment include both direct costs (i.e. those associated with longer terms
secondary effects of children maltreatment). Since some maltreatment goes
unrecognized and it is difficult to link costs to specified incidents. It is not possible to
determine the actual cost child abuse and neglect. In the limited states it may be high
as for billion.

2:5 Risk factor associated with child maltreatment can be grouped in four domains

Parent or caregiver factor

Family factor

Environment factor

It is recognized that child maltreatments arises from the interaction of multiple factors across
these four domains. Assessment of the specific risk factors that affect a family may influence
the prioritization of intervention services attended e.g. substance abuse moreover addressing
risk and protective factors can help to prevent child abuse and neglect.

2.5.1 Parent or caregiver factors

Parents or caregivers factors potentially contribute to maltreatment related to:

Personality characteristics and psychological wellbeing

History of maltreatment
27

Substance abuse

History of maltreatment

Substance abuse

Attitude of knowledge

Age

2.5.1.1 Personality characteristics and psychological wellbeing

No consistent set of characteristics or personality traits has been associated with maltreating
parents or caregivers. Some characteristics frequently identified in those who are physically
abusive or neglectful include low self-esteem, an external lows of control (i.e. belief that
events are determined by chance or outside forces beyond ones personal control /poor
Impulse control depression anxiety and antisocial behavior Tacom (1986) states that some
maltreating parents or caregivers experience behavioral and emotional difficulties severe
mental disorders are not common.

2.5 1.2 parental histories and the cycle of abuse

A parents childhood history plays a large part in how he or she may behave as a parent.
Individuals with poor parental role models or those who did not have their own needs meet
may find it very difficult to meet the needs of their children. While the estimated number
varies child maltreatment literature commonly supports the finding that same maltreating
parents or caregivers were victims of abuse and neglect themselves as children.
On relevant research suggested that about one third of all individuals who were maltreated
will subject their children to maltreatment. Children who either experience maltreatment or
witnessed violence between their parents and caregivers may learn violent behavior as
appropriate while every individual is responsible. Research suggests the presence of
emotional supportive relationships may help lessen the risk of the inter-generational cycle of
abuse.

2.5.1.3 Substance abuse

Parental substance abuse is reported to be a contributing factor between one and two thirds of
maltreated children in the child welfare system

28

Research supports the association between substance abuse and child maltreatment for
example according to Tacom 1985) a retrospective study of maltreatment found out that those
children whose parents abused alcohol and other drugs were almost three times like to be
abused and more than four times like to be neglected than children of parents who were not
substance abusers
Substance abuse can interfere with a parents mental functioning,judgment inhibitors and
protective capability. Parents significantly attach by the needs use of drugs and alcohol may
neglect the needs of their children or get money on drugs instead of their children spend
money on drugs instead of household expenses or get involved in criminal activities that
jeopardize their childrens health studies also suggests that substance can influence parental
discipline choices and child learning styles

2.5.1.4 Attitude and knowledge

Negative attitudes and attributes about childs development may play a contributory rule in
child maltreatment for example some studies found that mothers who physically abuse their
children have both more negative and higher abuse their children as well as less
understanding of appropriate developmental norms. Not all research however has found
differences in parental expectations
A parent who lacks knowledge about normal child development may result in unrealistic
expectations. Unmet expectations can culminate in inappropriate punishment e.g. (a parent
hitting one year old child for soiling herself). Other parents may become frustrated with not
knowing how to manage a childs behavior and may lash out at the child. Still others may
have negative attitudes and devalue children or view them as property.

2.5.1.1 Age
Caregiver age may be a risk factor for some forms of maltreatment. However research
findings are inconsistent. Some studies of the physical abuse in particular have found their
child exhibited higher rates of child abuse than older mothers. Other contributing factors such
as low economic status, lack of social support and higher stress level may influence the link
between younger childbirth particularly teenage parenthood and child abuse

29

2.5.2 Family factors

Specific life situations of some families such as mental conflict, domestic violence, single
parenthood unemployment, financial stress and social solution may increase the likely hood
of maltreatment, while these factors by themselves may cause maltreatment. The frequency
contribute to negative patterns of family functioning

