Bond

Bond Polarity
Polarity

Molecular Polarity

HCl is POLAR because it

has a positive end and
a negative end.
+
Why are water molecules attracted to a
balloon that has a static electric
charge?

Bond Polarity

Due to the bond polarity, the

HCl
HCl bond energy is
GREATER than expected
for a pure covalent bond.

Cl

BOND
BOND
pure
pure bond
bond
real
real bond
bond

ENERGY
ENERGY
339
mol calcd
kJ/
339 kJ/mol
kJ/mol
calcd
432
mol measured
kJ/
432 kJ/mol
kJ/mol
measured

Difference
Difference == 92
92 kJ.
kJ. This
This difference
difference is
is
proportional
proportional to
to the
the difference
difference in
in

Cl

Polarity arises because

Cl has a greater share
in bonding electrons
than does H.

Electronegativity,
Electronegativity,

Bond
Bond Polarity
Polarity
This model, calcd using
CAChe software, shows
that H is + (red) and Cl is (yellow). Calcd charge is +
or - 0.20. (See PARTCHRG
folder in MODELS.)
This model, calcd using
CAChe software, shows
that the electron density
is greater around Cl than
around H.

Linus Pauling,
Pauling, 1901-1994

is a measure of the ability of an atom

in a molecule to attract electrons to
itself.
Concept proposed by
Linus Pauling
1901-1994

ELECTRONEGATIVITY, .

Page 1

The only person to receive two unshared

Nobel prizes (for Peace and Chemistry).
Chemistry areas: bonding, electronegativity,
electronegativity,
protein structure

Cl

3
2.5

3.5

Si

See
See Figure
Figure 9.10
9.10

1.5
1
0.5
0

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

F has maximum .

Molecular Polarity

Bond
Bond Polarity
Polarity

Electronegativity,
Electronegativity ,

Which bond is more polar (or DIPOLAR)?

OH
OF
3.5 - 2.1

3.5 - 4.0

1.4

0.5

Moleculessuch as HCl and H2O can

be POLAR (or dipolar).
They have a DIPOLE MOMENT.
MOMENT. The polar
HCl molecule will turn to align with an
electric field.

OH is more polar than OF

Atom with lowest is the center atom

in most molecules.

OH
- +

Relative values of
determine BOND
POLARITY (and point of attack on a
molecule).

and polarity is reversed.

Molecular Polarity
The magnitude of
the dipole is given
in Debye units.
Named for Peter
Debye (1884 1966). Recd 1936
Nobel prize for
work on x-ray
diffraction and
dipole moments.

OF
+ -

POSITIVE

HCl
NEGATIVE

Molecular
Molecular Polarity
Polarity

Molecular
Molecular
Polarity,
Polarity,
H
H22O
O

Molecules will be polar if

a)
bonds are polar
AND
b)
the molecule is NOT symmetric

O
H

Symmetric molecules, Fig. 9.12, p. 414

Page 2

H
polar

O
H

H
+

Carbon Dioxide

Microwave
oven

Consequences
of H2O Polarity

Molecular Polarity, HBF22

H
B
F

Positive
Positive C
C
atom
atom is
is reason
reason
CO
CO22 ++ H
H22O
O
gives
gives H
H22CO
CO33

Molecular
Molecular Polarity,
Polarity, BF
BF33

CO2 is NOT polar

even though the CO
bonds are polar.
CO2 is symmetrical.

B atom is
po.
.sitive but
po
po.sitive
H & F atoms
are negative.

B atom is
positive and
F atoms are
negative.

B
F

BF bonds in BF33 are polar.

-0.75

+1.5

-0.75

But molecule is symmetrical

and NOT polar

Polarity of CH33F

Polarity of Methane, CH44

FF

H
H
H

C
H

BF and BH bonds in HBF 22

are polar. But molecule is NOT
symmetrical and is polar.

C
C H
H
H
H

H
H

Methane is symmetrical and is NOT polar.

Page 3

CF
CF bond
bond is
is very
very polar.
polar.
Molecule
Molecule is
is not
not symmetrical
symmetrical
and
and so
so is
is polar.
polar.

Substituted
Substituted Ethylene
Ethylene

CF bonds are MUCH more polar than

CH bonds.
Because both CF bonds are on same
side of molecule, molecule is POLAR .

Substituted
Substituted Ethylene
Ethylene

CF bonds are MUCH more polar than

CH bonds.
Because both CF bonds are on opposing
ends of molecule, molecule is NOT
POLAR .

Page 4