2.5.2.1 Family structure.

Children living with single parents may be at higher risk of experiencing physical and sexual
abuse and neglect than children living with biological parents. Single parent household are
substantially more likely to have income below the line. Lower income the increased stress
associated with the sale burden of family responsibilities and fewer supporters are thought to
contribute to the risk of single parents maltreating their children
2.5.2.2 Marital conflict and domestic violence
According to Donella (1990) 30-60 parent of families where spouses abuse takes place.
Child maltreatment also occurs. Children in violent homes may witness parental violence. If
this situations children may be victims of physical abuse themselves and may also be
neglected by who witness parental violence is at risk for also being maltreated but even if the
child is not maltreated but even if the child is not maltreated he/she may experience harmful
emotional consequences from witnessing the violence

2.5.2.3 Stress
Stress is also thought to play significant role in family functioning. Although it is exact
relationship with maltreatment is not fully understood. Physical abuse has been associated
withstressful life events, parenting stress and emotional distress. In various studies it is not
clear however whether maltreating parents actually experience or as being stressful. Special
stress situation e.g. loosing job, physical illness, mental problem or death of family members
attached for example hostility anxiety or depression and that may also aggregate the level of
family conflict and maltreatment

30

2.5.3 Child factors

Children are not responsible for being victims of maltreatment. Certain factors however can
make some children more vulnerable to maltreatment the childs age and development,
Physical, mental and emotional may increase the childs vulnerability to maltreatment
depending on the interactions of these characteristics with the parental factors preventing
discussed

2.5.3.1 Disabilities
Children with cognitive, physical and emotional disabilities appear to experience higher rates
of maltreatment than other children.
According to mother Teresa (1993) children with disabilities were by times more likely to be
maltreatment than children who are perceived by their parents as different or who have
special needs including children with disabilities should be attended properly
The demands for caring for these children may overwhelm their parents. Description may
occur in the bonding attachment process. Particularly if children are irrespective to attention
or if the children are separated by frequent hospitalization children with disabilities also may
be vulnerable to repeated maltreatment because they may not understand that the abusive
behaviors are in appropriate and they may be unable to escape or defend themselves in
abusive situations

2.5.4 Environmental factors

Environmental factors are often found in combination with parents family and factors. These
include poverty unemployment, social isolation and community characteristics.

2.5.4.1 Poverty and unemployment Poverty and unemployment.

Poverty and unemployment show strong association with child maltreatment particularly
neglect. The research study found that children from families with annual income below
15,000 in 1993 were more than 22 times more likely to be harmed by child abuse and neglect
as compared to above 30,000. It is important to underscore that most poor people do not
maltreat their children however poverty particularly when interacting with other sick factors
such as depression, substance abuse and social isolation can increase the likely hood of
maltreatment.
31

Rod Platnik Meritus Protestor, department of psychology, San Diego states University
describes several theories related to the association between poverty and maltreatment all of
which may hold some truth. One theory is that low income creates greater family stress,
which in turn leads to higher chances of maltreatment. A second theory is parents with low
incomes, despite good intentions, may be unable to provide adequate care while raising
children in high risk neighborhood with unsafe or crowed housing and inadequate day care
A third theory is that some other characteristics may make the parents more likely to be both
poor and abusive, for example a parent may have a substance abuse problem that impedes the
parents ability to obtain and maintain a job, which also may contribute to abusive behaviour.
A final theory is that poor families may experience maltreatment at rates similar to other
families but that maltreatment in poor families is reported more frequently in pent because
they have contact with and are under greater scrutiny from individuals who are legally
mandated to report suspected child maltreatment

2.5.4.2 Social isolation and social report

According to Walcott (2003) studies indicate that compared to other parents, parents who
maltreat children report experiencing greater isolation may contribute to maltreatment
because parents have less pressure to confirm to congenital standards or parenting behavior.
It is not clear however whenever social isolation in some cases proceed and serves as a
contributing factor to maltreatment or whether it is a consequence of the behavioral dynamics
of maltreatment

2.5.4.3 Violent communities

Children living in dangerous neighborhood have been found to be at higher risk than children
from safer neighborhood for severe neglect and physical abuse as well as a child
sexualvictimization. Some risk may be associated with the poverty found in dangerous
neighborhood, however concerns remain that violence may seem as acceptable behavior to
individual who witness it more frequently.
Social attitudes and the promotion of violence in cultural norms and the media have been
suggested as risk factors for physical abuse

32

2.5.5 Protective factors

Just as there are factors that place families at risk for maltreating their children, there are
factors that may protect them from vulnerabilities research has found out that supportive,
emotionally satisfying relationship with a network of relatives or friends can help minimize
the risk of parents maltreating children especially during stressful life events for example
parents who were abused as children are less likely to abuse their own children if they have
resolved internal conflicts and pain related to their history of abuse and if they have an intact,
stable, supportive and mono abusive relationship with their partner
Additionally programmers on marriage education and enhancement my provide a roadmap
of expected challenges such as the birth of the first child, parenting adolescents and common
gender differences which may act as protective factor by strengthening families.

33

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH AND METHODOLOGY

3.0 Introduction
In this chapter the procedures and steps to be followed will be discussed, the location of
study, the target population sample and sampling techniques, research instruments data
collection procedures and data analysis have been captured in this chapter.

3.1 Research design.

The researcher used cross sectional design at study for gender party

3.2 Location of study.

The research was carried out at Kericho District Ainamoi Keptipyese primary school

3.3 Target Population.

The researcher mainly targeted children or age between 1 to5 years in pre-school. The target
population would be two hundred ,120 boys and 80 girls in both pre-school and primary
school researcher has look into both and female and male teacher in lower level of education
3.4 Sample and sampling procedure.
The researcher used convenient procedure in case of pre-school and primary school children
since she was in the field trip. The pre-school teachers and parents were randomly sample and
on different period so as to reach the targeted people.

3.5 Research instruments and tools.

The researcher would use the interview schedule to carry out research so as to come up with
appropriate parents and datum. Questionnaires were given to teachers parents and care
givers and interviews were given to young children respectively to capture their views on
child abuse in Ainamoi ward.

34

3.6 Data collection procedures.

Data collection was done by the interviewer so as to be able to ask for verification and
justification the tools that were used during the data collection include questionnaires and
interview schedule the parents teachers and children would be interviewed individually.
3.7 Data analysis.
The data that were collected was analyzed using frequency tables pie charts and bar graphs.

35

CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Introduction.
Here the researcher comes up with various ways on which the child is abused and can
identify the ways of stopping the child abuse and mistreatment
4.1 Data analysis.
In this chapter the researcher reports the findings and discussion on study of child abuse m
relation to learning among children in ECDE centers in Ainamoi Ward, Ainamoi division
Kericho County.
The findings will be guided by the following objectives:
i.

Identify ways in which children are abused in our community.

ii.

Find out factors that contribute to child abuse.

iii.

Find out the possible effects of child abuse.

iv.

Find out ways of reducing child abuse. A table showing age of abused children.

Response
0 - 3 years
4 - 7 years
8 11 years
12-15 years
Total

Frequency of mention
156
36
2
200

Percentage
78 %
18 %
4%
100 %

A graph showing age of the children abused

90
80
70
60
50
Percentage

40
30
20
10
0
0-3 years

4-7 years

8-11 years

36

12-15 years

Table showing incidence of abuse.

Types of abuse
Age

Neglect

0-3 years
4-7 years
8-11 years
12-15 years
Total

80
8
2
90

Child
labour
15
12
3
30

Sexual

Physical

20
10
2
32

41
6
1
48

Frequency
of mention
156
36
8
200

Percentage
78 %
18 %
4%
100 %

A pie chart showing the incidence of child abuse.

Age 4-7 years is the most abused children due to ignorance vulnerability and lack of defense
wheres an age of 8-11 years and 12-15 years decline due to better exposure, educated and
more defensive respectively.
Figure 2 a pie chart showing the incidence of child abuse.

0-3 years
4- 7 years
8-11 years
12-15 years

Ages 4-7 years depicts high incidence of child abuse at 78% years 8-11 years at 18% and 1215 years at 4% respectively.
Awareness in the highly category of 12-15 years contributes to low incidence of 4% wheres
the lower age category reflects the vulnerability status due to ignorance and incapability to
defend themselves.

37

A table showing reasons why some were abused

Response
Culture
Education
Insecurity
Poverty
Post-election violence
Total

Frequency of mention
72
36
12
16
64
200

Percentage
36%
18%
8%
65%
32%
100%

Traditional believe contribute to the highest frequency of mention at 72% or 36 wheres

insecurity and post-election violence contribute to 76% or 32% respectively as reasons why
some were abused.

culture
education
insecurity
poverty
post election violence

Culture contribute to the highest percentage of reasons why some were abused at 36%
followed by post-election violence at 32% and education at 18% respectively, poverty and
insecurity tells at mere 8 percent and 6% respectively which also emanate from post-election
violence.

38

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.0 Introductions.
In this chapter the researcher will deal with research findings conclusion and
recommendation after the study of research results.

5.1 Ways of reducing child abuse.

The international program of eliminating child labor (IPECL) is taking various steps to
ensure that this convention is implemented. It is stated all the cases of the rape should be
reported to police officers and encourage the child to seek medical assistance then guiding
and cancelling to the victim people should speak out and say when they are a sate afraid or
feel harassed.
Police concerning children should be reviewed, supervised and enforced. Education should
be provided to children.
Donnel (1999) says that parents should check that staff and volunteers are carefully recruited
,trained and supervised encourage children should talk about their worries and assume your
children knows how to voice their point of views that they concern or complains if there is
anything they are not happy about.
Never leave young children in unsupervised playground, parks or in shops. Parents, teachers
and the community should be trained on taking care of their children.
Early marriages should be discourage and stopped until the required age is reached.
Offenders be punish by law and children involved be rescued and education provided to them
by the government.

5.2 Summary.
The research reveal that the age most abused is between 4-7 years this therefore implies that
children age 4-7 years are more vulnerable to abuse due to their inability to defend
themselves at that age levels they defenses ignorant and unexposed to such acts . The 78%
factor had no intention to be abused but the research the research reveals the contributing
factors to child abuse as:

39

Family factors -poverty level are quite high in such families which are large and unable to
control the size of the family hence they are exposed to family breakage and early marriages
due to such vices as poor planning and lack of family unity advices and talk.
Environmental factors such as poor whether condition drought and other natural calamities
such as hail damages most damages often lead to loss of food and destruction too much
coldencourage indoor most of the time hence attract recreational activities an act leading to
sex since it is only means of entertainment in poor families which result to upland
pregnancies and sexual abuse, physical or emotional abuses the formal and informal
education is mandatory recruitment in both community level and family level and the formal
one are discriminated through institutions. Pre-school, religious set ups Sunday school in
churches should be enforced primary and even tertiary to the parents are a prerequisite to
eliminate abuse in all levels at age groups
Lack of finance- financial income and its availability empower the community, families and
parents to afford basic necessities like food, clothing and shelter to their school going
children. This eliminates the abuse in one way or another the school going children shall
never succumb to begging or any other influence from potential abuses. Lack of playing
materials will make children move from their home to neighborhood which might not be safe.
The abusers may rise from the able parents or forced work. Emotionally the affected children
will never develop well live in a life wishfully con4itions and trauma.

5.3 Conclusions.
The study revealed that out of two hundred children interview only 22% were not abused in
one way or another neglect in the age of 4-7years were8O responded positively, physically
abused had 41 children who positively responded ,20 and 15 children responded positively to
sexual and child labor abuses respectively 156 children of age 4-7 years total responded
wheres 36 children of age 8-11 years responded and lastly only 8 children of age group of
12-15 years responded to sexual abuse case and non in neglect cases.
In conclusion therefore of the children are abused and also means that it was highly affected
during the post-election violence.

5.4 Recommendations.
Child abuse is still a major problem in Ainamoi ward both social and emotional is still
hazardous. The researcher hence therefore hence the following concrete recommendation
40

which should help to reduce the high incidence of child labor if implemented immediately
exhaustively and therefore:
1. Recommended more effort to carry out especially by involving the community members
so as to come up with a clear solution and more views or curbing and totally stopping the
child abuse.
2. Would also recommend that the government caliber ate with community to implement the
preventive measures revealed by the researcher which include:

Education to parents and the community at large on good parental upbringing of

their children.

Introduction to abuse of children in schools and integrated with other studies to

enable the children understand themselves and dangers involved.

Introduction of more recreational facilities which will help promote correct use of
leisure time.

The government should consider finding the relevant ministry to help curb child
abuse through training personnel and provision of their salaries adequately.

The provisional administration should fully involve in both knowledge and daily
schedule within their sub-locations in following up case of child abuse. Their role
should input the issues of child abuse and care.

Legislation; the law should clearly spelled /enacted any cases of such magnitude
of child abuse should be dealt with promptly

Parents in those areas investigated should be drained enough to such dangers of

child abuse the department of child should follow up cases and visits through their
relevant personnel as the main field advisers and trainers to that effect.

Religious organization should be able to have a major role in facilitating moral

values through church roles and an activities i.e. preaching and singing youths
should be educated through biblical scriptures and verses in relation to childrens
behaviors and good moral values

The local health centre and institution should adhere and closely ensure maternal
clinic and child care strictly followed or attended to without fail.

41

REFERENCES
Brasses (1999) the story of child abuse
Beguile AND BOYDEN (1988) prepetition on child employment
DONNEL (1999) Ways of reducing child abuse
ENNEW AND MICHE (1989) children in poverty socialist countries
GOUSER (1990) children in the street
JUDITH AND ENNEW (1979] child labor.
L.V THOMMAS [1981] EARLY marriages and female genital mutilation.
MOTHER TERESS [1979] form of child abuse.
UNICEF [1990] children in drug trafficking
WEINSER (1989) child labor

42

QUESTIONS FOR PRE-SCHOOL CHILDREN

1. What is your name?

2. How are you?
3. Do you have friends?
4. Who are they?
5. Do you play them?
6. State the nature of plays?
7. Where do you normally play?
8. Do you work at home?
9. What kind of work do you do?
10. How many are you in your family?
11. Have you been discipline by your parents?
12. What mistake did you do?
13. Are your parents working?

43

APPENDIX B

Questionnaires for children age 12-15

1. Which level of education are you?
(And answers were)
a) Pre-school ( )
b) Primary()
c) Never went to school ( )
2. Did you know that you were being abused? (And answers were)
a)Yes
b) No
3. Why did you think you were abused? (And answers were)
a) Iwasraped
b) I was cheated
c) Lacked education
d) My familyispoor
4. How do your parents earn their living?
a) Self employment
b) No work
c) Employed
d) Others specify ( )

44

APPENDIX C : QUESTIONNAIRES FOR ECDE TEACHERS

Instructions
I. Do not write your name on this question paper
II. Use a pencil to tick the most appropriate answer
III. All information given will be confidential and used for the purpose of research only
IV. You will not be victimize for any information
1. Do you receive abused children?
a)Yes()
b) No ( )
2. What age of abused children do you receive?
a) 0-3years ( )
b) 4-7 years ( )
c) 8-11 years ( )
d) 12-l5years ( )
3. In which education level do the majority fall?
I. Never went to school ( )
II. Pre-school ( )
Ill. Primary school ( )
4. Which social-economic history do the majority have?
a) Poor families ( )
b) Middle class families ( )
c) Rich families ( )
d) Others specify
5. What do you think would be done reduce the present high incident of teenage pregnancies
a) Intensify education to the community
b) Education to the teenagers through school programs
c) Introduction of counseling programs in school
6. What is the main outcome of child abuse?
a)Shame ()
b) School dropout ( )
c) Sexual transmitted diseases ( )
d) Early marriages ( )

45

APPENDIX D: QUESTIONNAIER FOR PARENTS

1. What are the major contributing factors to child abuse?
a) Family factors
b) Environmental factors a
c) Lack of recreational facilities
d) Lack of finance
e) Lack of education

2. What advice do you offer on abused children?

a) Discipline
b) Sexual education
c) To report the matter

3. What should be done in order to reduce the present high incident of teenage pregnancies.
a) Intensify education to the community
b) Education to the teenagers through school programs
c) Introduction to counseling programs in schools

46

APPENDIX E:
PICTURE COLLECTION OF IDPS ON CHILD ABUSE BASED ON
POST ELECTION IN SOME PARTS OF KENYA

1. PICTURE I: me group of women displaced. A girl child and assorted tents luggage
family display from one magazine
2. Picture 11: a group of children besides their home tents subjected to abuse
3. Picture iii: a girl child on house tents chores and house wife duties
4. Picture IV: boys child gulping up some drinks subjected to hunger

47

48